2024届高考英语二轮复习专题一第二讲阅读理解 推理判断题——依文推理定选项课件(共57张PPT)
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| 名称 | 2024届高考英语二轮复习专题一第二讲阅读理解 推理判断题——依文推理定选项课件(共57张PPT) |  | |
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(共57张PPT)
专题一 阅读理解
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括细节推理题、写作意图题、观点态度题和文章出处题或读者对象题。
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
一、推理判断题的4大题型
分类 考查内容 设问方式
细节推理题 细节推理题要求根据语篇内容推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。只有正确把握文章的内在联系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断 注意题干中常用的六个动词：infer，indicate，imply，suggest(暗示)，conclude和assume。
该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
It can be inferred from the text that________．
It can be concluded from the passage that ___．
The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that____________．
What can we infer about...？
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
续上表
写作意图题 写作意图题要求根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手段的目的。通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事例使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力 关于整篇文章写作意图的常见设问方式有：
What is the main purpose of the text
What is the author's purpose in writing the text？What is the purpose/intention of the author in writing this passage
For what purpose did the author write the passage
The writer writes this passage in order to________．
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
续上表
观点态度题 高考对观点态度题的设题形式越来越灵活，题目难度也有所增加，考查作者对文中人、事、物或内容的观点或态度的题较多，对学生对文章的理解提出了更高的要求，学生要利用多种阅读技巧来仔细确定题干的关键信息，借此定位文中的原句并准确推断出答案 近几年高考真题中常见的设题形式有：
How does the author feel about...
What does the author think of...
What is the author's attitude towards/to...
The author's attitude towards...can be described as________．
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
续上表
文章出处题或读者对象题 文章出处题要求具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。读者对象题要求根据文章内容和文中的措辞来推断 该类题型常见的设题形式有：
In which of the following would this passage most likely be found
Where would the passage most probably appear
The passage is probably intended for________．
The text is written mainly for________.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
二、推理判断题的5大命题陷阱
推理判断题是为了考查学生能否读懂文章中字里行间隐含的含义，能否以文章中所叙述的事实为依据，经过自己的思考和判断进行客观的推理，从而得出结论。因此，命题者常常设置一些干扰项，没读懂文章的学生很容易受其“迷惑”而“误入歧途”，掉入命题者精心设置的“陷阱”。
陷阱(一) 主观臆断
选项没有基于原文进行推断，而是主观猜测想象或根据常识进行猜测
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
[典例] (2023·全国乙卷)
PRACTITIONERS
Jacqueline Felice de Almania(c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced.Born to a Jewish family in Florence，she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery.In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully.In spite of the court hearing testimonials(证明)of her ability as a doctor，she was banned from medicine.
Tan Yunxian(1461—1554)was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents.Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships(学徒期) with doctors.However，Tan passed the official exam.Tan treated women from all walks of life.In 1511，Tan wrote a book，Sayings of a Female Doctor，describing her life as a physician.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
James Barry(c.1789—1865)was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but，dressed as a man，she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine.She qualified as a surgeon in 1813，then joined the British Army，serving overseas.Barry retired in 1859，having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.
Rebecca Lee Crumpler(1831—1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860.Four years later，she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree.She moved to Virginia in 1865，where she provided medical care to freed slaves.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
22．How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners
A．She wrote a book. B．She went through trials.
C．She worked as a dentist. D．She had formal education.
[解析] 根据Tan Yunxian部分的介绍可知，谈允贤从小跟着爷爷奶奶学医，并通过了官方的考试，一生中为各行各业的女性诊疗。她还写了一本名为《女医杂言》的书，记录了自己的女医生涯。第一个人物介绍中提到Jacqueline Felice de Almania因非法行医受到法庭的审判，B项属于张冠李戴，应被排除；文章没有提到谈允贤当牙医，属于主观臆断。故C项错误；谈允贤从小跟着家人学医，因此D项也是错误的。
[答案] A
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
陷阱(二) 逻辑颠倒
某些选项颠倒原文逻辑，例如错误归因、倒置目的与手段等
[典例] (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come.Since 1934，better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
30．What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A．The stamp price has gone down.
B．The migratory birds have flown away.
C．The hunters have stopped hunting.
D．The government has collected money.
[解析] 根据本段第一句可知，联邦政府将出售鸭票的部分收入投入候鸟保护基金，用来保护水禽、湿地和野生动物栖息地。该项法案的直接结果是政府筹集到了资金，D项所述符合句意。干扰项B说候鸟飞离，是1934年颁布法案的原因，而非颁布法案的结果，属于逻辑颠倒。
[答案] D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
陷阱（三）过度推断或以偏概全
有时作者仅简单、客观叙述事实，并未作出评论，而部分选项却扩大作者的叙述范围、进行过度推断；或者针对原文中某一句话进行推断，忽略了其他信息，造成以偏概全错误
[典例] (2021·天津卷)
Things are connected.Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas.Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but，once you explore their depths，you discover that they are.My editor Toni，who is also a writer，has edited several history books.She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter，she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.“I don't know where it will lead，but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit.”
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni
A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B．In depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
[解析] 根据本段第三句可知，作者引用Toni的例子意在说明看似没有关系的兴趣实际在联系着。干扰项C说Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit，而原文中只提到Toni 正在追求自己的兴趣，并未评价是否成功，也更不能推断出所有人都有希望成功，属于过度推断。
[答案] D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
陷阱(四) 偷换概念
某些选项的内容与原文句子结构、词汇使用高度相似，仅在不起眼处略微改动用词，或截取部分原文中出现过的关键词，但整体意思不符合原文主旨，此类选项干扰性较强
[典例] (2022·全国乙卷)
By using the latest technologies，drones could also start providing higher value services for railways，detecting faults in the rail or switches，before they can cause any safety problems.To perform these tasks，drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead.Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future.They will be moving on the track ahead of the train，and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co pilot.With their ability to see ahead，they could signal any problem，so that fast moving trains would be able to react in time.
30．What function is expected of the rail drones
A．To provide early warning.
B．To make trains run automatically.
C．To earn profits for the crews.
D．To accelerate transportation.
[解析] 题干问的是期待铁路无人机有什么样的功能。根据文段最后一句“With their ability to see ahead，they could signal any problem，so that fast moving trains would be able to react in time”(因为能提前看到，无人机可以感
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
知到任何问题，这样快速前进的列车就可以及时作出反应)可知，期待铁路无人机具有的功能是提前发现问题，并给列车发出警告。B项“使火车自动运行”是偷换概念，文段中的“programmed to run autonomously”指的是无人机可以自动运行，而不是火车；C项“为机组人员挣得利润”和D项“加快交通运输”是无中生有，文章没有提及。
[答案] A
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
陷阱(五) 背离主题 选项背离了文章的主题思想
[典例] (2022·全国甲卷)
Everywhere in Sydney these days，change and progress are the watchwords(口号)，and traditions are increasingly rare.Shirley Fitzgerald，the city's official historian，told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s，Sydney swept aside much of its past，including many of its finest buildings.“Sydney is confused about itself，”she said.“We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving(解决)．”
34．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A．It is losing its traditions. B．It should speed up its progress.
C．It should expand its population. D．It is becoming more international.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
[解析] 根据文段中的“Sydney swept aside much of its past，including many of its finest buildings”和“‘Sydney is confused about itself，’she said.‘We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.’”可以看出，Shirley Fitzgerald认为在奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼摒弃了许多自己过去的东西，包括那些精美的建筑物。干扰选项B说悉尼应该加快现代化的过程，属于背离主题。
[答案] A
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
三、推理判断题的7大解题技法
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或论据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，它一般具有以下特征：
(1)“立足原文，只推一步，”即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
(2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如 only，never，all，absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有余地的词汇，如 often，usually，sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。
对于推理判断题，学生在平时的备考中要多注意从整体上把握语篇内容，判断文章体裁，通过分析文章结构找到主题段，定位主题句，再分析其他各段与主题之间的关系，理清文章脉络和结构；此外，还应学会理解字里行间的隐含意义，在已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，领会字里行间的“弦外之音”。具体方法如下：
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(一) 根据作者的思想倾向和感彩推断观点态度
此方法适用于推断作者及文中人物的观点、态度、情感等。观点和态度一般分为三类：支持或反对、乐观或悲观、主观或客观。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文中的字里行间。解答此类题目应多注意行文中的措辞，特别是具有感彩的形容词或副词
[典例] (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision making are enormous.
35．What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
[解析] 根据文段的内容可知，作者认为虽然Navajas的研究有局限性，但对群体讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推知，作者对于Navajas的研究持支持的态度。
[答案] D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(二) 根据特定信息和逆向思维进行推断
有些推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维，从而得出正确答案
[典例] (2022·全国乙卷)
Today's figures，according to one government official，show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities
(设施) and healthier eating in schools.Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance，and the industry is playing its part.
35．What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy
A．It is a short sighted decision. B．It is a success story.
C．It benefits manufacturers. D．It upsets customers.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
[解析] 本题询问的是“关于采用糖税政策可以推断出什么”，根据文段中的“Today's figures，...show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities(设施)and healthier eating in schools.Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance，and the industry is playing its part.”可知，今天的数字显示了糖税对体育设施和学校的健康饮食的积极影响。帮助下一代拥有一个健康且积极的童年是非常重要的，而这个行业正在发挥其作用。由此可推断，采取糖税政策是一个成功的例子。故选B项。
[答案] B
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(三) 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
文章是作者抒发感情、表达观点的一种方式。因此，很多文章，尤其是记叙文和议论文，其语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态以及作者的写作意图。利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨的基础上对文章准确地进行逻辑判断。找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对掌握文章主旨大意、了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有用处
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
[典例] (2023·全国甲卷)
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences，and he does so with plenty of humor.Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history，and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding(解读)their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun，sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire，loneliness，and aging.The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book.I encourage you to take his offer.It's worth your time，even if time is something we don't have a lot of.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
31．What does the author think of Weiner's book
A．Objective and plain.
B．Daring and ambitious.
C．Serious and hard to follow.
D．Humorous and straightforward.
[解析] 根据首段中的“and he does so with plenty of humor”及末段中的“The Socrates Express is a fun，sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in...”可推知，作者认为Weiner的这本书幽默风趣且易懂。
[答案] D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(四) 根据上下文的逻辑进行结论推断
结论推断是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。解答这类题的前提是获得文章的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断
[典例] (2022·浙江卷)
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland，where Watt perfected “the machine that changed the world”．Klein writes，“America did not invent the steam engine，but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses than anyone else.”
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
Meanwhile，over the course of the 19th century，electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit.Bell then gave the telegraph a voice.Edison perfected an incandescent bulb(白炽灯泡)that brought electric light into the American home.
…
To frame his story，Klein creates the character of Ned，a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime...
25．What can be inferred about Ned
A．He was born in New York City. B．He wrote many interesting stories.
C．He created an electricity company. D．He lived mainly in the 19th century.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
[解析] 根据末段中的“Klein creates the character of Ned，a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime”可知，Ned在他的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步；再结合第一段和第二段内容可知，Klein在书中描绘了18世纪末期和19世纪蒸汽和电力的发展。由此可推知，Ned主要生活在19世纪。
[答案] D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(五) 整合全文(段)信息进行推断
有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在理解全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳答案
[典例] (2022·浙江卷)
The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology，and the lifeblood of that technology has long been electricity.By providing long distance communication and energy，electricity created the modern world.Yet properly understood，the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam，which began a century earlier.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
“It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions，”writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers：Steam，Electricity，and the Men Who Invented Modern America.Klein，a noted historian of technology，spins a narrative (叙述)so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland，where Watt perfected “the machine that changed the world”．Klein writes，“America did not invent the steam engine，but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses than anyone else.”
Meanwhile，over the course of the 19th century，electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.Morse invented a code for sending messages over an
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
electromagnetic circuit.Bell then gave the telegraph a voice.Edison perfected an incandescent bulb(白炽灯泡)that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly，Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification，which he showed in New York City.With help from Tesla，Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current(交流电)，which soon became the major form of power delivery.
To frame his story，Klein creates the character of Ned，a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime.It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
26．What is the text
A．A biography. B．A book review.
C．A short story. D．A science report.
[解析] 文章首段通过电力和蒸汽引出Maury Klein的书，接下来对该书内容进行了介绍；最后一段提到为了构建他的故事，Klein创造了Ned这个虚构的角色，Ned在他的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步，这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。由此可推知，本文是一篇书评。
[答案] B
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(六) 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用的时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强
[典例] (2022·全国乙卷)
In 1916，two girls of wealthy families，best friends from Auburn，N.Y.—Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood—traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one room schoolhouse.The girls had gone to Smith College.They wore expensive clothes.So for them to move to Elkhead，Colo. to
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted：The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden，who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter.
Why did they go then？Well，they wanted to do something useful.Soon，however，they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family，the Harrisons，and，like them，had little privacy，rare baths，and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings，Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold.In spring，the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
In Wickenden's book，she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism，which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead.A hair raising section concerns the building of the railroads，which entailed(牵涉) drilling through the Rockies，often in blinding snowstorms.The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller.The sweep of the land and the stoicism(坚忍)of the people move her to some beautiful writing.Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff，on her horse，looking down from a hill top：“When the sun slipped behind the mountains，it shed a rosy glow all around them.Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes，coyotes，mice，and varying hares，which turned white in the winter.”
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
27．What is the text
A．A news report. B．A book review.
C．A children's story. D．A diary entry.
[解析] 根据第一段中的“Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted：The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden，who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter.”，第四段中的“In Wickenden's book，she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism，which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead.”和最后一段中的“Wickenden is a very good storyteller.”可推知，本篇文章是一则书评。
[答案] B
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(七) 理解通篇大意、把握写作意图
做推理判断题时，应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句，对文章的引申含义进行分析。整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论
[典例] (2023·浙江卷)
Live with roommates？Have friends and family around you？Chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon．
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago，as I was living with my parents，and I continue to experience this with my
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
husband，as he is not completely zero waste like me.I've learned a few things along the way though，which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not always supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back.I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson，sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars，and have so little trash ! A few days later，I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries，and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere.It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued，I did what I could that was within my own reach.I had my own bedroom，so I worked on removing things I
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
didn't need.Since I had my own toiletries(洗漱用品)，I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable.I also offered to cook every so often，so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries.Perhaps your household won't entirely make the switch，but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes，you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you're doing，which can turn itself into a whole household debate.If you have individuals who are not on board，your words probably won't do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
26．What can we infer about the author
A．She is quite good at cooking. B．She respects others' privacy.
C．She enjoys being a housewife. D．She is a determined person.
[解析] 根据第二、三、四段可知，作者的“零废弃”的生活方式没有得到家人的理解，但是自己却一直坚持着。结合倒数第三段的最后一句和倒数第一段中作者的建议可知，作者认为，也许你的家庭不会完全改变，但你可以控制自己的个人空间，做出你想要的改变，用行动发挥引领作用。由此推断，作者是一个意志坚定的人。
[答案] D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
(2023·广东普宁一中高三考前练兵)“You should get a cat，”my doctor said.“A cat？”I couldn't even look after myself.I took a deep breath and carefully considered the idea of welcoming a feline (猫科的)friend into my life.
Adopting an animal during the height of the pandemic was far from easy.When my partner and I found Cinnamon，her adoption profile made her out as the perfect kitten.We filled out the paperwork and had a few weeks to prepare for her arrival.
When she came home，it became increasingly obvious that Cinnamon didn't understand “no”，“stop it”or“don't do that”．She was the worst cat I've ever owned. I was beginning to doubt my doctor's advice.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
We decided to start taking her for walks.I could barely leave the house before，but my heart couldn't say no to Cinnamon.Cinnamon showed me what bravery looked like if there was a dog at a park，she would run toward it.She jumped without knowing where she would land.She loved adventure.I found myself mirroring her behavior after a while，jumping out of bed without a second thought. I began to find the motivation to get out of bed in the morning.
Cinnamon unfortunately passed away after a medical accident，leaving a cat sized hole in my heart the day she left us at only six months old.I'm no stranger to sadness or grief，but losing my pet so suddenly was the most confusing emotional experience I've ever had.She was supposed to help me through more of my life than the three short months we had her.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
Our time is often cut unpredictably，unmistakably short.It would be a shame to live life being anything less than brave and adventurous.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者接受医生的建议，养了一只猫，感受到了猫带来的积极影响，并了解到人们应该拥有冒险的勇气。
1．Why did the doctor advise the author to get a cat
A．To teach her to interact with animals.
B．To assist her to fill up her spare time.
C．To help her out of her mental disease.
D．To ensure her safety in time of pandemic.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段“I could barely leave the house before，but my heart couldn't say no to Cinnamon.(之前我几乎不敢出门，但我的心无法拒绝Cinnamon。)”可推断，作者的医生建议她养一只猫是为了帮助她摆脱精神疾病。
答案：C
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
2．Which of the following best describes the cat Cinnamon
A．Stupid but lovely.
B．Outgoing and aggressive.
C．Stubborn but courageous.
D．Naughty and adventurous.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段“Cinnamon showed me what bravery looked like if there was a dog at a park，she would run toward it.She jumped without knowing where she would land.She loved adventure.(Cinnamon让我见识了什么是勇敢。如果公园里有只狗，她就会跑过去。她跳下去，不知道会落在哪里。她喜欢冒险。)”可推断，Cinnamon很顽皮并且喜欢冒险。
答案：D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
3．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A．Why Cinnamon loved going outside.
B．How Cinnamon affected the author positively.
C．Why the author decided to take Cinnamon outside.
D．How Cinnamon interacted with the author outdoors.
解析：主旨大意题。根据第四段“I found myself mirroring her behavior after a while，jumping out of bed without a second thought.I began to find the motivation to get out of bed in the morning.(我发现自己在模仿她的行为，不假思索地从床上跳了起来。我开始找到早上起床的动力。)”以及本段内容可知，本段主要讲述了Cinnamon是如何对作者产生积极影响的。
答案：B
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
4．What message does the story convey
A．The loss of a pet is painful.
B．The short life is unpredictable.
C．Friendship with pets is helpful.
D．The courage to take risks is beneficial.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“It would be a shame to live life being anything less than brave and adventurous.(如果生活中没有勇气和冒险精神，那将是一种遗憾。)”以及文章内容可推断，作者希望通过本篇文章告诉读者，冒险的勇气是有益的。
答案：D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
B
(2023·广东六校联盟高三第六次联考)Do you ever feel guilty for relaxing，even after you've worked hard all day？Do you feel like you should be doing more despite working full hours and nearing burnout？You may be experiencing productivity dysmorphia(生产力畸形)．it is a way to describe the feeling of failing to recognize your accomplishments and wanting to continue doing more，even when you're running__on fumes.
Author Anna Codrea Rado who wrote an article about productivity dysmorphia claimed “it is the pursuit of productivity that drives us to do more while robbing us of the ability to enjoy any success we might encounter along the way”．
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
Highly competitive and job led culture contribute to constantly pursuing productivity that eats away at other areas of life.In fact，you're often praised for putting productivity above your well being.Remember how schools rewarded perfect attendance？Similarly，companies prefer employees who get the maximum work done while taking the fewest possible breaks.Rewards like these have strengthened that rest is bad and that being constantly at work is the right thing to do.
Plus，the problem isn't that the boss tells them to do it，but rather that they internalize the need to always be productive even when they're going somewhere to enjoy leisure time.Habits like these may be born out of the social pressure to find self worth in work achievements.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
Some writers have even begun describing rest as productive，as if people should stop relaxing if it doesn't improve performance in some way.Not only does this mindset make it difficult to view and celebrate your achievements，but it also pushes you to build your entire life around work.The only milestones that matter are achieving work goals.The worst part？There's no sense of fulfillment when you reach these goals.
【语篇解读】 这是一篇说明文。本文说明了“生产力畸形”概念的产生，其形成的原因，以及对人们生活的影响。
5．What do the underlined words “running on fumes”mean in Paragraph 1
A．Tired. B．Excited.
C．Satisfied. D．Disappointed.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
解析：词句猜测题。根据第一段“Do you feel like you should be doing more despite working full hours and nearing burnout？(你是否觉得自己应该做更多的工作，尽管你已经工作了很长时间，几乎筋疲力尽了？)”以及画线词上文“it is a way to describe the feeling of failing to recognize your accomplishments and wanting to continue doing more，even when you're...”可知，生产力畸形是在你极度疲劳的状态下，仍然想继续工作，对自己已完成的工作没有成就感的一种体验。故画线词意思是“疲惫的”。
答案：A
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
6．Which is the reason for constantly pursuing productivity
A．Minor competitiveness. B．Pressure from jobs.
C．Instructions from the boss. D．Internalized needs.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“Highly competitive and job led culture contribute to constantly pursuing productivity that eats away at other areas of life.
(高度竞争和以工作为主导的文化有助于不断追求生产力，从而侵蚀生活的其他领域)”和第四段“Plus，the problem isn't that the boss tells them to do it，but rather that they internalize the need to always be productive even when they're going somewhere to enjoy leisure time.(另外，问题不是老板让他们这么做，而是他们把保持高效的需求内化了，即使他们要去某个地方享受闲暇时间)”可知，内化的需求是我们不断追求生产力的原因，选D。
答案：D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
7．Which may be an example of productivity dysmorphia
A．A man completes work in working hours.
B．A man enjoys leisure time with his family.
C．A woman works everywhere at anytime.
D．A woman stops for a relaxation regularly.
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段“Do you feel like you should be doing more despite working full hours and nearing burnout？You may be experiencing productivity dysmorphia.(你是否觉得自己应该做更多的工作，尽管你已经工作了很长时间，几乎筋疲力尽了？你可能正在经历生产力畸形)”可推知，文章对“生产力畸形”的解释——在极度疲劳的状态下，仍然想继续工作，对自己已完成的工作没有成就感，故而“无论何时何地都在工作”符合定义，选C。
答案：C
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
8．What is the author's attitude towards the description of some writers
A．Favorable. B．Negative.
C．Unconcerned. D．Neutral.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“Some writers have even begun describing rest as productive，as if people should stop relaxing if it doesn't improve performance in some way.Not only does this mindset make it difficult to view and celebrate your achievements，but it also pushes you to build your entire life around work.The only milestones that matter are achieving work goals.The worst part？There's no sense of fulfillment when you reach these goals.(一些作家甚至开始把休息描述为具有生产性的，仿佛如果休息不能在某种程度上提高工作表现，
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
人们就应该停止放松。这种心态不仅会让你很难看到和庆祝你的成就，还会推动你围绕工作建立整个生活。唯一重要的里程碑是实现工作目标。最糟糕的是什么？当你达到这些目标时，你没有成就感)”可推知，本文作者对一些作家的描述持否定态度，选B。
答案：B
专题一 阅读理解
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括细节推理题、写作意图题、观点态度题和文章出处题或读者对象题。
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
一、推理判断题的4大题型
分类 考查内容 设问方式
细节推理题 细节推理题要求根据语篇内容推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。只有正确把握文章的内在联系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断 注意题干中常用的六个动词：infer，indicate，imply，suggest(暗示)，conclude和assume。
该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
It can be inferred from the text that________．
It can be concluded from the passage that ___．
The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that____________．
What can we infer about...？
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
续上表
写作意图题 写作意图题要求根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手段的目的。通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事例使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力 关于整篇文章写作意图的常见设问方式有：
What is the main purpose of the text
What is the author's purpose in writing the text？What is the purpose/intention of the author in writing this passage
For what purpose did the author write the passage
The writer writes this passage in order to________．
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
续上表
观点态度题 高考对观点态度题的设题形式越来越灵活，题目难度也有所增加，考查作者对文中人、事、物或内容的观点或态度的题较多，对学生对文章的理解提出了更高的要求，学生要利用多种阅读技巧来仔细确定题干的关键信息，借此定位文中的原句并准确推断出答案 近几年高考真题中常见的设题形式有：
How does the author feel about...
What does the author think of...
What is the author's attitude towards/to...
The author's attitude towards...can be described as________．
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
续上表
文章出处题或读者对象题 文章出处题要求具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。读者对象题要求根据文章内容和文中的措辞来推断 该类题型常见的设题形式有：
In which of the following would this passage most likely be found
Where would the passage most probably appear
The passage is probably intended for________．
The text is written mainly for________.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
二、推理判断题的5大命题陷阱
推理判断题是为了考查学生能否读懂文章中字里行间隐含的含义，能否以文章中所叙述的事实为依据，经过自己的思考和判断进行客观的推理，从而得出结论。因此，命题者常常设置一些干扰项，没读懂文章的学生很容易受其“迷惑”而“误入歧途”，掉入命题者精心设置的“陷阱”。
陷阱(一) 主观臆断
选项没有基于原文进行推断，而是主观猜测想象或根据常识进行猜测
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
[典例] (2023·全国乙卷)
PRACTITIONERS
Jacqueline Felice de Almania(c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced.Born to a Jewish family in Florence，she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery.In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully.In spite of the court hearing testimonials(证明)of her ability as a doctor，she was banned from medicine.
Tan Yunxian(1461—1554)was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents.Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships(学徒期) with doctors.However，Tan passed the official exam.Tan treated women from all walks of life.In 1511，Tan wrote a book，Sayings of a Female Doctor，describing her life as a physician.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
James Barry(c.1789—1865)was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but，dressed as a man，she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine.She qualified as a surgeon in 1813，then joined the British Army，serving overseas.Barry retired in 1859，having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.
Rebecca Lee Crumpler(1831—1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860.Four years later，she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree.She moved to Virginia in 1865，where she provided medical care to freed slaves.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
22．How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners
A．She wrote a book. B．She went through trials.
C．She worked as a dentist. D．She had formal education.
[解析] 根据Tan Yunxian部分的介绍可知，谈允贤从小跟着爷爷奶奶学医，并通过了官方的考试，一生中为各行各业的女性诊疗。她还写了一本名为《女医杂言》的书，记录了自己的女医生涯。第一个人物介绍中提到Jacqueline Felice de Almania因非法行医受到法庭的审判，B项属于张冠李戴，应被排除；文章没有提到谈允贤当牙医，属于主观臆断。故C项错误；谈允贤从小跟着家人学医，因此D项也是错误的。
[答案] A
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
陷阱(二) 逻辑颠倒
某些选项颠倒原文逻辑，例如错误归因、倒置目的与手段等
[典例] (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come.Since 1934，better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
30．What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A．The stamp price has gone down.
B．The migratory birds have flown away.
C．The hunters have stopped hunting.
D．The government has collected money.
[解析] 根据本段第一句可知，联邦政府将出售鸭票的部分收入投入候鸟保护基金，用来保护水禽、湿地和野生动物栖息地。该项法案的直接结果是政府筹集到了资金，D项所述符合句意。干扰项B说候鸟飞离，是1934年颁布法案的原因，而非颁布法案的结果，属于逻辑颠倒。
[答案] D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
陷阱（三）过度推断或以偏概全
有时作者仅简单、客观叙述事实，并未作出评论，而部分选项却扩大作者的叙述范围、进行过度推断；或者针对原文中某一句话进行推断，忽略了其他信息，造成以偏概全错误
[典例] (2021·天津卷)
Things are connected.Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas.Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but，once you explore their depths，you discover that they are.My editor Toni，who is also a writer，has edited several history books.She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter，she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.“I don't know where it will lead，but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit.”
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni
A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B．In depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
[解析] 根据本段第三句可知，作者引用Toni的例子意在说明看似没有关系的兴趣实际在联系着。干扰项C说Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit，而原文中只提到Toni 正在追求自己的兴趣，并未评价是否成功，也更不能推断出所有人都有希望成功，属于过度推断。
[答案] D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
陷阱(四) 偷换概念
某些选项的内容与原文句子结构、词汇使用高度相似，仅在不起眼处略微改动用词，或截取部分原文中出现过的关键词，但整体意思不符合原文主旨，此类选项干扰性较强
[典例] (2022·全国乙卷)
By using the latest technologies，drones could also start providing higher value services for railways，detecting faults in the rail or switches，before they can cause any safety problems.To perform these tasks，drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead.Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future.They will be moving on the track ahead of the train，and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co pilot.With their ability to see ahead，they could signal any problem，so that fast moving trains would be able to react in time.
30．What function is expected of the rail drones
A．To provide early warning.
B．To make trains run automatically.
C．To earn profits for the crews.
D．To accelerate transportation.
[解析] 题干问的是期待铁路无人机有什么样的功能。根据文段最后一句“With their ability to see ahead，they could signal any problem，so that fast moving trains would be able to react in time”(因为能提前看到，无人机可以感
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
知到任何问题，这样快速前进的列车就可以及时作出反应)可知，期待铁路无人机具有的功能是提前发现问题，并给列车发出警告。B项“使火车自动运行”是偷换概念，文段中的“programmed to run autonomously”指的是无人机可以自动运行，而不是火车；C项“为机组人员挣得利润”和D项“加快交通运输”是无中生有，文章没有提及。
[答案] A
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
陷阱(五) 背离主题 选项背离了文章的主题思想
[典例] (2022·全国甲卷)
Everywhere in Sydney these days，change and progress are the watchwords(口号)，and traditions are increasingly rare.Shirley Fitzgerald，the city's official historian，told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s，Sydney swept aside much of its past，including many of its finest buildings.“Sydney is confused about itself，”she said.“We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving(解决)．”
34．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A．It is losing its traditions. B．It should speed up its progress.
C．It should expand its population. D．It is becoming more international.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
[解析] 根据文段中的“Sydney swept aside much of its past，including many of its finest buildings”和“‘Sydney is confused about itself，’she said.‘We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.’”可以看出，Shirley Fitzgerald认为在奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼摒弃了许多自己过去的东西，包括那些精美的建筑物。干扰选项B说悉尼应该加快现代化的过程，属于背离主题。
[答案] A
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
三、推理判断题的7大解题技法
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或论据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，它一般具有以下特征：
(1)“立足原文，只推一步，”即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
(2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如 only，never，all，absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有余地的词汇，如 often，usually，sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。
对于推理判断题，学生在平时的备考中要多注意从整体上把握语篇内容，判断文章体裁，通过分析文章结构找到主题段，定位主题句，再分析其他各段与主题之间的关系，理清文章脉络和结构；此外，还应学会理解字里行间的隐含意义，在已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，领会字里行间的“弦外之音”。具体方法如下：
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(一) 根据作者的思想倾向和感彩推断观点态度
此方法适用于推断作者及文中人物的观点、态度、情感等。观点和态度一般分为三类：支持或反对、乐观或悲观、主观或客观。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文中的字里行间。解答此类题目应多注意行文中的措辞，特别是具有感彩的形容词或副词
[典例] (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision making are enormous.
35．What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
[解析] 根据文段的内容可知，作者认为虽然Navajas的研究有局限性，但对群体讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推知，作者对于Navajas的研究持支持的态度。
[答案] D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(二) 根据特定信息和逆向思维进行推断
有些推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维，从而得出正确答案
[典例] (2022·全国乙卷)
Today's figures，according to one government official，show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities
(设施) and healthier eating in schools.Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance，and the industry is playing its part.
35．What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy
A．It is a short sighted decision. B．It is a success story.
C．It benefits manufacturers. D．It upsets customers.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
[解析] 本题询问的是“关于采用糖税政策可以推断出什么”，根据文段中的“Today's figures，...show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities(设施)and healthier eating in schools.Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance，and the industry is playing its part.”可知，今天的数字显示了糖税对体育设施和学校的健康饮食的积极影响。帮助下一代拥有一个健康且积极的童年是非常重要的，而这个行业正在发挥其作用。由此可推断，采取糖税政策是一个成功的例子。故选B项。
[答案] B
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(三) 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
文章是作者抒发感情、表达观点的一种方式。因此，很多文章，尤其是记叙文和议论文，其语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态以及作者的写作意图。利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨的基础上对文章准确地进行逻辑判断。找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对掌握文章主旨大意、了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有用处
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
[典例] (2023·全国甲卷)
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences，and he does so with plenty of humor.Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history，and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding(解读)their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun，sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire，loneliness，and aging.The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book.I encourage you to take his offer.It's worth your time，even if time is something we don't have a lot of.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
31．What does the author think of Weiner's book
A．Objective and plain.
B．Daring and ambitious.
C．Serious and hard to follow.
D．Humorous and straightforward.
[解析] 根据首段中的“and he does so with plenty of humor”及末段中的“The Socrates Express is a fun，sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in...”可推知，作者认为Weiner的这本书幽默风趣且易懂。
[答案] D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(四) 根据上下文的逻辑进行结论推断
结论推断是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。解答这类题的前提是获得文章的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断
[典例] (2022·浙江卷)
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland，where Watt perfected “the machine that changed the world”．Klein writes，“America did not invent the steam engine，but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses than anyone else.”
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
Meanwhile，over the course of the 19th century，electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit.Bell then gave the telegraph a voice.Edison perfected an incandescent bulb(白炽灯泡)that brought electric light into the American home.
…
To frame his story，Klein creates the character of Ned，a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime...
25．What can be inferred about Ned
A．He was born in New York City. B．He wrote many interesting stories.
C．He created an electricity company. D．He lived mainly in the 19th century.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
[解析] 根据末段中的“Klein creates the character of Ned，a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime”可知，Ned在他的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步；再结合第一段和第二段内容可知，Klein在书中描绘了18世纪末期和19世纪蒸汽和电力的发展。由此可推知，Ned主要生活在19世纪。
[答案] D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(五) 整合全文(段)信息进行推断
有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在理解全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳答案
[典例] (2022·浙江卷)
The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology，and the lifeblood of that technology has long been electricity.By providing long distance communication and energy，electricity created the modern world.Yet properly understood，the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam，which began a century earlier.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
“It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions，”writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers：Steam，Electricity，and the Men Who Invented Modern America.Klein，a noted historian of technology，spins a narrative (叙述)so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland，where Watt perfected “the machine that changed the world”．Klein writes，“America did not invent the steam engine，but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses than anyone else.”
Meanwhile，over the course of the 19th century，electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.Morse invented a code for sending messages over an
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
electromagnetic circuit.Bell then gave the telegraph a voice.Edison perfected an incandescent bulb(白炽灯泡)that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly，Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification，which he showed in New York City.With help from Tesla，Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current(交流电)，which soon became the major form of power delivery.
To frame his story，Klein creates the character of Ned，a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime.It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
26．What is the text
A．A biography. B．A book review.
C．A short story. D．A science report.
[解析] 文章首段通过电力和蒸汽引出Maury Klein的书，接下来对该书内容进行了介绍；最后一段提到为了构建他的故事，Klein创造了Ned这个虚构的角色，Ned在他的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步，这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。由此可推知，本文是一篇书评。
[答案] B
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(六) 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用的时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强
[典例] (2022·全国乙卷)
In 1916，two girls of wealthy families，best friends from Auburn，N.Y.—Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood—traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one room schoolhouse.The girls had gone to Smith College.They wore expensive clothes.So for them to move to Elkhead，Colo. to
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted：The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden，who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter.
Why did they go then？Well，they wanted to do something useful.Soon，however，they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family，the Harrisons，and，like them，had little privacy，rare baths，and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings，Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold.In spring，the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
In Wickenden's book，she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism，which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead.A hair raising section concerns the building of the railroads，which entailed(牵涉) drilling through the Rockies，often in blinding snowstorms.The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller.The sweep of the land and the stoicism(坚忍)of the people move her to some beautiful writing.Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff，on her horse，looking down from a hill top：“When the sun slipped behind the mountains，it shed a rosy glow all around them.Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes，coyotes，mice，and varying hares，which turned white in the winter.”
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
27．What is the text
A．A news report. B．A book review.
C．A children's story. D．A diary entry.
[解析] 根据第一段中的“Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted：The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden，who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter.”，第四段中的“In Wickenden's book，she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism，which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead.”和最后一段中的“Wickenden is a very good storyteller.”可推知，本篇文章是一则书评。
[答案] B
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
技法(七) 理解通篇大意、把握写作意图
做推理判断题时，应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句，对文章的引申含义进行分析。整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论
[典例] (2023·浙江卷)
Live with roommates？Have friends and family around you？Chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon．
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago，as I was living with my parents，and I continue to experience this with my
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
husband，as he is not completely zero waste like me.I've learned a few things along the way though，which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not always supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back.I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson，sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars，and have so little trash ! A few days later，I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries，and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere.It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued，I did what I could that was within my own reach.I had my own bedroom，so I worked on removing things I
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
didn't need.Since I had my own toiletries(洗漱用品)，I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable.I also offered to cook every so often，so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries.Perhaps your household won't entirely make the switch，but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes，you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you're doing，which can turn itself into a whole household debate.If you have individuals who are not on board，your words probably won't do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
26．What can we infer about the author
A．She is quite good at cooking. B．She respects others' privacy.
C．She enjoys being a housewife. D．She is a determined person.
[解析] 根据第二、三、四段可知，作者的“零废弃”的生活方式没有得到家人的理解，但是自己却一直坚持着。结合倒数第三段的最后一句和倒数第一段中作者的建议可知，作者认为，也许你的家庭不会完全改变，但你可以控制自己的个人空间，做出你想要的改变，用行动发挥引领作用。由此推断，作者是一个意志坚定的人。
[答案] D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
(2023·广东普宁一中高三考前练兵)“You should get a cat，”my doctor said.“A cat？”I couldn't even look after myself.I took a deep breath and carefully considered the idea of welcoming a feline (猫科的)friend into my life.
Adopting an animal during the height of the pandemic was far from easy.When my partner and I found Cinnamon，her adoption profile made her out as the perfect kitten.We filled out the paperwork and had a few weeks to prepare for her arrival.
When she came home，it became increasingly obvious that Cinnamon didn't understand “no”，“stop it”or“don't do that”．She was the worst cat I've ever owned. I was beginning to doubt my doctor's advice.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
We decided to start taking her for walks.I could barely leave the house before，but my heart couldn't say no to Cinnamon.Cinnamon showed me what bravery looked like if there was a dog at a park，she would run toward it.She jumped without knowing where she would land.She loved adventure.I found myself mirroring her behavior after a while，jumping out of bed without a second thought. I began to find the motivation to get out of bed in the morning.
Cinnamon unfortunately passed away after a medical accident，leaving a cat sized hole in my heart the day she left us at only six months old.I'm no stranger to sadness or grief，but losing my pet so suddenly was the most confusing emotional experience I've ever had.She was supposed to help me through more of my life than the three short months we had her.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
Our time is often cut unpredictably，unmistakably short.It would be a shame to live life being anything less than brave and adventurous.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者接受医生的建议，养了一只猫，感受到了猫带来的积极影响，并了解到人们应该拥有冒险的勇气。
1．Why did the doctor advise the author to get a cat
A．To teach her to interact with animals.
B．To assist her to fill up her spare time.
C．To help her out of her mental disease.
D．To ensure her safety in time of pandemic.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段“I could barely leave the house before，but my heart couldn't say no to Cinnamon.(之前我几乎不敢出门，但我的心无法拒绝Cinnamon。)”可推断，作者的医生建议她养一只猫是为了帮助她摆脱精神疾病。
答案：C
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
2．Which of the following best describes the cat Cinnamon
A．Stupid but lovely.
B．Outgoing and aggressive.
C．Stubborn but courageous.
D．Naughty and adventurous.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段“Cinnamon showed me what bravery looked like if there was a dog at a park，she would run toward it.She jumped without knowing where she would land.She loved adventure.(Cinnamon让我见识了什么是勇敢。如果公园里有只狗，她就会跑过去。她跳下去，不知道会落在哪里。她喜欢冒险。)”可推断，Cinnamon很顽皮并且喜欢冒险。
答案：D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
3．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A．Why Cinnamon loved going outside.
B．How Cinnamon affected the author positively.
C．Why the author decided to take Cinnamon outside.
D．How Cinnamon interacted with the author outdoors.
解析：主旨大意题。根据第四段“I found myself mirroring her behavior after a while，jumping out of bed without a second thought.I began to find the motivation to get out of bed in the morning.(我发现自己在模仿她的行为，不假思索地从床上跳了起来。我开始找到早上起床的动力。)”以及本段内容可知，本段主要讲述了Cinnamon是如何对作者产生积极影响的。
答案：B
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
4．What message does the story convey
A．The loss of a pet is painful.
B．The short life is unpredictable.
C．Friendship with pets is helpful.
D．The courage to take risks is beneficial.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“It would be a shame to live life being anything less than brave and adventurous.(如果生活中没有勇气和冒险精神，那将是一种遗憾。)”以及文章内容可推断，作者希望通过本篇文章告诉读者，冒险的勇气是有益的。
答案：D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
B
(2023·广东六校联盟高三第六次联考)Do you ever feel guilty for relaxing，even after you've worked hard all day？Do you feel like you should be doing more despite working full hours and nearing burnout？You may be experiencing productivity dysmorphia(生产力畸形)．it is a way to describe the feeling of failing to recognize your accomplishments and wanting to continue doing more，even when you're running__on fumes.
Author Anna Codrea Rado who wrote an article about productivity dysmorphia claimed “it is the pursuit of productivity that drives us to do more while robbing us of the ability to enjoy any success we might encounter along the way”．
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
Highly competitive and job led culture contribute to constantly pursuing productivity that eats away at other areas of life.In fact，you're often praised for putting productivity above your well being.Remember how schools rewarded perfect attendance？Similarly，companies prefer employees who get the maximum work done while taking the fewest possible breaks.Rewards like these have strengthened that rest is bad and that being constantly at work is the right thing to do.
Plus，the problem isn't that the boss tells them to do it，but rather that they internalize the need to always be productive even when they're going somewhere to enjoy leisure time.Habits like these may be born out of the social pressure to find self worth in work achievements.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
Some writers have even begun describing rest as productive，as if people should stop relaxing if it doesn't improve performance in some way.Not only does this mindset make it difficult to view and celebrate your achievements，but it also pushes you to build your entire life around work.The only milestones that matter are achieving work goals.The worst part？There's no sense of fulfillment when you reach these goals.
【语篇解读】 这是一篇说明文。本文说明了“生产力畸形”概念的产生，其形成的原因，以及对人们生活的影响。
5．What do the underlined words “running on fumes”mean in Paragraph 1
A．Tired. B．Excited.
C．Satisfied. D．Disappointed.
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
解析：词句猜测题。根据第一段“Do you feel like you should be doing more despite working full hours and nearing burnout？(你是否觉得自己应该做更多的工作，尽管你已经工作了很长时间，几乎筋疲力尽了？)”以及画线词上文“it is a way to describe the feeling of failing to recognize your accomplishments and wanting to continue doing more，even when you're...”可知，生产力畸形是在你极度疲劳的状态下，仍然想继续工作，对自己已完成的工作没有成就感的一种体验。故画线词意思是“疲惫的”。
答案：A
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
6．Which is the reason for constantly pursuing productivity
A．Minor competitiveness. B．Pressure from jobs.
C．Instructions from the boss. D．Internalized needs.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“Highly competitive and job led culture contribute to constantly pursuing productivity that eats away at other areas of life.
(高度竞争和以工作为主导的文化有助于不断追求生产力，从而侵蚀生活的其他领域)”和第四段“Plus，the problem isn't that the boss tells them to do it，but rather that they internalize the need to always be productive even when they're going somewhere to enjoy leisure time.(另外，问题不是老板让他们这么做，而是他们把保持高效的需求内化了，即使他们要去某个地方享受闲暇时间)”可知，内化的需求是我们不断追求生产力的原因，选D。
答案：D
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
7．Which may be an example of productivity dysmorphia
A．A man completes work in working hours.
B．A man enjoys leisure time with his family.
C．A woman works everywhere at anytime.
D．A woman stops for a relaxation regularly.
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段“Do you feel like you should be doing more despite working full hours and nearing burnout？You may be experiencing productivity dysmorphia.(你是否觉得自己应该做更多的工作，尽管你已经工作了很长时间，几乎筋疲力尽了？你可能正在经历生产力畸形)”可推知，文章对“生产力畸形”的解释——在极度疲劳的状态下，仍然想继续工作，对自己已完成的工作没有成就感，故而“无论何时何地都在工作”符合定义，选C。
答案：C
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
8．What is the author's attitude towards the description of some writers
A．Favorable. B．Negative.
C．Unconcerned. D．Neutral.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“Some writers have even begun describing rest as productive，as if people should stop relaxing if it doesn't improve performance in some way.Not only does this mindset make it difficult to view and celebrate your achievements，but it also pushes you to build your entire life around work.The only milestones that matter are achieving work goals.The worst part？There's no sense of fulfillment when you reach these goals.(一些作家甚至开始把休息描述为具有生产性的，仿佛如果休息不能在某种程度上提高工作表现，
第二讲 推理判断题——依文推理定选项
人们就应该停止放松。这种心态不仅会让你很难看到和庆祝你的成就，还会推动你围绕工作建立整个生活。唯一重要的里程碑是实现工作目标。最糟糕的是什么？当你达到这些目标时，你没有成就感)”可推知，本文作者对一些作家的描述持否定态度，选B。
答案：B