2024届高考英语二轮复习专题一第三讲 阅读理解 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工课件(共44张PPT)
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| 名称 | 2024届高考英语二轮复习专题一第三讲 阅读理解 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工课件(共44张PPT) |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2024-02-04 12:02:14 | ||
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(共44张PPT)
专题一 阅读理解
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
主旨大意题是阅读理解中学生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。
一、了解题型特点与设问方式
[命题解读]
1．主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳类和文章大意类。
2．标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意类(内容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意。
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[题型特点]
1．把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式。
The best title for the passage is________．
Which of the following is the best title for the passage
The passage is mainly about________．
What is the text mainly about
The main idea of the second paragraph probably is________．
What is the first paragraph mainly about
2．掌握主旨大意题的考查角度。
(1)高频考点：标题归纳题、文章大意题。
(2)低频考点：段落大意题。
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
二、掌握主旨大意题的解题捷径
——熟知主旨大意题的解题捷径——
题型 特点 解题捷径
主题类
(内容) 考查文章或段落的主旨大意 找主题句四窍门：
①段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however、but、in fact、actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
②首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
③作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
④表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore、thus、in short、conclude、conclusion等词
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
续上表
标题类 要求选出文章的最佳标题 文章标题三特点：
①形式一般为单词、短语或句子，短语居多。
②短小精悍，精确性强。
③涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
——明了主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征——
正确选项特征 干扰选项特征
1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段
2．确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小
3．精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩 过于笼统，不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容
以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点
移花接木，偷换概念 所给选项，命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案
无中生有，生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析，会发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
——破解主旨大意题的三大类型——
类型1 标题归纳题
标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感彩)，覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)
理解标题的3大特点 巧用三大方法确定文章标题
(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想如果它们作标题写出来的文章将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。
(3)研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[典例] (2022·全国乙卷)
Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and，at the same time，help railway operators save billions of euros each year？That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky”technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected，the more railway safety，reliability and on time performance will be improved.Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，often at night，to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies，drones could also start providing higher value services for railways，detecting faults in the rail or switches，before they can cause any safety problems.To perform these tasks，drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead.Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future.They will be moving on the track ahead of the train，and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co pilot.With their ability to see ahead，they could signal any problem，so that fast moving trains would be able to react in time.
31．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，理清结构
Part 1 present a problem
Can a small group of drones（无人机）guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and，at the same time，help railway operators save billions of euros each year？
Part 2 Solve the problem
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.
Part 3 Evaluate the program
By using the latest technologies，drones could also start providing higher value services for railways，detecting faults in the rail or switches，before they can cause any safety problems.
→
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第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 无人机可以检测到哪些故障
本文在最后一段提到检测到故障，但文中说在“轨道或开关出现任何安全问题之前”
B 如何扩大无人机生产
文中并未提到扩大无人机生产
C 无人机发展将面临什么困难
文中并未提到无人机发展的困难
D 无人机将如何改变铁路的未来
从无人机在铁路领域的应用的介绍以及对未来无人机的发展展望可知，在未来，无人机将会保证铁路的安全性和可靠性，或许会成为铁路安全的新未来。此标题全面、精炼地概括了文章内容
第三步：对比选项得出答案
[答案] D
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
类型2 文章大意题
文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。应掌握寻找文章主题的三个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
主题句法
解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。
(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句：
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
主题句是文章首句 →
①新闻报道类文章首句是主题句
②首句语言精炼，中间段多角度说明论证，且与尾段句子相呼应，则首句是文章主题句
主题句在文末 →
主题句在段中 →
文章首段是举例子或谈论个别现象时，主题句则在后面的段落出现
最后观点为主题句 →
文章中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，则最后出现的观点为主题句
夹叙夹议类文章，文末的议论部分隐含主题句
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句：
转折词 如 but、however、in fact、actually等，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点
总结词 如therefore、thus、in short、conclude等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题句
疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题句
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
高频词法
若全文无明显主题句，我们可以利用文章中的高频词找出文章的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章最明显的特点之一是文中有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心
逆向思维法
在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[典例] （2023·浙江卷）
Live with roommates？Have friends and family around you？Chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago，as I was living with my parents，and I continue to experience this with my husband，as he is not completely zero waste like me.I've learned a few things along the way though，which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not always supportive household.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back.I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson，sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars，and have so little trash！ A few days later，I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries，and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere.It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued，I did what I could that was within my own reach.I had my own bedroom，so I worked on removing things I didn't need.Since I had my own toiletries（洗漱用品），I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable.I also offered to cook every so often，so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries.Perhaps your household won't entirely make the switch，but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
As you make your lifestyle changes，you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you're doing，which can turn itself into a whole household debate.If you have individuals who are not on board，your words probably won't do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice： Lead by action.
27.What is the text mainly about？
A.How to get on well with other family members.
B.How to have one's own personal space at home.
C.How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D.How to control the budget when buying groceries.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
Part 1 Show a talk topic
Chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will join it.
Part 2 Explain the topic
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago，which was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back.
Part 3
Summarize
the topic
As the months of reducing waste continued，I did what I could that was within my own reach.So here is my advice：Lead by action.
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→
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第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 如何与其他家庭成员和睦相处 无中生有，生搬硬套
B 如何在家里拥有自己的私人空间 无中生有，曲解文意
C 如何在家庭中实现零浪费的生活方式。文章二、三段作者开始转向“零废弃”的生活方式，第四段为实现“零废弃”生活方式做出改变，最后两段“用行动发挥引领作用”是最好方法，由此可知，整篇文章都在讲如何过“零废弃”的生活方式 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
D 购买杂货时如何控制预算 无中生有，生搬硬套
第三步：对比选项得出答案
[答案] C
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
类型3 段落大意题
段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来
定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意
每一文段都要围绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
常用的写作架构
总分式（总
分/总分总）
段落首句为主题句，段落其他各句是例子或论证
分总式
分总分式
无主题句式
段落开头是举例子或层层推进的论述，段尾才是段落主题句
段落开头列举具体事例，通过事例得出结论，这个结论就是段落主题句，后面的内容只是继续或拓展该结论
段落虽无主题句，但可通过一些关键词或相似结构归纳出段落主题句
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第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[典例] （2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period.Food became easier to chew at this point.The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age，with the use of“f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter gatherer people today.
34.What is paragraph 2 mainly about？
A.Supporting evidence for the research results.
B.Potential application of the research findings.
C.A further explanation of the research methods.
D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[解题示范]
第一步：首尾兼顾定段意
选文第一段提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关，而第二段主要说明了一项语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，因此第二段主要是为上文的研究结果提供证据。本段第一句中的confirm（证实）是关键词。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 为研究结果提供证据。
选段第二段主要列出一些可以使研究结果更令人信服的证据 涵盖性强，覆盖全段
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
第三步：对比选项得出答案
续上表
B 研究成果的潜在应用。
原文提及研究成果，但是没有提及潜在应用 以偏概全，曲解文意
C 进一步说明研究方法。
原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
D 对研究过程的合理怀疑。
原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
[答案] A
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
（2023·辽宁名校联盟高三联考）When romantic partners argue over things like finances，jealousy，or other interpersonal issues，they tend to employ their current feelings as fuel for a heated argument.But thinking about the future helps overcome relationship conflicts，according to a University of Waterloo study just published online in Social Psychological and Personality Science.Alex Huynh，a doctoral candidate in psychology，is the lead author of the study，which he published with Igor Grossmann from the University of Waterloo，and Daniel Yang from Yale University.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
Previous research has shown that third perspective reasoning can be a positive strategy for reconciliation（调解）of interpersonal struggles.Huynh and his collaborators investigated whether similar benefits can be induced by simply thinking about the future.Study participants were instructed to reflect on a recent conflict with a romantic partner or a close friend.One group of participants were then asked to describe how they would feel about the conflict one year in the future，while another group was asked to describe how they feel in the present.
The team examined participants' written responses through a text analysis program for their use of pronouns—such as I，me，she，he.These choices of pronouns were used to capture participants' focus on the feelings and behaviour of
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
those involved in the conflict.Written responses were also examined for forgiveness and reinterpreting the conflict more positively，both of which implied the participants' use of reasoning strategies.
The researchers found that envisioning（展望）future relationship affected both participants' focus on their feelings and their reasoning strategies.As a result，participants reported more positivity about their relationship altogether，especially when study participants extended their thinking about the relationship a year into the future.
“Our study demonstrates that adopting a future oriented perspective in the context of a relationship conflict—reflecting on how one might feel a year from now—may be a valuable coping tool for one's psychological happiness and relationship well being，”said Huynh.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
【语篇解读】 文章主要介绍了一项研究，研究结果表明，思考未来关系有助于克服人际关系冲突，保持长远的目光才是维持人际关系的好方法。
1.What do romantic partners do in the face of most disagreements？
A.They lose faith in their future.
B.They look forward to a fierce conflict.
C.They focus on their present feelings.
D.They care more about financial problems.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When romantic partners argue over things like finances，jealousy，or other interpersonal issues，they tend to employ their current feelings as fuel for a heated argument.”可知，面对大多数分歧时，大部分恋人注重当时的感受。故选C项。
答案：C
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
2.What does the underlined word “induced”in Paragraph 2 most probably mean？
A.Explained. B.Caused.
C.Reduced. D.Improved.
解析：词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Previous research has shown that third perspective reasoning can be a positive strategy for reconciliation（调解）of interpersonal struggles.”可知，先前的研究已经表明，第三视角的理性观点是一种积极的人际矛盾调解策略；结合倒数第二段描述的研究结果“As a result，participants reported more positivity about their relationship altogether”可推知，画线词所在句意为：Huynh和他的合作者调查了仅仅通过简单地思考未来是否就能产生类似的好处。induce意为“导致，引起”，故选B项。
答案：B
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
3.What do we know about the study？
A.The reasoning strategies in participants' written responses were well worthy of note.
B.Study participants described their recent relationship with their romance partners or friends.
C.A text analysis program was employed to examine participants' use of negative words.
D.All the study participants described how they felt both in the present and in the future.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Written responses were also examined for forgiveness and reinterpreting the conflict more positively，both of which implied the participants' use of reasoning strategies.”可知，参与者书面回答中的宽恕度和正面重述都表明了参与者使用了推理策略，由此可以推知，参与者书面回答中的推理策略很值得注意。故选A项。
答案：A
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
4.What can be the best title of the text？
A.You Have a Year to Solve Your Interpersonal Problems！
B.Beneficial Reasoning Is a Positive Strategy for Reconciliation！
C.Your Current Feelings Are the Real Cause of Your Heated Arguments！
D.Thinking About the Future Is Essential for Relationship Maintenance！
解析：标题归纳题。根据文章第一段中的“But thinking about the future helps overcome relationship conflicts，according to a University of Waterloo study just published online in Social Psychological and Personality Science.”和最后一段“Our study demonstrates that adopting a future oriented perspective in the context of a relationship conflict—reflecting on how one might feel a year from now—may
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
be a valuable coping tool for one's psychological happiness and relationship well being...”可知，文章主要介绍一项研究，研究结果表明，思考未来关系有助于解决人际关系冲突。D项“考虑未来对维持关系至关重要”最适合作为文章标题，故选D项。
答案：D
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
B
（2023·广东湛江雷州三中高三5月冲刺考试）
Will skipping breakfast make me fat？
The good news for those who don't have breakfast is that putting on weight isn't inevitable—as long as you control those high calorie desires and stay active.
Research shows that although avoiding breakfast will make you hungrier and you might make up for that with a bigger lunch，this won't necessarily make you “fatter” — on average，those who skip breakfast don't eat more across the whole day than if they didn't skip it.Some researchers have found that you may even eat fewer calories overall，and end up using your body's fat reserves for energy，which can actually help you lose weight.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
However，weight isn't the only consideration： studies show that breakfast skippers are likely to exercise less.This may be because they have lower energy levels－after eight hours or so without food，the body will have used up most of its stores of easy to access energy during sleep.Morning fasters are also more likely to have unhealthy，but appetite suppressing habits，such as smoking or drinking a lot of coffee.
If you want to ensure that you eat a regular，nutritious breakfast，try preparing it the night before don't leave it until the morning，when your brain struggles to make good decisions.
If you do skip breakfast...
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
Don't make up for it with a huge lunch，otherwise you'll suffer overeating.
Make sure you eat something before you exercise，or you risk “hitting the wall”.
Don't make up for lack of energy with coffee－it can make you lose your appetite and make you anxious and nervous.
【语篇解读】 这是一篇说明文。文中主要就不吃早餐是否会变胖的问题展开论述，引用了各种研究结果和发现。
5.What does the underlined word “inevitable” mean in Paragraph 2？
A.Unbelievable. B.Unavoidable.
C.Uncomfortable. D.Unbearable.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
解析：词句猜测题。根据后文“as long as you control those high calorie desires and stay active.（只要你控制对高热量食物的渴望并保持活跃）”可知，只要控制对高热量食物的渴望并保持活跃，对于那些不吃早餐的人来说，好消息是体重并不是不可避免的，故画线词意思是“不可避免的”。故选B。
答案：B
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
6.Why do some breakfast skippers lose weight？
A.They do more exercise. B.They stay active all day.
C.They reserve their body fat. D.They take in fewer calories.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中“Some researchers have found that you may even eat fewer calories overall，and end up using your body's fat reserves for energy，which can actually help you lose weight.（一些研究人员发现，你甚至可以摄入更少的卡路里，最终利用身体的脂肪储备来获取能量，这实际上可以帮助你减肥）”可知，有些不吃早餐的人会减肥因为他们摄入的卡路里更少。故选D。
答案：D
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
7.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about？
A.Aims of the studies.
B.Ways of losing weight.
C.Effects of skipping breakfast.
D.Suggestions for breakfast skippers.
解析：主旨大意题。根据第三段“However，weight isn't the only consideration： studies show that breakfast skippers are likely to exercise less.This may be because they have lower energy levels－after eight hours or so without food，the body will have used up most of its stores of easy to access energy during sleep.Morning fasters are also more likely to have unhealthy，but appetite suppressing habits，
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
such as smoking or drinking a lot of coffee.（然而，体重并不是唯一的考虑因素：研究表明，不吃早餐的人可能锻炼得更少。这可能是因为他们的能量水平较低——在不进食8小时左右后，身体将在睡眠中消耗掉大部分易于获取的能量。早起禁食的人也更有可能有不健康但抑制食欲的习惯，比如吸烟或喝大量咖啡）”可知，第三段主要讲了不吃早餐的影响。故选C。
答案：C
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
8.What is the author's attitude towards skipping breakfast？
A.Objective. B.Positive.
C.Negative. D.Doubtful.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段“Research shows that although avoiding breakfast will make you hungrier and you might make up for that with a bigger lunch，this won't necessarily make you‘fatter’— on average，those who skip breakfast don't eat more across the whole day than if they didn't skip it.（研究表明，尽管不吃早餐会让你更饿，你可能会用一顿丰盛的午餐来弥补，但这并不一定会让你‘更胖’——平均而言，不吃早餐的人一整天都不会比不吃早餐的人吃得更多）”以及第三段“However，weight isn't the only consideration：
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
studies show that breakfast skippers are likely to exercise less.（然而，体重并不是唯一的考虑因素：研究表明，不吃早餐的人可能锻炼得更少）”可推知，作者对不吃早餐的态度是客观的。故选A。
答案：A
专题一 阅读理解
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
主旨大意题是阅读理解中学生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。
一、了解题型特点与设问方式
[命题解读]
1．主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳类和文章大意类。
2．标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意类(内容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意。
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[题型特点]
1．把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式。
The best title for the passage is________．
Which of the following is the best title for the passage
The passage is mainly about________．
What is the text mainly about
The main idea of the second paragraph probably is________．
What is the first paragraph mainly about
2．掌握主旨大意题的考查角度。
(1)高频考点：标题归纳题、文章大意题。
(2)低频考点：段落大意题。
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
二、掌握主旨大意题的解题捷径
——熟知主旨大意题的解题捷径——
题型 特点 解题捷径
主题类
(内容) 考查文章或段落的主旨大意 找主题句四窍门：
①段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however、but、in fact、actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
②首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
③作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
④表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore、thus、in short、conclude、conclusion等词
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
续上表
标题类 要求选出文章的最佳标题 文章标题三特点：
①形式一般为单词、短语或句子，短语居多。
②短小精悍，精确性强。
③涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
——明了主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征——
正确选项特征 干扰选项特征
1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段
2．确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小
3．精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩 过于笼统，不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容
以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点
移花接木，偷换概念 所给选项，命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案
无中生有，生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析，会发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
——破解主旨大意题的三大类型——
类型1 标题归纳题
标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感彩)，覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)
理解标题的3大特点 巧用三大方法确定文章标题
(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想如果它们作标题写出来的文章将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。
(3)研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[典例] (2022·全国乙卷)
Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and，at the same time，help railway operators save billions of euros each year？That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky”technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected，the more railway safety，reliability and on time performance will be improved.Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，often at night，to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies，drones could also start providing higher value services for railways，detecting faults in the rail or switches，before they can cause any safety problems.To perform these tasks，drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead.Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future.They will be moving on the track ahead of the train，and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co pilot.With their ability to see ahead，they could signal any problem，so that fast moving trains would be able to react in time.
31．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，理清结构
Part 1 present a problem
Can a small group of drones（无人机）guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and，at the same time，help railway operators save billions of euros each year？
Part 2 Solve the problem
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.
Part 3 Evaluate the program
By using the latest technologies，drones could also start providing higher value services for railways，detecting faults in the rail or switches，before they can cause any safety problems.
→
→
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第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 无人机可以检测到哪些故障
本文在最后一段提到检测到故障，但文中说在“轨道或开关出现任何安全问题之前”
B 如何扩大无人机生产
文中并未提到扩大无人机生产
C 无人机发展将面临什么困难
文中并未提到无人机发展的困难
D 无人机将如何改变铁路的未来
从无人机在铁路领域的应用的介绍以及对未来无人机的发展展望可知，在未来，无人机将会保证铁路的安全性和可靠性，或许会成为铁路安全的新未来。此标题全面、精炼地概括了文章内容
第三步：对比选项得出答案
[答案] D
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
类型2 文章大意题
文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。应掌握寻找文章主题的三个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
主题句法
解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。
(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句：
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
主题句是文章首句 →
①新闻报道类文章首句是主题句
②首句语言精炼，中间段多角度说明论证，且与尾段句子相呼应，则首句是文章主题句
主题句在文末 →
主题句在段中 →
文章首段是举例子或谈论个别现象时，主题句则在后面的段落出现
最后观点为主题句 →
文章中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，则最后出现的观点为主题句
夹叙夹议类文章，文末的议论部分隐含主题句
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句：
转折词 如 but、however、in fact、actually等，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点
总结词 如therefore、thus、in short、conclude等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题句
疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题句
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
高频词法
若全文无明显主题句，我们可以利用文章中的高频词找出文章的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章最明显的特点之一是文中有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心
逆向思维法
在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[典例] （2023·浙江卷）
Live with roommates？Have friends and family around you？Chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago，as I was living with my parents，and I continue to experience this with my husband，as he is not completely zero waste like me.I've learned a few things along the way though，which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not always supportive household.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back.I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson，sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars，and have so little trash！ A few days later，I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries，and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere.It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued，I did what I could that was within my own reach.I had my own bedroom，so I worked on removing things I didn't need.Since I had my own toiletries（洗漱用品），I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable.I also offered to cook every so often，so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries.Perhaps your household won't entirely make the switch，but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
As you make your lifestyle changes，you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you're doing，which can turn itself into a whole household debate.If you have individuals who are not on board，your words probably won't do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice： Lead by action.
27.What is the text mainly about？
A.How to get on well with other family members.
B.How to have one's own personal space at home.
C.How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D.How to control the budget when buying groceries.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
Part 1 Show a talk topic
Chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will join it.
Part 2 Explain the topic
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago，which was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back.
Part 3
Summarize
the topic
As the months of reducing waste continued，I did what I could that was within my own reach.So here is my advice：Lead by action.
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第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 如何与其他家庭成员和睦相处 无中生有，生搬硬套
B 如何在家里拥有自己的私人空间 无中生有，曲解文意
C 如何在家庭中实现零浪费的生活方式。文章二、三段作者开始转向“零废弃”的生活方式，第四段为实现“零废弃”生活方式做出改变，最后两段“用行动发挥引领作用”是最好方法，由此可知，整篇文章都在讲如何过“零废弃”的生活方式 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
D 购买杂货时如何控制预算 无中生有，生搬硬套
第三步：对比选项得出答案
[答案] C
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
类型3 段落大意题
段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来
定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意
每一文段都要围绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
常用的写作架构
总分式（总
分/总分总）
段落首句为主题句，段落其他各句是例子或论证
分总式
分总分式
无主题句式
段落开头是举例子或层层推进的论述，段尾才是段落主题句
段落开头列举具体事例，通过事例得出结论，这个结论就是段落主题句，后面的内容只是继续或拓展该结论
段落虽无主题句，但可通过一些关键词或相似结构归纳出段落主题句
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第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[典例] （2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period.Food became easier to chew at this point.The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age，with the use of“f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter gatherer people today.
34.What is paragraph 2 mainly about？
A.Supporting evidence for the research results.
B.Potential application of the research findings.
C.A further explanation of the research methods.
D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
[解题示范]
第一步：首尾兼顾定段意
选文第一段提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关，而第二段主要说明了一项语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，因此第二段主要是为上文的研究结果提供证据。本段第一句中的confirm（证实）是关键词。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 为研究结果提供证据。
选段第二段主要列出一些可以使研究结果更令人信服的证据 涵盖性强，覆盖全段
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
第三步：对比选项得出答案
续上表
B 研究成果的潜在应用。
原文提及研究成果，但是没有提及潜在应用 以偏概全，曲解文意
C 进一步说明研究方法。
原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
D 对研究过程的合理怀疑。
原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
[答案] A
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
（2023·辽宁名校联盟高三联考）When romantic partners argue over things like finances，jealousy，or other interpersonal issues，they tend to employ their current feelings as fuel for a heated argument.But thinking about the future helps overcome relationship conflicts，according to a University of Waterloo study just published online in Social Psychological and Personality Science.Alex Huynh，a doctoral candidate in psychology，is the lead author of the study，which he published with Igor Grossmann from the University of Waterloo，and Daniel Yang from Yale University.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
Previous research has shown that third perspective reasoning can be a positive strategy for reconciliation（调解）of interpersonal struggles.Huynh and his collaborators investigated whether similar benefits can be induced by simply thinking about the future.Study participants were instructed to reflect on a recent conflict with a romantic partner or a close friend.One group of participants were then asked to describe how they would feel about the conflict one year in the future，while another group was asked to describe how they feel in the present.
The team examined participants' written responses through a text analysis program for their use of pronouns—such as I，me，she，he.These choices of pronouns were used to capture participants' focus on the feelings and behaviour of
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
those involved in the conflict.Written responses were also examined for forgiveness and reinterpreting the conflict more positively，both of which implied the participants' use of reasoning strategies.
The researchers found that envisioning（展望）future relationship affected both participants' focus on their feelings and their reasoning strategies.As a result，participants reported more positivity about their relationship altogether，especially when study participants extended their thinking about the relationship a year into the future.
“Our study demonstrates that adopting a future oriented perspective in the context of a relationship conflict—reflecting on how one might feel a year from now—may be a valuable coping tool for one's psychological happiness and relationship well being，”said Huynh.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
【语篇解读】 文章主要介绍了一项研究，研究结果表明，思考未来关系有助于克服人际关系冲突，保持长远的目光才是维持人际关系的好方法。
1.What do romantic partners do in the face of most disagreements？
A.They lose faith in their future.
B.They look forward to a fierce conflict.
C.They focus on their present feelings.
D.They care more about financial problems.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When romantic partners argue over things like finances，jealousy，or other interpersonal issues，they tend to employ their current feelings as fuel for a heated argument.”可知，面对大多数分歧时，大部分恋人注重当时的感受。故选C项。
答案：C
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
2.What does the underlined word “induced”in Paragraph 2 most probably mean？
A.Explained. B.Caused.
C.Reduced. D.Improved.
解析：词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Previous research has shown that third perspective reasoning can be a positive strategy for reconciliation（调解）of interpersonal struggles.”可知，先前的研究已经表明，第三视角的理性观点是一种积极的人际矛盾调解策略；结合倒数第二段描述的研究结果“As a result，participants reported more positivity about their relationship altogether”可推知，画线词所在句意为：Huynh和他的合作者调查了仅仅通过简单地思考未来是否就能产生类似的好处。induce意为“导致，引起”，故选B项。
答案：B
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
3.What do we know about the study？
A.The reasoning strategies in participants' written responses were well worthy of note.
B.Study participants described their recent relationship with their romance partners or friends.
C.A text analysis program was employed to examine participants' use of negative words.
D.All the study participants described how they felt both in the present and in the future.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Written responses were also examined for forgiveness and reinterpreting the conflict more positively，both of which implied the participants' use of reasoning strategies.”可知，参与者书面回答中的宽恕度和正面重述都表明了参与者使用了推理策略，由此可以推知，参与者书面回答中的推理策略很值得注意。故选A项。
答案：A
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
4.What can be the best title of the text？
A.You Have a Year to Solve Your Interpersonal Problems！
B.Beneficial Reasoning Is a Positive Strategy for Reconciliation！
C.Your Current Feelings Are the Real Cause of Your Heated Arguments！
D.Thinking About the Future Is Essential for Relationship Maintenance！
解析：标题归纳题。根据文章第一段中的“But thinking about the future helps overcome relationship conflicts，according to a University of Waterloo study just published online in Social Psychological and Personality Science.”和最后一段“Our study demonstrates that adopting a future oriented perspective in the context of a relationship conflict—reflecting on how one might feel a year from now—may
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
be a valuable coping tool for one's psychological happiness and relationship well being...”可知，文章主要介绍一项研究，研究结果表明，思考未来关系有助于解决人际关系冲突。D项“考虑未来对维持关系至关重要”最适合作为文章标题，故选D项。
答案：D
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
B
（2023·广东湛江雷州三中高三5月冲刺考试）
Will skipping breakfast make me fat？
The good news for those who don't have breakfast is that putting on weight isn't inevitable—as long as you control those high calorie desires and stay active.
Research shows that although avoiding breakfast will make you hungrier and you might make up for that with a bigger lunch，this won't necessarily make you “fatter” — on average，those who skip breakfast don't eat more across the whole day than if they didn't skip it.Some researchers have found that you may even eat fewer calories overall，and end up using your body's fat reserves for energy，which can actually help you lose weight.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
However，weight isn't the only consideration： studies show that breakfast skippers are likely to exercise less.This may be because they have lower energy levels－after eight hours or so without food，the body will have used up most of its stores of easy to access energy during sleep.Morning fasters are also more likely to have unhealthy，but appetite suppressing habits，such as smoking or drinking a lot of coffee.
If you want to ensure that you eat a regular，nutritious breakfast，try preparing it the night before don't leave it until the morning，when your brain struggles to make good decisions.
If you do skip breakfast...
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
Don't make up for it with a huge lunch，otherwise you'll suffer overeating.
Make sure you eat something before you exercise，or you risk “hitting the wall”.
Don't make up for lack of energy with coffee－it can make you lose your appetite and make you anxious and nervous.
【语篇解读】 这是一篇说明文。文中主要就不吃早餐是否会变胖的问题展开论述，引用了各种研究结果和发现。
5.What does the underlined word “inevitable” mean in Paragraph 2？
A.Unbelievable. B.Unavoidable.
C.Uncomfortable. D.Unbearable.
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
解析：词句猜测题。根据后文“as long as you control those high calorie desires and stay active.（只要你控制对高热量食物的渴望并保持活跃）”可知，只要控制对高热量食物的渴望并保持活跃，对于那些不吃早餐的人来说，好消息是体重并不是不可避免的，故画线词意思是“不可避免的”。故选B。
答案：B
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
6.Why do some breakfast skippers lose weight？
A.They do more exercise. B.They stay active all day.
C.They reserve their body fat. D.They take in fewer calories.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中“Some researchers have found that you may even eat fewer calories overall，and end up using your body's fat reserves for energy，which can actually help you lose weight.（一些研究人员发现，你甚至可以摄入更少的卡路里，最终利用身体的脂肪储备来获取能量，这实际上可以帮助你减肥）”可知，有些不吃早餐的人会减肥因为他们摄入的卡路里更少。故选D。
答案：D
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
7.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about？
A.Aims of the studies.
B.Ways of losing weight.
C.Effects of skipping breakfast.
D.Suggestions for breakfast skippers.
解析：主旨大意题。根据第三段“However，weight isn't the only consideration： studies show that breakfast skippers are likely to exercise less.This may be because they have lower energy levels－after eight hours or so without food，the body will have used up most of its stores of easy to access energy during sleep.Morning fasters are also more likely to have unhealthy，but appetite suppressing habits，
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
such as smoking or drinking a lot of coffee.（然而，体重并不是唯一的考虑因素：研究表明，不吃早餐的人可能锻炼得更少。这可能是因为他们的能量水平较低——在不进食8小时左右后，身体将在睡眠中消耗掉大部分易于获取的能量。早起禁食的人也更有可能有不健康但抑制食欲的习惯，比如吸烟或喝大量咖啡）”可知，第三段主要讲了不吃早餐的影响。故选C。
答案：C
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
8.What is the author's attitude towards skipping breakfast？
A.Objective. B.Positive.
C.Negative. D.Doubtful.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段“Research shows that although avoiding breakfast will make you hungrier and you might make up for that with a bigger lunch，this won't necessarily make you‘fatter’— on average，those who skip breakfast don't eat more across the whole day than if they didn't skip it.（研究表明，尽管不吃早餐会让你更饿，你可能会用一顿丰盛的午餐来弥补，但这并不一定会让你‘更胖’——平均而言，不吃早餐的人一整天都不会比不吃早餐的人吃得更多）”以及第三段“However，weight isn't the only consideration：
第三讲 主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
studies show that breakfast skippers are likely to exercise less.（然而，体重并不是唯一的考虑因素：研究表明，不吃早餐的人可能锻炼得更少）”可推知，作者对不吃早餐的态度是客观的。故选A。
答案：A