(共47张PPT)
第二讲 推理判断题
推理判断题属于深层次的阅读理解题。解答该类题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括细节推理题、写作意图题、观点态度题和文章出处题或读者对象题。
【近3年全国卷考情分析】
一、推理判断题解题技巧要掌握
技法1 推断隐含意义类——逻辑分析得结论
知答题方略
一“抓”一“整”找“依据”，巧做推断隐含题
1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即用某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理。
2.整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。
3.以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理的推断。
明命题方式
推断隐含意义类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
1.It can be inferred from the text that ________．
2.It can be concluded from the last paragraph that...
3.The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ________．
4.What can we infer about...？
5.What does the...paragraph imply？
【解题流程】
[典例] [2023·全国乙卷阅读B]One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil's Lake，Wisconsin，to climb the purple quartz(石英) rock around the lake. After we found a crazy looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks，we decided to photograph the scene at sunset. The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background. We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset. However，we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. Once we found the place，it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still，looking back on the photos，they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
26．What can we infer from the author's trip with friends to Devil's Lake
A．They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.
B.They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.
C．They reached the shooting spot later than expected.
D．They had problems with their equipment.
[解析] 隐含推断题。据选段的“However，we did not mark the route(路线)”可知，作者和朋友没能找对正确的路线。“Once we found the place，it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time.”，作者提到，当他们到达时，在有限的时间里捕捉光线和设置相机已经非常难了。根据找错路、到达时光线不好等信息逆向推理可得知，他们比预想的到达得晚。
技法2 写作意图类——文体特点看意图
知答题方略 明命题方式
写作意图通常有以下三种：
1.to entertain readers/to tell an experience常见于记叙文、个人经历或文章故事类的文章。
2.to persuade readers/to sell a product or a service/to attract readers or visitors常见于广告。
3.to inform readers/to report/to tell/to describe——多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类的文章，以及劝告类或建议性的文章。 写作意图类命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
◆What is the main purpose of the text？
◆What is the purpose/intention of the author in writing this passage？
◆For what purpose did the author write the passage？
◆The writer writes this passage in order to...
◆What does...want to explain by...？
【解题流程】
[典例] [2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B]He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it！Within weeks，it had all been digested，and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years，John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1，600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou，a city in southeast China.
26．What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A．To review John's research plans.
B．To show an application of John's idea.
C．To compare John's different jobs.
D．To erase doubts about John's invention.
[解析] 写作意图题。选段前一段讲到了John的发明成功了，再根据中心句“Over the years，John has taken on many big jobs”可知，多年来，John做了很多重大的工作。本段提到净化福州的运河水是为了举例说明John的发明及其理念在实践中的应用。
技法3 观点态度类——忠于措辞定态度
知答题方略 明命题方式
观点和态度分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。
注意作者或文中人物的措辞：
①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；
②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；
③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。 观点态度类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
◆What does the author think of...？
◆What is the author's opinion on/about...？
◆What is the author's attitude towards/to...？
◆The author's attitude towards... can be described as ________．
◆How does the author feel about...？
【解题流程】
[典例] [2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D]In a follow up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time，but it wasn't the dominant response. Most frequently，the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow，these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision making are enormous.
35．What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
[解析] 观点态度题。依据“忠于措辞法”。 根据选段第二段中的“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision making are enormous.”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas的研究有局限性，但是从他的研究看，团队讨论和做决定的潜在影响是巨大的，由此判断作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度。
技法4 文章出处类——根据文章体裁和内容推出处
知答题方略 明命题方式
文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。考生要对报纸、杂志、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章特点对号入座，选出最佳选项。 文章出处类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
◆From which is the text probably taken？
◆In which of the following would this passage most likely be found？
◆The passage is probably taken out of ________？
◆Where would the passage most probably appear？
【解题流程】
[典例] [2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C]Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists' representations of books and reading，we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
28．Where is the text most probably taken from
A．An introduction to a book.
B．An essay on the art of writing.
C．A guidebook to a museum.
D．A review of modern paintings.
[解析] 文章出处题。根据全文内容尤其是选段第一句“Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration... three hundred artworks from museums around the world”可知，《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。故可以推知，本文最有可能摘自书的序言。
技法5 推断作者身份或读者对象——语言特色推断目标读者
知答题方略 明命题方式
通过文中出现的人称、作品以及外在评价判断作者身份；
确定读者对象要从文章主题和文章措辞来判断。 文章推断类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
◆What can we infer about the author from the text？
◆What does “I” refer to in the text？
◆Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at？
【解题流程】
[典例] [2021·全国乙卷阅读D]During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction (干扰) in his open office, he said, “That's why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street—so I can focus.” His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
35．What can we infer about the author from the text
A．He's a news reporter.
B．He's an office manager.
C．He's a professional designer.
D．He's a published writer.
[解析] 推断作者身份。通过关键信息：“During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often.”可以推测出，作者的身份是一位出版作家。
二、推理判断题的6大命题陷阱
推理判断题是为了考查学生能否读懂文章中字里行间的隐含含义，能否以文章中所叙述的事实为依据，经过自己的思考和判断进行客观的推理，从而得出结论。因此，命题人为了达到这个考查目的，常常设置一些干扰项，没读懂文章的学生很容易受其“迷惑”而“误入歧途”，掉入命题人精心设置的“陷阱”中。
陷阱1主观臆断
某些选项没有基于原文进行推断，而是主观猜测想象或根据常识进行猜测。
[典例] [2023·全国甲卷阅读D]Grizzly bears，which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg，occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche—we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see，and their answer is often the same：a grizzly bear.
32．How do Americans look at grizzlies
A.They cause mixed feelings in people.
B.They should be kept in national parks.
C.They are of high scientific value.
D.They are a symbol of American culture.
[解析] 根据 “Grizzly bears ...occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche”和“we revere(敬畏)them even as they give us frightening dreams ...their answer is often the same：a grizzly bear”可知，人们对灰熊既怕又爱。由此可见，人们对它们的感情很复杂。
干扰选项B属于根据常识进行猜测，并未在原文中被提及。
陷阱2 过度推断或以偏概全
有时作者仅简单、客观地叙述事实，并未作出评论，而一些选项却扩大作者的叙述范围、进行过度推断；或者一些选项仅针对原文中某一句话进行推断，而忽略了其他信息，造成以偏概全。
[典例] [2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C]The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters，I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices，which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
31．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in Part Two
A.Use them as needed.
B.Recommend them to friends.
C.Evaluate their effects.
D.Identify the ideas behind them.
[解析] 根据选段中的“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances”可知，作者建议读者把这些方法当成帮助自己实现极简主义生活方式的工具，即在需要的时候使用这些方法。
干扰选项B(推荐给朋友)、C(评估它们的影响)、D(发掘这些做法背后的逻辑)都超越了原文的表达范围，属于过度推断。
陷阱3 偷换概念
某些干扰选项的内容与原文句子结构、词汇使用高度相似，仅在易忽视的地方略微改动某个词或表达方式，或截取部分原文中出现过的关键词，但整体意思不符合原文主旨，此类选项干扰性较强。
[典例] [2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D]Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday，they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
34．What can we learn from the example given in Paragraph 5
A.Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B.Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C.The same nature experience takes different forms.
D.The nature language enhances work performance.
[解析] 题干问的是我们从第五段所举的例子中可以学到什么。根据该段所举的例子“the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying ... a fountain on their lunch break”可知，年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行，园内可以沿着喷泉散步，用不同的形式去体验自然，即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。
干扰项A使用了原文中的原词“walking”，B选项使用了与原文高度相似的“young people”，但表达意思不符合段落主旨，具有迷惑性。
陷阱4逻辑颠倒
某些选项颠倒原文逻辑，例如因果倒置、目的与手段倒置等。
[典例] [2021·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读C]About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
30．What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A.The stamp price has gone down.
B.The migratory birds have flown away.
C.The hunters have stopped hunting.
D.The government has collected money.
[解析] 根据选段中的“About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory ...land will be protected and available for all generations to come.”可知，联邦政府将出售鸭票的部分收入投入候鸟保护基金，用来保护水禽、湿地和野生动物栖息地。该项法案的直接结果是政府筹集到了大量资金。干扰选项B说候鸟飞离，是1934年颁布法案的原因，而非颁布法案的结果，属于逻辑颠倒。
陷阱5 背离主题
某些选项背离了文章的主题思想，是对原文的曲解。
[典例] [2023·全国乙卷阅读D]If you want to tell the history of the whole world，a history that does not privilege one part of humanity，you cannot do it through texts alone，because only some of the world has ever had texts，while most of the world，for most of the time，has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements，and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects，and some chapters of this book are able to do just that，but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example of this between literate and non literate history is perhaps the first conflict，at Botany Bay，between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals .From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day，the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
33．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in Paragraph 2
A.His report was scientific.
B.He represented the local people.
C.He ruled over Botany Bay.
D.His record was one sided.
[解析] 题干问的是作者提及库克船长的用意。根据第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects ...but in many cases we simply can't”以及该段最后一句“If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day，the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports”可知，库克船长的记录是片面的 。
干扰选项A说船长的报告是科学的，违背了本文想表达仅依靠文字研究历史不准确的立意。
陷阱6 事实复述
某些选项仅仅是对原文事实进行简化复述，而非推断得出的结论。
[典例] [2019·全国Ⅱ卷阅读B]Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community (社区) as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense, I'm pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I'd freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies
27．Why does the author like doing volunteer work
A.It gives her a sense of duty.
B.It makes her very happy.
C.It enables her to work hard.
D.It brings her material rewards.
[解析] 根据选段第二段中的“However, if others benefit ...my motivation lies？”会误选D，而D项直接简单复述了原文I get some reward；根据文中的关键信息“That relief is coupled with a deep ...people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community (社区) as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.”可以推断出作者愿意做志愿者工作的理由。
[2023·湖州、衢州、丽水4月质量检测]The topic “slash youth”， referring to those refusing to be defined or bound by just one personal identity and choosing to undertake multiple careers, has fueled heated debate on social media. On Douban , a Chinese social networking platform, the topic has attracted about 11，000 posts and has been viewed over 400 million times. China's young people are keen to share their slash youth stories online, presenting themselves as multiple and sometimes distinct identities, such as a nurse and model, a teacher and stand up comedian, and an engineer and musician.
Xing Eryang, a 31 year old female resident in Beijing, founded the Douban topic in 2021.While staying diligent about her daytime work, she is developing her hobbies, including stand up comedy and vlogging, into secondary careers during her spare time. And she is amazed to find her “slash life” philosophy followed by so many of her peers.
Weiheng, a 26 year old woman in Guangzhou, and Tang Yuhan, a 27 year old man in Xuancheng city, Anhui Province, are both participants in the topic, with their stories earning thousands of likes so far. The two are both musicians in their spare time, even though they are thousands of miles apart and have different jobs in media and finance. Their passion for music has grown since college and they didn't abandon their enthusiasm, even after entering the workplace.
Their reaction showed the gap between the young and former generations. “My parents used to say, ‘music cannot earn you money’， so the band thing was regarded as a waste of time. However, we want to pursue whatever we love and are willing to pay for it.” says Weiheng.
“The ‘slash life’ mania (狂热) shows that, along with China's economic development, our society is becoming more and more diversified and inclusive, and it welcomes everyone's self fulfillment，” says Shi Yanrong, an associate researcher from Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences. “Young people no longer have to rely on work and money for their sense of self worth. They tend to practice a carpe diem(活在当下)philosophy and create their own identities.”
1．What are “slash youth” more likely to do
A．Create a topic on Douban.
B．Take diverse occupations.
C．Become a stand up comedian.
D．Share their own stories online.
答案与解析：B 细节理解题。根据第一段中“China's young people are keen to share their slash youth stories online, presenting themselves as multiple and sometimes distinct identities, such as a nurse and model, a teacher and stand up comedian, and an engineer and musician.”可知，“斜杠青年”更可能从事多种职业，故选B。
2．Which of the following amazes Xing Eryang
A．Other young people's positive response.
B．Hobbies developed while working.
C．The growing social networking platform.
D．Thousands of likes earned on Douban.
答案与解析：A 推理判断题。根据第二段中“And she is amazed to find her ‘slash life’ philosophy followed by so many of her peers.”可知，“斜杠生活”哲学被如此多的同龄人所遵循，即年轻人对“斜杠生活”的反应是积极的，由此可推知，邢二阳惊讶于其他年轻人对“斜杠生活”的积极反应。故选A。
3．What did Weiheng and Tang Yuhan do to pursue their musical career
A．They sent their stories online to gain more funds.
B．They shared similar interests in both their hobbies and jobs.
C．They never lost passion for music even if they had to quit college.
D．They stuck with their dream despite the older generation's opinion.
答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Their passion for music has grown since college and they didn't abandon their enthusiasm, even after entering the workplace.”和第四段可知，魏恒和唐雨涵为了追求他们的音乐事业都不顾老一辈人的意见坚持自己的梦想。故选D。
4．According to Shi Yanrong, what is our society's attitude to the “slash life”？
A．Doubtful. B．Supportive.
C．Unfavorable. D．Indifferent.
答案与解析：B 推理判断题。根据最后一段可推知，根据史艳荣，我们社会对“斜杠生活”的态度是支持的，故选B。第二讲 推理判断题
推理判断题属于深层次的阅读理解题。解答该类题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括细节推理题、写作意图题、观点态度题和文章出处题或读者对象题。
【近3年全国卷考情分析】
清迷点·扫盲点 提升审题能力
一、推理判断题解题技巧要掌握
技法1 推断隐含意义类——逻辑分析得结论
知答题方略 明命题方式
一“抓”一“整”找“依据”，巧做推断隐含题 1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即用某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理。 2.整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。 3.以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理的推断。 推断隐含意义类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： 1.It can be inferred from the text that ________． 2.It can be concluded from the last paragraph that... 3.The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ________． 4.What can we infer about...？ 5.What does the...paragraph imply？
【解题流程】
[典例] [2023·全国乙卷阅读B]One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil's Lake，Wisconsin，to climb the purple quartz(石英) rock around the lake. After we found a crazy looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks，we decided to photograph the scene at sunset. The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background. We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset. However，we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. Once we found the place，it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still，looking back on the photos，they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
26．What can we infer from the author's trip with friends to Devil's Lake
A．They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.
B.They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.
C．They reached the shooting spot later than expected.
D．They had problems with their equipment.
[解析] 隐含推断题。据选段的“However，we did not mark the route(路线)”可知，作者和朋友没能找对正确的路线。“Once we found the place，it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time.”，作者提到，当他们到达时，在有限的时间里捕捉光线和设置相机已经非常难了。根据找错路、到达时光线不好等信息逆向推理可得知，他们比预想的到达得晚。
[自主解答] ________
技法2 写作意图类——文体特点看意图
知答题方略 明命题方式
写作意图通常有以下三种： 1.to entertain readers/to tell an experience常见于记叙文、个人经历或文章故事类的文章。 2.to persuade readers/to sell a product or a service/to attract readers or visitors常见于广告。 3.to inform readers/to report/to tell/to describe——多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类的文章，以及劝告类或建议性的文章。 写作意图类命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： ◆What is the main purpose of the text？ ◆What is the purpose/intention of the author in writing this passage？ ◆For what purpose did the author write the passage？ ◆The writer writes this passage in order to... ◆What does...want to explain by...？
【解题流程】
[典例] [2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B]He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it！Within weeks，it had all been digested，and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years，John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1，600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou，a city in southeast China.
26．What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A．To review John's research plans.
B．To show an application of John's idea.
C．To compare John's different jobs.
D．To erase doubts about John's invention.
[解析] 写作意图题。选段前一段讲到了John的发明成功了，再根据中心句“Over the years，John has taken on many big jobs”可知，多年来，John做了很多重大的工作。本段提到净化福州的运河水是为了举例说明John的发明及其理念在实践中的应用。
[自主解答] ________
技法3 观点态度类——忠于措辞定态度
知答题方略 明命题方式
观点和态度分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。 注意作者或文中人物的措辞： ①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点； ②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中； ③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。 观点态度类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： ◆What does the author think of...？ ◆What is the author's opinion on/about...？ ◆What is the author's attitude towards/to...？ ◆The author's attitude towards... can be described as ________． ◆How does the author feel about...？
【解题流程】
[典例] [2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D]In a follow up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time，but it wasn't the dominant response. Most frequently，the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow，these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision making are enormous.
35．What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
[解析] 观点态度题。依据“忠于措辞法”。 根据选段第二段中的“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision making are enormous.”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas的研究有局限性，但是从他的研究看，团队讨论和做决定的潜在影响是巨大的，由此判断作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度。
[自主解答] ________
技法4 文章出处类——根据文章体裁和内容推出处
知答题方略 明命题方式
文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。考生要对报纸、杂志、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章特点对号入座，选出最佳选项。 文章出处类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： ◆From which is the text probably taken？ ◆In which of the following would this passage most likely be found？ ◆The passage is probably taken out of ________？ ◆Where would the passage most probably appear？
【解题流程】
[典例] [2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C]Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists' representations of books and reading，we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
28．Where is the text most probably taken from
A．An introduction to a book.
B．An essay on the art of writing.
C．A guidebook to a museum.
D．A review of modern paintings.
[解析] 文章出处题。根据全文内容尤其是选段第一句“Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration... three hundred artworks from museums around the world”可知，《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。故可以推知，本文最有可能摘自书的序言。
[自主解答] ________
技法5 推断作者身份或读者对象——语言特色推断目标读者
知答题方略 明命题方式
通过文中出现的人称、作品以及外在评价判断作者身份； 确定读者对象要从文章主题和文章措辞来判断。 文章推断类类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： ◆What can we infer about the author from the text？ ◆What does “I” refer to in the text？ ◆Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at？
【解题流程】
[典例] [2021·全国乙卷阅读D]During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction (干扰) in his open office, he said, “That's why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street—so I can focus.” His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
35．What can we infer about the author from the text
A．He's a news reporter.
B．He's an office manager.
C．He's a professional designer.
D．He's a published writer.
[解析] 推断作者身份。通过关键信息：“During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often.”可以推测出，作者的身份是一位出版作家。
[自主解答] ________
二、推理判断题的6大命题陷阱
推理判断题是为了考查学生能否读懂文章中字里行间的隐含含义，能否以文章中所叙述的事实为依据，经过自己的思考和判断进行客观的推理，从而得出结论。因此，命题人为了达到这个考查目的，常常设置一些干扰项，没读懂文章的学生很容易受其“迷惑”而“误入歧途”，掉入命题人精心设置的“陷阱”中。
陷阱1主观臆断
某些选项没有基于原文进行推断，而是主观猜测想象或根据常识进行猜测。
[典例] [2023·全国甲卷阅读D]Grizzly bears，which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg，occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche—we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see，and their answer is often the same：a grizzly bear. 32．How do Americans look at grizzlies A.They cause mixed feelings in people. B.They should be kept in national parks. C.They are of high scientific value. D.They are a symbol of American culture. [解析] 根据 “Grizzly bears ...occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche”和“we revere(敬畏)them even as they give us frightening dreams ...their answer is often the same：a grizzly bear”可知，人们对灰熊既怕又爱。由此可见，人们对它们的感情很复杂。 干扰选项B属于根据常识进行猜测，并未在原文中被提及。 [自主解答] ________
陷阱2 过度推断或以偏概全
有时作者仅简单、客观地叙述事实，并未作出评论，而一些选项却扩大作者的叙述范围、进行过度推断；或者一些选项仅针对原文中某一句话进行推断，而忽略了其他信息，造成以偏概全。
[典例] [2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C]The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters，I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices，which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances. 31．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in Part Two A.Use them as needed. B.Recommend them to friends. C.Evaluate their effects. D.Identify the ideas behind them. [解析] 根据选段中的“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances”可知，作者建议读者把这些方法当成帮助自己实现极简主义生活方式的工具，即在需要的时候使用这些方法。 干扰选项B(推荐给朋友)、C(评估它们的影响)、D(发掘这些做法背后的逻辑)都超越了原文的表达范围，属于过度推断。 [自主解答] ________
陷阱3 偷换概念
某些干扰选项的内容与原文句子结构、词汇使用高度相似，仅在易忽视的地方略微改动某个词或表达方式，或截取部分原文中出现过的关键词，但整体意思不符合原文主旨，此类选项干扰性较强。
[典例] [2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D]Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday，they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. 34．What can we learn from the example given in Paragraph 5 A.Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B.Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C.The same nature experience takes different forms. D.The nature language enhances work performance. [解析] 题干问的是我们从第五段所举的例子中可以学到什么。根据该段所举的例子“the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying ... a fountain on their lunch break”可知，年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行，园内可以沿着喷泉散步，用不同的形式去体验自然，即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。 干扰项A使用了原文中的原词“walking”，B选项使用了与原文高度相似的“young people”，但表达意思不符合段落主旨，具有迷惑性。 [自主解答] ________
陷阱4逻辑颠倒
某些选项颠倒原文逻辑，例如因果倒置、目的与手段倒置等。
[典例] [2021·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读C]About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated. 30．What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934 A.The stamp price has gone down. B.The migratory birds have flown away. C.The hunters have stopped hunting. D.The government has collected money. [解析] 根据选段中的“About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory ...land will be protected and available for all generations to come.”可知，联邦政府将出售鸭票的部分收入投入候鸟保护基金，用来保护水禽、湿地和野生动物栖息地。该项法案的直接结果是政府筹集到了大量资金。干扰选项B说候鸟飞离，是1934年颁布法案的原因，而非颁布法案的结果，属于逻辑颠倒。 [自主解答] ________
陷阱5 背离主题
某些选项背离了文章的主题思想，是对原文的曲解。
[典例] [2023·全国乙卷阅读D]If you want to tell the history of the whole world，a history that does not privilege one part of humanity，you cannot do it through texts alone，because only some of the world has ever had texts，while most of the world，for most of the time，has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements，and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects，and some chapters of this book are able to do just that，but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example of this between literate and non literate history is perhaps the first conflict，at Botany Bay，between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals .From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day，the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
33．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in Paragraph 2
A.His report was scientific.
B.He represented the local people.
C.He ruled over Botany Bay.
D.His record was one sided.
[解析] 题干问的是作者提及库克船长的用意。根据第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects ...but in many cases we simply can't”以及该段最后一句“If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day，the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports”可知，库克船长的记录是片面的 。
干扰选项A说船长的报告是科学的，违背了本文想表达仅依靠文字研究历史不准确的立意。
[自主解答] ________
陷阱6 事实复述
某些选项仅仅是对原文事实进行简化复述，而非推断得出的结论。
[典例] [2019·全国Ⅱ卷阅读B]Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community (社区) as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense, I'm pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I'd freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies
27．Why does the author like doing volunteer work
A.It gives her a sense of duty.
B.It makes her very happy.
C.It enables her to work hard.
D.It brings her material rewards.
[解析] 根据选段第二段中的“However, if others benefit ...my motivation lies？”会误选D，而D项直接简单复述了原文I get some reward；根据文中的关键信息“That relief is coupled with a deep ...people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community (社区) as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.”可以推断出作者愿意做志愿者工作的理由。
[自主解答] ________
练重点练难点·创新应用体验
[2023·湖州、衢州、丽水4月质量检测]The topic “slash youth”， referring to those refusing to be defined or bound by just one personal identity and choosing to undertake multiple careers, has fueled heated debate on social media. On Douban , a Chinese social networking platform, the topic has attracted about 11，000 posts and has been viewed over 400 million times. China's young people are keen to share their slash youth stories online, presenting themselves as multiple and sometimes distinct identities, such as a nurse and model, a teacher and stand up comedian, and an engineer and musician.
Xing Eryang, a 31 year old female resident in Beijing, founded the Douban topic in 2021.While staying diligent about her daytime work, she is developing her hobbies, including stand up comedy and vlogging, into secondary careers during her spare time. And she is amazed to find her “slash life” philosophy followed by so many of her peers.
Weiheng, a 26 year old woman in Guangzhou, and Tang Yuhan, a 27 year old man in Xuancheng city, Anhui Province, are both participants in the topic, with their stories earning thousands of likes so far. The two are both musicians in their spare time, even though they are thousands of miles apart and have different jobs in media and finance. Their passion for music has grown since college and they didn't abandon their enthusiasm, even after entering the workplace.
Their reaction showed the gap between the young and former generations. “My parents used to say, ‘music cannot earn you money’， so the band thing was regarded as a waste of time. However, we want to pursue whatever we love and are willing to pay for it.” says Weiheng.
“The ‘slash life’ mania (狂热) shows that, along with China's economic development, our society is becoming more and more diversified and inclusive, and it welcomes everyone's self fulfillment，” says Shi Yanrong, an associate researcher from Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences. “Young people no longer have to rely on work and money for their sense of self worth. They tend to practice a carpe diem(活在当下)philosophy and create their own identities.”
1．What are “slash youth” more likely to do
A．Create a topic on Douban.
B．Take diverse occupations.
C．Become a stand up comedian.
D．Share their own stories online.
2．Which of the following amazes Xing Eryang
A．Other young people's positive response.
B．Hobbies developed while working.
C．The growing social networking platform.
D．Thousands of likes earned on Douban.
3．What did Weiheng and Tang Yuhan do to pursue their musical career
A．They sent their stories online to gain more funds.
B．They shared similar interests in both their hobbies and jobs.
C．They never lost passion for music even if they had to quit college.
D．They stuck with their dream despite the older generation's opinion.
4．According to Shi Yanrong, what is our society's attitude to the “slash life”？
A．Doubtful. B．Supportive.
C．Unfavorable. D．Indifferent.
[答题区]
题号 1 2 3 4
答案
第二讲 推理判断题——于文有据不枉断
一、推理判断题解题技巧要掌握
技法1
典例 C
技法2
典例 B
技法3
典例 D
技法4
典例 A
技法5
典例 D
二、推理判断题的6大命题陷阱
陷阱1
典例 A
陷阱2
典例 A
陷阱3
典例 C
陷阱4
典例 D
陷阱5
典例 D
陷阱6
典例 B
练重点练难点·创新应用体验
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。“斜杠青年”指的是那些拒绝被一个个人身份定义或约束，选择从事多种职业的人。文章主要介绍了中国的年轻人所追求的“斜杠生活”。
1．答案与解析：B 细节理解题。根据第一段中“China's young people are keen to share their slash youth stories online, presenting themselves as multiple and sometimes distinct identities, such as a nurse and model, a teacher and stand up comedian, and an engineer and musician.”可知，“斜杠青年”更可能从事多种职业，故选B。
2．答案与解析：A 推理判断题。根据第二段中“And she is amazed to find her ‘slash life’ philosophy followed by so many of her peers.”可知，“斜杠生活”哲学被如此多的同龄人所遵循，即年轻人对“斜杠生活”的反应是积极的，由此可推知，邢二阳惊讶于其他年轻人对“斜杠生活”的积极反应。故选A。
3．答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Their passion for music has grown since college and they didn't abandon their enthusiasm, even after entering the workplace.”和第四段可知，魏恒和唐雨涵为了追求他们的音乐事业都不顾老一辈人的意见坚持自己的梦想。故选D。
4．答案与解析：B 推理判断题。根据最后一段可推知，根据史艳荣，我们社会对“斜杠生活”的态度是支持的，故选B。
