(共66张PPT)
第二讲
名、形、副 巧化词形转换
词形转换是高考语法填空的一个重点。在解答语法填空中词形转换的相关题目时,一要根据空处在句中所作的成分确定词性:名词在句中常作主语、宾语、表语或定语等,动词作谓语与非谓语,形容词作表语、定语、补足语,副词作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子;二要根据标志词及语境确定比较级;三要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语以及主谓一致原则来确定名词的单复数。
如何判断是否考查词形转换
典例导引
[2023·浙江高考1月卷] The term “hutong”,57.________ (original) meaning “water well” in Mongolian, appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty.
[分析] 第一步:确定是否考查词形转换。提示词为形容词,mean在此处是动词,应用副词修饰可确定,此处应该考虑词形转换。
第二步:确定转换形式。结合句意“‘胡同’一词最初在蒙古语中意为‘水井’,最早出现在元代。”可知,空处应用副词。
[答案] __originally__
解题攻略
第一步:确定是否考查词形转换
提示词为形容词、副词、名词或代词时,首先要考虑词形转换;
提示词为动词,且该动词在句中既不作谓语,也不作非谓语,则要考虑动词词形转换。
第二步:确定转换形式
据句式结构以及空处所作成分进一步分析,最终确定正确的词形转换形式。
技法1 提示词为动词的词形转换
提示词为动词,如果既不是谓语动词,也不是非谓语动词,则考虑动词词形转换。动词是转换成名词还是形容词,则根据句式结构以及空处所作成分进一步分析。
典题试做
1.[2023·山东省滨州市二模]The skewers are 70~80 percent cooked before they are brought to the table, where diners can finish cooking them on their own stoves, which lends a sense of ________ (participate).
答案与解析:participation 句意:在烤串端上餐桌之前,已经七八分熟了,食客可以在自己的炉子上烤至完全熟,这给人一种参与的感觉。此处应用名词作宾语,且participation,表示“参与”,为不可数名词,故填participation。
2.[2023·河北省邯郸市三模]Zou also mentioned the ________ (perform) of scientific experiments, like growing plants on the lunar surface, and the utilization of lunar resources, such as moon minerals and solar energy.
答案与解析:performance 句意:邹永辽还提到了科学实验的表现,比如在月球表面种植植物,以及月球资源的利用,比如月球矿物和太阳能。冠词修饰名词,作宾语,performance“表现”不可数名词,故填performance。
3.[2023·武汉市五月模拟]In 2019, the Chinese government had made a ________ (commit) to lift all of its 1.4 billion people out of poverty by 2020.
答案与解析:commitment 句意:2019年,中国政府做出承诺,到2020年实现14亿人口全部脱贫。分析句子成分可知,空处为名词形式,不定冠词a表明用单数,故填commitment。
4.[2023·湖南省名校联盟5月冲刺压轴卷] “We have tried to make something that restores the villagers' pride in their local identity, as well as creating a local economic network,” says Xu Tiantian, ________ (found) of DNA.
答案与解析:founder 此处表示“创立者”应用名词founder。
5.[2023·济南市三模] Yellow River culture is a product of the material and spiritual advancement of the people living by the river throughout time. The local artistic ________ (create) are playing important roles in the Yellow River culture.
答案与解析:creations 句意:地方艺术创作在黄河文化中发挥着重要作用。作主语,结合后文are可知应用复数名词creations。
6.[2023·黄冈中学二模]“The Terracotta Warriors used a very special mechanism to connect pieces together. Such ________ (wise) was unique to China,”Lv Qiuxia, an expert on ancient Chinese art, told the Global Times on Wednesday.
答案与解析:wisdom 句意:这样的智慧是中国独有的。分析句子结构可知,空前是形容词,所以空处应填名词作主语,故填wisdom。
7.[2023·全国甲卷] However, Carson's theme is a more weighty ________ (warn) about environmental destruction.
答案与解析:warning 考查词性转换。句意:然而,卡森的主题是一个更有分量的关于环境破坏的警告。分析句子结构可知,空前有冠词和形容词修饰,故空处应填名词warning。
8.[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷]Xiao long bao (soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot, ________ (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
答案与解析:tasty 考查词性转换 空处与空前的形容词hot并列,修饰空后的名词soup,故空处填形容词tasty。
9.[2023·陕西省宝鸡市第十三次模考]Yang Zhenning, a ________ (respect) Nobel Prize winning physicist, became the first Chinese American scientist to return to China after the US just lifted the ban on visiting to China in 1971.
答案与解析:respected/respectable 句意:杨振宁,一位受人尊敬的/值得尊敬的诺贝尔物理学奖得主,成为1971年美国刚刚解除访问中国禁令后第一位返回中国的华裔美国科学家。根据句意,提示词作定语修饰名词词组Nobel Prize winning physicist,应用形容词作定语。故填respected/respectable。
10.[2023·台州市第二次质量评估]With a history of more than 2,000 years, the Silk Route dates back to Han dynasty. Through this route, the Chinese highly ________ (qualify)silk made its fame to the western countries.
答案与解析:qualified 句意:通过这条路线,中国优质丝绸在西方国家享有盛名。此处应用形容词作定语,修饰名词silk, highly qualified意为“高质量的”,故填qualified。
快捷思维
1.动词转换为名词
(1)v.+ ion/ tion/ ation/ sion转换为名词,表示“状态或行为”
celebrate→celebration 庆祝
compete→competition 比赛
pollute→pollution 污染
educate→education 教育
possess→possession 拥有
(2)v.+ ment转换为名词,表示“行为或结果”
develop→development 发展
announce→announcement 宣布
argue→argument 争论;论据
encourage→encouragement 鼓励
(3)v.+ r/ er/ or转换为名词,表示“人”
perform→performer 表演者
settle→settler 移民者
educate→educator 教育家
direct→director 导演
visit→visitor 访问者
(4)v.+ ure转换为名词
fail→failure; mix→mixture;
press→pressure; depart→departure
(5)后缀 th结尾的名词
grow→growth; die→death
deep→depth; wide→width
warm→warmth; true→truth
(6)后缀 ance/ ence结尾的名词
exist→existence; guide→guidance
(7)后缀 al结尾的名词
arrive→arrival; approve→approval;
survive→survival
2.动词转换为形容词
(1)v.+ able转换为形容词
accept→acceptable可接受的
adapt→adaptable能适应的
adjust→adjustable可调节的
afford→affordable负担得起的
(2)v.+ ed/ ing转换为形容词
confuse→confused感到困惑的
excite→exciting令人激动的;令人兴奋的
(3)v.+ ive转换为形容词
impress→impressive给人深刻印象的
instruct→instructive有教育意义的
(4)v.+ ful/ less转换为形容词
doubt→doubtful怀疑的
forget→forgetful健忘的
hope→hopeless 不抱希望的
技法2 提示词为名词的词形转换
典题试做
1.[2023·浙江高考1月卷]Thanks to Beijing's long history 63.as the capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic ________ (event).
答案与解析:events 名词单复数。此处表示几乎每一条胡同都有自己的故事,甚至有些还和历史事件有关。event“事件”,是可数名词,其前无冠词修饰,且根据句意可知,历史事件肯定不止一件,所以空处填events。
2.[2023·河北省邯郸市三模]These objectives mainly involve studying the moon's evolution (进化), exploring star formation and ________ (activity), and observing the sun and Earth from the moon.
答案与解析:activities 句意:这些目标主要包括研究月球的演化,探索恒星的形成和活动,以及从月球上观察太阳和地球。分析句子可知,此处用名词与star formation并列作宾语,activity是可数名词,前无限定词,应用复数,表泛指,故填activities。
3.[2023·济宁市高考模拟]________ (human) are most happy and healthy when this energy is harmonious and balanced. Following treatment, you'll feel incredibly relaxed and calm.
答案与解析:Humans 句意:当这种能量和谐平衡时,人类是最快乐和健康的。治疗后,你会感到无比的放松和平静。空处在句中为主语,结合空后的are可知,此处用名词复数, 故填Humans。
4.[2023·河北省邯郸市三模]Zou Yongliao, head of the lunar and deep space exploration division of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, revealed the goals at a recent ________ (nation) space conference.
答案与解析:national 句意:中国科学院月球与深空探测部主任邹永辽在最近的一次全国航天会议上透露了这些目标。修饰名词用形容词作定语,故填national。
5.[2022·全国甲卷]Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more ________ (meaning).
答案与解析:meaningful 根据所给提示词为名词,利用考向思维并结合语境意义可知,此处为“make+宾语+宾补(形容词)”的固定结构,空处应填形容词形式。
6.[2023·山东省实验中学第二次模拟] This ________ (influence) status has caused the IOC to make English one of the official languages.
答案与解析:influential 句意:这种影响力使得国际奥委会将英语作为官方语言之一。设空处修饰名词status,应用形容词作定语,故填influential。
7.[2023·全国甲卷]________ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson's story ends with an accusation instead of a moral.
答案与解析:Different 形容词。句意:与传统寓言不同,卡森的故事以指控而非寓意结尾。be different from“与……不同”是固定短语,此处作状语,去掉be动词,且空处位于句首,单词首字母要大写,故填Different。
8.[2023·湖北省高三调研]The parks are expected to cover 10 percent of the ________ (country) land area and preserve more than 80 percent of the key national protected wild plant and animal species.
答案与解析:country's 句意:这些公园预计将覆盖全国10%的土地面积,并保护80%以上的国家重点保护野生动植物物种。分析句子可知,此处应用名词所有格形式作定语。故填country's。
9.[2023·辽宁省沈阳市二模] To make this tea, the tea trees and fruit trees are planted together. The practice, passed down from ancestors, guarantees the ________ (tea) fruity and sweet taste.
答案与解析:tea's 句意:这种从祖先传下来的做法保证了茶的果味和甜味。tea与后文taste构成所属关系,故用名词所有格形式。故填tea's。
1.动词转换为名词
(1)v.+ ion/ tion/ ation/ sion转换为名词,表示“状态或行为”
celebrate→celebration 庆祝
compete→competition 比赛
pollute→pollution 污染
educate→education 教育
possess→possession 拥有
(2)v.+ ment转换为名词,表示“行为或结果”
develop→development 发展
announce→announcement 宣布
argue→argument 争论;论据
encourage→encouragement 鼓励
(3)v.+ r/ er/ or转换为名词,表示“人”
perform→performer 表演者
settle→settler 移民者
educate→educator 教育家
direct→director 导演
visit→visitor 访问者
(4)v.+ ure转换为名词
fail→failure; mix→mixture;
press→pressure; depart→departure
(5)后缀 th结尾的名词
grow→growth; die→death
deep→depth; wide→width
warm→warmth; true→truth
(6)后缀 ance/ ence结尾的名词
exist→existence; guide→guidance
(7)后缀 al结尾的名词
arrive→arrival; approve→approval;
survive→survival
2.动词转换为形容词
(1)v.+ able转换为形容词
accept→acceptable可接受的
adapt→adaptable能适应的
adjust→adjustable可调节的
afford→affordable负担得起的
(2)v.+ ed/ ing转换为形容词
confuse→confused感到困惑的
excite→exciting令人激动的;令人兴奋的
(3)v.+ ive转换为形容词
impress→impressive给人深刻印象的
instruct→instructive有教育意义的
(4)v.+ ful/ less转换为形容词
doubt→doubtful怀疑的
forget→forgetful健忘的
hope→hopeless 不抱希望的
1.名词变复数的规则
(1)大部分单数可数名词变为复数一般直接加s;如果是以ch, sh, s, x等结尾的单词,则一般加es:trees, bikes, books, buses, watches, boxes, bushes;
(2)辅音字母+y结尾的单词,变y为i再加es;但元音字母+y结尾的单词,则直接加s:babies, families; boys, plays;
(3)以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro, hero)、两菜(tomato, potato)加es外,其余一般加s:radios, photos;
(4)以f或fe结尾的单词,通常变f, fe为v再加es:wives, knives, wolves。
2.名词变复数的不规则变化
(1)man→men, woman→women, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, child→children, mouse→mice;
(2)单复数同形:Chinese, Japanese, people, sheep, deer, fish。
技法3 提示词为形容词、副词的词形转换
典题试做
1.[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷]No matter where I buy them, though,one steamer basket is ________ (rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left 65.wanting more next time.
答案与解析:rarely 副词。此处enough为形容词,其前应用副词修饰,故填rarely“几乎不”。
2.[2022·全国乙卷]As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the largest tea producing country, China has a ________ (responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.
答案与解析:responsibility 考查词形转换。根据空前的不定冠词a可知,此处应用名词的单数形式,故填responsibility。
3.[2023·新课标Ⅱ卷]So, what are they learning ________ (basic), how to describe a panda's life.
答案与解析:Basically 副词。句意:那么,他们在学什么呢?总的说来,他们在学习如何描述大熊猫的生活。分析句子结构可知,空处作副词修饰整个句子。由于本空位于句首,首字母需要大写,所以空处需要填Basically。
4.[2023·山东省泰安市三模] The new e book says ChatGPT 4 will become ________ (extreme) useful to doctors.
答案与解析:extremely 句意:新的电子书表示,ChatGPT 4将对医生非常有用。分析句意可知,空格处作状语修饰形容词useful,故填extremely。
5.[2023·湖南省郴州市三模]Best of all, the new thermoregulatory material is inexpensive to produce, and very environmentally friendly as it is durable and ________ (easy) reusable.
答案与解析:easily 修饰形容词reusable应用所给词的副词形式。
6.[2023·衡水中学第五次综合素养测评]In ancient times, fireworks weren't always ________ (wide) affordable. So people in Nuanquan made use of scrap iron and developed Da Shuhua as a way to celebrate festivals.
答案与解析:widely 句意:在古代,烟花并不总是普遍负担得起的。此处需要用副词来修饰形容词affordable。故填widely。
7.[2023·石家庄市教学质量检测三]As a boy, I spent much time in London. One of the joys was spending weekends bicycling to Kew Gardens, famous for housing the world's ________ (large) greenhouses.
答案与解析:largest 根据范围词world's可知,空处应用形容词最高级修饰名词greenhouses。
8.The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the ________ (hot) the spring!
答案与解析:hotter 此处是固定结构“the+比较级,the+比较级”,意为“越……,越……”,故填hotter。
9.[2023·山东省泰安市三模]Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought a far ________ (much) powerful tool to assist with medical diagnoses—ChatGPT 4.
答案与解析:more 句意:人工智能(AI)带来了一种更强大的工具来帮助医疗诊断——ChatGPT 4。分析句意可知,far修饰形容词比较级, 故填more。
快捷思维
1.形容词、副词的词形转换
(1)分析句子结构发现提示词是形容词且需要改变词性时,应考虑用派生的副词或名词;
(2)若空处作定语、表语则应考虑用形容词形式;
(3)若空处修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,则应考虑用副词形式;
(4)若空处在介词后,应考虑用名词作宾语。
2.形容词变副词的规则
(1)以 e结尾的形容词一般不去e,直接加 ly:immediate→immediately, brave→bravely。
(2)一些以 e结尾的形容词去e加 (l)y:true→truly, simple→simply, gentle→gently, possible→possibly。
(3)“辅音字母+ y”结尾,变y为i,再加 ly:happy→happily, easy→easily。
(4)以 ic结尾的形容词加 ally:economic→economically, basic→basically。
3.形容词、副词转换为比较级、最高级
(1)利用标志词确定比较等级
①题目中有much, far, still, even, rather, a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, than等标志性词汇时用比较级;
②空后有表示范围的标志词in, of, among等时用最高级;
③空前有one of the等修饰词时,用最高级。
(2)利用固定句型
“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”表示“越……,就越……”。
(3)利用隐含信息判断
句中虽没有标志词,但暗含比较,也需要用比较级或最高级。
技法4 提示词为代词的词形转换
典题试做
1.[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷]Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of ________ (they) contents.
答案与解析:their 句意:除了南翔,最好的小笼包有一个精致的外皮,可以把它们从蒸屉中拿出来,而不会撕裂或溢出里面的东西。设空处修饰名词contents,需用形容词性物主代词,故填their。
2.Jiuzhaigou got ________ (it) name because there are nine Tibetan villages in the valley.
答案与解析:its 考查形容词性物主代词。句意:九寨沟因山谷中有九个藏族村庄而得名。放在名词前面,所以用形容词性物主代词作定语,故填its。
3.But at least 70% of stars in the universe are red dwarfs, the tiniest and coolest ________ (one) out there.
答案与解析:ones 考查代词。句意:但宇宙中至少70%的恒星是红矮星,它们是宇宙中最小、温度最低的恒星。空处指代“70%的恒星中最小的和温度最低的那些”,需用复数形式ones表示泛指。
快捷思维
提示词为代词,当句子缺少主语、宾语、定语或表语时,一般填代词;确定填代词之后,再看空处所填代词是否与上文提到的人或物有指代关系。具体方法如下:
(1)分析句子结构发现提示词作主语,应考虑人称代词的主格形式;
(2)分析句子结构发现提示词作宾语,应考虑人称代词的宾格形式;
(3)分析句子结构发现提示词作定语,应考虑形容词性物主代词;
(4)分析句子结构发现提示词作动词或介词的宾语,且和主语是同一人时,应考虑反身代词。
技法5 提示词为数词的词形转换
典题试做
1.[2023·全国甲卷]Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well known Aesop's fables date to the ________ (six) century B.C.
答案与解析:sixth 序数词。语境:著名的伊索寓言可以追溯到公元前6世纪。空前有定冠词the,空后是名词century,所以空处填序数词sixth。
2.[2023·邯郸市第二次模拟] The 12th lunar month in Chinese is called la yue, so the ________ (eight) day of this lunar month is la yue chu ba, or laba.
答案与解析:eighth 句意:农历的第十二个月在中国被称为腊月,所以这个农历月的第八天是腊月初八,或腊八。根据下文“la yue chu ba, or laba.”可推测,这是腊月的第八天,因此用序数词。故填eighth。
3.[2023·河北省高三4月联考]Jingzhe is the ________ (three) solar term of the 24 terms defined by the traditional Chinese calendar.
答案与解析:third 句意:惊蛰是中国传统历法二十四节气中的第三个节气。根据“of the 24 terms”可知,此处是指惊蛰是第三个节气,所以应用序数词third表示“第三个”。故填third。
4.[2023·湖南省百所学校联考]The junk floats around ________ (hundred) of kilometers above the earth. Experts say the main worry is that such debris will hit a space station, satellite or other equipment.
答案与解析:hundreds 考查数词。hundreds of为固定短语,意为“数以百计的”。
5.It is known to all that there were two world wars in the ________ (twenty) century, which greatly changed the world situation.
答案与解析:twentieth 考查数词。这里表示“20世纪”,也就是“第20个世纪”,应用序数词。
6.[2023·杭州市二模]There I met a gentleman by the name of Kurien in his late ________ (eighty).
答案与解析:eighties 考查数词。in one's late eighties 表示“在某人快九十岁时”。
7.Back in the ________ (ninety), he would remain at the zoo for almost three months to stay with the pandas during the breeding season.
答案与解析:nineties 考查数词。in the nineties 意为“在九十年代”。
快捷思维
1.基数词变序数词
(1)一般由基数词加 th构成:
six→sixth seven→seventh
ten→tenth hundred→hundredth
(2)以y结尾的基数词,先把y变为ie,再加 th:
twenty→twentieth
thirty→thirtieth
(3)不规则变化:
one→first two→second
three→third five→fifth
eight→eighth nine→ninth
twelve→twelfth
2.年龄、年代表达法
(1)表达“在某人几十多岁”时,用“in one's+整十基数词的复数”,如:in one's fifties 在某人五十多岁时;
(2)表达“在几十年代时”,用“in the+整十基数词的复数”,如:in the thirties 在三十年代。
[2023·辽宁省沈阳市二模]In China, there are 44 national level intangible cultural heritage items related 1.________ tea, including the art of making Biluochun, 2.________ type of green tea. With a history of about 1,000 years, Biluochun, 3.________ translates as “green spiral spring (碧螺春)”, is made from tender tea shoots. It is known for its spiral like 4.________ (appear).
To make this tea, the tea trees and fruit trees 5.________ (plant) together. The practice, passed down from ancestors, guarantees the 6.________ (tea) fruity and sweet taste.
to
a
which
appearance
are planted
tea's
Traditionally,Biluochun is produced 7.________ (entire) by hand. About 1 kilogram of leaves 8.________ (pick) from a big tea tree produce only 0.1 kilogram of tea after processing.
Biluochun must be processed soon after. Tender tea shoots are placed in a heated iron pan and stirred (搅拌) quickly. A person needs to be particularly attentive 9.________ (adjust) the level of heat to judge the condition of the tea by smell. Next 10.________ (come) the shaping process. By stirring, shaking and rubbing the tea leaves in the pan at 100℃, they begin to dry and develop a spiral form. The entire process usually takes about 40 minutes. Every minute matters, or the tea will not taste good.
entirely
picked
to adjust
comes
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了碧螺春茶的相关知识和制作过程。
1.答案与解析:to 句意:在中国,与茶有关的国家级非物质文化遗产项目有44项,其中包括碧螺春,一种绿茶的制作工艺。短语be related to表示“与……有关”。
2.答案与解析:a 句意:在中国,与茶有关的国家级非物质文化遗产项目有44项,其中包括碧螺春,一种绿茶的制作工艺。 a type of “一种”。故填a。
3.答案与解析:which 句意:碧螺春,译作“绿色螺旋春天”,由嫩芽制成,已有1000年的历史。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Biluochun,从句缺少主语,指物,故填which。
4.答案与解析:appearance 句意:它以螺旋状的外观而闻名。作介词的宾语,应用名词, 故填appearance。
5.答案与解析:are planted 句意:为了制作这种茶,茶树和果树一起种植。主语the tea trees and fruit trees与谓语plant构成被动关系,且陈述客观事实用一般现在时的被动语态,谓语用复数。故填are planted。
6.答案与解析:tea's 句意:这种从祖先传下来的做法保证了茶的果味和甜味。tea与后文taste构成所属关系,故用名词所有格形式。故填tea's。
7.答案与解析:entirely 句意:传统上,碧螺春完全是手工制作的。修饰后文介词短语应用副词entirely,故填entirely。
8.答案与解析:picked 句意:从一棵大茶树上采摘的大约1公斤的叶子经过加工后只能产生0.1公斤的茶叶。分析句子结构可知pick与逻辑主语1 kilogram of leaves构成被动关系,用过去分词作定语。故填picked。
9.答案与解析:to adjust 句意:一个人需要特别注意调节温度,通过气味来判断茶的状况。短语be attentive to do sth.表示“注意做某事”。故填to adjust。
10.答案与解析:comes 句意:接下来是成型过程。陈述客观事实用一般现在时,主语为the shaping process,谓语用三单形式。故填comes。第二讲 名、形、副
词形转换是高考语法填空的一个重点。在解答语法填空中词形转换的相关题目时,一要根据空处在句中所作的成分确定词性:名词在句中常作主语、宾语、表语或定语等,动词作谓语与非谓语,形容词作表语、定语、补足语,副词作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子;二要根据标志词及语境确定比较级;三要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语以及主谓一致原则来确定名词的单复数。
如何判断是否考查词形转换
典例导引 解题攻略
[2023·浙江高考1月卷] The term “hutong”,57.________ (original) meaning “water well” in Mongolian, appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty. [分析] 第一步:确定是否考查词形转换。提示词为形容词,mean在此处是动词,应用副词修饰可确定,此处应该考虑词形转换。 第二步:确定转换形式。结合句意“‘胡同’一词最初在蒙古语中意为‘水井’,最早出现在元代。”可知,空处应用副词。 [答案] __originally__ 第一步:确定是否考查词形转换 提示词为形容词、副词、名词或代词时,首先要考虑词形转换; 提示词为动词,且该动词在句中既不作谓语,也不作非谓语,则要考虑动词词形转换。 第二步:确定转换形式 据句式结构以及空处所作成分进一步分析,最终确定正确的词形转换形式。
技法1 提示词为动词的词形转换
提示词为动词,如果既不是谓语动词,也不是非谓语动词,则考虑动词词形转换。动词是转换成名词还是形容词,则根据句式结构以及空处所作成分进一步分析。
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·山东省滨州市二模]The skewers are 70~80 percent cooked before they are brought to the table, where diners can finish cooking them on their own stoves, which lends a sense of ________ (participate). 2.[2023·河北省邯郸市三模]Zou also mentioned the ________ (perform) of scientific experiments, like growing plants on the lunar surface, and the utilization of lunar resources, such as moon minerals and solar energy. 3.[2023·武汉市五月模拟]In 2019, the Chinese government had made a ________ (commit) to lift all of its 1.4 billion people out of poverty by 2020. 4.[2023·湖南省名校联盟5月冲刺压轴卷] “We have tried to make something that restores the villagers' pride in their local identity, as well as creating a local economic network,” says Xu Tiantian, ________ (found) of DNA. 5.[2023·济南市三模] Yellow River culture is a product of the material and spiritual advancement of the people living by the river throughout time. The local artistic ________ (create) are playing important roles in the Yellow River culture. 6.[2023·黄冈中学二模]“The Terracotta Warriors used a very special mechanism to connect pieces together. Such ________ (wise) was unique to China,”Lv Qiuxia, an expert on ancient Chinese art, told the Global Times on Wednesday. 7.[2023·全国甲卷] However, Carson's theme is a more weighty ________ (warn) about environmental destruction. 8.[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷]Xiao long bao (soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot, ________ (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food. 9.[2023·陕西省宝鸡市第十三次模考]Yang Zhenning, a ________ (respect) Nobel Prize winning physicist, became the first Chinese American scientist to return to China after the US just lifted the ban on visiting to China in 1971. 10.[2023·台州市第二次质量评估]With a history of more than 2,000 years, the Silk Route dates back to Han dynasty. Through this route, the Chinese highly ________ (qualify)silk made its fame to the western countries. 1.动词转换为名词 (1)v.+ ion/ tion/ ation/ sion转换为名词,表示“状态或行为” celebrate→celebration 庆祝 compete→competition 比赛 pollute→pollution 污染 educate→education 教育 possess→possession 拥有 (2)v.+ ment转换为名词,表示“行为或结果” develop→development 发展 announce→announcement 宣布 argue→argument 争论;论据 encourage→encouragement 鼓励 (3)v.+ r/ er/ or转换为名词,表示“人” perform→performer 表演者 settle→settler 移民者 educate→educator 教育家 direct→director 导演 visit→visitor 访问者 (4)v.+ ure转换为名词 fail→failure; mix→mixture; press→pressure; depart→departure (5)后缀 th结尾的名词 grow→growth; die→death deep→depth; wide→width warm→warmth; true→truth (6)后缀 ance/ ence结尾的名词 exist→existence; guide→guidance (7)后缀 al结尾的名词 arrive→arrival; approve→approval; survive→survival 2.动词转换为形容词 (1)v.+ able转换为形容词 accept→acceptable可接受的 adapt→adaptable能适应的 adjust→adjustable可调节的 afford→affordable负担得起的 (2)v.+ ed/ ing转换为形容词 confuse→confused感到困惑的 excite→exciting令人激动的;令人兴奋的 (3)v.+ ive转换为形容词 impress→impressive给人深刻印象的 instruct→instructive有教育意义的 (4)v.+ ful/ less转换为形容词 doubt→doubtful怀疑的 forget→forgetful健忘的 hope→hopeless 不抱希望的
技法2 提示词为名词的词形转换
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·浙江高考1月卷]Thanks to Beijing's long history 63.as the capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic ________ (event). 2.[2023·河北省邯郸市三模]These objectives mainly involve studying the moon's evolution (进化), exploring star formation and ________ (activity), and observing the sun and Earth from the moon. 3.[2023·济宁市高考模拟]________ (human) are most happy and healthy when this energy is harmonious and balanced. Following treatment, you'll feel incredibly relaxed and calm. 4.[2023·河北省邯郸市三模]Zou Yongliao, head of the lunar and deep space exploration division of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, revealed the goals at a recent ________ (nation) space conference. 5.[2022·全国甲卷]Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more ________ (meaning). 6.[2023·山东省实验中学第二次模拟] This ________ (influence) status has caused the IOC to make English one of the official languages. 7.[2023·全国甲卷]________ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson's story ends with an accusation instead of a moral. 8.[2023·湖北省高三调研]The parks are expected to cover 10 percent of the ________ (country) land area and preserve more than 80 percent of the key national protected wild plant and animal species. 9.[2023·辽宁省沈阳市二模] To make this tea, the tea trees and fruit trees are planted together. The practice, passed down from ancestors, guarantees the ________ (tea) fruity and sweet taste. 1.名词的单复数 若提示词名词有以下情况时要考虑名词的复数: (1)有数词或these, those, several, few, many, all, both, various, different等词修饰时,用名词的复数形式; (2)名词前有one of时,用名词的复数形式; (3)若谓语动词是复数形式,则空处应用名词的复数形式。 2.名词转换为形容词 提示词为名词,如果作定语修饰后面的名词时,则一般考查名词变形容词。注意名词变形容词的后缀: (1)n.+ able honor→honorable 可敬的 (2)n.+ al nature→natural 自然的;天生的 music→musical 音乐的;悦耳的 (3)n.+ ful colour→colourful 颜色鲜艳的 meaning→meaningful有意义的 (4)n.+ en wood→wooden 木质的 (5)n.+ y wealth→wealthy 富有的 3.名词的所有格 提示词与其后的名词是所属关系, 应考虑名词的所有格。 (1)单数名词和不以 s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加's; (2)以 s或 es结尾的复数名词,通常在词尾加'。
1.名词变复数的规则
(1)大部分单数可数名词变为复数一般直接加s;如果是以ch, sh, s, x等结尾的单词,则一般加es:trees, bikes, books, buses, watches, boxes, bushes;
(2)辅音字母+y结尾的单词,变y为i再加es;但元音字母+y结尾的单词,则直接加s:babies, families; boys, plays;
(3)以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro, hero)、两菜(tomato, potato)加es外,其余一般加s:radios, photos;
(4)以f或fe结尾的单词,通常变f, fe为v再加es:wives, knives, wolves。
2.名词变复数的不规则变化
(1)man→men, woman→women, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, child→children, mouse→mice;
(2)单复数同形:Chinese, Japanese, people, sheep, deer, fish。
技法3 提示词为形容词、副词的词形转换
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷]No matter where I buy them, though,one steamer basket is ________ (rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left 65.wanting more next time. 2.[2022·全国乙卷]As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the largest tea producing country, China has a ________ (responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. 3.[2023·新课标Ⅱ卷]So, what are they learning ________ (basic), how to describe a panda's life. 4.[2023·山东省泰安市三模] The new e book says ChatGPT 4 will become ________ (extreme) useful to doctors. 5.[2023·湖南省郴州市三模]Best of all, the new thermoregulatory material is inexpensive to produce, and very environmentally friendly as it is durable and ________ (easy) reusable. 6.[2023·衡水中学第五次综合素养测评]In ancient times, fireworks weren't always ________ (wide) affordable. So people in Nuanquan made use of scrap iron and developed Da Shuhua as a way to celebrate festivals. 7.[2023·石家庄市教学质量检测三]As a boy, I spent much time in London. One of the joys was spending weekends bicycling to Kew Gardens, famous for housing the world's ________ (large) greenhouses. 8.The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the ________ (hot) the spring! 9.[2023·山东省泰安市三模]Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought a far ________ (much) powerful tool to assist with medical diagnoses—ChatGPT 4. 1.形容词、副词的词形转换 (1)分析句子结构发现提示词是形容词且需要改变词性时,应考虑用派生的副词或名词; (2)若空处作定语、表语则应考虑用形容词形式; (3)若空处修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,则应考虑用副词形式; (4)若空处在介词后,应考虑用名词作宾语。 2.形容词变副词的规则 (1)以 e结尾的形容词一般不去e,直接加 ly:immediate→immediately, brave→bravely。 (2)一些以 e结尾的形容词去e加 (l)y:true→truly, simple→simply, gentle→gently, possible→possibly。 (3)“辅音字母+ y”结尾,变y为i,再加 ly:happy→happily, easy→easily。 (4)以 ic结尾的形容词加 ally:economic→economically, basic→basically。 3.形容词、副词转换为比较级、最高级 (1)利用标志词确定比较等级 ①题目中有much, far, still, even, rather, a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, than等标志性词汇时用比较级; ②空后有表示范围的标志词in, of, among等时用最高级; ③空前有one of the等修饰词时,用最高级。 (2)利用固定句型 “the+比较级...,the+比较级...”表示“越……,就越……”。 (3)利用隐含信息判断 句中虽没有标志词,但暗含比较,也需要用比较级或最高级。
技法4 提示词为代词的词形转换
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷]Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of ________ (they) contents. 2.Jiuzhaigou got ________ (it) name because there are nine Tibetan villages in the valley. 3.But at least 70% of stars in the universe are red dwarfs, the tiniest and coolest ________ (one) out there. 提示词为代词,当句子缺少主语、宾语、定语或表语时,一般填代词;确定填代词之后,再看空处所填代词是否与上文提到的人或物有指代关系。具体方法如下: (1)分析句子结构发现提示词作主语,应考虑人称代词的主格形式; (2)分析句子结构发现提示词作宾语,应考虑人称代词的宾格形式; (3)分析句子结构发现提示词作定语,应考虑形容词性物主代词; (4)分析句子结构发现提示词作动词或介词的宾语,且和主语是同一人时,应考虑反身代词。
技法5 提示词为数词的词形转换
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·全国甲卷]Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well known Aesop's fables date to the ________ (six) century B.C. 2.[2023·邯郸市第二次模拟] The 12th lunar month in Chinese is called la yue, so the ________ (eight) day of this lunar month is la yue chu ba, or laba. 3.[2023·河北省高三4月联考]Jingzhe is the ________ (three) solar term of the 24 terms defined by the traditional Chinese calendar. 4.[2023·湖南省百所学校联考]The junk floats around ________ (hundred) of kilometers above the earth. Experts say the main worry is that such debris will hit a space station, satellite or other equipment. 5.It is known to all that there were two world wars in the ________ (twenty) century, which greatly changed the world situation. 6.[2023·杭州市二模]There I met a gentleman by the name of Kurien in his late ________ (eighty). 7.Back in the ________ (ninety), he would remain at the zoo for almost three months to stay with the pandas during the breeding season. 1.基数词变序数词 (1)一般由基数词加 th构成: six→sixth seven→seventh ten→tenth hundred→hundredth (2)以y结尾的基数词,先把y变为ie,再加 th: twenty→twentieth thirty→thirtieth (3)不规则变化: one→first two→second three→third five→fifth eight→eighth nine→ninth twelve→twelfth 2.年龄、年代表达法 (1)表达“在某人几十多岁”时,用“in one's+整十基数词的复数”,如:in one's fifties 在某人五十多岁时; (2)表达“在几十年代时”,用“in the+整十基数词的复数”,如:in the thirties 在三十年代。
随堂落实·创新应用体验
[2023·辽宁省沈阳市二模]In China, there are 44 national level intangible cultural heritage items related 1.________ tea, including the art of making Biluochun, 2.________ type of green tea. With a history of about 1,000 years, Biluochun, 3.________ translates as “green spiral spring (碧螺春)”, is made from tender tea shoots. It is known for its spiral like 4.________ (appear).
To make this tea, the tea trees and fruit trees 5.________ (plant) together. The practice, passed down from ancestors, guarantees the 6.________ (tea) fruity and sweet taste.
Traditionally,Biluochun is produced 7.________ (entire) by hand. About 1 kilogram of leaves 8.________ (pick) from a big tea tree produce only 0.1 kilogram of tea after processing.
Biluochun must be processed soon after. Tender tea shoots are placed in a heated iron pan and stirred (搅拌) quickly. A person needs to be particularly attentive 9.________ (adjust) the level of heat to judge the condition of the tea by smell. Next 10.________ (come) the shaping process. By stirring, shaking and rubbing the tea leaves in the pan at 100℃, they begin to dry and develop a spiral form. The entire process usually takes about 40 minutes. Every minute matters, or the tea will not taste good.
1.____________ 2.__________ 3.__________
4.____________ 5.__________ 6.__________
7.____________ 8.__________ 9.__________
10.__________
第二讲 名、形、副 三管齐下 巧化词形转换
命题专家授策略
技法1
1.答案与解析:participation 句意:在烤串端上餐桌之前,已经七八分熟了,食客可以在自己的炉子上烤至完全熟,这给人一种参与的感觉。此处应用名词作宾语,且participation,表示“参与”,为不可数名词,故填participation。
2.答案与解析:performance 句意:邹永辽还提到了科学实验的表现,比如在月球表面种植植物,以及月球资源的利用,比如月球矿物和太阳能。冠词修饰名词,作宾语,performance“表现”不可数名词,故填performance。
3.答案与解析:commitment 句意:2019年,中国政府做出承诺,到2020年实现14亿人口全部脱贫。分析句子成分可知,空处为名词形式,不定冠词a表明用单数,故填commitment。
4.答案与解析:founder 此处表示“创立者”应用名词founder。
5.答案与解析:creations 句意:地方艺术创作在黄河文化中发挥着重要作用。作主语,结合后文are可知应用复数名词creations。
6.答案与解析:wisdom 句意:这样的智慧是中国独有的。分析句子结构可知,空前是形容词,所以空处应填名词作主语,故填wisdom。
7.答案与解析:warning 考查词性转换。句意:然而,卡森的主题是一个更有分量的关于环境破坏的警告。分析句子结构可知,空前有冠词和形容词修饰,故空处应填名词warning。
8.答案与解析:tasty 考查词性转换 空处与空前的形容词hot并列,修饰空后的名词soup,故空处填形容词tasty。
9.答案与解析:respected/respectable 句意:杨振宁,一位受人尊敬的/值得尊敬的诺贝尔物理学奖得主,成为1971年美国刚刚解除访问中国禁令后第一位返回中国的华裔美国科学家。根据句意,提示词作定语修饰名词词组Nobel Prize winning physicist,应用形容词作定语。故填respected/respectable。
10.答案与解析:qualified 句意:通过这条路线,中国优质丝绸在西方国家享有盛名。此处应用形容词作定语,修饰名词silk, highly qualified意为“高质量的”,故填qualified。
技法2
1.答案与解析:events 名词单复数。此处表示几乎每一条胡同都有自己的故事,甚至有些还和历史事件有关。event“事件”,是可数名词,其前无冠词修饰,且根据句意可知,历史事件肯定不止一件,所以空处填events。
2.答案与解析:activities 句意:这些目标主要包括研究月球的演化,探索恒星的形成和活动,以及从月球上观察太阳和地球。分析句子可知,此处用名词与star formation并列作宾语,activity是可数名词,前无限定词,应用复数,表泛指,故填activities。
3.答案与解析:Humans 句意:当这种能量和谐平衡时,人类是最快乐和健康的。治疗后,你会感到无比的放松和平静。空处在句中为主语,结合空后的are可知,此处用名词复数, 故填Humans。
4.答案与解析:national 句意:中国科学院月球与深空探测部主任邹永辽在最近的一次全国航天会议上透露了这些目标。修饰名词用形容词作定语,故填national。
5.答案与解析:meaningful 根据所给提示词为名词,利用考向思维并结合语境意义可知,此处为“make+宾语+宾补(形容词)”的固定结构,空处应填形容词形式。
6.答案与解析:influential 句意:这种影响力使得国际奥委会将英语作为官方语言之一。设空处修饰名词status,应用形容词作定语,故填influential。
7.答案与解析:Different 形容词。句意:与传统寓言不同,卡森的故事以指控而非寓意结尾。be different from“与……不同”是固定短语,此处作状语,去掉be动词,且空处位于句首,单词首字母要大写,故填Different。
8.答案与解析:country's 句意:这些公园预计将覆盖全国10%的土地面积,并保护80%以上的国家重点保护野生动植物物种。分析句子可知,此处应用名词所有格形式作定语。故填country's。
9.答案与解析:tea's 句意:这种从祖先传下来的做法保证了茶的果味和甜味。tea与后文taste构成所属关系,故用名词所有格形式。故填tea's。
技法3
1.答案与解析:rarely 副词。此处enough为形容词,其前应用副词修饰,故填rarely“几乎不”。
2.答案与解析:responsibility 考查词形转换。根据空前的不定冠词a可知,此处应用名词的单数形式,故填responsibility。
3.答案与解析:Basically 副词。句意:那么,他们在学什么呢?总的说来,他们在学习如何描述大熊猫的生活。分析句子结构可知,空处作副词修饰整个句子。由于本空位于句首,首字母需要大写,所以空处需要填Basically。
4.答案与解析:extremely 句意:新的电子书表示,ChatGPT 4将对医生非常有用。分析句意可知,空格处作状语修饰形容词useful,故填extremely。
5.答案与解析:easily 修饰形容词reusable应用所给词的副词形式。
6.答案与解析:widely 句意:在古代,烟花并不总是普遍负担得起的。此处需要用副词来修饰形容词affordable。故填widely。
7.答案与解析:largest 根据范围词world's可知,空处应用形容词最高级修饰名词greenhouses。
8.答案与解析:hotter 此处是固定结构“the+比较级,the+比较级”,意为“越……,越……”,故填hotter。
9.答案与解析:more 句意:人工智能(AI)带来了一种更强大的工具来帮助医疗诊断——ChatGPT 4。分析句意可知,far修饰形容词比较级, 故填more。
技法4
1.答案与解析:their 句意:除了南翔,最好的小笼包有一个精致的外皮,可以把它们从蒸屉中拿出来,而不会撕裂或溢出里面的东西。设空处修饰名词contents,需用形容词性物主代词,故填their。
2.答案与解析:its 考查形容词性物主代词。句意:九寨沟因山谷中有九个藏族村庄而得名。放在名词前面,所以用形容词性物主代词作定语,故填its。
3.答案与解析:ones 考查代词。句意:但宇宙中至少70%的恒星是红矮星,它们是宇宙中最小、温度最低的恒星。空处指代“70%的恒星中最小的和温度最低的那些”,需用复数形式ones表示泛指。
技法5
1.答案与解析:sixth 序数词。语境:著名的伊索寓言可以追溯到公元前6世纪。空前有定冠词the,空后是名词century,所以空处填序数词sixth。
2.答案与解析:eighth 句意:农历的第十二个月在中国被称为腊月,所以这个农历月的第八天是腊月初八,或腊八。根据下文“la yue chu ba, or laba.”可推测,这是腊月的第八天,因此用序数词。故填eighth。
3.答案与解析:third 句意:惊蛰是中国传统历法二十四节气中的第三个节气。根据“of the 24 terms”可知,此处是指惊蛰是第三个节气,所以应用序数词third表示“第三个”。故填third。
4.答案与解析:hundreds 考查数词。hundreds of为固定短语,意为“数以百计的”。
5.答案与解析:twentieth 考查数词。这里表示“20世纪”,也就是“第20个世纪”,应用序数词。
6.答案与解析:eighties 考查数词。in one's late eighties 表示“在某人快九十岁时”。
7.答案与解析:nineties 考查数词。in the nineties 意为“在九十年代”。
随堂落实 创新应用体验
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了碧螺春茶的相关知识和制作过程。
1.答案与解析:to 句意:在中国,与茶有关的国家级非物质文化遗产项目有44项,其中包括碧螺春,一种绿茶的制作工艺。短语be related to表示“与……有关”。
2.答案与解析:a 句意:在中国,与茶有关的国家级非物质文化遗产项目有44项,其中包括碧螺春,一种绿茶的制作工艺。 a type of “一种”。故填a。
3.答案与解析:which 句意:碧螺春,译作“绿色螺旋春天”,由嫩芽制成,已有1000年的历史。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Biluochun,从句缺少主语,指物,故填which。
4.答案与解析:appearance 句意:它以螺旋状的外观而闻名。作介词的宾语,应用名词, 故填appearance。
5.答案与解析:are planted 句意:为了制作这种茶,茶树和果树一起种植。主语the tea trees and fruit trees与谓语plant构成被动关系,且陈述客观事实用一般现在时的被动语态,谓语用复数。故填are planted。
6.答案与解析:tea's 句意:这种从祖先传下来的做法保证了茶的果味和甜味。tea与后文taste构成所属关系,故用名词所有格形式。故填tea's。
7.答案与解析:entirely 句意:传统上,碧螺春完全是手工制作的。修饰后文介词短语应用副词entirely,故填entirely。
8.答案与解析:picked 句意:从一棵大茶树上采摘的大约1公斤的叶子经过加工后只能产生0.1公斤的茶叶。分析句子结构可知pick与逻辑主语1 kilogram of leaves构成被动关系,用过去分词作定语。故填picked。
9.答案与解析:to adjust 句意:一个人需要特别注意调节温度,通过气味来判断茶的状况。短语be attentive to do sth.表示“注意做某事”。故填to adjust。
10.答案与解析:comes 句意:接下来是成型过程。陈述客观事实用一般现在时,主语为the shaping process,谓语用三单形式。故填comes。