2024届高考英语复习——句子成分和基本句型学案（含答案）

2024届高考高三英语复习——句子成分和基本句型
【命题规律】
英语句子结构和成分是高中英语教学的重要内容，是理解文章的基础，广泛运用于阅读理解，完形填空， 语法填空和写作中。分析近年高考可知，长难句的比重日益增加，掌握词类、句子成分和结构，可以读懂
文意，并理解长难句之间的逻辑关系，同时也有助于句型的记忆。
【备考策略】
1.掌握五大简单句型;
2. 掌握八大句子成分;
3. 掌握句子种类;
4. 掌握长难句解题要领。
【命题预测】
预计 2024 年高考，词类、句子成分和结构仍然不会直接考查，长难句的理解共和分析仍然是难点。
考点一 五大简单句型
简单句就是由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子。简单句有五种基本句式，
其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式演变而来。
简单句型一：S ＋V(主＋谓)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物
动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
S V (不及物动词)
1.Time flies.
2.The moon rose.
3.She sings beautifully.
4.They talked for half an hour.
5.He walked yesterday.
[特别注意]
主语可有修饰语——定语，谓语可有修饰语——状语。
The red sun rises in the east.红色的太阳从东方升起。
简单句型二：S ＋V ＋O(主＋谓＋宾)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整
的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。
S V (及物动词) O (宾语)
1.Who knows the answer？
2.She laughs at her.
3.They ate some apples.
4.Danny likes swimming.
5.I want to have a cup of tea.
易混点1：只带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有：
suggest ， advise ， stop ， resist ， enjoy ， imagine ，finish ， admit ， excuse ， delay ， practise, consider， keep ， mind ， understand ， avoid ， miss ， risk ，succeed in ， be busy ，be worth ， be used to ， give up，
look
forward to
易混点2：带 to do 做宾语的动词有：
offer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help ，prepare ，decide, determine ，refuse ， dare ，manage，
wish,hope, want, expect ， fail ，pretend ，choose, seem,agree, etc.
简单句型三：S ＋V ＋IO ＋DO(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语
一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。
S V (及物) IO (多指人) DO (多指物)
1.She passed him a new dress.
2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
3.I showed him my pictures.
4.I told him how to run the machine.
5.He showed me the bus over there.
此句型中常见的谓语动词：give buy bring tell send leave pass write take show get teach pay
hand 等。
可借助 to 的: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask 等；
可借助 for 的：buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save 等。
1. He brings me cookies every day.
2. Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
3. Grandma told us an interesting story last night.
4. Pass me the book,please
5. He showed the ticket to the conductor.
简单句型四：S ＋V ＋O ＋C(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意
思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
S V (及物) O (宾语) C (宾补)
1.We keep the table clean.
2.What makes him sad？
3.We saw him out.
4.He asked me to come back soon.
5.I saw them getting on the bus.
注意：用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型
结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如： find/think/consider it +宾补+to do..
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
Both sides consider it desirable to further the understanding between the two peoples.
简单句型五：S ＋V ＋P(主＋系＋表)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明
主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。
S Linking-V (系动词) P (表语)
1.This is an English dictionary.
2.The dinner smells good.
3.He fell happy.
4.The book is interesting.
5.The weather became warmer.
[知识拓展]6 类系动词
(1)状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有 be (am, is, are, was, were)一词。
(2)持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。
(3)表象系动词，用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有 seem, appear, look。
(4)感官系动词，主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste。
(5)变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come。
(6)终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有 prove, turn out。
指出下列句子的基本类型
1 ．主语＋谓语 2 ．主语＋谓语＋宾语 3 ．主语＋系动词＋表语
3. 主语＋谓语＋双宾语(间宾 +直宾 ) 5 ．主语＋谓语＋复合宾语(宾 + 宾补)
1.Plants need water and sun.
2.The flowers are so fresh and beautiful.
3.The sun rises in the east.
4.He gave me some flowers.
5.We should keep the classroom clean and tidy.
6.Many animals live in trees.
7.Her mother looks very young.
8.She teaches us English.
9.The children are jumping and laughing happily.
10.Our teacher asked us to talk about thequestions in pairs.
11. He often tells me some interesting stories.
12.The students must keep their eyes closed.
考点二 八大句子成分
英语句子由多个部分构成，各部分在句子中起着不同的作用，这些构成句子的不同部分被称为句子成分。
正确分析句子成分是英语成绩得高分的至关要素。
主要句子成分：主语(subject)---s； 谓语(predicate)---v
次要句子成分：宾语(object)---o； 定语(attribute)---attr； 状语(adverbial)---adv；
补语(complement)-c; 表语(predicative)---p； 同位语(Appositive)等。
1主语
概念和位置：句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，通常位于句首。
充当：通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。
语序：正常：主语+谓语; 全部倒装：谓语+主语; 部分倒装：情态动词/助动词+主语+实义动词。
1. One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词）
2. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式）
3. The rich should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）
4. What benefits most to their study is reading English books. (主语从句)（2022 全国乙卷满分作文 ）
5. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. （名词）
（2022 年新高考 I 卷阅读）
6. ...there is nothing to do with others’ thoughts.（代词+倒装）（2022 年新高考 I 卷读后续写）
7. Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. （动名词短语）(2022 新课标全国 II 卷七选五)
8. It ’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline（it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不
定式） (2022 年乙卷书面表达）
2谓语
概念和位置： 表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当，由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。
一般位于主语之后。
充当：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词” 结构等充当，谓语有时态与语 态的变化，同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约，如果主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单数
第三人称形式。
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. （实义动词）（2022 全国甲卷 ）
复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems.（情态动词+实义动词）（2022 全国乙
卷 ）
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如： Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)（2022 年新高考 I 卷）
3宾语
概念：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语；有的动词后可
以跟两个宾语，其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语，把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语。
位置: 位于及物动词或介词之后。
充当：通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
1. Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to ...” （名词）（2022 年新高考 I 卷）
2. I’d appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration. （代词 it 作形式宾语，if 引导真正的宾语从句）
（2022 年新高考 I 卷）
3. ... ，drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches,
before they can cause any safety problems. （动名词短语）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
4. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the
Neolithic period. （宾语从句）（2022 年新高考 I 卷）
5. How many dictionaries do you have I have five. （数词）
6. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. （名词化形容词）
7. He pretended not to see me. （不定式短语）
4表语
概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
位置：位于系动词之后。
充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充
当。
1. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance. （介词短语）
（2022 全国乙卷 ）
2. Food became easier to chew at this point. （形容词） (2022 年新高考 I 卷)
3. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning.... （方位副词） (2022 年新高考 I 卷)
4. Needless to say, they were deeply moved. （分词）（2020 年新课标 I ）
5. The machine is out of order.(不定式)
6. His hobby（爱好） is playing football. （动名词）
7. The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句）
5定语
概念：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语；
位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前， 但是在修饰 any- ，some- ，no ， every-等构成的单词，如 something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后
进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
充当：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、
动名词、分词或从句充当。
1. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax.
（名词，非谓语, 形容词）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
2. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
（定语从句）（2022 新高考全国卷 II ）
3. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK.
（介词短语作后置定语）（2020 全国甲卷 ）
4. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead.
（代词，介词）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
5. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to
react in time. （非谓语，代词，非谓语分词作定语）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
6状语
概念：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、
条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。
位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句 之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如 almost 、often 等作状语常放于 be 动词、情态动词
之后，放于实义动词之前。
充当：通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、形容词和从句等充当。
1. Additionally from time to time I will assign group work to be completed ..（副词）（2022 年新高考 I
卷）
2. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably
support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. （从句）（2021 年新高考 I 卷）
3.
7补语
概念和位置：有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，补语有两种，分别是主
语补足语、宾语补足语，用来对主语或宾语进行补充说明。
充当：常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词、副词等充当。高考英语试题主要考查非谓语动词作补足语
的语法。
1. Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful. （形容词做宾补）（2022 高考全国甲卷） 2. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China. （名词短语作宾补）（2020 浙江卷 ）
3. Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better known to British students.
（过去分词短语作宾补）（2019 江苏卷 ）
8同位语
概念和位置：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位
的句子成分叫做同位语。
充当：同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
1. ...we humans are.（2021 年新高考全国 I 卷）
2. This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir
Henry Raeburn, comes to London. (名词)（2022 年高考全国乙卷）
My friend, Mary, bought a beautiful dress in the department last weekend.
↓
主语
↓
同位语
↓
谓语
↓
定语
↓
宾语
↓
地点状语
↓
时间状语
指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分并总结出该句的基本句型结构。
1. They have worked for months and even years.
成分：
句型结构总结：
2. The film you see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work
成分：
句型结构总结：
3. I didn’t understand all of the traditional customs at first.
成分：
句型结构总结：
4. Traditional festivals teach us a lot about our nation’s history
成分：
句型结构总结：
5. Traditional festivals enable us to learn fine Chinese values
成分：
句型结构总结：
小结：从以上的练习中可知英语中的句子成分包括：
指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。(将划线部分的句子成分写在横线上)
1.Jack and Tom are doing their homework now.
2.Betty planted many trees and flowers on her farm
3.The boy under the tree is a policeman.
4.We went on a visit to the Great Wall last week
5.Yangjing was my best friend in my childhood.
6.He always walks in the park after supper with his wife.
7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday.
8.I bought my girlfriend a gold ring on her birthday.
9.Mr. Wei remains a doctor.
10.The boys and girls seemed excited when they heard the news.
考点三 句子种类
按用途： 陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句
按结构：简单句，并列句，复合句
1简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
注意：句子只有一个主谓结构，但是为了使句子更加丰富，动词可以加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、
介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等。
He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词 worked)
He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词 student)
2并列句:用分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要， 相
互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。
句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句
用分号：
We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing.
用并列连词（如 and 、but 、so 、yet 等并列连词）
She likes bread and milk, but she doesn't like eggs at all.
并列句的分类
类别 系动词
并列 and, not only…but also …, neither…nor …, then
选择 or, either…or …, otherwise
转折 but, still, yet, while, when
因果 so, for,
1. Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend.
2. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
3. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
4. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
5. He was tired, so he went to bed.
6. He made a promise, but He didn’t keep it.
7. Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class, lecture/discussion, so it is
important to take careful notes during class. ( 2022 新课标全国 I 卷 )
3 复合句
由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子, 中间用从属连词连接。
主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立
存在。
复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句；从属连词+从句+主句
复合句主要包含以下类型从句：
1. 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
Whether she will come or not is still a question.
她是否会来仍是一个问题。（whether 引导的主语从句）
The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page.
由主编决定哪篇报导最重要，应安排在头版。（which 引导的宾语从句）
That is where he was born. 这就是他出生的地方。（where 引导的表语从句）
We heard the news that our team had won.
我们听到了我们球队己经获胜的消息。（that 引导的同位语从句）
2. 定语从句
The dam, which is the biggest in the world , is 3,830 metres long.
这座水坝是世界上最大的一座，长 3830 米。（which 引导的定语从句）
3. 状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步、条件、比较状语从句
Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the llth floor.
当 11 层楼起火的时候，大楼内有 500 人在工作。（when 引导的时间状语从句）
复合句详细复习参考本专辑从句专题。
考点四长难句解题要领
英语句子是由“主干部分+三长两短一并列”组成的。我们可把这个“三长两短一并列”称为构成英语句子 的“组件”。想要快速读懂一个句子， 就要快速识别并准确译出每一个组件， 再按照一定的逻辑将一个个组件
连接起来。这就是“组件分析三步法”。
Step1:做标记
一般主语为名词，后面肯定会有定语从句，介词短语，非谓语等做后置定语，这时要把后置定语括起
来，翻译为“ .. 的” 。一般句子中隐藏的从句很多，此时应注意只要有主谓就可构成从句，就可括起来。
做标记时应按照上文中的方法，给“三长”加括号（或画横线），给并列词加方框，给并列项划下划线。
【例句】 Li is a teacher teaching English in Beijing which is the capital of China. Li is a teacher (teaching
English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (of China).
(
Step 2:
做直译
)
Li is a teacher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (of China).
翻译时可先处理为：李是个老师。教什么的 教英语。在哪儿教 在北京。哪个北京 是那个首都。谁的首都
中国的首都。这样整个句子的意思就一目了然了。
(
Step 3:
调语序
)
上面的英语句子可以翻译成： “李是个在中国的首都北京教英语的老师。 ”或者“李是个老师，在中国的首都
北京教英语。 ” 真题演练
由于所举例子比较简单， 所以上文中的 Step2 看起来或许有些多此一举。其实不然。现在我们来用一些高考
题中出现过的长难句来试验上述方法，你会发现理解长难句竟变得如此轻而易举!
分析并翻译下列长难句。
1.【2023 全国乙卷】Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape（风景） can
be quite a challenge, mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation.
2.【2023 全国新高考 2 卷】And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume
is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line”activity.
分析并翻译下列长难句。
1.(江苏省苏北四市 2023 年高三调研测试) A paper published in the journal Trends in Plant Science details how
plants are rapidly adapting to the effects of climate change, and how they are passing down these adaptations to
their offspring(后代).
2. (2023 届河北省名校联考一模) To help resolve this issue, scientists have been trying to learn why species
become endangered.
(
过关检测
)
1. (2023 届广东省广州市统考试题) When put to tests, bees have long proved that they’ve got a lot more
to offer than pollinating (授粉) , making honey and being loyal to a queen.
2.(2023 年江苏省苏北四市联考试题 阅读理解) However, research in the rapid-developed field of human-robot
interaction is showing astonishing results on engagement with robots that can imitate lifelike behaviour.
3.（2023 届河北省名校联考高三摸底阅读理解）While demonstrating best safety practices, campers are invo
lved in activities that arouse their interest in science along with their sense of adventure.
3. (2023 届广东省六校联盟试题) There was something in the elderly woman’s behavior that caught my eye.
4. （湖北省武汉市 2023 届高三质检 ）Ros Altmann, the former pensions minister, recently wrote of being contacted by an elderly woman who no longer drives to her local park, because she cannot download the car
parking app required.
5. （2023 届浙江卷里卷天下高三联考）Bacon graduated from the University of Connecticut in 2015 and has
since served as an ESL(English as a Second Language)instructor, a naturalist at an outdoor school, and sold
vegetables at farmer’s markets,according to her website on the project,which she’s named Miles For Climate.
6. （2023 届重庆名校联盟高三诊断试题）His former classmates have kept their promise that after he was gone,
they wouldn’t lose track of Pat.
7. (2023 届河北省衡水中学高三下学期五调试题）Paula, who has fully recovered, said, “At 18,Henry has
already been involved in building the rest of my life.”
9.（2023 届江苏省盐城市高三三模试题）Over the next two years, Banerjee explored a range of styles at Stanford,
performed and eventually directed the student group Stanford Swing time, and served as co-chair of the planning
committee for Viennese Ball and for Big Dance.
10.（2023 届浙江省镇海中学高三 5 月模拟考试英语试题）That critical role shaped the brain’s reward system,
making us hard-wired to enjoy carbohydrates and fatty foods.
11. （2023 届东北三省四市教研联合体模拟试题）Swot will scan (查看) the seas and precisely measure fine differences in surface elevations ( 高度) around smaller currents and eddies ( 漩涡), where much of the oceans’
decrease of heat and carbon is believed to occur.
12. （2023 届河北省张家口市高三 5 月三模英语试题）The Paravel Aviator Grand combines recycled fabric with
recycled metal parts, including zippers(拉锁)and a handle that can be used as long as you do.
13. （2023 届黑龙江省哈尔滨市九中三模试题）The study, which involved inviting hundreds of researchers to
review an economics paper, is incredible
14.（2023 届湖南省衡阳高三联考）Based on their in-orbit physical examinations and data, experts have adjusted
exercise plans for them to keep fitness in order to ensure a safe landing, Zhong said.
15.（2023 届山东省济南市高三三模英语试题）Walter Benjamin, the German philosopher, once noted that
boredom was the ‘dream bird that hatches the egg of experience’ .
(
真题演练
)
一、句式翻译+句式分析
1. Treatments for jellyfish stings and snakebites have also been developed and in the last five years there have been only three deaths from jellyfish stings and about the same number from snakebites.
【句式翻译】
【句式分析】
2. Adverts are not only made and paid for by business, but also by individuals, organizations and associations that
wish to inform or educate the public.
【句式翻译】
【句式分析】
3. Margaret, married with two small children, has been working for the last seven years as a night cleaner,
cleaning offices in a big building.
【句式翻译】
【句式分析】
4. Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 990s, genetically modified (GM 转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the world, mainly on the basis of their promise to
end the worldwide food crisis.
【句式翻译】
【句式分析】
5. At nine o’clock on Saturday morning, I’ll be sitting in the front row and listening to the great professor Willard
talking about the future of my brain.
【句式翻译】
【句式分析】
6. The recent case of an American women, Terri Schiavo, whose husband won a legal battle to have her taken off life support machines after she spent 5 years in a coma-like state, has exposed the many sensitive legal and medical
issues that surround the care of coma patients.
【句式翻译】
【句式分析】
7. The court gave their approval for the life support machines to be turned off and while this ruling left Terri’s parents feeling numb and others claiming that life is sacred, which no one has the right to end, many would say it
was the right thing to do for Terri.
【句式翻译】
【句式分析】
8. Edmonds is the first African American ever to work as a full-time speechwriter for a U.S. president; he is also
the first African American to serve as director of speechwriting for the White House.
【句式翻译】
【句式分析】
9. The Olympic spirit -- the spirit of competition which emphasizes taking part rather than winning -- has been
violated by the desire to succeed at all costs.
【句式翻译】
【句式分析】
10. When you set out to do something different, there’s no end in sight, so to find myself in a position where I now
have my own name on a contract of the publisher -- to be a published writer -- is unbelievably rewarding.
【句式翻译】
【句式分析】
二、划出下列高考真题中的句子的主( )谓( )宾/表语( )（有从句时，只划出主句的主谓宾/表）。
1.The hostels in Rome offer a bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night.【2021 年新高考 I 卷】
2.Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a
large part of these resources.【2021 年新高考 I 卷】
3.Under this Act, all waterfowl（水禽）hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a
Federal Duck Stamp.【2021 年新高考 I 卷】
4.Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities. 【 2021 年新高考 I 卷 】
从句作宾语
5.The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her
patients. 【2021 年新高考 I 卷】
6.Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all comers of the UK and beyond.
【2021 年全国甲卷】
7.Officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are
known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养). 【2021 年全国甲卷】
8.Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. 【2021 年全国甲
卷】
9.Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous
crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.【2021 年全国甲卷】
10.I have traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring.【2021 年全国甲卷】2024届高考高三英语复习——句子成分和基本句型
【命题规律】
英语句子结构和成分是高中英语教学的重要内容，是理解文章的基础，广泛运用于阅读理解，完形填空， 语法填空和写作中。分析近年高考可知，长难句的比重日益增加，掌握词类、句子成分和结构，可以读懂
文意，并理解长难句之间的逻辑关系，同时也有助于句型的记忆。
【备考策略】
1.掌握五大简单句型;
2. 掌握八大句子成分;
3. 掌握句子种类;
4. 掌握长难句解题要领。
【命题预测】
预计 2024 年高考，词类、句子成分和结构仍然不会直接考查，长难句的理解共和分析仍然是难点。
考点一 五大简单句型
简单句就是由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子。简单句有五种基本句式，
其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式演变而来。
简单句型一：S ＋V(主＋谓)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物
动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
S V (不及物动词)
1.Time flies.
2.The moon rose.
3.She sings beautifully.
4.They talked for half an hour.
5.He walked yesterday.
[特别注意]
主语可有修饰语——定语，谓语可有修饰语——状语。
The red sun rises in the east.红色的太阳从东方升起。
简单句型二：S ＋V ＋O(主＋谓＋宾)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整
的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。
S V (及物动词) O (宾语)
1.Who knows the answer？
2.She laughs at her.
3.They ate some apples.
4.Danny likes swimming.
5.I want to have a cup of tea.
易混点1：只带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有：
suggest ， advise ， stop ， resist ， enjoy ， imagine ，finish ， admit ， excuse ， delay ， practise, consider， keep ， mind ， understand ， avoid ， miss ， risk ，succeed in ， be busy ，be worth ， be used to ， give up，
look
forward to
易混点2：带 to do 做宾语的动词有：
offer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help ，prepare ，decide, determine ，refuse ， dare ，manage，
wish,hope, want, expect ， fail ，pretend ，choose, seem,agree, etc.
简单句型三：S ＋V ＋IO ＋DO(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语
一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。
S V (及物) IO (多指人) DO (多指物)
1.She passed him a new dress.
2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
3.I showed him my pictures.
4.I told him how to run the machine.
5.He showed me the bus over there.
此句型中常见的谓语动词：give buy bring tell send leave pass write take show get teach pay
hand 等。
可借助 to 的: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask 等；
可借助 for 的：buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save 等。
1. He brings me cookies every day.
2. Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
3. Grandma told us an interesting story last night.
4. Pass me the book,please
5. He showed the ticket to the conductor.
简单句型四：S ＋V ＋O ＋C(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意
思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
S V (及物) O (宾语) C (宾补)
1.We keep the table clean.
2.What makes him sad？
3.We saw him out.
4.He asked me to come back soon.
5.I saw them getting on the bus.
注意：用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型
结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如： find/think/consider it +宾补+to do..
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
Both sides consider it desirable to further the understanding between the two peoples.
简单句型五：S ＋V ＋P(主＋系＋表)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明
主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。
S Linking-V (系动词) P (表语)
1.This is an English dictionary.
2.The dinner smells good.
3.He fell happy.
4.The book is interesting.
5.The weather became warmer.
[知识拓展]6 类系动词
(1)状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有 be (am, is, are, was, were)一词。
(2)持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。
(3)表象系动词，用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有 seem, appear, look。
(4)感官系动词，主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste。
(5)变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come。
(6)终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有 prove, turn out。
指出下列句子的基本类型
1 ．主语＋谓语 2 ．主语＋谓语＋宾语 3 ．主语＋系动词＋表语
3. 主语＋谓语＋双宾语(间宾 +直宾 ) 5 ．主语＋谓语＋复合宾语(宾 + 宾补)
1.Plants need water and sun. 主+ 谓+宾
2.The flowers are so fresh and beautiful. 主 + 系 + 表 3.The sun rises in the east. 主 + 谓 4.He gave me some flowers. 主 + 谓 +间宾 +直宾 5.We should keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 6.Many animals live in trees. 主 + 谓 7.Her mother looks very young. 主 + 系 + 表 8.She teaches us English. 主 + 谓 +间宾 +直宾 9.The children are jumping and laughing happily. 主 + 谓 10.Our teacher asked us to talk about thequestions in pairs. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 11. He often tells me some interesting stories. 主 + 谓 +间宾 +直宾
12.The students must keep their eyes closed. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
考点二 八大句子成分
英语句子由多个部分构成，各部分在句子中起着不同的作用，这些构成句子的不同部分被称为句子成分。
正确分析句子成分是英语成绩得高分的至关要素。
主要句子成分：主语(subject)---s； 谓语(predicate)---v
次要句子成分：宾语(object)---o； 定语(attribute)---attr； 状语(adverbial)---adv；
补语(complement)-c; 表语(predicative)---p； 同位语(Appositive)等。
1主语
概念和位置：句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，通常位于句首。
充当：通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。
语序：正常：主语+谓语; 全部倒装：谓语+主语; 部分倒装：情态动词/助动词+主语+实义动词。
1. One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词）
2. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式）
3. The rich should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）
4. What benefits most to their study is reading English books. (主语从句)（2022 全国乙卷满分作文 ）
5. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. （名词）
（2022 年新高考 I 卷阅读）
6. ...there is nothing to do with others’ thoughts.（代词+倒装）（2022 年新高考 I 卷读后续写）
7. Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. （动名词短语）(2022 新课标全国 II 卷七选五)
8. It ’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline（it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不
定式） (2022 年乙卷书面表达）
2谓语
概念和位置： 表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当，由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。
一般位于主语之后。
充当：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词” 结构等充当，谓语有时态与语 态的变化，同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约，如果主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单数
第三人称形式。
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. （实义动词）（2022 全国甲卷 ）
复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems.（情态动词+实义动词）（2022 全国乙
卷 ）
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如： Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)（2022 年新高考 I 卷）
3宾语
概念：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语；有的动词后可
以跟两个宾语，其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语，把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语。
位置: 位于及物动词或介词之后。
充当：通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
1. Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to ...” （名词）（2022 年新高考 I 卷）
2. I’d appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration. （代词 it 作形式宾语，if 引导真正的宾语从句）
（2022 年新高考 I 卷）
3. ... ，drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches,
before they can cause any safety problems. （动名词短语）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
4. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the
Neolithic period. （宾语从句）（2022 年新高考 I 卷）
5. How many dictionaries do you have I have five. （数词）
6. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. （名词化形容词）
7. He pretended not to see me. （不定式短语）
4表语
概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
位置：位于系动词之后。
充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充
当。
1. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance. （介词短语）
（2022 全国乙卷 ）
2. Food became easier to chew at this point. （形容词） (2022 年新高考 I 卷)
3. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning.... （方位副词） (2022 年新高考 I 卷)
4. Needless to say, they were deeply moved. （分词）（2020 年新课标 I ）
5. The machine is out of order.(不定式)
6. His hobby（爱好） is playing football. （动名词）
7. The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句）
5定语
概念：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语；
位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前， 但是在修饰 any- ，some- ，no ， every-等构成的单词，如 something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后
进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
充当：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、
动名词、分词或从句充当。
1. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax.
（名词，非谓语, 形容词）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
2. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
（定语从句）（2022 新高考全国卷 II ）
3. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK.
（介词短语作后置定语）（2020 全国甲卷 ）
4. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead.
（代词，介词）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
5. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to
react in time. （非谓语，代词，非谓语分词作定语）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
6状语
概念：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、
条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。
位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句 之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如 almost 、often 等作状语常放于 be 动词、情态动词
之后，放于实义动词之前。
充当：通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、形容词和从句等充当。
1. Additionally from time to time I will assign group work to be completed ..（副词）（2022 年新高考 I
卷）
2. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably
support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. （从句）（2021 年新高考 I 卷）
3.
7补语
概念和位置：有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，补语有两种，分别是主
语补足语、宾语补足语，用来对主语或宾语进行补充说明。
充当：常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词、副词等充当。高考英语试题主要考查非谓语动词作补足语
的语法。
1. Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful. （形容词做宾补）（2022 高考全国甲卷） 2. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China. （名词短语作宾补）（2020 浙江卷 ）
3. Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better known to British students.
（过去分词短语作宾补）（2019 江苏卷 ）
8同位语
概念和位置：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位
的句子成分叫做同位语。
充当：同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
1. ...we humans are.（2021 年新高考全国 I 卷）
2. This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir
Henry Raeburn, comes to London. (名词)（2022 年高考全国乙卷）
My friend, Mary, bought a beautiful dress in the department last weekend.
↓
主语
↓
同位语
↓
谓语
↓
定语
↓
宾语
↓
地点状语
↓
时间状语
指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分并总结出该句的基本句型结构。
1. They have worked for months and even years.
成分： 主语 谓语 时间状语
句型结构总结： 主语＋谓语（不及物动词）
2. The film you see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work
成分： 主语 定语 谓语 表语
句型结构总结： 主语＋系动词＋表语
3. I didn’t understand all of the traditional customs at first.
成分： 主语 谓语 宾语 状语
句型结构总结： 主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋宾语
4. Traditional festivals teach us a lot about our nation’s history
成分： 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
句型结构总结： 主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋双宾语（间接宾语＋直接宾语）
5. Traditional festivals enable us to learn fine Chinese values
成分： 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
句型结构总结： 主语＋谓语＋复合宾语（宾语＋补语）
小结：从以上的练习中可知英语中的句子成分包括： 主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补语
指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。(将划线部分的句子成分写在横线上)
1.Jack and Tom are doing their homework now.
2.Betty planted many trees and flowers on her farm
3.The boy under the tree is a policeman.
4.We went on a visit to the Great Wall last week
5.Yangjing was my best friend in my childhood.
6.He always walks in the park after supper with his wife.
7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday.
宾语
谓语
表语
状语
定语
状语
宾语补足语
8.I bought my girlfriend a gold ring on her birthday. 双宾语 9.Mr. Wei remains a doctor. 谓语（系动词）
10.The boys and girls seemed excited when they heard the news. 系表结构
考点三 句子种类
按用途： 陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句
按结构：简单句，并列句，复合句
1简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
注意：句子只有一个主谓结构，但是为了使句子更加丰富，动词可以加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、
介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等。
He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词 worked)
He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词 student)
2并列句:用分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要， 相
互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。
句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句
用分号：
We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing.
用并列连词（如 and 、but 、so 、yet 等并列连词）
She likes bread and milk, but she doesn't like eggs at all.
并列句的分类
类别 系动词
并列 and, not only…but also …, neither…nor …, then
选择 or, either…or …, otherwise
转折 but, still, yet, while, when
因果 so, for,
1. Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend.
2. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
3. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
4. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
5. He was tired, so he went to bed.
6. He made a promise, but He didn’t keep it.
7. Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class, lecture/discussion, so it is
important to take careful notes during class. ( 2022 新课标全国 I 卷 )
3 复合句
由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子, 中间用从属连词连接。
主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立
存在。
复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句；从属连词+从句+主句
复合句主要包含以下类型从句：
1. 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
Whether she will come or not is still a question.
她是否会来仍是一个问题。（whether 引导的主语从句）
The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page.
由主编决定哪篇报导最重要，应安排在头版。（which 引导的宾语从句）
That is where he was born. 这就是他出生的地方。（where 引导的表语从句）
We heard the news that our team had won.
我们听到了我们球队己经获胜的消息。（that 引导的同位语从句）
2. 定语从句
The dam, which is the biggest in the world , is 3,830 metres long.
这座水坝是世界上最大的一座，长 3830 米。（which 引导的定语从句）
3. 状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步、条件、比较状语从句
Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the llth floor.
当 11 层楼起火的时候，大楼内有 500 人在工作。（when 引导的时间状语从句）
复合句详细复习参考本专辑从句专题。
考点四长难句解题要领
英语句子是由“主干部分+三长两短一并列”组成的。我们可把这个“三长两短一并列”称为构成英语句子 的“组件”。想要快速读懂一个句子， 就要快速识别并准确译出每一个组件， 再按照一定的逻辑将一个个组件
连接起来。这就是“组件分析三步法”。
Step1:做标记
一般主语为名词，后面肯定会有定语从句，介词短语，非谓语等做后置定语，这时要把后置定语括起
来，翻译为“ .. 的” 。一般句子中隐藏的从句很多，此时应注意只要有主谓就可构成从句，就可括起来。
做标记时应按照上文中的方法，给“三长”加括号（或画横线），给并列词加方框，给并列项划下划线。
【例句】 Li is a teacher teaching English in Beijing which is the capital of China. Li is a teacher (teaching
English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (of China).
(
Step 2:
做直译
)
Li is a teacher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (of China).
翻译时可先处理为：李是个老师。教什么的 教英语。在哪儿教 在北京。哪个北京 是那个首都。谁的首都
中国的首都。这样整个句子的意思就一目了然了。
(
Step 3:
调语序
)
上面的英语句子可以翻译成： “李是个在中国的首都北京教英语的老师。 ”或者“李是个老师，在中国的首都
北京教英语。 ” 真题演练
由于所举例子比较简单， 所以上文中的 Step2 看起来或许有些多此一举。其实不然。现在我们来用一些高考
题中出现过的长难句来试验上述方法，你会发现理解长难句竟变得如此轻而易举!
分析并翻译下列长难句。
1.【2023 全国乙卷】Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape（风景） can
be quite a challenge, mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation.
分析：本句为主从复合句。其中， 主句主语为动名词短语 Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer
specializing in landscape； because 引导原因状语从句。
译文：生活在爱荷华州并试图成为一名专门拍摄风景的摄影师是一个相当大的挑战，主要是因为这个玉
米州缺乏地理差异。
2.【2023 全国新高考 2 卷】And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume
is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line”activity.
分析：本句为主从复合句。主句为主谓宾结构 a printed book still offers the chance，其中 in contrast to 作状语，
含有 where 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 lives，里面又带有省去关系词的定语从句 we consume 修饰先行词
information。
译文：与我们日益网络化的生活相比，在这样的生活中我们消费的信息被监控和跟踪，印刷书仍然提供了 一个完全私人的 "离线 "活动的机会。
分析并翻译下列长难句。
1.(江苏省苏北四市 2023 年高三调研测试) A paper published in the journal Trends in Plant Science details how
plants are rapidly adapting to the effects of climate change, and how they are passing down these adaptations to
their offspring(后代).
【分析】本句是复合句。主干 A paper details.how 引导宾语从句， published in the journal Trends in Plant Science
为过去分词短语作后置定语。 and 连接两个并列的宾语从句.
【句意】发表在《植物科学的趋势》杂志上的一篇论文详细描述了植物是如何快速适应气候变化的影响的，
以及它们是如何将这些适应能力传递给它们的后代（后代）的。
2. (2023 届河北省名校联考一模) To help resolve this issue, scientists have been trying to learn why species
become endangered.
【分析】本句是复合句。连词 why 引导宾语从句， 充当动词 learn 的宾语， 不定式短语to help resolve this issue
作目的状语，谓语使用现在完成进行时。
【句意】为了帮助解决这个问题，科学家们一直在试图了解为什么物种会濒临灭绝。
(
过关检测
)
1. (2023 届广东省广州市统考试题) When put to tests, bees have long proved that they’ve got a lot more
to offer than pollinating (授粉) , making honey and being loyal to a queen.
【分析】本句是复合句。 When 引导的时间状语从句中省略 bees are, 主干为 bees have long proved that ，that 引导宾语从句，在从句中不充当句子成分， pollinating (授粉) , making honey and being loyal to a queen 为并
列成分充当介词 than 的介词宾语。
【句意】在测试中，蜜蜂已经证明了除了授粉（授粉）、制造蜂蜜和忠于蜂后之外，它们还有更多的东西。
2.(2023 年江苏省苏北四市联考试题 阅读理解) However, research in the rapid-developed field of human-robot
interaction is showing astonishing results on engagement with robots that can imitate lifelike behaviour.
【句意】然而，在快速发展的人机互动领域的研究显示，与能够模仿逼真行为的机器人的接触有惊人的结
果。
【解析】本句是复合句。主语是名词 research ,介词短语 in the rapid-developed field of human-robot interaction
作后置定语，关系代词 that 引导定语从句。句子主干部分 research is showing astonishing results。
3.（2023 届河北省名校联考高三摸底阅读理解）While demonstrating best safety practices, campers are invo
lved in activities that arouse their interest in science along with their sense of adventure.
【句意】在展示最佳安全实践的同时，露营者也参与了能够激发他们对科学的兴趣和冒险感的活动。
【解析】连词 while 引导时间状语从句， 表示“在...... 的同时 ”。且从句中省略 campers are，关系代词 that 引
导定语从句，句子主干部分为 campers are involved in activities。
3. (2023 届广东省六校联盟试题) There was something in the elderly woman’s behavior that caught my eye.
【分析】本句是复合句。主干部分为 there be 倒装句型。主语为 something, that 为关系代词引导定语从句，
并在从句中充当主语。
【句意】那位老妇人的行为有些引起了我的注意。
4. （湖北省武汉市 2023 届高三质检）Ros Altmann, the former pensions minister, recently wrote of being contacted by an elderly woman who no longer drives to her local park, because she cannot download the car
parking app required.
【分析】主语 Ros Altmanna,the former pensions minister 充当同位语，谓语为 wrote of，关系代词 who 引 导定语从句，修饰先行词 woman,连词 because 引导原因状语从句，从句中 required 为过去分词作后置定语
修饰 app。
【句意】前养老金部长 Ros Altmann 最近写道， 一位不再开车去当地公园的老妇人联系了她， 因为她不会下
载所需的停车应用程序。
5. （2023 届浙江卷里卷天下高三联考）Bacon graduated from the University of Connecticut in 2015 and has
since served as an ESL(English as a Second Language)instructor, a naturalist at an outdoor school, and sold
vegetables at farmer’s markets,according to her website on the project,which she’s named Miles For Climate.
【分析】本句是并列句。前句主谓 Bacon graduated，后句谓语动词 has served as 及并列谓语 has sold
vegetables, 主语相同，故省略主语。关系代词 which 引导定语从句，在从句中作 name 的间接宾语。
【句意】培根于 2015 年毕业于康涅狄格大学， 之后担任 ESL（英语作为第二语言） 讲师， 在一所户外学校
的博物学家，根据她在农贸市场上销售蔬菜，根据她的网站，她将其命名为英里斯气候。
6. （2023 届重庆名校联盟高三诊断试题）His former classmates have kept their promise that after he was gone,
they wouldn’t lose track of Pat.
【分析】本句是复合句。主干部分 His former classmates have kept their promise。连词 that 引导同位语从
句，修饰 promise,在从句中，连词 after 引导时间状语从句，主句为 they wouldn’t lose track of Pat。
【句意】他以前的同学们遵守了他们的承诺，在他走后，他们不会忘记帕特。
7. (2023 届河北省衡水中学高三下学期五调试题）Paula, who has fully recovered, said, “At 18,Henry has
already been involved in building the rest of my life.”
【分析】本句为复合句，主句中运用直接引语。关系代词 who 引导定语从句，修饰先行名词 Paula，主干 Paula
said。
【句意】已经完全康复的保拉说：“18 岁的亨利已经参与了构建我的余生。”
9.（2023 届江苏省盐城市高三三模试题）Over the next two years, Banerjee explored a range of styles at Stanford,
performed and eventually directed the student group Stanford Swing time, and served as co-chair of the planning
committee for Viennese Ball and for Big Dance.
【分析】本句为并列句。主语一致，谓语动词为一系列的动作连续性发生。
【句意】在接下来的两年里，班纳吉在斯坦福大学探索了一系列的风格，表演并最终指导了学生团体斯坦
福摇摆时间，并担任了维也纳舞会和大舞会规划委员会的联合主席。
10.（2023 届浙江省镇海中学高三 5 月模拟考试英语试题）That critical role shaped the brain’s reward system,
making us hard-wired to enjoy carbohydrates and fatty foods.
【分析】本句是简单句。谓语动词 shape，表示“塑造 ”。making us hard-wired to enjoy carbohydrates and
fatty foods.为现在分词短语作结果状语。
【句意】这个关键的角色塑造了大脑的奖赏系统，使我们习惯于享受碳水化合物和高脂肪的食物。
11. （2023 届东北三省四市教研联合体模拟试题）Swot will scan (查看) the seas and precisely measure fine differences in surface elevations (高度) around smaller currents and eddies (漩涡), where much of the oceans’
decrease of heat and carbon is believed to occur.
【分析】本句为复合句。关系副词 where 引导定语从句，并在从句中充当地点状语，修饰先行词 currents and
eddies.介词短语 around smaller currents and eddies 充当后置定语。
【句意】Swot 将扫描（查看）海洋，并精确测量较小洋流和涡流（漩涡）周围表面海拔（高度）的细微差
异，海洋的热量和碳减少被认为是发生在那里。
12. （2023 届河北省张家口市高三 5 月三模英语试题）The Paravel Aviator Grand combines recycled fabric with
recycled metal parts, including zippers(拉锁)and a handle that can be used as long as you do.
【分析】本句主干部分谓语动词 combine...with..., including 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 metal parts, 关
系代词 that 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 a handle。
【句意】帕拉维尔飞行员混合利用了可回收的纤维织物和可回收的金属部件，包括拉链（拉锁）和一个可
以使用的手柄。
13. （2023 届黑龙江省哈尔滨市九中三模试题）The study, which involved inviting hundreds of researchers to
review an economics paper, is incredible
【分析】本句是主从复合句。主干主语 the study is incredible. 非限制性定语从句被 which 引导，修饰主语。
从句谓语 involve 后需跟动名词作宾语，故 inviting hundreds of researchers ...作其宾语。
【句意】这项研究邀请了数百名研究人员审查一篇经济学论文，令人难以置信。
14.（2023 届湖南省衡阳高三联考）Based on their in-orbit physical examinations and data, experts have adjusted
exercise plans for them to keep fitness in order to ensure a safe landing, Zhong said.
【分析】本句是话语引述。主干部分 Zhong said.引述的话语中，主干部分为 experts have adjusted exercise plans.Based on their in-orbit physical examinations and data 过去分词短语作状语，to keep fitness in order to
ensure a safe landing 均为不定式作目的状语。
【句意】钟说，根据他们的在轨体检和数据，专家们已经调整了锻炼计划，以保持健康，以确保他们的安
全着陆。
15.（2023 届山东省济南市高三三模英语试题）Walter Benjamin, the German philosopher, once noted that
boredom was the ‘dream bird that hatches the egg of experience’ .
【分析】本句是复合句。主语 Walter Benjamin, 谓语 note，that 引导宾语从句。The German philosopher 充当
同位语。副词 once 作状语，宾语从句中 the dream bird 作表语，其后被关系代词 that 引导的定语从句修饰。
(
。
)【句意】德国哲学家沃尔特·本杰明曾指出，无聊是“孵化经验之蛋的梦想之鸟 ”
(
真题演练
)
一、句式翻译+句式分析
1. Treatments for jellyfish stings and snakebites have also been developed and in the last five years there have been only three deaths from jellyfish stings and about the same number from snakebites.
【句式翻译】治疗水母刺伤和毒蛇咬伤方法也已经研制成功，在过去的五年里只有三人死于水母刺伤，这
与被蛇咬伤致死的人数大体相同。
【句式分析】本句是由并列连词 and 连接的复合句，第一个分句运用了现在完成时的被动语态。
2. Adverts are not only made and paid for by business, but also by individuals, organizations and associations that
wish to inform or educate the public.
【句式翻译】广告不仅可由商家付费制作，也可以由想给公众传达某种信息或教育公众的个人、组织或协
会来出资制作。
【句式分析】本句是由并列连词not only…but also 连接的复合句，第一个分句运用了一般现在时的被动语
态。
3. Margaret, married with two small children, has been working for the last seven years as a night cleaner,
cleaning offices in a big building.
【句式翻译】玛格丽特，已婚，带着两个孩子，七年来一直在做清洁工，晚上给一座大楼里的办公室打扫
卫生。
【句式分析】本句是简单句，运用了现在完成进行时，包含有两个非谓语短语，married with…在句中作后
置定语， cleaning offices 作伴随状语。
4. Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 990s, genetically modified (GM 转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the world, mainly on the basis of their promise to
end the worldwide food crisis.
【句式翻译】 自从二十世纪九十年代早期首次投入市场以来，转基因食物就不断地在很多国家开发和销售，
主要是基于想要结束世界粮食危机。
【句式分析】本句是一个含有 since 引导的时间状语从句的复合句， have been developed and marketed…是现
在完成时的被动语态形式。
5. At nine o’clock on Saturday morning, I’ll be sitting in the front row and listening to the great professor Willard
talking about the future of my brain.
【句式翻译】星期六上午九点钟，我将会坐在前排，聆听伟大的威拉德教授谈论大脑的未来发展。
【句式分析】本句简单句，用了将来进行时，含有一个复合宾语的结构， talking about…在句中作宾补。
6. The recent case of an American women, Terri Schiavo, whose husband won a legal battle to have her taken off life support machines after she spent 5 years in a coma-like state, has exposed the many sensitive legal and medical
issues that surround the care of coma patients.
【句式翻译】最近一位美国妇女 Terri Schiavo 的案例已经暴露出许多关于对昏迷病人的护理的敏感的司法 和医学问题， 她的丈夫打赢了一场官司， 在她在昏迷状态下度过 5 年之后， 把她与她的生命供应机切断了。 【句式分析】本句是复合句， 主语是 The recent case，谓语是 has exposed，关系代词 whose 在句中引导一个
非限制性定语从句， 修饰先行词 Terri Schiavo；关系代词 that 在句中引导一个限制性定语从句， 修饰先行词
issues ，taken off 在句中作宾补。
7. The court gave their approval for the life support machines to be turned off and while this ruling left Terri’s parents feeling numb and others claiming that life is sacred, which no one has the right to end, many would say it
was the right thing to do for Terri.
【句式翻译】法院批准把生命供养机关掉， 虽然此项裁决使得 Terri 的父母感到吃惊， 而且使其他人声称生
命是神圣的，没有人有权力将其终止，但是许多人都会说这对 Terri 来说是一件正确的事情。
【句式分析】本句是复合句,while 引导让步状语从句，that 引导宾语从句，which 引导非限制性定语从句，
修饰先行词 life ，feeling numb 和 claiming 宾补， it 在句中代替 to do for…作形式主语。
8. Edmonds is the first African American ever to work as a full-time speechwriter for a U.S. president; he is also
the first African American to serve as director of speechwriting for the White House.
【句式翻译】埃德蒙兹是第一个非洲裔美国人作为全职演讲撰稿人为美国总统工作。他也是第一位非洲裔
美国人作为演讲撰稿人总监为白宫工作。
【句式分析】本句包含有两个由分号分隔开的分句,不定式短语 to work…和 to serve…都作定语， 修饰 the first
African American。
9. The Olympic spirit -- the spirit of competition which emphasizes taking part rather than winning -- has been
violated by the desire to succeed at all costs.
【句式翻译】奥林匹克精神—强调参与而不是取胜的竞技精神— 已经被为成功而不惜一切代价的愿望所亵
渎。
【句式分析】本句是复合句,which 引导限制性定语从句， 修饰先行词 spirit，to succeed 修饰 desire，作定语。
10. When you set out to do something different, there’s no end in sight, so to find myself in a position where I now
have my own name on a contract of the publisher -- to be a published writer -- is unbelievably rewarding.
【句式翻译】当着手去做不同的事情，看不到结果，所以，发现自己的名字写在出版商的合同上—要成为
一个出版作家—是令人难以置信的回报。
【句式分析】本句是复合句，包含有三个从句，when 引导时间状语从句，so 引导结果状语从句，where 引
导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 position ，to find …在句中作主语。
二、划出下列高考真题中的句子的主( )谓( )宾/表语( )（有从句时，只划出主句的主谓宾/表）。
1.The hostels in Rome offer a bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night.【2021 年新高考 I 卷】
主语 谓语 宾语
2.Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades
形式主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
to decimate a large part of these resources.【2021 年新高考 I 卷】
真正的主语
3.Under this Act, all waterfowl（水禽）hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a
Federal Duck Stamp.【2021 年新高考 I 卷】
翻译：根据该法案，所有 16 岁及以上的水禽猎人必须每年购买并携带联邦鸭邮票。
4.Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities. 【 2021 年新高考 I 卷 】
从句作宾语（宾语从句）
翻译：研究表明，情感技能可能有助于提高这些品质。
5.The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her
patients. 【2021 年新高考 I 卷】
翻译：准确理解他人的感受的能力可能会被医生用来找到如何最好地帮助她的病人。
解析：要理解好这句话还要理解好句式“be used to do sth ”的含义，句式表示“被用来做某事”。
6. Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all comers of the UK and beyond.
【2021 年全国甲卷】
【此句是主系表结构】
翻译：《采取一个观点》对于所有来者的英国和其他地区的摄影师是一个让人渴慕的年度竞争。
解析：此句是省略句： beyond 后面省略了 all corners of the UK.
7.Officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are
主语 谓语（系动词）表语 介词宾语
known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养). 【2021 年全国甲卷】
翻译：林普恩港的官员们对新到来的到来感到高兴，尤其是因为黑犀牛以圈养繁殖（圈养）而闻名。
解析：这里 as 引导原因状语从句。
8.Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. 【2021 年全国甲
卷】 主语 谓语 介词短语作表语
翻译：没有我心爱的海滩和无尽的蓝天，我感到不知所措和不自在。
解析： without.......一部分是介词短语作状语
9.Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous
crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.【2021 年全国甲卷】
翻译：南岸位于泰晤士河东部的一个拐弯处，是英国滑板运动的中心，滑板运动的不断碰撞让你会摇头。
解析：此句主干是主系表结构。Where 引导的是非限制性定语从句补充说明 the center. 而 at an eastern bend in
the Thames 部分是作主语补足语，补充说明 Southbank 的地理位置。
10.I have traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring.【2021 年全国甲卷】
翻译：从那以后我去过几次，最近是去年春天。
解析：此句是主谓结构，没有宾语，因为 travel 是不及物动词。