2024届高考高三英语复习—— 阅读理解说明文
1. 三年真题说明文考点细目表
时间 卷次 主题语境 字数 题型分类
2023 年 新高考 I 卷 1）人与社会：数字极简主义生活方 式 2）人与社会： “群体智慧”效应 1）322+ 107 2）339+112 1）1 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 1 个词义猜测题 2）1 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题
新高考II 卷 人与自然：保护城市中的野生自然 320+156 1 个细节理解题 3 个推理判断题
全国甲卷 人与自然：美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复 到 2000 多头 321+149 2 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题
全国乙卷 人与社会：英国烹饪节目的影响 295+103 2 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题
北京卷 1）人与社会：短期主义 2）人与社会：ALife 是否也在不断 地进化的 1）365+102 2）429+129 1）3 个推理判断题 2）2 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题
浙江卷 人与社会： 新型的太阳能农场 317+149 2 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题
天津卷
2022 年 新高考 I 卷 1）人与自然：在家庭中过零浪费 的生活方式 2）人与社会：改善老年人的健康 状况的项目 1）346+130 2）299+131 3）339+153 1）2 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题 2）3 个推理判断题 1 个词义猜测题
3）人与社会：饮食的改变导致了 现在在世界上一半的语言中发现 了新的语音 3）2 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题
新高考II 卷 人与社会：Textalyzer（短信监控器） 的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是 否使用了手机 289+128 1 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题
全国甲卷 人与自然：会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉 255+147 2 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题
全国乙卷 1）人与社会：无人机能在保证铁路 安全可靠又经济 2）人与社会：对软饮料征收的糖税 1）314+142 2）325+127 1）1 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题 2）3 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题
北京卷 人与社会：系统思维 415+144 1 细节理解题 2 个推理判断题
浙江卷 1）人与自然：世界各地的“小森林 ” 的兴起 2）人与社会：适度的工作也会带来 成果 3）人与社会：蒸汽时代和电力时代 的联系 4）人与自我：经常锻炼的中年女性 在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大 降低 1）306+105 2）302+145 3）283+79 4）342+137 1）1 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 2）3 个推理判断题 1 个词义猜测题 3）3 个推理判断题 4）3 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题
天津卷 人与社会：思想塑造身体，身体同等 程度地塑造思想 405+220 5 个推理判断题
2021 年 新高考 I 卷 1）人与社会：美国鸭票 2）人与社会：情商的定义以及对有 关于情商未来研究的期望 1）297+127 2）297+126 1）1 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题
2）1 个细节理解题 3 个推理判断题
新高考II 卷 1）人与社会：用于监测放牧牛的健 康状况的机器人。 2）人与社会： 1）307+133 2）+ 1）4 个细节理解题 2）2 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题
全国甲卷 1）人与自然：Port Lympne 保护区的 部分黑犀牛现状 2）人与社会： 1）263+142 2）+ 1）2 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 2）2 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题
全国乙卷 1）人与社会：艺术家 Benjamin Von Wong 用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大 的雕塑作品 2）人与社会：开放性办公室以及有 关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的 创造性思维的研究 1）281+128 2）349+112 1）1 个细节理解题 3 个推理判断题 2）3 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题
北京卷 人与社会：全球崩塌（global collapse） 的概念 354+81 2 个推理判断题 1 个词义猜测题
浙 江 卷 1 月卷 1）人与社会：人们时间的紧缺和陪 伴的重要性 2）人与自然：黑猩猩用来交流的手 势含义 1）315+108 2）344+158 1）2 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 2）1 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题
浙 江 卷 6 月卷 人与社会：狗能够识别人类的面部表 情的原因 1）334+107 1）2 个细节理解题 1 个主旨大意题
天津卷（第 一次） 1）人与社会：数字人类 2）人与社会：催眠技术的使用 1）414+173 2）369+235 1）3 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 2）4 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题
天津卷（第 人与社会：艺术对人类的重要意义 384+211 4 个细节理解题
二次） 1 个推理判断题
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】
近三年说明文阅读理解主要考查以下题型：
一、细节理解题
顾名思义，事实细节题即对文章的某个事实或细节而设置的试题，事实细节题的命题方法很多，如可 能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查， 也可能是将文章中的几个细节放在一起要求考生判断是非（选 出正确的一项或选出错误的一项）或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用 定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比校从而确定答案（此时要
特别注意一些常见的同义装换或简单换算）。
二、推理判断题
推理判断题考查考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，进行逻辑推理，对文章的细节、作者 的态度、意图作出正确推理判断的能力。分析今年高考题可知，推断题呈不断上升的趋势，且由过去简单 的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义词及长难句来考查考生对语言的理解能力，难度比之前有
所增加。
三、词义猜测题
即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义，它是高考英语阅读理解中的一个难点，同学们应引起 充分重视。猜测生词词义的方法很多，常用的有同义解释法、因果推断法、前后对比法，基本构词法，语
境理解法，举例说明法，常识背景法、类属分析法等。
四、主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料或所读材料片断）中心思想的概括，做这类题时，考生应通读全 文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕主题 句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句，第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但位于段落中间（通常是 第一段或最后一段的中间）也是完全可能的，主旨大意题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中
心思想等。
【备考策略】
说明文阅读理解总体上要做到稳、准、快，在确保准确率的基础上提高阅读速度，以节省时间。解题时，
要做到：
（1）快速浏览主题。快速浏览加粗字体的标题、小标题或加下划线的语句等最重要的信息， 以了解语篇提
供的是哪方面的信息，并判定行文方式。
（2）速读题干，跳读定位信息。接下来阅读每一道试题， 根据题干定位信息点， 并在文章中找出答案或相 关信息。在定位和寻找信息点的时候，可以充分利用加粗字体的标题、小标题、加下划线的语句等重要信 息提高阅读和解题速度，如果每则信息的项目及其位置具有一致性和对应性，就可利用其一致性和对应性
快速查找答案，查找信息时不一定要读完全文。
（3）细读解题信息。最后，根据查找的相关信息，经过思考后选出正确答案。
【命题预测】
从近三年命题的发展趋势来看， 预测 2024 年高考说明文阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定， 主要考查
题型仍然为细节理解题和推理判断题为主。
说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的 CD 篇，主要分为两种类型：实验研究和介绍说明型。说 明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征 和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字 法，图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾 向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事
物的意义和特征等。
推理判断题
[常见设问形式]
1 ．隐含推断题
·It can be inferred from the text that .
·The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that .
2 ．观点态度题
·The author's attitude towards...can be best described as .
·The tone of this passage is best described as .
3 ．写作意图题
·The main purpose of this text is .
·What's the author's purpose in writing this article
4 ．文章出处题
·In which part of a newspaper can you most probably read the text
·Where does the text most probably come from
5. 文章走势预测
[正确选项特征]
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或论据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具
有以下特征：
1 ．“立足原文，只推一步” ，即根据原文内容， 一步即可推得。
2 ．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如 only 、never 、all 、absolutely 等；正确答案的表述一般有一点 模糊，会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如 often 、usually 、sometimes 、some 、may 、might 、can、
could 、possibly 、probably 等。
[干扰选项特征]
1 ．主观臆断：没有基于原文进行推断，而是根据常识推断。
2 ．过度推断：有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做评论，而一些选项却主观地进行推断。如提到一
样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。
3 ．错误推断：某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。
4 ．细节代替推断：只是原文简单的叙述，而非推断出来的结论。
考点一 推理判断题
一、隐含推理题
题干中常出现 infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示），conclude（作出
结论）， assume （假定，设想）等词。
解题策略：
1. 针对细节推断:定位细节文本依据→分析长句→对比选择答案(同义转换;同族词复现)
针对主题思想: 以主题为核心→分析逻辑关系→推理确定答案
2. 根据特定信息和逆向思维进行推断
3. 有些推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用 逆向思维，从而得出正确的结论。
注意事项：
不能以自己的观点代替文章中的观点；
推理的根据来自于上下文。（忠实于原文）
【2023 年全国乙卷 C 篇片段】It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking
habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around
half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes
have helped change what people think about cooking.
29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ·C 篇节选)
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg,
an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
28 ．Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A ．They must run long distances.
B ．They are qualified for the marathon.
C ．They have to follow special rules.
D ．They are good at swinging their legs.
（2023·山西临汾· 临汾第一中学校校联考三模）When my Aunt Nicki visits me in London, we avoid musical theater and the cinema. Aunt Nicki is hard of hearing. Although there are many enhanced listening devices available to help her, such as a closed captioning (配字幕的) screen that sits in a cup holder, she tells me they don’t
work well enough.
When I recently tried on the new “smart caption glasses” at the Royal National Theatre, I had her on my mind. The theater is testing a pilot program for the technology and plans to make the glasses available for all of its performances next year. When you look through them, closed captions scroll (滚动) across the bottom. A handheld keypad is attached to the glasses through cable (电缆线) to allow each user to customize the color, size and position
of the closed captions. Changing the positioning of the text is key for user comfort.
The biggest challenge is finding the sweet spot of balancing the captions in the foreground with the theater
performance in the background. The lines of the play are fed into speech software, which follows the performance and adjusts the captions accordingly. “If a performer jumps a few lines, the system will react,” said Jonathan Suffolk, the technical director for the Royal National Theatre. “It will take a second or two but the system will react
and it will recognize where it is.”
Richard France — who works for a group called Deafinitely Theatre, which creates performances for both the deaf and hearing communities — has worked with many different technologies but calls the smart glasses a potential game changer. “This new technology allows the deaf and hard of hearing to have complete access,” he said. “It’s really amazing how far we’ve advanced and how it has positively affected the quality of life for people
who are deaf and hard of hearing.”
So perhaps the next time Aunt Nicki comes to London, we’ll be able to catch a show together.
3 ．Why does the author mention Aunt Nicki in paragraph 1
A ．To present his opinion. B ．To introduce the topic.
C ．To provide an example. D ．To give the background.
4 ．How do users control the closed captions on smart glasses
A ．By using a handheld keypad. B ．By turning on the hidden text.
C ．By scrolling across the bottom. D ．By sending speech recognition.
5 ．What can we infer about the speech system according to Jonathan Suffolk
A ．It fails to find the balance point. B ．It sometimes misses a few lines.
C ．It responds to performers quickly. D ．It refuses to change captions on the screen.
二、 推断写作意图/写作手法
常见设问方式：
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text
The writer of the story wants to tell us that
The fact... is mentioned by the author to show
The author writes the last paragraph in order to
解题技巧：
1. 关注设问的信息位置:
1)开头提出问题——To attract readers ’ attention；To introduce the topic;
2)开头举例，用谚语或者名人名言——To draw the readers ’ attention to the top;
3)结尾设问——To attract readers to pay for a trip to some attraction; To call on …; To sell a product or service；
4)文中引语、事例、研究的数据和研究——To argue against … ; To support one ’s own idea; To make it more persuasive (更有说服力的)
2. 关注逻辑关系和篇章结构（TEEC 模式）Topic →explanation →example →conclusion 主题+举例子解释或
者证明——To stress/confirm/support sth
常见的说明方法:
1、列数字(list figures): 具体而准确地说明该事物的特点。使说明更有说服力。
2、举例子(give examples): 具体真切地说明了事物的等等特点。
3、引资料(quote): 能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。用引用的方法说明事物的特征，增强说服力。如引用 古诗文、谚语、俗话。引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。
4、分类别(by category): 条理清楚地说明了事物的特点， 对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明， 使说明更有 条理性。使说明的内容眉目清楚，避免重复交叉的现象。
5、打比方(make an analogy) : 打比方就是修辞方法中的比喻。生动形象地说明该事物的 xx 特点， 增强了文 章的趣味性。
6、下定义(draw a definition/ make analysis): 用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而更科 学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。
7、作比较(make a contrast/comparision): 突出强调了被说明对象的特点(地位、影响等)。
【2023 年全国甲卷 C 片段】Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to
improve a life.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
（2023·江苏南京 · 南京市第一中学校考三模） Comfort food makes a person feel good. Food high in sugar or
fat tends to improve mood by stimulating the brain’s reward system. So it makes sense that many of us may turn to
food for comfort in times of stress. There’s some fascinating research that examines food as a source of comfort.However, the most interesting thing about this research may be that foods are far less comforting than we
tend to believe they are.
Traci Mann, a professor of psychology, and colleagues conducted a series of study with college students. The researchers examined how much comfort foods actually improve mood. They provided students with one of the three foods that they had indicated were their top, personal comfort foods. After producing a negative mood by having them watch movie clips designed to increase their sadness, anger and anxiety, the researchers offered the
students their comfort food.
They had to assess(评估) how they felt before and after they were supposedly comforted by ice cream, pizza or whatever they had indicated they typically ate to feel better. All of the students completed the study on two separate occasions: once when they were able to eat their comfort food and once when they were able to eat another food they liked, but they wouldn’t call a comfort food. The researchers found that comfort food did improve
students’ moods—but only by a little bit and not more than the other food they liked.
In another study, comfort food was compared to no food at all, and students’ moods seemed to improve even
when they didn’t eat anything—most likely just due to the passage of time.
The take-home message from the studies While the comfort food may make the person feel better for the time
being, it does little to address emotional problems. Of course, everyone can indulge (纵情)in a comfort food from
time to time, but overall, aim for these instances to be the exception rather than the rule.
7 ．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph
A ．To explain a rule. B ．To introduce a concept.
C ．To present a fact. D ．To make a suggestion.
三、推断作者观点态度
常见设问方式：
The attitude of the author towards something is .
The writer of the passage seems to think that .
What's the author's opinion on ...
What do we know about ... in the passage
What does the author think about ...？
(1)注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观
点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国家的
文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。
(2)牢记观点态度的常见词语：
附注：英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇
观点态度 例词
支持肯定 positive (积极的) 、supportive (支持的) 、optimistic (乐观的) 、concerned 关心的 humorous(幽默的) 、enthusiastic(热情的) 、pleasant (愉快的)；subjective 主观的
中立 neutral (中立的)、objective(客观的)、not mentioned(未提及的)、unconcerned 不关心 的、 uninterested(不感兴趣的) 、indifferent(漠不关心的)；conservative 保守的
否定反对 negative(否定的) 、suspicious/skeptical(怀疑的) 、disgusted(憎恶的) critical(批评的) 、disappointed(失望的) 、disapproving(不赞成的) 、puzzled/ confused 困惑的、pessimistic 悲观的
【2023 年新高考全国Ⅰ卷 D 片段】In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to
,
get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion
and decision-making are enormous.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
1.（2023·河南开封 · 统考三模）Facing the growing digital economy and new positions incubated (孵化) in the sector such as deliverymen and live-streaming hosts, young people, especially those born after 2000, are expressing a stronger willingness for flexible work relations with companies, and also wish to become “digital workers” with
flexible work locations and schedules.
A report from Peking University’s National School of Development released on Wednesday said that nearly
66 percent of surveyed employees born after 2000 prefer to work from home. The number is higher than surveyed
people born after 1970, with about 54. 4 percent of them preferring the new way.
“The Internet can do anything for me. I check emails from my clients and submit my proposals through WeChat, then we discuss plans via teleconference. I love working from home actually,” said Mi Lu, a 28-year-old new media operator in Beijing. “It’s a much more convenient and cooler thing. We work everywhere, perhaps in a
cafe, or on a bullet train or even on the table of a restaurant.”
Hu Jiayin, an associate professor in Peking University’s National School of Development, concluded that their survey shows that young people desire freedom in their jobs, but also wish for stability in their careers because of
uncertainties brought by the fast-changing digital economy.
“But the development of the digital economy also brings great uncertainties and a sense of insecurity to the working population, so we’ve found some interesting things during our surveys that over 30 percent of job seekers
we’ve surveyed wish to have a stable job at state-owned companies,” she added.
Li Qiang, vice-president of Zhaopin, said that the greatest risk to those seeking flexible work is whether the company pays the salary fully and on time. “It’s necessary for job seekers to set up a long-term development plan, rather than be shortsighted.” He added that companies may bear risks that flexible employees can’t deliver high-quality work in a limited time period, which requires the companies to establish a sound work delivery
standard to help evaluate employee performance.
1 ．What is the author’s attitude to the topic of the text
A ．Favorable. B ．Objective. C ．Ambiguous. D ．Disapproving.
2.（2023·福建厦门 · 统考三模） About 5,300 years ago, people from the grasslands of modern-day Russia and Ukraine expanded rapidly across Eurasia. Within a few centuries these “Yamnaya” left a lasting genetic mark on populations from central Europe to the Caspian Sea. Today, archaeologists call them “eastern cowboys” for their
livestock herding (畜牧) and highly mobile lifestyle.
But one part of the classic cowboy picture was missing: horseback riding. Although cattle bones and solid carriages have been found in Yamnaya sites, horse bones are hard to find, and most archaeologists assumed people
did not start to ride horses until at least 1,000 years later.
In a new study published in Science Advances, researchers say they’ve found the earliest evidence of horseback riding not in the bones of ancient horses, but in their Yamnaya riders. “Everyone has focused on horse
remains to get an idea of early horse riding,” says co-author and University of Helsinki archaeologist Volker Heyd.
“Our approach was to look at humans.”
The researchers looked at more than 150 bones unearthed in Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria — the western frontier of Yamnaya expansion. The Yamnaya were well-fed, healthy, and tall; the chemical composition of their bones showed protein rich diets consistent with herding cattle and sheep. But the bones showed signs of distinctive wear and tear. They also showed thick spots on the leg bone consistent with lots of time spent on the horse back. Healed injuries matched the kinds of damage a kicking horse might cause, or what sports medicine doctors today
see in riders thrown from their horses.
“In terms of trying to identify people riding horses, I think they’ve done the best job possible bioarchaeologically,” says bioarchaeologist Jane Buikstra. “That doesn’t mean it’s perfect, or convincing,
ultimately.”
More samples — including horse bones with signs of riding, such as bit marks or back bone damage from the weight of a rider — would help make the case, says CU bioarchaeologist Lauren Hosek. What the group has found “is really interesting”, she says. “But there’s a lot more work to be done when the risks of drawing the final
conclusion are as high as the earliest horse riding.”
4 ．What is Lauren Hosek’s attitude to the research findings
A ．Objective. B ．Favorable.
C ．Disapproving. D ．Unclear.
四、 1推理文章出处/来源
常见设问方式：
This passage would be most likely to be found in
The passage is probably taken out of
Where does this text probably come from
Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯 社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称 或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性
强。
常见选项：
A biology textbook(生物教科书)/A magazine /A research paper(研究论文) /A travel brochure(旅游手册)/A news
report(新闻报告)/A booklet(小册子)/A website/a blog(博客；网络日志)/ A guide book/An advertisement 等.
1.【2023 年全国乙卷 D 篇】
【para1】If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of
humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the
world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even
many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
【para2】Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do
just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. ...
...【para3】When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our
first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that
conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
15. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
（2023·新疆 · 校联考二模）Getting a package delivered is easy, but sending it back is not. Repacking, printing labels and shipping it back up to the seller is an increasingly familiar experience for online shoppers. In America 21% of online orders, worth some $ 218, were returned in 2021, according to the National Retail Federation, up
from 18% in 2020. For clothing and shoes it can reach around 40%. It is a headache for retailers.
The problem has its roots in the birth of e-commerce. To compete with bricks-and-mortar sellers and make consumers comfortable with ordering online, e-commerce firms offered free returns. Consumers came to expect it. The scale of returns has been amplified by the covid-induced boom. In America online-shopping now makes up
15% of retail sales by value, up from 10% at the start of 2019.
Returns could grow as nervous consumers cut spending. In May, Boohoo, a British online fashion firm,
forecast lower profits for the year, in part because of a higher return rate. In June, Asos, a rival, did the same.
Overstocking, as retailers miscalculate changing demand, adds to the problem. Steve Rop of goTRG, a startup which helps retailers sort returns, notes an uptick in returns of discounted goods as consumers realise they don’t
want them.
Each step of the process is costly. Retailers have to pay for goods to be picked up or posted. Processing returns is labour-intensive, explains Zac Rogers who worked as a return s manager at Amazon and is now at Colorado State University. The outbound system is highly automated and streamlined; a return must be opened and someone has to decide what to do with it. “A worker in an Amazon warehouse can pick 30 items in a minute, but a return can take ten minutes to process,” says Mr Rogers. Once processed, only 5% of returned goods can be resold immediately by retailers. Most go to liquidators at knock-down prices or are thrown away. Retailers typically recoup about a third
on a $ 50 item, says Optoro, a firm that helps with returns.
Startups are getting in on the action. Using artificial intelligence to help retailers decide what to do with the returned goods, taking into account factors such as price trends in second-hand markets, is the brainchild of goTRG. Happy Returns, another startup bought last year by PayPal, a fin-tech firm, helps with logistics. It has 5,000 drop-off points for return s across America, mostly in chain stores. The returns are aggregated and sent back to retailers all at once, saving up to 40% of postage costs, says David Sobie, the firm’s boss. Some are experimenting with virtual reality (VR). Over half of items are returned because they are the wrong size. In June Walmart said it will buy Mamma, an augmented-reality (AR) startup that lets shoppers virtually try on glasses.
Walmart also offers ways to try on clothes and arrange furniture in rooms using AR. Amazon recently launched a
VR feature that lets users try on shoes. Retailers will now try virtually anything to cut down on returns.
1 ．Where could you read this passage
A ．An economic magazine. B ．A science fiction.
C ．An official report. D ．An academic research.
五、 文章走势预测
常见的设问方式：
1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph
2 ．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph
3 ．What would the author most probably discuss next
4 ．Where does the article go next
5.What would the following paragraph talk about
1. [2023·全国乙卷] What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a
Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our
television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It乌s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain乌s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped
change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK乌s obsession( 痴 迷 ) with food is reflected
through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before.
With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it乌s no longer“uncool”for boys to like cooking.
31.What might the author continue talking about
A.The art of cooking in other countries.
B.Male chefs on TV programmes.
C.Table manners in the UK.
D.Studies of big eaters.
【2023 届山西省长治市部分学校高三下学期三模联合考试】
One of the things that we expect from the ocean is is deep blue color that reflects the sky. Scientists at UC San
Diego Institution of Oceanography along with scientists at the University of Washington have been experimenting
with dyeing (染) the ocean at San Diego beach pink. What could they possibly be up to
This is being done for a study that examines how freshwater outflows are combining with the ocean surf zone.
The experiment is called Plumes in Nearshore Conditions (PiNC).“I’m excited because this research hasn’t been
done before and it’s a unique experiment,” said Sarah Giddings, a coastal oceanographer leading the study. “The aim is to understand how freshwater interacts with waves, since it is usually warmer than ocean water and more
buoyant (有浮力的).”
The freshwater is dyed pink so that the team can easily keep track of it when freshwater is added to the
seawater. The dye is environmentally friendly and is then spotted as it makes progress in the water. It is tracked by
sensors on poles that are located along the sand as well as by drones (无人机). There’s also a jet ski with a
fluorometer that tracks the light that is given out from the pink dye. The sensors outside of the surf zone record the
height of the waves, ocean currents and temperature. There are three planned dye releases as of now, and
researchers are hoping that this pink dye experiment will help them record more about how pollutants travel in the
ocean water through these additions of freshwater.
Giddings explained: “We’re bringing together different people with different expertise, such that I think it’s
going to have some great results and impacts. We’ll combine results from this experiment with an older field study
and computer models that will allow us to make progress on understanding how the dyed freshwater spread.”
31 ．What will researchers probably do next
A ．Build more scientific computer models.
B ．Experiment with dyes of different colors.
C ．Make a further research into the results.
D ．Discuss the results with different experts.
考点二 词句猜测题
[常见设问形式]
1 ．词义类：①The underlined word/phrase...probably means/can be replaced by .②Which of the
following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word/phrase...
2 ． 指 代 类 ： ①What does the underlined word “this/that/it/they...” refer to ② The underlined part
“this/that/it/they...” refers to .
3．句意类：①The underlined sentence in the...paragraph probably means .②What can we infer from
the underlined sentence in Paragraph...
[正确选项特征]
1 ．含义和字面意义没有任何关系。
2 ．上下文逻辑通顺。
3 ．与原句意思最接近。
[干扰选项特征]
1 ．与所考词汇形似。
2 ．如果考的是熟词，含有常规词义的往往是错误选项。
3 ．句子解释中含有过多原句中的词和短语的选项。
一、语境分析猜词义
1.【2023 年全国甲卷·B 片段】Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting
up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
24. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1
A. An artist. B. A winner. C. A specialist.D. A pioneer.
2.【2022 年全国甲卷· B 片段】As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started
what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(职业) as a
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she retired from dancing and
her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
（2021·四川凉山· 统考二模）For decades, Mars, known as the Red Planet, has been an attraction for scientists.
Despite the current amount of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere and the incompetence of the planet to support
Earthly life forms, research has suggested that the planet was once able to host ecosystems.
Since the beginning of the 1960s, over 40 Mars exploration missions have been carried out. On July 23, China launched Tianwen 1, a Mars probe named after a poem titled The Quest for Heavenly Truth by ancient Chinese poet Qu Yuan (about 340-278 BC). The mission marked China’s first step in planetary exploration of the solar
system.
It will take Tianwen 1 six to seven months to reach the Red Planet. The probe is expected to land on Mars around February 2021. Yet the landing process might not be easy. NASA scientists once referred to a Mars landing as “the seven minutes of terror”. During those suspenseful 420 seconds, the Tianwen 1 has to slow down from 4.8
kilometers per second to zero and land on the Red Planet autonomously.
1 ．What does the word “incompetence” underlined in paragraph 1 refer to
A ．Isolation. B ．Hospitality. C ．Unpopularity. D ．Inability.
二、就近原则定指代
【2023 年全国乙卷·D 片段】 In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are
victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are
on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals,
the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past
achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a
voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we
have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
三、 语境吻合判句意
【2023 年新高考全国Ⅰ卷·C 片段】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you
decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly
intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive
benefits to the things you value.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
（2023·甘肃 · 统考三模） More American businesses are starting to use artificial intelligence(AI)tools to come
up with new ideas and to deal with customers.
Mattel is known for making children’s toys. The company recently used an AI image generator called DALL-E to come up with ideas for new Hot Wheels toy cars. The used vehicle seller CarMax is using ChatGPT to gather thousands of customer comments. The social media service Snapchat has added a chatbot to its messaging
service. And Instacart, a delivery service, now uses ChatGPT to answer food questions.
Even the Coca-Cola company plans to use AI to help create new marketing content. It has not said exactly how it plans to use the technology. But the move shows that businesses are under pressure to use the tools that many of their employees and customers are already trying on their own. “We must embrace the risks,” Coca-Cola CEO James Quincey said in a video announcing a partnership with OpenAI—maker of both DALL-E and ChatGPT. Some experts warn that businesses should carefully consider possible harms to customers, society, and
their own companies before choosing to use AI tools in the workplace.
Claire Leibowicz is with The Partnership on AI, a nonprofit group. The group recently released
recommendations for companies producing AI-generated images, audio and other media. “I want people to think
deeply before deploying this technology,” Leibowicz said. “They should play around...but we should also think,
what purpose are these tools serving in the first place ”
While text generators like ChatGPT can make the process of writing emails and marketing documents faster and easier, they also appear to present misinformation as fact. And image generators like DALL-E are trained in copying widely available digital art and photography. This has raised copyright concerns from the creators of those
works.
“It is safer to use AI tools as a ‘thought partner’ but still people as the creator of final products,”said Anna
Gressel, who is with the law firm Debevoise & Plimpton.
1 ．What does the underlined word “deploying” in Paragraph 4 mean
A ．Using effectively. B ．Promoting successfully.
C ．Questioning publicly. D ．Presenting confidently.
(
过关检测
)
（2023·云南 · 云南师大 附 中校考模拟预测 ）Lately, it’s felt like technological change has entered an incredible panies like OpenAI and Google have unveiled new Artificial Intelligence systems with incredible capabilities, making what once seemed like science fiction an everyday reality. It’s an era that is raising big, existential questions for us all, about everything from the future of human existence to the future of human
work.
“Things are changing so fast,” says Erik Brynjolfsson, a leading, technology-focused economist based at Stanford University. As he notes, this new wave of technological change looks like it could be pretty different. Unlike before, experienced and skilled workers benefited mostly from AI technology. In this new wave, it’s the less experienced and less skilled workers who benefit the most. “And that might be helpful in terms of closing some of the inequality that previous technologies actually promoted,” Brynjolfsson says. So one benefit of intelligence machines is—maybe —they will improve the know-how and smarts of low performers, thereby reducing
inequality.
But it’s also possible that Al could lower the profit of the experienced, smart, or knowledgeable ones. AI could reduce inequality by bringing the bottom up, and it could also reduce inequality by bringing the top and middle
down.
Of course, as Erik put, it’s also possible that Al could end up increasing inequality even more. For one, it could make the Big AI companies, which own these powerful new systems, wildly rich. It could also empower business owners to replace more and more workers with intelligent machines. And it could kill jobs for all but the best of the best in various industries, who keep their jobs because maybe they’re superstars or because maybe they
have seniority.
The effects of AI, of course, are still very much being studied-and these systems are evolving fast — so this is just an assumption. This machine intelligence could upend much of the previous thinking on which kinds of jobs
will be affected by automation.
1 ．What do the underlined words “the know-how and smarts” mean in paragraph 2
A ．Experience and intelligence. B ．Skills and potential.
C ．Abilities and experience. D ．Outlook and talents.
2 ．Who will gain more in this new AI era
A ．The senior with high rank. B ．The new with little experience.
C ．The learned with great credit. D ．The poor with practical skills.
3 ．Which statement will Erik probably agree with
A ．The fast development of AI will promote the division of inequality.
B ．The best of all walks of life will survive the competition against AI systems.
C ．Giant Al companies will be the winner in the future world of new AI systems.
D ．Lower rank workers with little knowledge are bound to be abandoned by employers.
4 ．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A ．The Fast Growth of the World B ．The Influence of the Inequality
C ．The Impact of the AI System D ．The Future of the AI Generation
（2023·陕西宝鸡 · 统考二模） A new study released in the journal Plant and Cell Physiology suggests that ethanol
—or alcohol —can help plants survive in times of drought, even for as long as two weeks without water.
To come up with their finding, the researchers grew wheat and rice plants, regularly watering them, and then added ethanol to the soil in one group of plants over three days. They then kept both groups deprived of( 中断) water for two weeks and found that drunk plants grew better than untreated ones. Around 75% of the drunk wheat
and rice plants survived after rewatering, while less than 5% of the untreated plants did.
The study also looked at how ethanol protected a plant. Using arabidopsis, a small plant commonly used in
experiments, the researchers discovered that when ethanol-treated specimens ( 样品) were deprived of water, tiny
openings on the leaves’ surface closed up to preserve water and heat.
The team studied arabidopsis’ gene ( 基 因 ) expression and found that the ethanol-treated plants started behaving if they were experiencing drought, even before they were actually deprived of water. This gene
expression gave the plants an advantage in preparing for a drought.
The researchers said, “The finding is not just useful for the world’s gardens, but also for farms growing vital crops like rice and wheat. Drought-resistant crops could help achieve sustainable food security, which is an issue affecting many parts of the world right now.” They added that ethanol was a useful and simple way to increase food production all over the world in times of drought. “The application of ethanol to plants would be a potent agricultural method to enhance drought resistance in various plants,” said Motoaki Seki, the study’s lead author. But, he warned that the ethanol needed to be used reasonably as higher concentration of ethanol prevented plants
growing. Seki added, “We will soon begin testing ethanol on plants in real fields. ”
5 ．What did the researchers find in their study
A ．Plants produce ethanol in times of drought. B ．Drunk plants could live longer without water.
C ．There is no need to water house plants every day. D ．It requires more water to grow wheat in the field.
6 ．What do the researchers expect of the finding
A ．It will cut the cost of food production. B ．It will bring about the change of diet.
C ．It will help maintain global food security.D ．It will generate increases in food price.
7 ．What does the underlined word “potent” in the last paragraph mean
A ．Difficult. B ．Effective. C ．Similar. D ．Primary.
8 ．What does Seki want to stress about ethanol in the text
A ．It would fit all kinds of plants. B ．It has been applied to real fields.
C ．It should be used in proper amount. D ．It enables wheat plants to grow fast.
（2023·贵州遵义 · 统考三模 ）Joseph Dituri hasn’t seen the sun for days. And he won’t see it again for months. Since March 1, the bio-medical engineer has been underwater, with the goal of spending 100 days
there—for science.
The underwater living, if successful, will also break the current world record for time spent living underwater,
which was set by two Tennessee biologists in 2014 when they stayed beneath the surface for 73 days.
Dituri, who uses the nickname Dr. Deep Sea, is living in Jules’ Undersea Lodge ( 小 屋 ) in Key Largo,
Florida—the same underwater spot where the previous record was set. The 100-square-foot hotel, which sits 30 feet below the surface, is his intended home until June 9, where he’ll be carrying out research and giving virtual lectures
for his students at the University of South Florida.
As part of this research, Dituri is researching the effects of living in a high-pressure environment for an extended period. To keep water from entering the lodge, air must constantly be pumped into the space, which
creates a pressure about 1.6 times that of Earth’s surface.
“The human body has never been underwater that long, so I will be monitored closely,” Dituri says in a press release. “This study will examine every way this journey affects my body.” Before taking the dive, Dituri had psychosocial, psychological and medical tests. He will continue to have testing during and after his 100 days at the
lodge. He’s also taking doses of Vitamin D and keeping regular psychological appointments.
Beyond research, the project is also a chance to promote ocean protection and encourage young scientists. “The oceans are in a bit of trouble―the coral reefs are under attack, and the fishing industry is collapsing,” Thane Milhoan, habitat operations manager for Jules’ Undersea Lodge, says in a video. “We wanted to make use of the attention that the 100-day mission would demand to inspire the youth, more so than anybody, to get involved and
start taking action.”
9 ．What is the reason for Joseph Dituri’s living underwater
A ．To enjoy a unique hotel. B ．To do scientific research.
C ．To break the world record. D ．To promote an undersea lodge.
10 ．How do the researchers keep water out of the lodge
A ．By pumping air into the lodge. B ．By increasing the water pressure.
C ．By changing the underwater spot. D ．By extending the surface of the hotel.
11 ．Why is Dituri always taking tests
A ．To keep a positive mood. B ．To adapt to the environment.
C ．To see the effects of the study on him. D ．To examine the change of the surroundings.
12 ．What does the underlined word “collapsing” in the last paragraph mean
A ．Breaking down. B ．Coming out.
C ．Operating well. D ．Growing fast.
（2023·湖南长沙 · 湖南师大附中校考一模）When you think about it, food is an important part of our lives.
Family gatherings center around food and the celebration of major life events and milestones involves food in one
way or another. The same holds true for us here on the Space Station. Food is important and ends up usually being
a topic of discussion for almost every crew.
The food that we have here on ISS has to meet many different requirements. What about variety How do you meet all of the peculiarities of the people that you come across, especially when they are from different cultures What about the logistics( 物流)of getting the right food here at the right time So there are a couple of different
questions you have to consider when you talk about food and long-duration space flight.
On the U.S. side we have gone to a standard menu, meaning that every 16 days you start over with the same menu. To compensate the crews, we are allowed to pick one“preference”container which consists of our pick of anything on the U. S. menu list. This allows us some variety in our menu, with the choices up to us. One of the desirable options for any crew is to make sure that enough tortillas(墨西哥玉米粉薄饼) get on board. You can do
so much with a tortilla; it becomes the vehicle with which to eat almost anything.
Our food also comes packaged in many ways. But no matter what the form of the food though, you still have the same problem eating it- - you do not want it flying away from you and making a mess when you open it up. In this case a little bit of extra water is extremely helpful. It keeps the food kind of sticking together and to the package and to your spoon. Small things do escape from time to time, but we really try hard to minimize the
random flying food problem. That is enough for now! Next time I will write about how to cook in space.
13 ．Where is the text most probably taken from
A ．A food magazine. B ．An astronaut’sjournal.
C ．A sci-fi handbook. D ．A space history website.
14 ．What does the underlined word “peculiarities“ mean in paragraph 2
A ．Ambitious targets. B ．Similar requests.
C ．Unusual habits. D ．Harsh conditions.
15 ．What is the author’ s purpose in mentioning tortillas
A ．To illustrate the preference container. B ．To give an example of standard menu.
C ．To advocate tortillas to the readers. D ．To show the variety of food options.
16 ．What can be inferred about eating in space
A ．Food packaging is optional. B ．Sufficient water helps transport food.
C ．Flying food problem is unavoidable. D ．Eating in space is easier than most imagine.
（2023·湖南长沙·湖南师大附中校考一模）During the past several years, fake news has been a frequent topic
of real news, with articles considering the role of social media in spreading fake news. Something less well-known,
though, is that fake news has also become a topic of scientific investigation.
In a paper published in March in the journal Science, David Lazer, Matthew Baum and 14 co-authors consider what we do and don’t know about the science of fake news. They define fake news as “made-up information that
imitates news in form but not in process or intention” .
The paper makes a persuasive case that the investigation of fake news is timely and important. One conservative (保守的) estimate is that in the month before the 2016 election, the average American was exposed to somewhere between one and three articles from a known publisher of fake news. Another alarming result is that when it comes to political topics, tweets containing false information spread more rapidly and broadly on Twitter
than those containing reliable information.
Researchers mentioned in the paper that in the face of fake news and its spreading by social and other forms of media, “A new system of safeguards is needed.” But what kinds of safeguards can individual news consumers put into place The simplistic answer is “be more reflective”. Don’ t believe everything you read, but consider the possibility that it’s false. We need to foster standards of discussion in which it’s OK to challenge what others say without the conversation immediately turning into abuse. The most effective lab meetings are like that: If someone disagrees with the presenter, they say so in a polite way. And by doing so, they might be saving the presenter from embarrassment in a more public forum. A community that encourages individuals to point out when statements are
false or unclear benefits everybody by helping detect the truth.
In the long run, the truth will win out. Our preferred society encourages the truth to win out before great
damage is done.
17 ．What can we infer from the third paragraph
A ．The investigation proved fake news is persuasive.
B ．The spread of fake news has become an alarming issue.
C ．The use of social media might help fake news to spread.
D ．Fake news on political topics received more attention.
18 ．What safeguard is suggested to individuals according to the passage
A ．Reflecting on what you read. B ．Neglecting the false information.
C ．Challenging what others say. D ．Helping others detect the truth.
19 ．What is the author’s attitude to the future of news
A ．Skeptical. B ．Unclear. C ．Indifferent. D ．Optimistic.
20 ．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A ．Do Not Believe in Everything B ．The Truth Will Finally Win Out
C ．The Truth About Fake News D ．The Spreading of Fake News
（2023·重庆 · 重庆一中校考三模） If you’ve ever emerged from the shower or returned from your walk with a clever idea or a solution to a problem you had been struggling with, it may not be a surprise. Rather than constantly concentrating on a problem, research from the last 15 years suggests that people may be more likely to have
creative breakthroughs when they’re doing a habitual task that doesn’t require much thought.
“People always get surprised when they realize they get interesting, novel ideas at unexpected times,” says Kalina Christoff, a scientist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, “because our culture tells us that
we should do it through hard work.”
Now researchers begin to understand why these clever thoughts occur during more passive activities and what’s happening in the brain. They have found that the key is a series of brain activities—within what’s called the default mode (DM) network—that occur while an individual is resting or performing habitual tasks that don’t
require much attention.
“Simply put, it is a state that your brain returns to when you’re relaxed,” explains Christoff. “By contrast, when you’re working on a demanding task, the brain’s executive control (EC) systems keep your thinking focused,
analytical, and logical.”
Researchers find that the DM network is also involved in the early stages of idea generation, drawing from past experiences and knowledge about the world. When your mind wanders, you’re allowing thoughts to playfully
cross your mind, which helps you combine information and ideas in new ways and something clicks.
“A cautionary note: While the DM network plays a key role in the creative process, it is the EC systems that help you to evaluate and apply the creative ideas effectively to your problems in the real world,” Christoff says. “So it’s unwise to place blind faith in the discovery that creative ideas can be generated in the shower or during any other kinds of mind wandering. Instead, you have to do the work to set the groundwork for creative ideas to emerge
in the first place.”
21 ．What is the most unlikely function of the EC systems
A ．To start your thinking process. B ．To help you analyze.
C ．To let you get novel ideas D ．To keep you focused.
22 ．What do the underlined words “something clicks” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A ．A clever idea occurs. B ．Something drops down.
C ．A memory disappears. D ．A funny thought happens.
23 ．What is Kalina Christoff’s attitude to the culture of hard work
A ．Disapproving. B ．Positive. C ．Doubtful. D ．Unconcerned.
24 ．Which statement might the author agree with
A ．Practice makes perfect.
B ．Where there is a will, there is a way.
C ．Everything comes to him who waits.
D ．All work and no break makes Jack a dull boy.
（2023·湖北 · 开滦第二中学校考模拟预测）Whales are threatened by a variety of human activities off the West Coast of the United States, including fishing, ship traffic, and pollution. They have bad effects on whale populations, but are rarely addressed by current whale-protection policies in California, according to a study from
the University of California, Davis.
The study, published for open access this week in the journal Marine Policy, examines the main causes of death for nine whale species in the California Current Ecosystem, which stretches from British Columbia, Canada to Baja California, Mexico. The whales considered in the study include gray, blue, fin, minke, North Pacific right,
and killer whales.
“We find that it is people that deem fishing causes whale death,” said co-leading author Eliza Oldach. “But a number of human activities have made the modern ocean a really tough environment for whales to survive. We’re
excited about efforts that look broadly to rebuild healthy oceans.”
The report found that main contributors to whale death are currently, targeted with relevant policy responses: noise, water quality and marine (海洋的) rubbish. But three other threats-nutritional stress, disease and predation
(捕食) -need to also be considered to provide a more whole approach toward managing whale deaths.
“Gray whales migrate (迁徙) over 5,000 miles between their breeding grounds at either end of the California Current,” said co-leading author Helen Killeen. “Throughout their journey, they must pass through a large number
of human activities, fighting with changes to their environment caused by climate change.”
The study comes as the California Ocean Protection Council (COPC) aims to develop a plan for achieving
zero death for whales in the California Current Ecosystem this year. Achieving such a goal requires understanding
the key drivers of whale deaths and opportunities for policy change, the report said.
25 ．Which activity will lead to whales’ death
A ．Going fishing with your friends in a river. B ．Playing with your friends beside the sea.
C ．Going sailing with your family on weekends. D ．Throwing rubbish in the sea as you are playing.
26 ．What’s meaning of the underlined word “deem” in Paragraph 3
A ．Catch. B ．Complain. C ．Think. D ．Describe.
27 ．What can we learn from Helen’s words
A ．Gray whales are fond of travelling. B ．Gray whales’ migration is full of danger.
C ．Human being is the only killer of whales. D ．Whales’ death is mainly caused by climate.
28 ．What should COPC do prevent whales’ death
A ．Get rid of the present policy. B ．Plant more trees along the sea.
C ．Know what actually leads to it. D ．Find a right place for them to live.
（2023·湖南郴州 · 校联考模拟预测）When the Great Backyard Bird Count (GBBC) began last Friday, Steve and Janet Kistler of Hart County, Kentucky, joined in. They’ve done so every year since the now-global tradition
began 25 years ago.
For Moira Dalibor, who teaches math at a school, this was the first count. She led a group of students and parents to an arboretum ( 植物园) for an exercise in data-gathering. They were among hundreds of thousands of people around the world counting and recording over four days. Last year, about 385,000 people from 192
countries took part in the GBBC .
This global data goes into the eBird database used by scientists for research on bird populations, which have declined sharply overall in past decades. It’s part of a rise in “citizen science” projects in which volunteers collect
data about the natural world for use by researchers.
Many bird-watchers use eBird year-round, and it has collected huge amounts of data — often between 1 million and 2 million bird checklists a month from around the world in the past couple of years, says Becca Rodomsky-Bish, the project’s leader at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, in Ithaca, New York. “Observing birds is a good way to connect with the natural world. Birds are everywhere. You don’t have to leave your house. They will
come. And they’re charismatic because they’re fun and interesting to watch.”
This is how it works: Participants watch birds, whether that means looking out of the window for 15 minutes
or taking a longer trip to a nature area. Organizers recommend the Merlin bird ID app to distinguish birds by size,
shape, song or other characteristics. Many participants also carry field guides and binoculars ( 双筒望远镜) along with their phones. They then enter the findings into the eBird app. Those numbers help researchers track the ups
and downs of various species, which then help determine the direction of conservation efforts.
Dalibor prepared her classes with information about local species and practiced with the Merlin app. The kids
recorded bird sightings with pencils and drawing boards, and parent volunteers entered those numbers on phones.
29 ．Why did Dalibor lead her students to an arboretum
A ．To do exercise for health. B ．To observe different plants.
C ．To practice their math skills. D ．To collect information about birds.
30 ．What does the underlined word “charismatic” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A ．Attractive. B ．Beautiful. C ．Rare. D ．Shy.
31 ．What can people use the Merlin bird ID app to do
A ．To record their findings. B ．To identify different birds.
C ．To help determine the birds’ habitat. D ．To track the ups and downs of various species.
32 ．What’s the best title of the text
A ．Great Backyard Bird Count: a strange activity
B ．Watching birds contributes to students’ education
C ．Moira Dalibor: a pioneer and responsible teacher
D ．Great Backyard Bird Count shows power of citizen science
（2023·福建泉州 · 泉州五中校考一模）Every 40 days a language dies. This “catastrophic” loss is being intensified by the climate crisis, according to linguists. If nothing is done, conservative estimates suggest half of all
the 7000 languages currently spoken will be extinct by the end of the century.
Speakers of minority languages have experienced a long history of persecution (迫 害), with the result that by the 1920s half of all indigenous (土著的) languages in Australia, the US, South Africa and Argentina were extinct. The climate crisis is now considered the “final nail in the coffin” for many indigenous languages and2024届高考高三英语复习—— 阅读理解说明文
1. 三年真题说明文考点细目表
时间 卷次 主题语境 字数 题型分类
2023 年 新高考 I 卷 1）人与社会：数字极简主义生活方 式 2）人与社会： “群体智慧”效应 1）322+ 107 2）339+112 1）1 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 1 个词义猜测题 2）1 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题
新高考II 卷 人与自然：保护城市中的野生自然 320+156 1 个细节理解题 3 个推理判断题
全国甲卷 人与自然：美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复 到 2000 多头 321+149 2 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题
全国乙卷 人与社会：英国烹饪节目的影响 295+103 2 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题
北京卷 1）人与社会：短期主义 2）人与社会：ALife 是否也在不断 地进化的 1）365+102 2）429+129 1）3 个推理判断题 2）2 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题
浙江卷 人与社会： 新型的太阳能农场 317+149 2 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题
天津卷
2022 年 新高考 I 卷 1）人与自然：在家庭中过零浪费 的生活方式 2）人与社会：改善老年人的健康 状况的项目 1）346+130 2）299+131 3）339+153 1）2 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题 2）3 个推理判断题 1 个词义猜测题
3）人与社会：饮食的改变导致了 现在在世界上一半的语言中发现 了新的语音 3）2 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题
新高考II 卷 人与社会：Textalyzer（短信监控器） 的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是 否使用了手机 289+128 1 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题
全国甲卷 人与自然：会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉 255+147 2 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题
全国乙卷 1）人与社会：无人机能在保证铁路 安全可靠又经济 2）人与社会：对软饮料征收的糖税 1）314+142 2）325+127 1）1 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题 2）3 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题
北京卷 人与社会：系统思维 415+144 1 细节理解题 2 个推理判断题
浙江卷 1）人与自然：世界各地的“小森林 ” 的兴起 2）人与社会：适度的工作也会带来 成果 3）人与社会：蒸汽时代和电力时代 的联系 4）人与自我：经常锻炼的中年女性 在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大 降低 1）306+105 2）302+145 3）283+79 4）342+137 1）1 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 2）3 个推理判断题 1 个词义猜测题 3）3 个推理判断题 4）3 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题
天津卷 人与社会：思想塑造身体，身体同等 程度地塑造思想 405+220 5 个推理判断题
2021 年 新高考 I 卷 1）人与社会：美国鸭票 2）人与社会：情商的定义以及对有 关于情商未来研究的期望 1）297+127 2）297+126 1）1 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题
2）1 个细节理解题 3 个推理判断题
新高考II 卷 1）人与社会：用于监测放牧牛的健 康状况的机器人。 2）人与社会： 1）307+133 2）+ 1）4 个细节理解题 2）2 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题
全国甲卷 1）人与自然：Port Lympne 保护区的 部分黑犀牛现状 2）人与社会： 1）263+142 2）+ 1）2 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 2）2 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题
全国乙卷 1）人与社会：艺术家 Benjamin Von Wong 用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大 的雕塑作品 2）人与社会：开放性办公室以及有 关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的 创造性思维的研究 1）281+128 2）349+112 1）1 个细节理解题 3 个推理判断题 2）3 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题
北京卷 人与社会：全球崩塌（global collapse） 的概念 354+81 2 个推理判断题 1 个词义猜测题
浙 江 卷 1 月卷 1）人与社会：人们时间的紧缺和陪 伴的重要性 2）人与自然：黑猩猩用来交流的手 势含义 1）315+108 2）344+158 1）2 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 2）1 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题 1 个主旨大意题 1 个词义猜测题
浙 江 卷 6 月卷 人与社会：狗能够识别人类的面部表 情的原因 1）334+107 1）2 个细节理解题 1 个主旨大意题
天津卷（第 一次） 1）人与社会：数字人类 2）人与社会：催眠技术的使用 1）414+173 2）369+235 1）3 个细节理解题 2 个推理判断题 2）4 个细节理解题 1 个推理判断题
天津卷（第 人与社会：艺术对人类的重要意义 384+211 4 个细节理解题
二次） 1 个推理判断题
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】
近三年说明文阅读理解主要考查以下题型：
一、细节理解题
顾名思义，事实细节题即对文章的某个事实或细节而设置的试题，事实细节题的命题方法很多，如可 能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查， 也可能是将文章中的几个细节放在一起要求考生判断是非（选 出正确的一项或选出错误的一项）或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用 定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比校从而确定答案（此时要
特别注意一些常见的同义装换或简单换算）。
二、推理判断题
推理判断题考查考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，进行逻辑推理，对文章的细节、作者 的态度、意图作出正确推理判断的能力。分析今年高考题可知，推断题呈不断上升的趋势，且由过去简单 的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义词及长难句来考查考生对语言的理解能力，难度比之前有
所增加。
三、词义猜测题
即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义，它是高考英语阅读理解中的一个难点，同学们应引起 充分重视。猜测生词词义的方法很多，常用的有同义解释法、因果推断法、前后对比法，基本构词法，语
境理解法，举例说明法，常识背景法、类属分析法等。
四、主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料或所读材料片断）中心思想的概括，做这类题时，考生应通读全 文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕主题 句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句，第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但位于段落中间（通常是 第一段或最后一段的中间）也是完全可能的，主旨大意题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中
心思想等。
【备考策略】
说明文阅读理解总体上要做到稳、准、快，在确保准确率的基础上提高阅读速度，以节省时间。解题时，
要做到：
（1）快速浏览主题。快速浏览加粗字体的标题、小标题或加下划线的语句等最重要的信息， 以了解语篇提
供的是哪方面的信息，并判定行文方式。
（2）速读题干，跳读定位信息。接下来阅读每一道试题， 根据题干定位信息点， 并在文章中找出答案或相 关信息。在定位和寻找信息点的时候，可以充分利用加粗字体的标题、小标题、加下划线的语句等重要信 息提高阅读和解题速度，如果每则信息的项目及其位置具有一致性和对应性，就可利用其一致性和对应性
快速查找答案，查找信息时不一定要读完全文。
（3）细读解题信息。最后，根据查找的相关信息，经过思考后选出正确答案。
【命题预测】
从近三年命题的发展趋势来看， 预测 2024 年高考说明文阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定， 主要考查
题型仍然为细节理解题和推理判断题为主。
说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的 CD 篇，主要分为两种类型：实验研究和介绍说明型。说 明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征 和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字 法，图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾 向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事
物的意义和特征等。
推理判断题
[常见设问形式]
1 ．隐含推断题
·It can be inferred from the text that .
·The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that .
2 ．观点态度题
·The author's attitude towards...can be best described as .
·The tone of this passage is best described as .
3 ．写作意图题
·The main purpose of this text is .
·What's the author's purpose in writing this article
4 ．文章出处题
·In which part of a newspaper can you most probably read the text
·Where does the text most probably come from
5. 文章走势预测
[正确选项特征]
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或论据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具
有以下特征：
1 ．“立足原文，只推一步” ，即根据原文内容， 一步即可推得。
2 ．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如 only 、never 、all 、absolutely 等；正确答案的表述一般有一点 模糊，会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如 often 、usually 、sometimes 、some 、may 、might 、can、
could 、possibly 、probably 等。
[干扰选项特征]
1 ．主观臆断：没有基于原文进行推断，而是根据常识推断。
2 ．过度推断：有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做评论，而一些选项却主观地进行推断。如提到一
样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。
3 ．错误推断：某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。
4 ．细节代替推断：只是原文简单的叙述，而非推断出来的结论。
考点一 推理判断题
一、隐含推理题
题干中常出现 infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示），conclude（作出
结论）， assume （假定，设想）等词。
解题策略：
1. 针对细节推断:定位细节文本依据→分析长句→对比选择答案(同义转换;同族词复现)
针对主题思想: 以主题为核心→分析逻辑关系→推理确定答案
2. 根据特定信息和逆向思维进行推断
3. 有些推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用 逆向思维，从而得出正确的结论。
注意事项：
不能以自己的观点代替文章中的观点；
推理的根据来自于上下文。（忠实于原文）
【2023 年全国乙卷 C 篇片段】It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking
habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around
half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes
have helped change what people think about cooking.
29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
[思维可视化]
Step 1 圈定题干关键词： cookery programme on British TV
Step 2 定位信息源：根据第二段的“It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.”和“It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.”可知，英 国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推
知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影响力。
Step 3 得出答案： D
[技巧点拨]
1 ．抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分
析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理。
2 ．整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，
综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。
3 ．以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象。
(2020·全国卷Ⅰ·C 篇节选)
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It's this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg,
an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
28 ．Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A ．They must run long distances.
B ．They are qualified for the marathon.
C ．They have to follow special rules.
D ．They are good at swinging their legs.
分析：根据题干中的“conditioned athletes”定位到节选段。再由该段第三句“But the sport's rules require that a race
walker's knees stay straight through most of the legswing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times.”可知，竞走规则要求竞走运动员在摆动腿的大部分时间里膝盖要保持笔直，且始终要有一只脚与
地面接触。由此可逆向推断出正是这一特殊规则使得竞走运动员受到制约。故选 C。
（2023·山西临汾· 临汾第一中学校校联考三模）When my Aunt Nicki visits me in London, we avoid musical theater and the cinema. Aunt Nicki is hard of hearing. Although there are many enhanced listening devices available to help her, such as a closed captioning (配字幕的) screen that sits in a cup holder, she tells me they don’t
work well enough.
When I recently tried on the new “smart caption glasses” at the Royal National Theatre, I had her on my mind. The theater is testing a pilot program for the technology and plans to make the glasses available for all of its performances next year. When you look through them, closed captions scroll (滚动) across the bottom. A handheld keypad is attached to the glasses through cable (电缆线) to allow each user to customize the color, size and position
of the closed captions. Changing the positioning of the text is key for user comfort.
The biggest challenge is finding the sweet spot of balancing the captions in the foreground with the theater performance in the background. The lines of the play are fed into speech software, which follows the performance and adjusts the captions accordingly. “If a performer jumps a few lines, the system will react,” said Jonathan Suffolk, the technical director for the Royal National Theatre. “It will take a second or two but the system will react
and it will recognize where it is.”
Richard France — who works for a group called Deafinitely Theatre, which creates performances for both the deaf and hearing communities — has worked with many different technologies but calls the smart glasses a potential game changer. “This new technology allows the deaf and hard of hearing to have complete access,” he said. “It’s really amazing how far we’ve advanced and how it has positively affected the quality of life for people
who are deaf and hard of hearing.”
So perhaps the next time Aunt Nicki comes to London, we’ll be able to catch a show together.
3 ．Why does the author mention Aunt Nicki in paragraph 1
A ．To present his opinion. B ．To introduce the topic.
C ．To provide an example. D ．To give the background.
4 ．How do users control the closed captions on smart glasses
A ．By using a handheld keypad. B ．By turning on the hidden text.
C ．By scrolling across the bottom. D ．By sending speech recognition.
5 ．What can we infer about the speech system according to Jonathan Suffolk
A ．It fails to find the balance point. B ．It sometimes misses a few lines.
C ．It responds to performers quickly. D ．It refuses to change captions on the screen.
【答案】3 ．B 4 ．A 5 ．C
3 ．推理判断题。根据第一段“When my Aunt Nicki visits me in London, we avoid musical theater and the
cinema. Aunt Nicki is hard of hearing. Although there are many enhanced listening devices available to help her,
such as a closed captioning (配字幕的) screen that sits in a cup holder, she tells me they don’t work well
enough.(当我的尼基姨妈来伦敦看我时， 我们避免去看音乐剧和电影。尼基阿姨听力不好。虽然有很多增强 的听力设备可以帮助她， 比如一个放在杯架上的封闭字幕屏幕， 但她告诉我， 这些设备的效果还不够好)”和
第二段“When I recently tried on the new “smart caption glasses” at the Royal National Theatre, I had her on my
mind. (最近， 当我在皇家国家剧院试戴新的“智能字幕眼镜” 时， 我脑海中浮现出了她)”可推知， 作者在第一
段提到 Nicki 阿姨来引出这个话题（新型的智能字幕眼镜）。故选 B。
4．细节理解题。根据第二段“A handheld keypad is attached to the glasses through cable (电缆线) to allow each user to customize the color, size and position of the closed captions.(手持式键盘通过电缆连接到眼镜上， 允许每个用
户定制关闭字幕的颜色，大小和位置)”可知，用户通过手持键盘控制智能眼镜上的隐藏字幕。故选 A。
5 ．推理判断题。根据第三段““If a performer jumps a few lines, the system will react,” said Jonathan Suffolk, the technical director for the Royal National Theatre. “It will take a second or two but the system will react and it will recognize where it is.”(“如果表演者跳了几行， 系统就会做出反应， ”英国皇家国家剧院的技术总监乔纳森 · 萨 福克说。 “这需要一两秒钟的时间， 但系统会做出反应， 并识别出它在哪里。 ”)”可知， 系统在一两秒钟的时
间内会做出反应，根据乔纳森 · 萨福克的说法，语音系统对表演者的反应很快。故选 C。
二、 推断写作意图/写作手法
常见设问方式：
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text
The writer of the story wants to tell us that
The fact... is mentioned by the author to show
The author writes the last paragraph in order to
解题技巧：
1. 关注设问的信息位置:
1)开头提出问题——To attract readers ’ attention；To introduce the topic;
2)开头举例，用谚语或者名人名言——To draw the readers ’ attention to the top;
3)结尾设问——To attract readers to pay for a trip to some attraction; To call on …; To sell a product or service； 4)文中引语、事例、研究的数据和研究——To argue against … ; To support one ’s own idea; To make it more persuasive (更有说服力的)
2. 关注逻辑关系和篇章结构（TEEC 模式）Topic →explanation →example →conclusion 主题+举例子解释或
者证明——To stress/confirm/support sth
常见的说明方法:
1、列数字(list figures): 具体而准确地说明该事物的特点。使说明更有说服力。
2、举例子(give examples): 具体真切地说明了事物的等等特点。
3、引资料(quote): 能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。用引用的方法说明事物的特征，增强说服力。如引用 古诗文、谚语、俗话。引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。
4、分类别(by category): 条理清楚地说明了事物的特点， 对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明， 使说明更有 条理性。使说明的内容眉目清楚，避免重复交叉的现象。
5、打比方(make an analogy) : 打比方就是修辞方法中的比喻。生动形象地说明该事物的 xx 特点， 增强了文 章的趣味性。
6、下定义(draw a definition/ make analysis): 用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而更科 学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。
7、作比较(make a contrast/comparision): 突出强调了被说明对象的特点(地位、影响等)。
【2023 年全国甲卷 C 片段】Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to
improve a life.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
[思维可视化]
Step 1 圈定题干关键词： great philosophers in paragraph 4
Step 2 定位信息源：根据第四段中“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and
then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. 可知， 作者在第四段开头描写 Weiner 书的内容， 接着作者通过列举了几位伟大的哲学家来描 写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举了几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解
Weiners 的书。
Step 3 得出答案： D
[技巧点拨]
to entertain readers 常见于故事类的文章；to persuade readers 常见于广告类的文章；to inform readers 多
见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会类的文章。从文体的写作特点来看：
记叙文：一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性的语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的叙述都
是围绕该哲理展开。
广告类应用文：文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用具有明显支持倾向性的语言。
说明文：写作目的有赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。
议论文：提出论点——进行论证——得出结论，作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。
（2023·江苏南京 · 南京市第一中学校考三模） Comfort food makes a person feel good. Food high in sugar or fat tends to improve mood by stimulating the brain’s reward system. So it makes sense that many of us may turn to food for comfort in times of stress. There’s some fascinating research that examines food as a source of comfort.However, the most interesting thing about this research may be that foods are far less comforting than we
tend to believe they are.
Traci Mann, a professor of psychology, and colleagues conducted a series of study with college students. The researchers examined how much comfort foods actually improve mood. They provided students with one of the three foods that they had indicated were their top, personal comfort foods. After producing a negative mood by having them watch movie clips designed to increase their sadness, anger and anxiety, the researchers offered the
students their comfort food.
They had to assess(评估) how they felt before and after they were supposedly comforted by ice cream, pizza or whatever they had indicated they typically ate to feel better. All of the students completed the study on two separate occasions: once when they were able to eat their comfort food and once when they were able to eat another food they liked, but they wouldn’t call a comfort food. The researchers found that comfort food did improve
students’ moods—but only by a little bit and not more than the other food they liked.
In another study, comfort food was compared to no food at all, and students’ moods seemed to improve even
when they didn’t eat anything—most likely just due to the passage of time.
The take-home message from the studies While the comfort food may make the person feel better for the time
being, it does little to address emotional problems. Of course, everyone can indulge (纵情)in a comfort food from
time to time, but overall, aim for these instances to be the exception rather than the rule.
7 ．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph
A ．To explain a rule. B ．To introduce a concept.
C ．To present a fact. D ．To make a suggestion.
【答案】7 ．D
7．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“While the comfort food may make the person feel better for the time being, it does
little to address emotional problems. Of course, everyone can indulge (纵情)in a comfort food from time to time,
but overall, aim for these instances to be the exception rather than the rule.(虽然安慰食物可能会让人暂时感觉好 一些，但它对解决情绪问题几乎没有作用。当然，每个人都可以偶尔放纵一下，但总的来说，这些都是例
外，而不是规则。 )”可知，作者在最后一段中给出建议不要过度依赖于安慰食物来解决情绪问题。故选 D。
三、推断作者观点态度
常见设问方式：
The attitude of the author towards something is .
The writer of the passage seems to think that .
What's the author's opinion on ...
What do we know about ... in the passage
What does the author think about ...？
(1)注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观 点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国家的
文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。
(2)牢记观点态度的常见词语：
附注：英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇
观点态度 例词
支持肯定 positive (积极的) 、supportive (支持的) 、optimistic (乐观的) 、concerned 关心的 humorous(幽默的) 、enthusiastic(热情的) 、pleasant (愉快的)；subjective 主观的
中立 neutral (中立的)、objective(客观的)、not mentioned(未提及的)、unconcerned 不关心
的、 uninterested(不感兴趣的) 、indifferent(漠不关心的)；conservative 保守的
否定反对 negative(否定的) 、suspicious/skeptical(怀疑的) 、disgusted(憎恶的) critical(批评的) 、disappointed(失望的) 、disapproving(不赞成的) 、puzzled/ confused 困惑的、pessimistic 悲观的
【2023 年新高考全国Ⅰ卷 D 片段】In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to
,
get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion
and decision-making are enormous.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
[思维可视化]
Step 1 圈定题干关键词： author’s attitude toward Navajas’studies
Step 2 定位信息源：根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”可知，作者认 为虽然 Navajas 领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题， 但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者
对于 Navajas 的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。
Step 3 得出答案： D
1.（2023·河南开封 · 统考三模）Facing the growing digital economy and new positions incubated (孵化) in the sector such as deliverymen and live-streaming hosts, young people, especially those born after 2000, are expressing a stronger willingness for flexible work relations with companies, and also wish to become “digital workers” with
flexible work locations and schedules.
A report from Peking University’s National School of Development released on Wednesday said that nearly
66 percent of surveyed employees born after 2000 prefer to work from home. The number is higher than surveyed
people born after 1970, with about 54. 4 percent of them preferring the new way.
“The Internet can do anything for me. I check emails from my clients and submit my proposals through WeChat, then we discuss plans via teleconference. I love working from home actually,” said Mi Lu, a 28-year-old new media operator in Beijing. “It’s a much more convenient and cooler thing. We work everywhere, perhaps in a
cafe, or on a bullet train or even on the table of a restaurant.”
Hu Jiayin, an associate professor in Peking University’s National School of Development, concluded that their survey shows that young people desire freedom in their jobs, but also wish for stability in their careers because of
uncertainties brought by the fast-changing digital economy.
“But the development of the digital economy also brings great uncertainties and a sense of insecurity to the working population, so we’ve found some interesting things during our surveys that over 30 percent of job seekers
we’ve surveyed wish to have a stable job at state-owned companies,” she added.
Li Qiang, vice-president of Zhaopin, said that the greatest risk to those seeking flexible work is whether the company pays the salary fully and on time. “It’s necessary for job seekers to set up a long-term development plan, rather than be shortsighted.” He added that companies may bear risks that flexible employees can’t deliver high-quality work in a limited time period, which requires the companies to establish a sound work delivery
standard to help evaluate employee performance.
1 ．What is the author’s attitude to the topic of the text
A ．Favorable. B ．Objective. C ．Ambiguous. D ．Disapproving.
【答案】 1 ．B
1．推理判断题。根据第三段““The Internet can do anything for me. I check emails from my clients and submit my
proposals through WeChat, then we discuss plans via teleconference. I love working from home actually,” said Mi
Lu, a 28-year-old new media operator in Beijing. “It’s a much more convenient and cooler thing. We work everywhere, perhaps in a cafe, or on a bullet train or even on the table of a restaurant.””和第五段““But the
development of the digital economy also brings great uncertainties and a sense of insecurity to the working
population, so we’ve found some interesting things during our surveys that over 30 percent of job seekers we’ve
surveyed wish to have a stable job at state-owned companies,” she added. 。由此推断，作者对弹性工作制持客
观态度。故选 B。
2.（2023·福建厦门 · 统考三模） About 5,300 years ago, people from the grasslands of modern-day Russia and
Ukraine expanded rapidly across Eurasia. Within a few centuries these “Yamnaya” left a lasting genetic mark on populations from central Europe to the Caspian Sea. Today, archaeologists call them “eastern cowboys” for their
livestock herding (畜牧) and highly mobile lifestyle.
But one part of the classic cowboy picture was missing: horseback riding. Although cattle bones and solid carriages have been found in Yamnaya sites, horse bones are hard to find, and most archaeologists assumed people
did not start to ride horses until at least 1,000 years later.
In a new study published in Science Advances, researchers say they’ve found the earliest evidence of horseback riding not in the bones of ancient horses, but in their Yamnaya riders. “Everyone has focused on horse remains to get an idea of early horse riding,” says co-author and University of Helsinki archaeologist Volker Heyd.
“Our approach was to look at humans.”
The researchers looked at more than 150 bones unearthed in Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria — the western frontier of Yamnaya expansion. The Yamnaya were well-fed, healthy, and tall; the chemical composition of their bones showed protein rich diets consistent with herding cattle and sheep. But the bones showed signs of distinctive wear and tear. They also showed thick spots on the leg bone consistent with lots of time spent on the horse back. Healed injuries matched the kinds of damage a kicking horse might cause, or what sports medicine doctors today
see in riders thrown from their horses.
“In terms of trying to identify people riding horses, I think they’ve done the best job possible bioarchaeologically,” says bioarchaeologist Jane Buikstra. “That doesn’t mean it’s perfect, or convincing,
ultimately.”
More samples — including horse bones with signs of riding, such as bit marks or back bone damage from the weight of a rider — would help make the case, says CU bioarchaeologist Lauren Hosek. What the group has found “is really interesting”, she says. “But there’s a lot more work to be done when the risks of drawing the final
conclusion are as high as the earliest horse riding.”
4 ．What is Lauren Hosek’s attitude to the research findings
A ．Objective. B ．Favorable.
C ．Disapproving. D ．Unclear.
【答案】4 ．A
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“What the group has found “is really interesting”, she says. “But there’s a lot more
work to be done when the risks of drawing the final conclusion are as high as the earliest horse riding.” (她说，研究
小组的发现“非常有趣” 。“但是， 当得出最终结论的风险与最早的骑马一样高时， 还有很多工作要做。 ”)”可 知， Lauren Hosek 既肯定了该研究发现的价值， 也提出了需要谨慎对待该研究发现， 去开展更多的工作。由
此推知，她对该研究发现的态度是客观的（objective）。故选 A 项。
四、 1推理文章出处/来源
常见设问方式：
This passage would be most likely to be found in
The passage is probably taken out of
Where does this text probably come from
Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯 社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称 或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性
强。
常见选项：
A biology textbook(生物教科书)/A magazine /A research paper(研究论文) /A travel brochure(旅游手册)/A news
report(新闻报告)/A booklet(小册子)/A website/a blog(博客；网络日志)/ A guide book/An advertisement 等.
1.【2023 年全国乙卷 D 篇】
【para1】If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of
humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the
world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even
many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
【para2】Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do
just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. ...
...【para3】When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our
first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that
conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
15. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
[思维可视化]
Step 1 圈定题干关键词： Which book, selected from
Step 2 定位信息源：根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. 和第二段第一句 “Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t.”再结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. ”可知， 本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性， 想要更好的了解历史就要将文
本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100 件物品中的世界史》。
Step 3 得出答案： C
1 ．知晓特定媒介的描写手法，如日记往往涉及作者本人，往往涉及第一人称；旅游指南以介绍地方特色为
主；小说具有迂回曲折的故事情节。
2 ．关注专用词汇：要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南 等专用词汇有基本的了解，根据专用词汇对号入座，快速选出最佳答案。
（2023·新疆 · 校联考二模）Getting a package delivered is easy, but sending it back is not. Repacking, printing labels and shipping it back up to the seller is an increasingly familiar experience for online shoppers. In America 21% of online orders, worth some $ 218, were returned in 2021, according to the National Retail Federation, up
from 18% in 2020. For clothing and shoes it can reach around 40%. It is a headache for retailers.
The problem has its roots in the birth of e-commerce. To compete with bricks-and-mortar sellers and make consumers comfortable with ordering online, e-commerce firms offered free returns. Consumers came to expect it. The scale of returns has been amplified by the covid-induced boom. In America online-shopping now makes up
15% of retail sales by value, up from 10% at the start of 2019.
Returns could grow as nervous consumers cut spending. In May, Boohoo, a British online fashion firm,
forecast lower profits for the year, in part because of a higher return rate. In June, Asos, a rival, did the same.
Overstocking, as retailers miscalculate changing demand, adds to the problem. Steve Rop of goTRG, a startup which helps retailers sort returns, notes an uptick in returns of discounted goods as consumers realise they don’t
want them.
Each step of the process is costly. Retailers have to pay for goods to be picked up or posted. Processing returns is labour-intensive, explains Zac Rogers who worked as a return s manager at Amazon and is now at Colorado State University. The outbound system is highly automated and streamlined; a return must be opened and someone has to decide what to do with it. “A worker in an Amazon warehouse can pick 30 items in a minute, but a return can take ten minutes to process,” says Mr Rogers. Once processed, only 5% of returned goods can be resold immediately by retailers. Most go to liquidators at knock-down prices or are thrown away. Retailers typically recoup about a third
on a $ 50 item, says Optoro, a firm that helps with returns.
Startups are getting in on the action. Using artificial intelligence to help retailers decide what to do with the returned goods, taking into account factors such as price trends in second-hand markets, is the brainchild of goTRG. Happy Returns, another startup bought last year by PayPal, a fin-tech firm, helps with logistics. It has 5,000 drop-off points for return s across America, mostly in chain stores. The returns are aggregated and sent back to retailers all at once, saving up to 40% of postage costs, says David Sobie, the firm’s boss. Some are experimenting with virtual reality (VR). Over half of items are returned because they are the wrong size. In June Walmart said it will buy Mamma, an augmented-reality (AR) startup that lets shoppers virtually try on glasses. Walmart also offers ways to try on clothes and arrange furniture in rooms using AR. Amazon recently launched a
VR feature that lets users try on shoes. Retailers will now try virtually anything to cut down on returns.
1 ．Where could you read this passage
A ．An economic magazine. B ．A science fiction.
C ．An official report. D ．An academic research.
【答案】 1 ．A
1 ．推理判断题。根据第一段“Getting a package delivered is easy, but sending it back is not. Repacking, printing
labels and shipping it back up to the seller is an increasingly familiar experience for online shoppers. In America
21% of online orders, worth some $ 218, were returned in 2021, according to the National Retail Federation, up
from 18% in 2020. For clothing and shoes it can reach around 40%. It is a headache for retailers.(把包裹送出去很 容易，但把它寄回来却不容易。对在线购物者来说，重新包装、打印标签并将其送回卖家是一种越来越熟
悉的体验。根据美国零售联合会的数据， 2021 年，美国 21%的在线订单（价值约 218 美元） 被退回， 比 2020
年的 18%有所上升。服装和鞋子的比例可以达到 40%左右。这是令零售商头痛的问题。 )”可知，这是一篇
关于经济方面的文章，所以这篇文章可能来自一本经济杂志。故选 A。
五、 文章走势预测
常见的设问方式：
1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph
2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph
3．What would the author most probably discuss next
4．Where does the article go next
5.What would the following paragraph talk about
1. [2023·全国乙卷] What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a
Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our
television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It乌s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain乌s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped
change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK乌s obsession( 痴 迷 ) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before.
With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it乌s no longer“uncool”for boys to like cooking.
31.What might the author continue talking about
A.The art of cooking in other countries.
B.Male chefs on TV programmes.
C.Table manners in the UK.
D.Studies of big eaters.
31.B 推理判断题。根据文章尾句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it口s no longer‘uncool’for boys to like cooking.”可知,随着越来越多的男厨师出现在电视上,男孩喜欢烹饪已经不再是“不酷”的事了。由
此可推知,接下来作者可能会接着讨论电视节目上的男厨师们。故选 B 项。
【2023 届山西省长治市部分学校高三下学期三模联合考试】
One of the things that we expect from the ocean is is deep blue color that reflects the sky. Scientists at UC San Diego Institution of Oceanography along with scientists at the University of Washington have been experimenting
with dyeing (染) the ocean at San Diego beach pink. What could they possibly be up to
This is being done for a study that examines how freshwater outflows are combining with the ocean surf zone.
The experiment is called Plumes in Nearshore Conditions (PiNC).“I’m excited because this research hasn’t been
done before and it’s a unique experiment,”said Sarah Giddings, a coastal oceanographer leading the study.“The aim is to understand how freshwater interacts with waves, since it is usually warmer than ocean water and more
buoyant (有浮力的).”
The freshwater is dyed pink so that the team can easily keep track of it when freshwater is added to the
seawater. The dye is environmentally friendly and is then spotted as it makes progress in the water. It is tracked by
sensors on poles that are located along the sand as well as by drones (无人机). There’s also a jet ski with a
fluorometer that tracks the light that is given out from the pink dye. The sensors outside of the surf zone record the
height of the waves, ocean currents and temperature. There are three planned dye releases as of now, and
researchers are hoping that this pink dye experiment will help them record more about how pollutants travel in the
ocean water through these additions of freshwater.
Giddings explained:“We’re bringing together different people with different expertise, such that I think it’s
going to have some great results and impacts. We’ll combine results from this experiment with an older field study
and computer models that will allow us to make progress on understanding how the dyed freshwater spread.”
31 ．What will researchers probably do next
A ．Build more scientific computer models.
B ．Experiment with dyes of different colors.
C ．Make a further research into the results.
D ．Discuss the results with different experts.
【答案】 31 ．C
31 ．推理判断题。根据第四段的“We will combine results from this experiment with an older field study and
computer models that will allow us to make progress on understanding how the dyed freshwater spread.(我们将把 这个实验的结果与一个较早的实地研究和计算机模型结合起来，这将使我们能够进一步了解染红的淡水是
如何传播的)”推知，科学家们将结合之前的研究数据，继续深入研究有关淡水的流向。故选 C 项。
考点二 词句猜测题
[常见设问形式]
1 ．词义类：①The underlined word/phrase...probably means/can be replaced by .②Which of the
following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word/phrase...
2 ． 指 代 类 ： ①What does the underlined word “this/that/it/they...” refer to ② The underlined part
“this/that/it/they...” refers to .
3．句意类：①The underlined sentence in the...paragraph probably means .②What can we infer from
the underlined sentence in Paragraph...
[正确选项特征]
1 ．含义和字面意义没有任何关系。
2 ．上下文逻辑通顺。
3 ．与原句意思最接近。
[干扰选项特征]
1 ．与所考词汇形似。
2 ．如果考的是熟词，含有常规词义的往往是错误选项。
3 ．句子解释中含有过多原句中的词和短语的选项。
一、语境分析猜词义
1.【2023 年全国甲卷·B 片段】Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting
up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
24. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1
A. An artist. B. A winner. C. A specialist.D. A pioneer.
[思维可视化]
Step 1 圈定题干关键词： a dab hand in paragraph 1
Step 2 定位信息源：根据文章第一段画线短语下文“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. ”可推知， 此处指 Terri Boltonis 是一位 DIY
高手。
Step 3 得出答案： C
2.【2022 年全国甲卷· B 片段】As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started
what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(职业) as a
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she retired from dancing and
her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
[思维可视化]
Step 1 圈定题干关键词： take the plunge in paragraph 2
Step 2 定位信息源：根据第二段划线词前文“Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further.”和“When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest,”可知， Ginni 在退休和儿子们成家立业之后， 她决定尝试有挑战性的事情。由此推知， 划线词组 take the
plunge 与 try challenging things“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。
Step 3 得出答案： A
（2021·四川凉山· 统考二模）For decades, Mars, known as the Red Planet, has been an attraction for scientists. Despite the current amount of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere and the incompetence of the planet to support
Earthly life forms, research has suggested that the planet was once able to host ecosystems.
Since the beginning of the 1960s, over 40 Mars exploration missions have been carried out. On July 23, China launched Tianwen 1, a Mars probe named after a poem titled The Quest for Heavenly Truth by ancient Chinese poet Qu Yuan (about 340-278 BC). The mission marked China’s first step in planetary exploration of the solar
system.
It will take Tianwen 1 six to seven months to reach the Red Planet. The probe is expected to land on Mars around February 2021. Yet the landing process might not be easy. NASA scientists once referred to a Mars landing as “the seven minutes of terror”. During those suspenseful 420 seconds, the Tianwen 1 has to slow down from 4.8
kilometers per second to zero and land on the Red Planet autonomously.
1 ．What does the word “incompetence” underlined in paragraph 1 refer to
A ．Isolation. B ．Hospitality. C ．Unpopularity. D ．Inability.
【答案】 1 ．D
1．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Despite the current amount of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere and the”以及后 文“of the planet to support Earthly life forms”可知， Despite 表示转折， 说明尽管目前火星大气中的二氧化碳含 量很高，而且火星无法支持地球上的生命形式。由此可知，划线词的意思是“无力” ，与 inability 意思接近。
故选 D。
二、就近原则定指代
【2023 年全国乙卷·D 片段】 In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are
victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are
on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals,
the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past
achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a
voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand
accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we
have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
[思维可视化]
Step 1 圈定题干关键词： conversation
Step 2 定位信息源：根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue.” 结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. ”可知， 我们对过去历史的了解， 只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的
历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读物品。所以 conversation 指的是“ 历
史”。
Step 3 得出答案： B
三、 语境吻合判句意
【2023 年新高考全国Ⅰ卷·C 片段】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you
decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly
intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days,
you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive
benefits to the things you value.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
[思维可视化]
Step 1 圈定题干关键词： declutter in paragraph 3
Step 2 定位信息源：根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.”可推知， 画线词“declutter”的意思
是“清理” ，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。
Step 3 得出答案： A
[技巧点拨]
句意猜测两注意
句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。
1 ．返回原文， 找到该句， 对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对于需要推理的句意理解， 首先要
理解句子前后的语境，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再归纳总结。
2 ．一般来说， 正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同， 只是用其他的英语词汇和句式来表达相同的意
思。
（2023·甘肃 · 统考三模） More American businesses are starting to use artificial intelligence(AI)tools to come
up with new ideas and to deal with customers.
Mattel is known for making children’s toys. The company recently used an AI image generator called DALL-E to come up with ideas for new Hot Wheels toy cars. The used vehicle seller CarMax is using ChatGPT to gather thousands of customer comments. The social media service Snapchat has added a chatbot to its messaging
service. And Instacart, a delivery service, now uses ChatGPT to answer food questions.
Even the Coca-Cola company plans to use AI to help create new marketing content. It has not said exactly how it plans to use the technology. But the move shows that businesses are under pressure to use the tools that many of their employees and customers are already trying on their own. “We must embrace the risks,” Coca-Cola CEO James Quincey said in a video announcing a partnership with OpenAI—maker of both DALL-E and ChatGPT. Some experts warn that businesses should carefully consider possible harms to customers, society, and
their own companies before choosing to use AI tools in the workplace.
Claire Leibowicz is with The Partnership on AI, a nonprofit group. The group recently released recommendations for companies producing AI-generated images, audio and other media. “I want people to think deeply before deploying this technology,” Leibowicz said. “They should play around...but we should also think,
what purpose are these tools serving in the first place ”
While text generators like ChatGPT can make the process of writing emails and marketing documents faster and easier, they also appear to present misinformation as fact. And image generators like DALL-E are trained in copying widely available digital art and photography. This has raised copyright concerns from the creators of those
works.
“It is safer to use AI tools as a ‘thought partner’ but still people as the creator of final products,”said Anna
Gressel, who is with the law firm Debevoise & Plimpton.
1 ．What does the underlined word “deploying” in Paragraph 4 mean
A ．Using effectively. B ．Promoting successfully.
C ．Questioning publicly. D ．Presenting confidently.
【答案】 1 ．A
1 ．词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“Some experts warn that businesses should carefully consider possible harms to
customers, society, and their own companies before choosing to use AI tools in the workplace.(一些专家警告说，
在选择在工作场所使用人工智能工具之前， 企业应该仔细考虑对客户、社会和自己公司可能造成的危害)”及 本句““I want people to think deeply before deploying this technology,”Leibowicz said.(“我希望人们在部署这项技 术之前能深思熟虑， ”莱博维茨说)”可知，专家与 Leibowicz 都是在针对人工智能技术的利用提建议。由此 推知，画线单词 deploying 意为“有效利用” 。A. Using effectively 有效地使用；B. Promoting successfully 成功
地促进； C. Questioning publicly 公开质疑； D. Presenting confidently 自信地展示。故选 A。
96．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“It is safer to use AI tools as a ‘thought partner’ but still people as the creator of final products.(使用人工智能工具作为“ 思想伙伴”更安全，但人类仍然是最终产品的创造者)”可知， Anna Gressel 的话旨在说明人类应该是技术的主宰者，是最终产品的创造者，技术只是帮助人类的“ 思想伙伴”而
已。故选 B。
(
过关检测
)
（2023· 云南 · 云南师大 附 中校考模拟预测 ）Lately, it’s felt like technological change has entered an incredible panies like OpenAI and Google have unveiled new Artificial Intelligence systems with incredible capabilities, making what once seemed like science fiction an everyday reality. It’s an era that is raising big, existential questions for us all, about everything from the future of human existence to the future of human
work.
“Things are changing so fast,” says Erik Brynjolfsson, a leading, technology-focused economist based at Stanford University. As he notes, this new wave of technological change looks like it could be pretty different. Unlike before, experienced and skilled workers benefited mostly from AI technology. In this new wave, it’s the less experienced and less skilled workers who benefit the most. “And that might be helpful in terms of closing some of the inequality that previous technologies actually promoted,” Brynjolfsson says. So one benefit of intelligence machines is—maybe —they will improve the know-how and smarts of low performers, thereby reducing
inequality.
But it’s also possible that Al could lower the profit of the experienced, smart, or knowledgeable ones. AI could reduce inequality by bringing the bottom up, and it could also reduce inequality by bringing the top and middle
down.
Of course, as Erik put, it’s also possible that Al could end up increasing inequality even more. For one, it could make the Big AI companies, which own these powerful new systems, wildly rich. It could also empower business owners to replace more and more workers with intelligent machines. And it could kill jobs for all but the best of the best in various industries, who keep their jobs because maybe they’re superstars or because maybe they
have seniority.
The effects of AI, of course, are still very much being studied-and these systems are evolving fast — so this is just an assumption. This machine intelligence could upend much of the previous thinking on which kinds of jobs
will be affected by automation.
1 ．What do the underlined words “the know-how and smarts” mean in paragraph 2
A ．Experience and intelligence. B ．Skills and potential.
C ．Abilities and experience. D ．Outlook and talents.
2 ．Who will gain more in this new AI era
A ．The senior with high rank. B ．The new with little experience.
C ．The learned with great credit. D ．The poor with practical skills.
3 ．Which statement will Erik probably agree with
A ．The fast development of AI will promote the division of inequality.
B ．The best of all walks of life will survive the competition against AI systems.
C ．Giant Al companies will be the winner in the future world of new AI systems.
D ．Lower rank workers with little knowledge are bound to be abandoned by employers.
4 ．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A ．The Fast Growth of the World B ．The Influence of the Inequality
C ．The Impact of the AI System D ．The Future of the AI Generation
【答案】 1 ．A 2 ．B 3 ．C 4 ．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了经济学家 Erik 就 OpenAI 等新兴人工智能公司所触发的新人工智能
对人类未来可能产生的影响的研究。
1 ．词义猜测题。根据第二段“In this new wave, it’s the less experienced and less skilled workers who benefit the most.” （在这股新浪潮中，经验不足、技术含量较低的工人受益最大。）可知，智能机器的一个益处就是提 升较低的工作表现者的经验和智力，从而推断出划线短语 the know-how and smarts在句中意为“经验和智
力” ，和 A 项“经验和智力”意思相同。故选 A 项。
2 ．细节理解题。根据第二段“In this new wave, it’s the less experienced and less skilled workers who benefit the most.” （在这股新浪潮中，经验不足、技术含量较低的工人受益最大。）可知，在新的人工智能时代受益最
多的是经验不足的新人。故选 B 项。
3 ．推理判断题。根据第四段“Of course, as Erik put, it’s also possible that Al could end up increasing inequality even more. For one, it could make the Big AI companies, which own these powerful new systems, wildly rich.”(当 然，正如 Erik 所说，人工智能最终也有可能进一步加剧不平等。首先，它可以让拥有这些强大新系统的大 型人工智能公司变得非常富有。）可知， Erik 赞同的观点是巨型人工智能公司将成为未来新人工智能系统世
界的赢家。故选 C 项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“So one benefit of intelligence machines is—maybe —they will improve the know-how and smarts of low performers, thereby reducing inequality.” （因此，智能机器的一个好处是——也许——它们 将提高低绩效者的专业知识和智慧， 从而减少不平等。）及第三段“Of course, as Erik put, it’s also possible that Al could end up increasing inequality even more.” （当然，正如 Erik 所说，人工智能最终也有可能进一步加剧 不平等。）及最后一段“The effects of AI, of course, are still very much being studied-and these systems are evolving
fast — so this is just an assumption.” （当然， 人工智能的影响仍在研究中， 这些系统正在快速发展——所以这
只是一个假设。）可知， 本文主要通过人工智能对工作者和加剧了社会不平等两个方面讲述了人工智能的影
响， C 项“人工智能的影响”符合题意。故选 C 项。
（2023·陕西宝鸡 · 统考二模） A new study released in the journal Plant and Cell Physiology suggests that ethanol
—or alcohol —can help plants survive in times of drought, even for as long as two weeks without water.
To come up with their finding, the researchers grew wheat and rice plants, regularly watering them, and then added ethanol to the soil in one group of plants over three days. They then kept both groups deprived of( 中断) water for two weeks and found that drunk plants grew better than untreated ones. Around 75% of the drunk wheat
and rice plants survived after rewatering, while less than 5% of the untreated plants did.
The study also looked at how ethanol protected a plant. Using arabidopsis, a small plant commonly used in experiments, the researchers discovered that when ethanol-treated specimens (样品) were deprived of water, tiny
openings on the leaves’ surface closed up to preserve water and heat.
The team studied arabidopsis’ gene ( 基 因 ) expression and found that the ethanol-treated plants started behaving if they were experiencing drought, even before they were actually deprived of water. This gene
expression gave the plants an advantage in preparing for a drought.
The researchers said, “The finding is not just useful for the world’s gardens, but also for farms growing vital crops like rice and wheat. Drought-resistant crops could help achieve sustainable food security, which is an issue affecting many parts of the world right now.” They added that ethanol was a useful and simple way to increase food production all over the world in times of drought. “The application of ethanol to plants would be a potent agricultural method to enhance drought resistance in various plants,” said Motoaki Seki, the study’s lead author.
But, he warned that the ethanol needed to be used reasonably as higher concentration of ethanol prevented plants
growing. Seki added, “We will soon begin testing ethanol on plants in real fields. ”
5 ．What did the researchers find in their study
A ．Plants produce ethanol in times of drought. B ．Drunk plants could live longer without water.
C ．There is no need to water house plants every day. D ．It requires more water to grow wheat in the field.
6 ．What do the researchers expect of the finding
A ．It will cut the cost of food production. B ．It will bring about the change of diet.
C ．It will help maintain global food security.D ．It will generate increases in food price.
7 ．What does the underlined word “potent” in the last paragraph mean
A ．Difficult. B ．Effective. C ．Similar. D ．Primary.
8 ．What does Seki want to stress about ethanol in the text
A ．It would fit all kinds of plants. B ．It has been applied to real fields.
C ．It should be used in proper amount. D ．It enables wheat plants to grow fast.
【答案】5 ．B 6 ．C 7 ．B 8 ．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。最新研究表明，在土壤中加入乙醇（酒精）可以帮助植物在干旱时期存活更
长时间。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段“A new study released in the journal Plant and Cell Physiology suggests that ethanol — or alcohol — can help plants survive in times of drought, even for as long as two weeks without water.(发表在《植 物与细胞生理学》杂志上的一项新研究表明，乙醇（酒精）可以帮助植物在干旱时期存活下来，甚至可以 在没有水的情况下存活长达两周)”及第二段“To come up with their finding, the researchers grew wheat and rice plants, regularly watering them, and then added ethanol to the soil in one group of plants over three days. They then
kept both groups deprived of (中断) water for two weeks and found that drunk plants grew better than untreated
ones.(为了得出他们的发现，研究人员种植了小麦和水稻，定期浇水，然后在一组植物的土壤中添加乙醇三 天。然后， 他们让两组植物都不喝水两周， 发现喝了乙醇的植物比没有喝的植物长得更好)”可知， 研究人员
发现乙醇(（酒精）可以帮助植物在缺水条件下存活更长时间。故选 B。
6 ．细节理解题。根据第五段““Drought-resistant crops could help achieve sustainable food security, which is an
issue affecting many parts of the world right now.” They added that ethanol was a useful and simple way to
increase food production all over the world in times of drought.(“抗旱作物有助于实现可持续粮食安全，这是目 前影响世界许多地区的一个问题。 ”他们补充说， 在干旱时期， 乙醇是增加世界各地粮食产量的一种有用而 简单的方法)”可知， 研究人员希望他们的发现可以在干旱时期提高全世界的粮食产量， 从而有助于维护全球
粮食安全。故选 C。
7．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“They added that ethanol was a useful and simple way to increase food production all over the world in times of drought.(他们补充说， 在干旱时期， 乙醇是增加世界各地粮食产量的一种有用而 简单的方法)”以及后文“agricultural method to enhance drought resistance in various plants”可推断， 他们补充说， 在干旱时期，乙醇是增加世界各地粮食产量的一种有用而简单的方法，所以将乙醇应用于植物将是一种有
效的农业方法，可以增强各种植物的抗旱性。故画线词意思是“有效的” 。故选 B。
8 ．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But, he warned that the ethanol needed to be used reasonably as higher
concentration of ethanol prevented plants growing.(但是， 他警告说， 乙醇需要合理使用， 因为高浓度的乙醇会
阻碍植物生长)”可推断， Seki 想强调的是在土壤中加入乙醇应当适量。故选 C。
（2023· 贵州遵义 · 统考三模 ）Joseph Dituri hasn’t seen the sun for days. And he won’t see it again for months. Since March 1, the bio-medical engineer has been underwater, with the goal of spending 100 days
there—for science.
The underwater living, if successful, will also break the current world record for time spent living underwater,
which was set by two Tennessee biologists in 2014 when they stayed beneath the surface for 73 days.
Dituri, who uses the nickname Dr. Deep Sea, is living in Jules’ Undersea Lodge ( 小 屋 ) in Key Largo, Florida—the same underwater spot where the previous record was set. The 100-square-foot hotel, which sits 30 feet below the surface, is his intended home until June 9, where he’ll be carrying out research and giving virtual lectures
for his students at the University of South F
