专题二十:阅读理解之议论文类【2024高分攻略】高考英语二轮专题复习学案

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名称 专题二十:阅读理解之议论文类【2024高分攻略】高考英语二轮专题复习学案
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【2024高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题二十 阅读理解之议论文类
议论文是一种说理性的文章,作者通过陈述观点试图说服读者接受其所给的观点,它是高考阅读理解题中较难的题目。观点必须要由一些例子、理由和逻辑支撑。简而言之,议论文的结构通常为三段式,即“论点、论据、结论”。一篇好的议论文,观点明确且正确,论据充分,论证合乎逻辑,结构、层次清晰。议论文的题材多样化、知识化,它包括社会科学的多个领域,涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面,以及和自然科学交叉的学科,体现以人为本的特点。
考情分析:分析2021-2023年新高考阅读理解议论文类考向分布。
时间 卷次 主题语境
2023 全国乙卷 人与社会:物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性
2022 全国甲卷 人与社会:悉尼发展中面临的问题
北京卷 人与社会:量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗?
天津卷 人与社会:美好生活的秘诀
2023 全国甲卷 人与社会:“天才”有很多种形式
全国乙卷 人与社会:固定电话是非必需品
北京卷 人与自然:人们应该和大自然和谐相处,保护环境
天津卷(第一次) 人与自我:我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后,像蜥蜴一样,用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤,作为人生的起点人与社会:要当一个多面手,而不是当某方面的专家
【命题规律】
议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征,与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看,议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解、推理判断和主旨大意题为主,但不排除对观点态度的考查。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文,以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。
【命题预测】
从近三年命题的发展趋势来看,预测2024年高考议论文阅读理解可能会出现且会继续考查考生快速而准确地获取和理解文中具体细节信息的能力, 对文章信息的判断能力以及对文章的整体感知能力。
考点清单一 问题分析
议论文说理性强,语言庄重,逻辑缜密,常用难词、长词和复杂句,给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。
议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解,或驳斥别人的错误观点,以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心,即中心思想,是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料,这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。
考点清单二 议论文分类
演绎论证议论文:是从已知的一般原理,规律出发,推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般先提出一个总论点,然后分别进行论述,分析各个分论点,最后得出结论。
归纳论证议论文:是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点,然后归纳出它们所共有的特性,从而得出一个一般性的结论。
比较论证议论文:是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。
考点清单三 议论文写作方法及注意事项
议论文的写作方法通常有以下三种形式:
写法一:正方(甲方),反方(乙方),作者(我)认为……
写法二:提出问题,分析问题,解决问题。
写法三:论点,理由(证据),得出结论。
注意事项:
  1. 避免读得太快,做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)
  2. 要先看题目,后读文章。(与先读文章,后看题目的比较)
  高考材料阅读方法:先通读全文,重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句,然后其他部分可以略读,再审题定位,比较选项,选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。
  3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有:
  (1)标志类、指示类的信息。
  ①表示并列关系:and, also, coupled with等;
  ②表示转折关系:but, yet, however, by contrast等;
  ③表示因果关系:therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等;
  ④表示递进关系:in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore等;
  ⑤表示重要性的词:prime, above all, first等。
  以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。
(2)具有感彩、显示作者态度的词:blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。
考点清单四 解题技巧
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中,命题以细节理解题为主,推理判断题为辅,又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力,难度相对较小,广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外,掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。读议论文时,不能仅限于对文章的表层理解,一定要注重对文章的主题、中心思想、标题的把握。具体来说:
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项可能是文中某个具体事实或细节,也可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论,也可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。而正确答案则是根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来的:不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践,这类题目考查的范围是:基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求学生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法,对文章进行高度概括或总结,属于高层次题。
选择“主题”旨在考查学生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨,通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有:
1. What is the main / general idea of this text
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage
3. What is the text mainly about
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The topic of this passage is _________.
8. The passage would most likely be taken from _________.
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当,用词简短、精练。在选择议论文的最佳标题时,要考虑议论文的标题是否符合精准性强、涵盖性强、语言精练等特点,且能够反映文章的主旨。常见的提问方式有:
1. What would be the best title for the text
2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text
3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________.
不管是选择“主题”还是选择“标题”,实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容,找出贯穿语篇的主线;不管是何种体裁的文章,都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上,3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及,但并非主要内容,需要注意甄别。
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩,从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低,只要考生读懂文章,就能得分,属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位),然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换),从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文,并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落,然后进行简单分析、推理等,从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则:忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系,决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点,事实细节是论据或主要理由;有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问,所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有:what, who, which, where, how, why 等。
在阅读理解中,要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式:
①Which of the following statements is true
②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text
③The author (or the passage) states that __________.
④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________
(2)干扰项:范围过大、过小;偷换概念;正误并存,某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则:
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中,假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解,那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系,包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在“花”与“玫瑰”两选项中,正确答案肯定是“花”,因为花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项,是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的,其中必有一真。所以,假如四选项中A、B互为正反项,那我们通常先排除C、D项,正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉,这里是指说话不能太过肯定或否定,不能说死,要留有一定余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达,如:probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等,而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案,如:must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围,然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们:词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中,那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的,前因后果,一步步循序渐进。然而,在推理题的选项中,有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因),或者推理过头(止于后果),这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们:假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系,那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果,那么答案就是因;如果果项可以对应几个原因,那么答案就是果。
解题方法:原文定位法。查读法:(1)带着问题找答案,把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目,近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化,其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语,后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子,这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外,我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断:根据上下句的连接词,如but,however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外,分号(;)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说,“有因必有果,有果必有因”。根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了,这些词、短语、习语要么是生词,要么是熟词新义,单靠平时积累是不够的,还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词;用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it,that,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but,however,otherwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说,“有因必有果,有果必有因”。根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词,后面跟着一个同位语,对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义;破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有:
(1)The word “…” in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase “…” suggests…
(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence “…” is/refers to /means…
(4)The word “…” is closest in meaning to …
常用应对方法:
同义法:常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or,它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此可以推测词义。
反义法:如hot and cold, give and receive等,或前句为肯定,后句为否定。总之,互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法:对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语,甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外,还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词;
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思;
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意!
4. 推理判断型
做题要领:既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思,又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断,力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有:
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that _________.
(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推论)
(4)What is the tone (语气) of the author
(5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage
(6)The passage is intended to _________.
(7)Where would this passage most probably appear
(8)From the example in paragraph..., we can infer that _________.
(9)What’s the attitude of the author towards...?
在平时的英语学习过程中,应该加大议论文的文本输入,主动分析议论文的结构和论证方法,寻找语篇逻辑信息词,梳理行文思路。此外,要限时完成议论文的阅读,培养良好的阅读习惯,做后及时分析自己阅读议论文时对哪些方面的题目存在理解障碍,掌握各种议论文题目的解题对策,精准定位,思路领先,选出最佳答案。总之,议论文阅读的强化训练能够帮助学生攻克议论文中的深层理解题。学生只要知己知彼,了解议论文命题的思路,阅读时循着what—why—how的思路剖析文本,平时吃透议论文题目考点设置的特点和解题策略,一定可以成功应对高考英语中的议论文阅读。与此同时,学生英语阅读的思维品质也会有所提升。
(2023年全国乙卷英语真题) If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性,并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
【32题】A 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史,一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史,你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述,因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本,而世界上大多数人,在大多数时间里,都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一,直到最近,甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字,而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知,第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
【33题】D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下,历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起,本书的某些章节能够做到这一点,但在许多情况下,我们根本做不到。)”可推断,作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物,但是很多情况下,我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面,我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看,我们只有一个木制盾牌,这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知,作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的,只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
【34题】B 词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人,所有这些人都出现在这本书中,他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就:通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时,我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的,只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半,我们不仅要读文本,还要读物体。)”可知,我们对过去历史的了解,只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史,如果我们想要了解历史的另一半,我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
【35题】C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史,一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史,你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述,因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过,而世界上大多数人,在大多数时间里,都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半,我们不仅要读文本,还要读物体。)”可知,本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性,想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
(2022年高考英语(全国甲卷) Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there —broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways—he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean ” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
33. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
34. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.
35. Which statement will the author probably agree with
A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
【答案】32. C 33. D 34. A 35. A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。作者通过陈述不同人的观点讨论了悉尼在发展的过程中是否应该摒弃一些旧的传统。
【32题】C 段落大意题。根据文章第一段第二句“The city discovered its harbor.”以及最后一句“But it is the harbor that makes the city.”可知,第一段主要讲了悉尼发展的关键。故选C项。
【33题】D 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“I’ll miss these old boats”和第五段第二句的“Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot.”可知,Andrew喜爱(be attached to)这些旧的渡船(ferries)。故选D项。
【34题】A 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段第二句“...Sydney swept aside much of its past...”可知,它丢掉了传统的东西。故选A项。
【35题】A 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“being young and old at the same time has its attractions”和最后一段“He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.”可知,作者赞同Anthony的观点,认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。
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