2024届高三英语二轮复习2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(445-446)讲义

长难句翻译
1.Connecting to the community（社区）as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. (2019高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B)
2.Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)
长难句翻译解析
1.Connecting to the community（社区）as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy.
【语法详析】
非谓语动词connecting to..做主语
【词汇精讲】
connecting to...链接
That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: connecting to the community as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy.
2019年高考英语全国卷2 阅读理解 阅读B 原文
这种解脱伴随着对为什么同样的人会不断回来的深刻理解:当你自由地付出你的时间、金钱、技能或服务时，与社区建立联系会带来真正的快乐。
Provide提供
Among the items provided by the school for a visual presentation are a desktop computer and loudspeakers.
2019年高考英语天津卷 阅读理解 阅读A 题设
学校为视觉展示提供了一台台式电脑和扬声器。
【参考译文】
连接到社区(社区)，当你自由地付出你的时间、金钱、技能或服务时，会带来真正的快乐。
2.Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)
【语法详析】
who引导定语从句修饰those;非谓语动词liked做定语修饰those，as well as 连接those who...与those least liked ...做主语
【词汇精讲】
status n.地位; 情形，状态; 身份
During the rosy years of elementary school (小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.
2019年高考英语全国卷I 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
句子结构分析：which 引导定语从句修饰 the rosy years
句意：在美好的小学时代(小学)，我喜欢分享我的玩偶和笑话，这让我保持了很高的社会地位。
2.least adv.最少
One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
2018年高考英语浙江卷 阅读理解 阅读B 原文
一项研究发现，一个棉袋必须至少使用131次才能比塑料袋对地球更好。
3be likely to 可能
A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China, for instance.
2017年高考英语江苏卷 任务型阅读 原文
例如，中国很可能出现年轻劳动力大幅减少的情况。
4.engage in 使从事，参与
A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than those who are not.
2019年高考英语天津卷 单项填空 原文
句子结构分析：who引导定语从句修饰the students
句意：一项研究表明，参加课外活动的学生比不参加的学生更快乐。
dangerous adj.危险的
The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend.
2017年高考英语北京卷 阅读理解 阅读C 原文
这些数字听起来可能很小，但它们是一种危险趋势的前沿。
risky adj.冒险的，危险的
She calculated that going to a stranger's house was a risky move, but she decided to take the chance.
2019年高考英语天津卷 完形填空 原文
她知道去一个陌生人的家是一个冒险的举动，但她决定冒这个险。
【参考译文】
那些在高中地位最高的人，以及那些在小学最不受欢迎的人，“最有可能从事(从事)危险和冒险的行为。”
长难句拓展
The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
①小词典
strikingly ［ stra k l ］ ad. 显著地，突出地，引人注目地（相当于 very）
In one respect, however, the men really were strikingly similar.
然而，一方面，那些男人真的非常相似。
Europe [ j r p] n.欧洲；欧盟
Baptiste Dubanchet is biking across Europe,surviving entirely on discarded food.
2019年高考英语浙江卷 完形填空 原文
巴蒂斯特·杜班切特(Baptiste Dubanchet)骑自行车穿越欧洲，完全靠丢弃的食物为生。
Southeast Asia 东南亚
They hope the treaty will bring peace and stability to Southeast Asia.
他们希望该条约能够为东南亚带来和平与稳定。
scholar [ sk l (r)] n.学者；奖学金获得者
Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.
2018年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读B 原文
今天，学者们对餐馆进行了大量有益的研究。
accuse [ kju z] v.控告，指控，谴责
【记忆】ac-AC米兰队；cu-“粗”的拼音；s-外形像蛇；e-鹅。 AC米兰队拿一根粗蛇控告鹅。
The government was accused of incompetence.
政府被指责无能。
fabricate [ f br ke t] vt.捏造；编造（谎言，借口等）；建造；制造
【记忆】fabric ate吃：织物还能吃？你不是骗傻子呢吗？捏造！
The evidence was totally fabricated.
这个证据纯属伪造。
②句子结构分析：这是一个含有so... that ...结构的复合句。句子主干是:The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages，是主系表结构。of Europe and Southeast Asia是后置定语。so ... that some ... their data 是结果状语从句。
③参考译文：这些新近被描述的语言，往往与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言截然不同，以至于一些学者甚至指责博阿斯和萨皮尔捏造了他们的资料。
④语法拓展：结果状语从句常由so...that或such...that引导。结构是：such+a/an+形容词+名=so+形容词+a/an+名。such 修饰名词或名词词组，so 只能修饰形容词或副词。
例句：
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school .
⑤写作拓展：
本句中so...that...的含义是“如此......以至于”，写作中相似的表达：
so that...
She put the bite on me so that she could buy a pair of new shoes.
她向我借钱,以便可以买一双新鞋.
such...that...
His behavior was such that everyone disliked him.
他的行为使得人人都讨厌他.
too...to...（“如此…以至于不能…”）
He hit her on the head, causing her too to spurt blood.
他击中了她的头部，她也开始流血。
enough to足以
It's enough to make you wet yourself, if you'll pardon the expression.
这足以吓得你尿裤子了，请原谅我这么说。
长难句精讲精练
如何学习长难句？
建议你按照下面的步骤进行：
1 学习例句前的知识点
2 尝试独立分析例句的句子结构，并理解翻译句子
3 看例句分析，找出自身问题所在
4 复习内化，确保能独立分析并理解句子，背诵生词
今日三句——让步状语
让步是雅思阅读中最常见的逻辑关系之一，与让步对应的是转折，简化成中文的逻辑是：“虽然…，但是…”。其中，“虽然…”带有让步含义，“但是…”带有转折含义。在这类句子中，让步状语部分会产生一个预期，但主句中的内容与之相反，也就是说让步本质上是表达一种对比。
常见的让步状语的引导词有：
even with+短语 即使（有）…
in spite of+短语 尽管…
despite+短语 尽管…
while+从句 在句首翻译为：虽然…；在句中翻译为：而…；但是…
whereas+从句 在句首翻译为：虽然…；在句中翻译为：而…；但是…
although+从句 尽管…；虽然…
even if+从句 即使…；虽然…
even though+从句 即使…；虽然…
even when+从句 即使…
例句：
1. While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom situations are not limited to children experiencing disability, those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication could be extremely vulnerable.
2. Whereas medieval builders improvised and adapted construction through their intimate knowledge of materials and personal experience of the conditions on a site, building designs are now conceived and stored in media technologies that detach the designer from the physical and social realities they are creating.
3. Similarly, novels and poems are read in a prescribed temporal sequence, whereas a picture has no clear place at which to start viewings or at which to finish.
例句分析：
1. While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom situations are not limited to children experiencing disability, those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication could be extremely vulnerable.
While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom situations are not limited to children experiencing disability, those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication could be extremely vulnerable.
结构化表达：while+句子A，句子B。意思是：虽然…，但是…。A和B之间是对比关系。
while后所接的分句的结构是：the effects of noise are not limited to…，译为噪音的影响不局限在…；experiencing disability是后置定语，用来修饰children，译为：遭遇了残疾（的孩子）。
逗号后是主句，those with a disability是主句的主语部分，译为：那些残疾的孩子。
that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication是定语从句，用来修饰disability，译为：这种残疾影响了他们说话和沟通。
参考译文：虽然教室噪音带来的不利影响不只发生在残疾孩子身上，但是那些残疾的孩子在说话沟通方面存在着问题，他们可能更容易受到噪音的伤害。
2. Whereas medieval builders improvised and adapted construction through their intimate knowledge of materials and personal experience of the conditions on a site, building designs are now conceived and stored in media technologies that detach the designer from the physical and social realities they are creating.
Whereas medieval builders improvised and adapted construction through their intimate knowledge of materials and personal experience of the conditions on a site, building designs are now conceived and stored in media technologies that detach the designer from the physical and social realities they are creating.
结构化表达：Whereas medieval builders…, building designs are now…，意思是：虽然中世纪的建造者…，但是如今的建筑设计…。整个句子在对比过去和现在建筑设计上的不同。
through their intimate knowledge of materials and personal experience of the conditions on a site的结构化表达是：through A of B and C of D，译为：通过A和C这两种方式。
that detach the designer form physical and social realities是后置的定语从句，用来修饰前面的technologies，译为：这些科技得以让设计师们脱离物质现实和社会现实。
they are creating是后置的定语从句，用来修饰realities，译为：他们所创造（的现实）。
参考译文：虽然中世纪的建造者依据对材料的充分了解和对现场环境的个人经验判断，会对建筑进行即兴创作和改造，而如今的建筑设计是在媒体技术中构思和存储的，这种媒体技术得以让设计师们脱离他们所创造的物质现实和社会现实。
3. Similarly, novels and poems are read in a prescribed temporal sequence, whereas a picture has no clear place at which to start viewings or at which to finish.
Similarly, novels and poems are read in a prescribed temporal sequence, whereas a picture has no clear place at which to start viewings or at which to finish.
结构化表达：novels and poems…, whereas a picture…，意思是：小说和诗歌…，而图片…。整个句子在对比novels and poems和a picture的不同。
at which to start viewings or at which to finish是定语从句，which指代前面的place，译为：开始欣赏或结束欣赏的地方。
参考译文：类似地，小说和诗歌要在一个既定的时间顺序下阅读，而图片却没有清晰的开始或结束欣赏的地方。
重难点词汇短语总结：
detrimental effect有害影响；不利影响
【记忆】de:下降 tri -treat(对待）对你态度下降就是 不利的
The government's policy of high interest rates is having a detrimental effect on industry.
政府的高利率政策正对工业产生不利影响
Situation n. 情形；情况
A decade of data breaches (数据侵入) of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother's name, and far more.
2019年高考英语北京卷 阅读理解 阅读C 原文
句子结构分析：where引导定语从句修饰a situation
句意：十年来的个人信息数据泄露(数据侵入)导致了这样一种情况:骗子可以很容易地知道你母亲的名字，甚至更多。
be limited to局限于
The expenses should be limited to what you can really afford.
费用不应超出你们偿还能力的限度.
Disability n. 残疾；缺陷
Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.
2019年高考英语全国卷I 阅读理解 阅读A 原文
一些职位要求学生年龄在15到24岁之间，残疾学生则需要29岁。
verbal communication语言交流；语言沟通
【词源】communication 沟通
All participants must address how communication or transportation technology has promoted the quality of life for Americans throughout history.
2019年高考英语天津卷 阅读理解 阅读A 原文
所有参赛者必须阐述通信或交通技术在历史上如何提高了美国人的生活质量。
Extremely adv. 极度地；极其地
Erin had gone beyond what almost anyone would have done, finding my house on a bitterly cold night, and for that I was extremely grateful.
2019年高考英语天津卷 完形填空 原文
句意：艾琳做了几乎任何人都不会做的事，在一个寒冷的夜晚找到了我的家，为此我非常感激。
Vulnerable adj. 脆弱的；易受伤的
But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend.
2019年高考英语北京卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响
Medieval adj. 中世纪的
【记忆】medi中间+eval→中间时代的→中世纪的
The medieval town was fortified with a high wall and a deep moat.
这座中世纪的城市用高墙深沟来加强防御.
Adapt v. 适应
After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.
2017年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
毕竟，如果我们以这种方式适应，我们可能会避免在许多其他方面做出改变。
Construction n. 建造；建筑；建设
Located where the belt meets the road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.
2017年高考英语江苏卷 单项填空 原文
位于“一带一路”交汇处的江苏，将为“一带一路”建设做出更大贡献。
Intimate adj. 亲密的
Charles darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate (亲密的) than the world we can see and hear.
2017年高考英语全国卷2 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
150多年前，查尔斯·达尔文(Charles darwin)设想了一个比我们所能看到和听到的世界更繁忙、更嘈杂、更亲密的世界(亲密的)。
Conceive v. 构想；设想
【记忆】con共同，ceive 抓，拿－一起抓思想－构想；一起抓小孩－怀孕
I cannot conceive what it must be like.
我想象不出它会是什么样子。
detach from从...分离
She detached herself from his embrace.
她挣脱了他的拥抱。
Physical adj. 身体的；实质的；物理的
The ordeal has affected both her mental and physical health.
痛苦的经历损害了她的身心健康
Novel n. 小说adj. 新颖的；新的
By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character.
2019年高考英语天津卷 阅读理解 阅读B 原文
通过打开一本小说，我可以放下我的负担，进入一个奇妙而神秘的世界，我现在是一个新的角色。
Poem n. 诗；（一首）诗
He styled his poem doggerel.
他把他的这首诗歌叫做打油诗.
Prescribe v. 开处方；规定
【记忆】pre预先+scribe→预先写好药量
He may be able to prescribe you something for that cough.
他也许能给你开一些咳嗽药。
Sequence n. 序列
【记忆】sequ+ence→跟随→连续
He described the sequence of events leading up to the robbery.
他描述了抢劫案发生前的一系列有关情况。
view
n. 观点；视角
n. 视野
After climbing up a hill for a panoramic view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama.
2017年高考英语天津卷 阅读理解 阅读B 原文
爬上一座小山，欣赏到蓝色的大海、白色的建筑和绿色的橄榄树的全景后，我停下来喘了口气，然后摆好姿势，拍下了这张全景的最佳照片。