2024届高三英语二轮复习2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(443-444)讲义
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| 名称 | 2024届高三英语二轮复习2017年-2023年高考英语阅读真题长难句解析(443-444)讲义 |  | |
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长难句翻译
1.Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation.
2.To be narrower than a piece of A4, you need to have roughly a 25-inch waist or less, which is much thinner than the 35-inch average American waist, practically impossible for most human beings.
长难句翻译解析
1.Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation.
【语法简析】
非谓语动词dismissing...is easy
【词汇精讲】
Dismiss（超纲词）
【记忆】dis+miss送→送出→解散
She claims she was unfairly dismissed from her post.
她声称自己被无理免职。
conversation 对话
It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and challenging, or we think it's annoying and unnecessary.
2018年高考英语全国卷2 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
更有可能的是，我们没有人开始交谈，因为这很尴尬，很有挑战性，或者我们认为这很烦人，没有必要。
【参考译文】
把闲聊视为不重要很容易，但我们不能忘记，如果没有随意的交谈，深层的关系甚至不会存在。
2.To be narrower than a piece of A4, you need to have roughly a 25-inch waist or less, which is much thinner than the 35-inch average American waist, practically impossible for most human beings.
【语法简析】这个句子虽然很长，但结构还是很清晰的。To be narrower ... 在句首作目的状语，主句为you need to ... less，which引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a25-inch waist or less。
【词汇精讲】
narrow便狭窄，缩小
Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives.
（2019年高考英语天津卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文）
事实上，我们大多数人都在逐渐缩小生活的多样性。
roughly adv.粗略地; 大体上; 大致上; 粗暴
They reflect a concentrated beam of light onto the town's central square, creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters.
2019年高考英语全国卷3 完形填空 原文
句子结构分析：creating非谓语动词做伴随状语
句意：它们将一束集中的光线反射到城镇的中心广场上，创造了大约600平方米的阳光区域。
inch 英寸
The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.
2017年高考英语全国卷1 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
句意：床单的低点必须在杯子的正中央，并且不超过三英寸。
impossible adj.不可能的; 极难应付的; 难以忍受的
For hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.
2019年高考英语全国卷3 阅读理解 阅读B 原文
对希尔来说，在讨论时尚时，不可能不把中国作为主要参与者来谈论。
practically adv.几乎，实际上
By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.
2017年高考英语全国卷3 阅读理解 阅读C 原文
到20世纪20年代，狼几乎从黄石地区消失了。
【参考译文】
为了让你的腰比一张A4纸还要窄，你需要大约25英寸的腰围，甚至更小。这比一般美人35英寸的腰围小多了，对大多数人几乎是不可能的。
长难句拓展
1.Tylor defined culture as "...that complex whole which includes belief , art , morals , law , custom , and any other capabilities and habits //acquired by man as a member of society."
①小词典
complex [ k mpleks] a.复杂的；合成的；综合的 n.建筑群
As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.
2019年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 任务型阅读 原文
因此，人类可以用手完成非常复杂的任务。
whole [h l] n.全部 a.全体的；全部的；完整的；无缺的
If you work out in the mornings, then you will be getting the calorie burning benefits for the whole day, not in your sleep.
2018年高考英语全国卷2 阅读理解 七选五 原文
句子结构分析：if引导条件状语从句
如果你在早上锻炼，那么你一整天都能得到燃烧卡路里的好处，而不是在你睡觉的时候。
moral [ m r l] a.道德（上）的；精神上的 n.寓意；教育意义；（pl.）道德，品行，道德规范
However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos, whether to loved ones, or to some moral concept.
2019年高考英语天津卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
然而，只有当我们对比自己的小我更重要的事情做出承诺时，无论是对所爱的人，还是对某些道德观念，我们才能获得意义。
custom [ k st m] n.习惯，风俗，惯例；（pl.）海关；关税
These include custom-made navigation tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations.
2017年高考英语全国卷3 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
其中包括定制的导航工具、夜视系统和智能速度调整。
capability [ ke p b l ti] n.能力; 才能
【记忆】cap(队长)+ability(能力) → capability n.能力,才能
Age affects the range of a person's capabilities.
年龄影响着一个人能力的大小。
acquire [ kwa (r)] vt.获得；学到（知识等）；养成（习惯）
It took him a long time to acquire the skills he needed to become a good dancer.
2018年高考英语天津卷 单项填空 原文
句子结构分析：he needed to....是省略了关系代词that引导定语从句修饰the skills
句意：他花了很长时间才掌握成为一名优秀舞者所需的技能。
②句子结构分析：句子主干是Tylor defined culture as "...that complex whole"，是主谓宾宾补结构，as thatcomplex whole做宾语补足语。其中 which引导的是定语从句，acquired by man as a memberof society是过去分词作定语，修饰前面的所有名词。
③参考译文：泰勒将文化定义为一个复杂的整体，它包括信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人作为社会成员所获得的任何其他能力和习惯。
④语法拓展：【如何区分双宾语和宾补】
双宾语就是有两个明确的宾语。
比如：I give the ticket to my friend中，ticket 是直接宾语，my friend是间接宾语，二者为动作give的两个明确的宾语，故为双宾语。
宾语补足语简称宾补，是用来补充说明宾语的性质的。
比如：I find it difficult中，it 作为find的宾语，而difficult补充说明了it的性质，故为宾补。
⑤写作拓展：本句中include的含义是“包含”，写作中相似的表达：
Contain v.装有; 包含; 遏制; 控制; 克制
This drink doesn't contain any alcohol.
这种饮料不含任何酒精。
Comprise v.包括; 构成，组成
Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty.
在那些生活贫困的人中，老年人占有很大的比例。
consist of 由...组成（或构成
Batteries consist of two different metals suspended in an acidic solution.
在使用酸的电池制造方式中需要两种不同的金属.
be composed of 由…组成; 由 ... 组成
All matter is found to be composed of atoms and molecules.
(人们)发现所有物质都是由原子或分子构成的.
be made up of
A life worth living should be made up of continuous efforts and progresses.
只有不断的努力和进步,方能成就有意义的生活.
长难句精讲精练
今日三句——让步状语
让步是雅思阅读中最常见的逻辑关系之一，与让步对应的是转折，简化成中文的逻辑是：“虽然…，但是…”。其中，“虽然…”带有让步含义，“但是…”带有转折含义。在这类句子中，让步状语部分会产生一个预期，但主句中的内容与之相反，也就是说让步本质上是表达一种对比。
常见的让步状语的引导词有：
even with+短语 即使（有）…
in spite of+短语 尽管…
despite+短语 尽管…
while+从句 在句首翻译为：虽然…；在句中翻译为：而…；但是…
whereas+从句 在句首翻译为：虽然…；在句中翻译为：而…；但是…
although+从句 尽管…；虽然…
even if+从句 即使…；虽然…
even though+从句 即使…；虽然…
even when+从句 即使…
例句：
1. In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures.
2. Despite many further consultations and incentives, no new aquaculture space was created under the new legislation for another four years.
4. Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists, but have necessarily had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the foundation of their theories.
例句分析：
1. In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures.
In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures.
结构化表达：In spite of sth, smell is …，意思是：尽管…，但是嗅觉…。
参考译文：尽管嗅觉对我们的感情和感知生活都很重要，但是在一些文化中它可能仍是一种最不受重视的感官。
2. Despite many further consultations and incentives, no new aquaculture space was created under the new legislation for another four years.
Despite many further consultations and incentives, no new aquaculture space was created under the new legislation for another four years.
结构化表达：despite+sth，no new aquaculture space was created，意思是：尽管…，但是新的水产养殖区不再被建造。
参考译文：尽管进一步的磋商和奖励依然存在，但是在新的法规下，依然又有四年没有建造新的水产养殖区。
4. Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists, but have necessarily had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the foundation of their theories.
Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists, but have necessarily had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the foundation of their theories.
结构化表达：other scientists have done sth, but have had to do sth, although+句子，意思是：其他科学家已经做了某事，但也不得不做某事，即使…。重点内容在although前面。
参考译文：其他科学家们也曾写书向非科学专业的人解说他们的研究领域，但他们也不得不省略掉其中的数学知识，即使这些知识为他们的理论提供了基础。
重难点词汇短语总结：
in spite of 尽管
In spite of his injuries, the young man stuck it out.
那小伙子受了伤, 还硬挺着把活干完.
Despite prep. 尽管
Despite the poor service of the hotel, the manager is reluctant to invest in sufficient training for his staff.
2018年高考英语江苏卷 单项填空 原文
尽管酒店的服务很差，但经理不愿意为他的员工进行充分的培训。
While conj. 虽然；但是
Alia knew that if the books were to be safe, they must be moved again while the city was quiet.
2017年高考英语浙江卷（6月） 完形填空 原文
艾丽娅知道，要想保证这些书的安全，就必须趁全城安静的时候再把它们移走。
Whereas conj. 虽然；但是
You told me it was so, whereas as a matter of fact it is not so.
你告诉我情况是那样, 而事实上情况并非那样.
Sensory adj. 感官的；感觉的
They rely on scent and sound primarily their sensory detection.
它们主要依靠嗅觉和听觉来感知世界.
Undervalued adj. 被低估的
Nurses are undervalued, and they never enjoy the same status as doctors.
护士的作用被人们低估了，她们从未享有和医生同样的地位。
Incentive n. 刺激；激励；鼓励
【记忆】in 进入 + cent 唱;歌 + ive 表名词 →把〔力量〕唱进去 → 激励 → incentive
Many companies in Britain are keen on the idea of tax incentives for R&D.
英国许多公司都很欢迎以税收优惠的方式来鼓励研发的想法。
Legislation n. 立法；法律
New legislation on the sale of drugs will be introduced next year.
有关药物销售的新法规将于明年出台。
Omit v. 省略；删除
If you are a student, you can omit questions 16–18.
学生可以免做16–18题。
Foundation n. 基础；地基；创立；基金会
The money will go to the San Francisco AIDS Foundation.
这笔钱将交给旧金山艾滋病基金会。
Theory n. 理论
Hollywood's theory that machines with evil minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly.
2017年高考英语北京卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
句子结构分析：that引导同位语从句
好莱坞的理论认为，邪恶的机器将驱动杀手机器人的军队，这是愚蠢的。
1.Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation.
2.To be narrower than a piece of A4, you need to have roughly a 25-inch waist or less, which is much thinner than the 35-inch average American waist, practically impossible for most human beings.
长难句翻译解析
1.Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation.
【语法简析】
非谓语动词dismissing...is easy
【词汇精讲】
Dismiss（超纲词）
【记忆】dis+miss送→送出→解散
She claims she was unfairly dismissed from her post.
她声称自己被无理免职。
conversation 对话
It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and challenging, or we think it's annoying and unnecessary.
2018年高考英语全国卷2 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
更有可能的是，我们没有人开始交谈，因为这很尴尬，很有挑战性，或者我们认为这很烦人，没有必要。
【参考译文】
把闲聊视为不重要很容易，但我们不能忘记，如果没有随意的交谈，深层的关系甚至不会存在。
2.To be narrower than a piece of A4, you need to have roughly a 25-inch waist or less, which is much thinner than the 35-inch average American waist, practically impossible for most human beings.
【语法简析】这个句子虽然很长，但结构还是很清晰的。To be narrower ... 在句首作目的状语，主句为you need to ... less，which引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a25-inch waist or less。
【词汇精讲】
narrow便狭窄，缩小
Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives.
（2019年高考英语天津卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文）
事实上，我们大多数人都在逐渐缩小生活的多样性。
roughly adv.粗略地; 大体上; 大致上; 粗暴
They reflect a concentrated beam of light onto the town's central square, creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters.
2019年高考英语全国卷3 完形填空 原文
句子结构分析：creating非谓语动词做伴随状语
句意：它们将一束集中的光线反射到城镇的中心广场上，创造了大约600平方米的阳光区域。
inch 英寸
The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.
2017年高考英语全国卷1 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
句意：床单的低点必须在杯子的正中央，并且不超过三英寸。
impossible adj.不可能的; 极难应付的; 难以忍受的
For hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.
2019年高考英语全国卷3 阅读理解 阅读B 原文
对希尔来说，在讨论时尚时，不可能不把中国作为主要参与者来谈论。
practically adv.几乎，实际上
By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.
2017年高考英语全国卷3 阅读理解 阅读C 原文
到20世纪20年代，狼几乎从黄石地区消失了。
【参考译文】
为了让你的腰比一张A4纸还要窄，你需要大约25英寸的腰围，甚至更小。这比一般美人35英寸的腰围小多了，对大多数人几乎是不可能的。
长难句拓展
1.Tylor defined culture as "...that complex whole which includes belief , art , morals , law , custom , and any other capabilities and habits //acquired by man as a member of society."
①小词典
complex [ k mpleks] a.复杂的；合成的；综合的 n.建筑群
As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.
2019年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 任务型阅读 原文
因此，人类可以用手完成非常复杂的任务。
whole [h l] n.全部 a.全体的；全部的；完整的；无缺的
If you work out in the mornings, then you will be getting the calorie burning benefits for the whole day, not in your sleep.
2018年高考英语全国卷2 阅读理解 七选五 原文
句子结构分析：if引导条件状语从句
如果你在早上锻炼，那么你一整天都能得到燃烧卡路里的好处，而不是在你睡觉的时候。
moral [ m r l] a.道德（上）的；精神上的 n.寓意；教育意义；（pl.）道德，品行，道德规范
However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos, whether to loved ones, or to some moral concept.
2019年高考英语天津卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
然而，只有当我们对比自己的小我更重要的事情做出承诺时，无论是对所爱的人，还是对某些道德观念，我们才能获得意义。
custom [ k st m] n.习惯，风俗，惯例；（pl.）海关；关税
These include custom-made navigation tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations.
2017年高考英语全国卷3 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
其中包括定制的导航工具、夜视系统和智能速度调整。
capability [ ke p b l ti] n.能力; 才能
【记忆】cap(队长)+ability(能力) → capability n.能力,才能
Age affects the range of a person's capabilities.
年龄影响着一个人能力的大小。
acquire [ kwa (r)] vt.获得；学到（知识等）；养成（习惯）
It took him a long time to acquire the skills he needed to become a good dancer.
2018年高考英语天津卷 单项填空 原文
句子结构分析：he needed to....是省略了关系代词that引导定语从句修饰the skills
句意：他花了很长时间才掌握成为一名优秀舞者所需的技能。
②句子结构分析：句子主干是Tylor defined culture as "...that complex whole"，是主谓宾宾补结构，as thatcomplex whole做宾语补足语。其中 which引导的是定语从句，acquired by man as a memberof society是过去分词作定语，修饰前面的所有名词。
③参考译文：泰勒将文化定义为一个复杂的整体，它包括信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人作为社会成员所获得的任何其他能力和习惯。
④语法拓展：【如何区分双宾语和宾补】
双宾语就是有两个明确的宾语。
比如：I give the ticket to my friend中，ticket 是直接宾语，my friend是间接宾语，二者为动作give的两个明确的宾语，故为双宾语。
宾语补足语简称宾补，是用来补充说明宾语的性质的。
比如：I find it difficult中，it 作为find的宾语，而difficult补充说明了it的性质，故为宾补。
⑤写作拓展：本句中include的含义是“包含”，写作中相似的表达：
Contain v.装有; 包含; 遏制; 控制; 克制
This drink doesn't contain any alcohol.
这种饮料不含任何酒精。
Comprise v.包括; 构成，组成
Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty.
在那些生活贫困的人中，老年人占有很大的比例。
consist of 由...组成（或构成
Batteries consist of two different metals suspended in an acidic solution.
在使用酸的电池制造方式中需要两种不同的金属.
be composed of 由…组成; 由 ... 组成
All matter is found to be composed of atoms and molecules.
(人们)发现所有物质都是由原子或分子构成的.
be made up of
A life worth living should be made up of continuous efforts and progresses.
只有不断的努力和进步,方能成就有意义的生活.
长难句精讲精练
今日三句——让步状语
让步是雅思阅读中最常见的逻辑关系之一，与让步对应的是转折，简化成中文的逻辑是：“虽然…，但是…”。其中，“虽然…”带有让步含义，“但是…”带有转折含义。在这类句子中，让步状语部分会产生一个预期，但主句中的内容与之相反，也就是说让步本质上是表达一种对比。
常见的让步状语的引导词有：
even with+短语 即使（有）…
in spite of+短语 尽管…
despite+短语 尽管…
while+从句 在句首翻译为：虽然…；在句中翻译为：而…；但是…
whereas+从句 在句首翻译为：虽然…；在句中翻译为：而…；但是…
although+从句 尽管…；虽然…
even if+从句 即使…；虽然…
even though+从句 即使…；虽然…
even when+从句 即使…
例句：
1. In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures.
2. Despite many further consultations and incentives, no new aquaculture space was created under the new legislation for another four years.
4. Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists, but have necessarily had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the foundation of their theories.
例句分析：
1. In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures.
In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures.
结构化表达：In spite of sth, smell is …，意思是：尽管…，但是嗅觉…。
参考译文：尽管嗅觉对我们的感情和感知生活都很重要，但是在一些文化中它可能仍是一种最不受重视的感官。
2. Despite many further consultations and incentives, no new aquaculture space was created under the new legislation for another four years.
Despite many further consultations and incentives, no new aquaculture space was created under the new legislation for another four years.
结构化表达：despite+sth，no new aquaculture space was created，意思是：尽管…，但是新的水产养殖区不再被建造。
参考译文：尽管进一步的磋商和奖励依然存在，但是在新的法规下，依然又有四年没有建造新的水产养殖区。
4. Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists, but have necessarily had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the foundation of their theories.
Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists, but have necessarily had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the foundation of their theories.
结构化表达：other scientists have done sth, but have had to do sth, although+句子，意思是：其他科学家已经做了某事，但也不得不做某事，即使…。重点内容在although前面。
参考译文：其他科学家们也曾写书向非科学专业的人解说他们的研究领域，但他们也不得不省略掉其中的数学知识，即使这些知识为他们的理论提供了基础。
重难点词汇短语总结：
in spite of 尽管
In spite of his injuries, the young man stuck it out.
那小伙子受了伤, 还硬挺着把活干完.
Despite prep. 尽管
Despite the poor service of the hotel, the manager is reluctant to invest in sufficient training for his staff.
2018年高考英语江苏卷 单项填空 原文
尽管酒店的服务很差，但经理不愿意为他的员工进行充分的培训。
While conj. 虽然；但是
Alia knew that if the books were to be safe, they must be moved again while the city was quiet.
2017年高考英语浙江卷（6月） 完形填空 原文
艾丽娅知道，要想保证这些书的安全，就必须趁全城安静的时候再把它们移走。
Whereas conj. 虽然；但是
You told me it was so, whereas as a matter of fact it is not so.
你告诉我情况是那样, 而事实上情况并非那样.
Sensory adj. 感官的；感觉的
They rely on scent and sound primarily their sensory detection.
它们主要依靠嗅觉和听觉来感知世界.
Undervalued adj. 被低估的
Nurses are undervalued, and they never enjoy the same status as doctors.
护士的作用被人们低估了，她们从未享有和医生同样的地位。
Incentive n. 刺激；激励；鼓励
【记忆】in 进入 + cent 唱;歌 + ive 表名词 →把〔力量〕唱进去 → 激励 → incentive
Many companies in Britain are keen on the idea of tax incentives for R&D.
英国许多公司都很欢迎以税收优惠的方式来鼓励研发的想法。
Legislation n. 立法；法律
New legislation on the sale of drugs will be introduced next year.
有关药物销售的新法规将于明年出台。
Omit v. 省略；删除
If you are a student, you can omit questions 16–18.
学生可以免做16–18题。
Foundation n. 基础；地基；创立；基金会
The money will go to the San Francisco AIDS Foundation.
这笔钱将交给旧金山艾滋病基金会。
Theory n. 理论
Hollywood's theory that machines with evil minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly.
2017年高考英语北京卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
句子结构分析：that引导同位语从句
好莱坞的理论认为，邪恶的机器将驱动杀手机器人的军队，这是愚蠢的。