UNIT 5 WORKING THE LAND
(时间:90分钟 满分:120分)
第一部分 阅读(共两节,满分50分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
The University of Tokyo has several museums covering various fields such as medicine,agriculture and art.Here are brief introductions to their histories and exhibits.
The University Museum
Having collected over three million academic materials for its collection since the University of Tokyo was founded in 1877,the University Museum is the largest museum of its kind in Japan.From the time its reorganisation into an independent entity in May 1996,the University Museum has held exhibitions over 60 times.
The Museum of Health and Medicine
The Museum of Health and Medicine seeks to provide information about health and medicine for the general public and advanced education for students studying medicine.The museum features both a permanent exhibition space and a temporary exhibition space,with the latter focusing on topics related to medical care and the study of medicine.
The Agricultural Museum
The Agricultural Museum displays materials from the collection of the University’s Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences.Notable items on display include the documents and portraits of scientists attached to the university,inner organs of Japan’s famous dog Hachiko,and drawings showing German agriculture and the varieties of Japanese cows.
The Farm Museum
The Farm Museum opened in 2007 within a rebuilt dairy barn.The barn was built in 1934 as part of the moving of the University of Tokyo’s farm from Komaba to Tanashi,an area in western Tokyo.The museum features both permanent and temporary exhibitions.Permanent exhibitions include European farming tools used on the Komaba Farm,tools for agricultural experiments,agricultural machinery,American tractors and drawings showing German agriculture.
1.What can we know about the University Museum
A.It was founded in 1877.
B.It has held over 60 exhibitions.
C.It has the most items collected.
D.It is the largest museum in Japan.
答案B
解析细节理解题。根据The University Museum中“From the time its reorganisation into an independent entity in May 1996,the University Museum has held exhibitions over 60 times.”可知,该博物馆举办过60多次展览。故选B项。
2.Which should you visit if you are interested in all kinds of Japanese cows
A.The Farm Museum.
B.The University Museum.
C.The Agricultural Museum.
D.The Museum of Health and Medicine.
答案C
解析细节理解题。根据The Agricultural Museum中“Notable items on display...and the varieties of Japanese cows.”可知,如果你对各种日本奶牛感兴趣可以来农业博物馆。故选C项。
3.What’s the purpose of the text
A.To introduce museums.
B.To give the university some advice.
C.To make the university famous.
D.To attract visitors to museums.
答案A
解析主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Here are brief introductions to their histories and exhibits.”可知,本文主要目的是介绍东京大学几个博物馆以及它们的历史和展品。故选A项。
B
The situation of the world’s plants is not good.One fifth of the kinds of plants are in danger of disappearing,according to a report.
“Plants are very vital to human beings,” said Kathy Willis,who led the new report.“Plants provide us with everything—food,fuel,medicine,and they are very important for our climate controlling.Without plants we would not be here.”
The good news is that deforestation rates(森林砍伐率) around the world have dropped largely since the 1950s.However,this report on the health of plants around the world shows that there is much more to be done.
The report predicts that there are now 390,900 kinds of plants.And about 21 percent of those plants are in danger of disappearing.“The good side is that we’re still discovering lots of new plants,about 2,000 each year,” said Dr Willis.“The bad side is that we’ve seen a huge change in land cover,mainly caused by cultural activity,with a little bit of climate change as well.”
Human activity has a great effect on the danger of plants disappearing.As humans cut down forests to make room for agriculture,towns and cities,biodiversity(生物多样性) is lost.This could not only affect our own food supply directly,but also it could affect the food chain.
4.What does the underlined word “vital” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Useless. B.Friendly.
C.Equal. D.Important.
答案D
解析词义猜测题。根据后文“Plants provide us with everything—food,fuel,medicine,and they are very important for our climate controlling.Without plants we would not be here.”可知植物为我们提供了一切——食物、燃料、药物,它们对我们的气候调节非常重要。没有植物,我们就不会在这里。故Kathy Willis说的是植物对人类非常重要。故选D项。
5.Which of the following does Dr Willis agree with
A.New plants are more than ever before.
B.About half the plants will disappear soon.
C.Many new plants are found every year.
D.Plants mustn’t be used to produce medicine.
答案C
解析细节理解题。根据第四段中的“‘The good side is that we’re still discovering lots of new plants,about 2,000 each year’,said Dr Willis.”并结合选项可知Willis博士会同意每年都发现许多新植物的说法。故选C项。
6.What do we learn from the third paragraph
A.We have made little progress.
B.There is a long way for us to go.
C.We have achieved our goal.
D.There will be nothing we can do.
答案B
解析段落主旨题。根据第三段中“However,this report on the health of plants around the world shows that there is much more to be done.”可知,我们还有很长的路要走。故选B项。
7.What is the best title for the text
A.Biodiversity Being Lost
B.Human Social Activity
C.Environmental Protection
D.Nature Climate Change
答案A
解析标题归纳题。结合文章可知,文章主要讲述植物物种面临消失,植物对人类非常重要,植物所面临的险境会导致生物多样性丧失,这种变化最终将会危害到人类自身。可知A选项“生物多样性正在丧失”符合文章标题。故选A项。
C
No one knows who invented the button.It has existed as early as 2000 BCE.When it first started,it was just something pretty yet replaceable sewn onto your clothes.About 3,000 years later,someone finally invented the buttonhole,and buttons were suddenly useful and applied to clothes universally.
Before buttons,clothes were bigger—they had no fixed shapes.People felt as if they wrapped themselves in things.Because of the buttonhole,the fashion moved closer to the body as we discovered uses for the button.At one time,it’s the very way to make clothes fit well for the body.People are completely secure.
The pattern of a button hasn’t changed much since the Middle Ages.It’s one of the most lasting designs in history,because it actually works to keep our clothes shut.Zippers easily break and are hard to fix.Velcro is rackety,and it wears out after a while.However,if a button breaks,you just exactly sew another on.And you can do up your buttons without disturbing others.
A button is there for the long run.It’s not just the most important design ever,but it’s thought to be a decisive factor in the development and innovation of clothes.Present design of clothes shows its influence obviously.If you’re wearing a shirt,take a look at the position of buttons on it.If you’re a male,the buttons would likely be on the right side,but for a female,the buttons are usually found on the left.
Once the buttons were all on the right,and the trend of buttons-on-the-left was set by wealthy women of the Victorian era.Their clothes were complex,consisting of corsets,petticoats,buttons and a wide range of beautiful accessories(配饰).Therefore,they needed assistance while getting dressed.Keep this in mind,clothing makers made innovation and designed articles of clothing that were simple for servants to button up.Such designs of clothing became more and more popular over time,and eventually became the standard still being followed to this day.
8.What can be learnt about early buttons in the first paragraph
A.They appeared a bit later than buttonholes.
B.They served as an essential part of the clothes.
C.Their popularity was driven by buttonholes greatly.
D.They were invented by someone unknown accidently.
答案C
解析细节理解题。由第一段的“someone finally invented the buttonhole,and buttons were suddenly useful and applied to clothes universally”可知,由于扣眼的出现,纽扣变得有实际作用并开始被普遍地用在服装上。
9.What does the underlined word “rackety” in paragraph 3 mean
A.Decorative. B.Practical.
C.Expensive. D.Noisy.
答案D
解析词义猜测题。根据画线词前后的“Zippers easily break and are hard to fix.”和“However,if a button breaks,you just exactly sew another on.”可知,此处是在对比纽扣与其他同作用的东西来说明它成为历史上最久远的设计之一的原因;由下文的“And you can do up your buttons without disturbing others.”可知,纽扣与Velcro(尼龙搭扣)相比,扣纽扣不会打扰到他人,由此说明扣尼龙搭扣会发出噪声,故D项“Noisy”可解释画线词。
10.Why did the design of buttons on women’s clothes change in the Victorian era
A.To innovate old designs of clothes.
B.To make it easier to button up.
C.To beautify the clothes of women.
D.To keep the standard widely followed.
答案B
解析细节理解题。由最后一段的“Their clothes were complex,consisting of corsets,petticoats,buttons and a wide range of beautiful accessories.Therefore,they needed assistance while getting dressed.Keep this in mind,clothing makers made innovation and designed articles of clothing that were simple for servants to button up.”可知,在维多利亚时代,女士服装上的扣子被设计在左侧是为了方便别人帮她们扣扣子。
11.Which can be the title for the text
A.How buttons changed fashion
B.What the real role of buttons is
C.Why buttons were invented
D.When buttons came into sight
答案A
解析标题归纳题。结合全文内容可知,文章主要讲了纽扣的普遍使用影响了服装的发展和变化。故A项适合用作本文标题。
D
How does an ecosystem(生态系统) work What makes the populations of different species the way they are Why are there so many flies and so few wolves To find an answer,scientists have built mathematical models of food webs,noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.
With such models,scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.Most food webs,for instance,consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones.When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of single prey(猎物),the two species are strongly linked;when a predator lives on various species,they are weakly linked.Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term.If a predator can eat several species,it can survive the extinction(灭绝) of one of them.And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare,the switch allows the original prey to recover.The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable,where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.In the 1960s,scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true.In the ocean,we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale,while on land,we killed off large predators such as wolves.These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models.Ideally,the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.Prevention is key,scientists say,because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(临界点),it is remarkably difficult for them to return.
12.What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs
A.The living habits of species in food webs.
B.The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.
C.The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.
D.The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.
答案B
解析细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句中的“scientists have found out...in food webs.”得知科学家们发现了食物网运行的关键法则。故选B项。
13.A strong link is found between two species when a predator .
A.has a wide food choice
B.can easily find new prey
C.sticks to one prey species
D.can quickly move to another place
答案C
解析细节理解题。根据第二段第三句中的“When a predator...are strongly linked”可知,如果掠食动物只吃一种猎物,那么两者将紧密联系。故选C项。
14.What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline
A.The prey species they directly attack will die out.
B.The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.
C.The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.
D.The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.
答案D
解析推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Mathematical models...entire ecosystems.”可知“食物链顶端的掠食动物发生的细微变化都可能会给整个生态系统带来大的影响”。故选D项。
15.What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in paragraph 4
A.Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.
B.Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
C.Species of commercial value dominate other species.
D.Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.
答案A
解析推理判断题。根据文章第四段的例子以及本段的最后一句话可知“人类的这些行为极大地影响了生态的平衡”。故选A项。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Clean eating does not have an official definition(定义),but it basically means that you avoid processed(加工过的) and packaged foods in favour of foods that are in their natural state. 16 Then how to start clean eating
Focus on fruits and vegetables.The basis of a clean eating plan should be whole,unprocessed fruits and vegetables. 17 Include 1 or 2 servings of vegetables or fruits with every meal.If you don’t like to wash and cut produce yourself,you can buy pre-washed and cut fresh produce.
Add 2 to 3 servings of whole grains each day.Whole grains should make up the majority of your food since they contain more fiber and nutrients(养分) than white grains.Lessen white bread,pasta,flour and rice. 18
19 Protein helps to keep you feeling full for longer than carbs(碳水化合物) or fats,so make sure to get 2 to 3 servings of protein per day.All or most of the meals you eat should have 1 serving of lean protein.
Drink water as your main source of liquid. 20 Make sure that you are drinking at least eight 8 glasses of water daily.Drink water with your meals and between them to keep yourself hydrated(含水的).Try carrying a water bottle wherever you go and refill it as needed throughout the day!
A.Water is essential to a clean eating plan.
B.Add a serving of lean protein to each meal.
C.Replace these foods with whole grains choices.
D.Try to buy fresh fruits and vegetables whenever possible.
E.It is important to read labels(标签) when you eat out.
F.It is a popular way to make sure that you are having healthier foods.
G.Fat helps with satisfaction,but too much fat will increase your overall calorie intake.
答案16~20 FDCBA
第二部分 语言运用(共两节,满分30分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
My adviser interviewed me over the phone.He 21 my undergraduate record and thought I had a graduate degree.Therefore,I was 22 to the Ph.D programme.He welcomed me into his lab even after knowing the 23 .
I began to get into a running start.I 24 myself into reading every paper found and testing scientific questions.But four years later,I felt lost because I 25 passed my qualifying exam.Then a friend asked me to volunteer as a barman at a gala(盛会).I was 26 at first,having never worked behind a bar, 27 I said yes in the end.I spent an evening 28 cutting fruit and doing other unskilled tasks.I was tired but also felt unbelievable—surprising how much 29 I had.
Later,I realised the reason why I enjoyed this experience so much was that the 30 of this job were exactly what I was 31 from my Ph.D programme.It was only physically tiring,for the tasks I did were 32 .At that point,I had not had a pause in 33 as hard as I could for four years,and I was completely 34 of the toll(损害) it was taking on my spirit.Since then,I’ve tried to give my mind more 35 .
21.A.disbelieved B.rejected
C.misread D.mixed
答案C
解析根据空后的“my undergraduate record and thought I had a graduate degree”可知,他误读(misread)了作者的本科记录,以为作者有硕士学位。
22.A.introduced B.admitted
C.accompanied D.compensated
答案B
解析根据下文中的“He welcomed me into his lab”可知,作者被准许加入(admitted)博士课程了。
23.A.criterion B.gap
C.weakness D.error
答案D
解析根据上文可知,他误读了作者的本科记录,录取作者进入博士课程,故此处表示即使发现了错误(error),他还是欢迎作者到他的实验室。
24.A.argued B.tricked
C.threw D.frightened
答案C
解析作者全心投入阅读每一篇自己能找到的论文。
25.A.merely B.surprisingly
C.easily D.barely
答案D
解析根据空前的“But four years later,I felt lost because”可知,此处表示虽然作者那么努力,但是他的资格考试勉强(barely)才及格。
26.A.optimistic B.thrilled
C.confused D.hesitant
答案D
解析根据下文中的“having never worked behind a bar”可知,作者从来没有在吧台工作过。由此可知,此处表示作者一开始是犹豫的(hesitant)。
27.A.but B.so
C.and D.or
答案A
解析作者一开始是犹豫的,而下文提到作者最后答应了,由此可知,空处前后构成转折关系,故用but。
28.A.going about B.looking through
C.bursting in D.carrying on
答案A
解析根据空后提到的工作内容和下文的“tired”可知,此处表示作者一整个晚上都在忙着切水果和做其他不需要特殊技能的活儿。
29.A.joy B.experience
C.skill D.comfort
答案A
解析根据下文的“why I enjoyed...so much”可知,作者感到难以置信——惊叹于自己从中感到的乐趣。
30.A.designs B.chances
C.varieties D.demands
答案D
解析作者意识到这是因为这份工作所需要的正是他在博士课程中所缺少的。
31.A.missing B.suffering
C.learning D.avoiding
答案A
解析参见上题解析。
32.A.boring B.meaningful
C.simple D.vague
答案C
解析根据上文中的“cutting fruit and doing other unskilled tasks”可知,此处表示作者做的工作很简单(simple)。
33.A.hitting B.thinking
C.winning D.complaining
答案B
解析四年来,作者一直在努力思考(thinking)。
34.A.nervous B.ashamed
C.proud D.unaware
答案D
解析作者完全没有意识到它(过度用脑)带给自己精神上的损害。
35.A.practices B.motivations
C.breaks D.reasons
答案C
解析根据作者的这次经历和“I had not had a pause”可知,此处表示从那以后,作者试着让他的大脑有更多的休息(breaks)。
第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
New research says nuts could be a 36. (value),tasty and nutritious slimming aid.Researchers from Harvard University recommended that people replace a daily unhealthy snack with a small handful of nuts 37. (slow) down weight gain.This is 38. (especial) helpful for people as they get older.The researchers found that people who ate just 14g of nuts every day gained less weight 39. those who ate another snack.The people who ate the nuts were less likely to become obese(肥胖的).However,the benefits to our weight could be quite small.40. (eat) nuts instead of chocolate and cakes could help prevent a weight gain.
The researchers conducted a long-term study in which they looked at 41. lifestyle of nearly 190,000 people for over two 42. (decade).The participants in the research 43. (divide) into three groups.They included more than 51,000 male health professionals aged 40 to 75,121,700 nurses aged 35 to 55 and 16,686 nurses aged 24 to 44.Researchers asked the participants questions every four years about 44. (they) weight,how often they ate nuts,and how often they exercised.A researcher said replacing less healthy foods with nuts might help reduce the weight gain 45. is common as we age,and might lower the chances of becoming obese.
答案36.valuable 37.to slow 38.especially 39.than 40.Eating 41.the 42.decades 43.were divided
44.their 45.that/which
第三部分 写作(共两节,满分40分)
第一节(满分15分)
假定你是李华,你市青少年活动中心拟开展乒乓球夏令营活动。请你按照以下要点给即将来华的美国笔友Chris写一封电子邮件,介绍夏令营活动,并邀请她参加:
1.提出邀请;
2.夏令营时间;
3.活动内容和要求。
注意:
1.词数80左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
参考范文
Dear Chris,
The Table Tennis Summer Camp is kicking off in the City’s Teenager Activity Centre which is intended for the teenagers.I’m writing to invite you to take part.
As scheduled,the camp is due to start from July 20 and lasts one month.Anyone who is strong and healthy can be admitted.Table tennis lovers who possess teamwork spirit are preferred.Here’s something you should pay attention to.It’s good manners to follow your coach.Also,remember to be punctual for daily training and most importantly,keep safety in mind.
I’d appreciate it if you could come and join me.
Yours,
Li Hua
第二节(满分25分)
阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写词数应为150左右。
It was New Year’s Eve.I was 15 and feeling sad because there was not enough money to buy the dress I wanted.We did the chores(家庭杂务) early that night,so I figured Dad wanted extra time for us to spend together.Instead,he dressed himself again and went outside.“Come on,Elizabeth,”he said.“Dress yourself warmly.It’s cold.”
Outside,I became even more upset.Not only wasn’t I getting the dress;now Dad was dragging me out in the cold.Whatever we were going to do wasn’t going to be a quick job.I unwillingly climbed up beside Dad,the cold already biting me.We pulled in front of the woodshed(柴棚),and started loading wood.Finally,I asked,“Dad,what are you doing ”“Have you been by Mrs Clark’s lately ”he asked.
Mrs Clark lived about two miles down the road from us.Her husband had passed away the year before,leaving her and three children to raise on her own.“Yeah,”I said.“Why ”“I rode by just today,”Dad said.“Little Jake was out digging around in the woodpile,trying to find a few pieces of wood.They’re out of wood,Elizabeth.”
That was all he said.Dad then went to the smokehouse and took down a side of bacon,telling me to go and load it.He returned carrying a large bag of flour over his right shoulder and a smaller bag of something in his left hand.“What’s in the little bag ”I asked.“Shoes.They’re out of shoes.I got the children a little candy too.It just wouldn’t be New Year without some candy.”I tried to think through what Dad was doing.We did have a big woodpile,meat,and flour,so we could spare some,but I knew we didn’t have any money.Mrs Clark had closer neighbours than us.Why was it our concern
We unloaded the wood behind the Clarks’ house and knocked on the door.It opened a crack(缝隙),and a fearful voice said,“Who is it ”“James Cotton,ma’am,and my daughter,Elizabeth.Could we come in for a bit ”
Mrs Clark opened the door of the house where the three children were wrapped in a blanket.
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I understood very well that Dad had given me a gift much greater than a dress. ___________
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参考范文
Mrs Clark opened the door of the house where the three children were wrapped in a blanket.“We brought you a few things,ma’am,”Dad said,and handed the bags to her.She opened one bag and took out the shoes.And she bit her lower lip to keep it from trembling as tears ran down her cheeks.“We brought a load of wood,too.”Then Dad turned to me,“Elizabeth,let’s heat this place up.”Soon the fire worked and everyone was in high spirits.The kids laughed when Dad handed them each a piece of candy,and Mrs Clark also wore a smile.
I understood very well that Dad had given me a gift much greater than a dress.Just now,I saw the three children surrounding my dad,running and laughing.I could see that they missed their dad,and I was glad that I still had mine.Dad gave me the happy look on Mrs Clark’s face that probably hadn’t been on her face for a long time,the smiles of her three children,and the best New Year memory of my life.I was so grateful that I have got the most valuable gift for New Year.UNIT 5 WORKING THE LAND
(时间:90分钟 满分:120分)
第一部分 阅读(共两节,满分50分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
The University of Tokyo has several museums covering various fields such as medicine,agriculture and art.Here are brief introductions to their histories and exhibits.
The University Museum
Having collected over three million academic materials for its collection since the University of Tokyo was founded in 1877,the University Museum is the largest museum of its kind in Japan.From the time its reorganisation into an independent entity in May 1996,the University Museum has held exhibitions over 60 times.
The Museum of Health and Medicine
The Museum of Health and Medicine seeks to provide information about health and medicine for the general public and advanced education for students studying medicine.The museum features both a permanent exhibition space and a temporary exhibition space,with the latter focusing on topics related to medical care and the study of medicine.
The Agricultural Museum
The Agricultural Museum displays materials from the collection of the University’s Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences.Notable items on display include the documents and portraits of scientists attached to the university,inner organs of Japan’s famous dog Hachiko,and drawings showing German agriculture and the varieties of Japanese cows.
The Farm Museum
The Farm Museum opened in 2007 within a rebuilt dairy barn.The barn was built in 1934 as part of the moving of the University of Tokyo’s farm from Komaba to Tanashi,an area in western Tokyo.The museum features both permanent and temporary exhibitions.Permanent exhibitions include European farming tools used on the Komaba Farm,tools for agricultural experiments,agricultural machinery,American tractors and drawings showing German agriculture.
1.What can we know about the University Museum
A.It was founded in 1877.
B.It has held over 60 exhibitions.
C.It has the most items collected.
D.It is the largest museum in Japan.
2.Which should you visit if you are interested in all kinds of Japanese cows
A.The Farm Museum.
B.The University Museum.
C.The Agricultural Museum.
D.The Museum of Health and Medicine.
3.What’s the purpose of the text
A.To introduce museums.
B.To give the university some advice.
C.To make the university famous.
D.To attract visitors to museums.
B
The situation of the world’s plants is not good.One fifth of the kinds of plants are in danger of disappearing,according to a report.
“Plants are very vital to human beings,” said Kathy Willis,who led the new report.“Plants provide us with everything—food,fuel,medicine,and they are very important for our climate controlling.Without plants we would not be here.”
The good news is that deforestation rates(森林砍伐率) around the world have dropped largely since the 1950s.However,this report on the health of plants around the world shows that there is much more to be done.
The report predicts that there are now 390,900 kinds of plants.And about 21 percent of those plants are in danger of disappearing.“The good side is that we’re still discovering lots of new plants,about 2,000 each year,” said Dr Willis.“The bad side is that we’ve seen a huge change in land cover,mainly caused by cultural activity,with a little bit of climate change as well.”
Human activity has a great effect on the danger of plants disappearing.As humans cut down forests to make room for agriculture,towns and cities,biodiversity(生物多样性) is lost.This could not only affect our own food supply directly,but also it could affect the food chain.
4.What does the underlined word “vital” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Useless. B.Friendly.
C.Equal. D.Important.
5.Which of the following does Dr Willis agree with
A.New plants are more than ever before.
B.About half the plants will disappear soon.
C.Many new plants are found every year.
D.Plants mustn’t be used to produce medicine.
6.What do we learn from the third paragraph
A.We have made little progress.
B.There is a long way for us to go.
C.We have achieved our goal.
D.There will be nothing we can do.
7.What is the best title for the text
A.Biodiversity Being Lost
B.Human Social Activity
C.Environmental Protection
D.Nature Climate Change
C
No one knows who invented the button.It has existed as early as 2000 BCE.When it first started,it was just something pretty yet replaceable sewn onto your clothes.About 3,000 years later,someone finally invented the buttonhole,and buttons were suddenly useful and applied to clothes universally.
Before buttons,clothes were bigger—they had no fixed shapes.People felt as if they wrapped themselves in things.Because of the buttonhole,the fashion moved closer to the body as we discovered uses for the button.At one time,it’s the very way to make clothes fit well for the body.People are completely secure.
The pattern of a button hasn’t changed much since the Middle Ages.It’s one of the most lasting designs in history,because it actually works to keep our clothes shut.Zippers easily break and are hard to fix.Velcro is rackety,and it wears out after a while.However,if a button breaks,you just exactly sew another on.And you can do up your buttons without disturbing others.
A button is there for the long run.It’s not just the most important design ever,but it’s thought to be a decisive factor in the development and innovation of clothes.Present design of clothes shows its influence obviously.If you’re wearing a shirt,take a look at the position of buttons on it.If you’re a male,the buttons would likely be on the right side,but for a female,the buttons are usually found on the left.
Once the buttons were all on the right,and the trend of buttons-on-the-left was set by wealthy women of the Victorian era.Their clothes were complex,consisting of corsets,petticoats,buttons and a wide range of beautiful accessories(配饰).Therefore,they needed assistance while getting dressed.Keep this in mind,clothing makers made innovation and designed articles of clothing that were simple for servants to button up.Such designs of clothing became more and more popular over time,and eventually became the standard still being followed to this day.
8.What can be learnt about early buttons in the first paragraph
A.They appeared a bit later than buttonholes.
B.They served as an essential part of the clothes.
C.Their popularity was driven by buttonholes greatly.
D.They were invented by someone unknown accidently.
9.What does the underlined word “rackety” in paragraph 3 mean
A.Decorative. B.Practical.
C.Expensive. D.Noisy.
10.Why did the design of buttons on women’s clothes change in the Victorian era
A.To innovate old designs of clothes.
B.To make it easier to button up.
C.To beautify the clothes of women.
D.To keep the standard widely followed.
11.Which can be the title for the text
A.How buttons changed fashion
B.What the real role of buttons is
C.Why buttons were invented
D.When buttons came into sight
D
How does an ecosystem(生态系统) work What makes the populations of different species the way they are Why are there so many flies and so few wolves To find an answer,scientists have built mathematical models of food webs,noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.
With such models,scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.Most food webs,for instance,consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones.When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of single prey(猎物),the two species are strongly linked;when a predator lives on various species,they are weakly linked.Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term.If a predator can eat several species,it can survive the extinction(灭绝) of one of them.And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare,the switch allows the original prey to recover.The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable,where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.In the 1960s,scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true.In the ocean,we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale,while on land,we killed off large predators such as wolves.These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models.Ideally,the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.Prevention is key,scientists say,because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(临界点),it is remarkably difficult for them to return.
12.What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs
A.The living habits of species in food webs.
B.The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.
C.The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.
D.The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.
13.A strong link is found between two species when a predator .
A.has a wide food choice
B.can easily find new prey
C.sticks to one prey species
D.can quickly move to another place
14.What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline
A.The prey species they directly attack will die out.
B.The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.
C.The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.
D.The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.
15.What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in paragraph 4
A.Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.
B.Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
C.Species of commercial value dominate other species.
D.Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.
第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Clean eating does not have an official definition(定义),but it basically means that you avoid processed(加工过的) and packaged foods in favour of foods that are in their natural state. 16 Then how to start clean eating
Focus on fruits and vegetables.The basis of a clean eating plan should be whole,unprocessed fruits and vegetables. 17 Include 1 or 2 servings of vegetables or fruits with every meal.If you don’t like to wash and cut produce yourself,you can buy pre-washed and cut fresh produce.
Add 2 to 3 servings of whole grains each day.Whole grains should make up the majority of your food since they contain more fiber and nutrients(养分) than white grains.Lessen white bread,pasta,flour and rice. 18
19 Protein helps to keep you feeling full for longer than carbs(碳水化合物) or fats,so make sure to get 2 to 3 servings of protein per day.All or most of the meals you eat should have 1 serving of lean protein.
Drink water as your main source of liquid. 20 Make sure that you are drinking at least eight 8 glasses of water daily.Drink water with your meals and between them to keep yourself hydrated(含水的).Try carrying a water bottle wherever you go and refill it as needed throughout the day!
A.Water is essential to a clean eating plan.
B.Add a serving of lean protein to each meal.
C.Replace these foods with whole grains choices.
D.Try to buy fresh fruits and vegetables whenever possible.
E.It is important to read labels(标签) when you eat out.
F.It is a popular way to make sure that you are having healthier foods.
G.Fat helps with satisfaction,but too much fat will increase your overall calorie intake.
第二部分 语言运用(共两节,满分30分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
My adviser interviewed me over the phone.He 21 my undergraduate record and thought I had a graduate degree.Therefore,I was 22 to the Ph.D programme.He welcomed me into his lab even after knowing the 23 .
I began to get into a running start.I 24 myself into reading every paper found and testing scientific questions.But four years later,I felt lost because I 25 passed my qualifying exam.Then a friend asked me to volunteer as a barman at a gala(盛会).I was 26 at first,having never worked behind a bar, 27 I said yes in the end.I spent an evening 28 cutting fruit and doing other unskilled tasks.I was tired but also felt unbelievable—surprising how much 29 I had.
Later,I realised the reason why I enjoyed this experience so much was that the 30 of this job were exactly what I was 31 from my Ph.D programme.It was only physically tiring,for the tasks I did were 32 .At that point,I had not had a pause in 33 as hard as I could for four years,and I was completely 34 of the toll(损害) it was taking on my spirit.Since then,I’ve tried to give my mind more 35 .
21.A.disbelieved B.rejected
C.misread D.mixed
22.A.introduced B.admitted
C.accompanied D.compensated
23.A.criterion B.gap
C.weakness D.error
24.A.argued B.tricked
C.threw D.frightened
25.A.merely B.surprisingly
C.easily D.barely
26.A.optimistic B.thrilled
C.confused D.hesitant
27.A.but B.so
C.and D.or
28.A.going about B.looking through
C.bursting in D.carrying on
29.A.joy B.experience
C.skill D.comfort
30.A.designs B.chances
C.varieties D.demands
31.A.missing B.suffering
C.learning D.avoiding
32.A.boring B.meaningful
C.simple D.vague
33.A.hitting B.thinking
C.winning D.complaining
34.A.nervous B.ashamed
C.proud D.unaware
35.A.practices B.motivations
C.breaks D.reasons
第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
New research says nuts could be a 36. (value),tasty and nutritious slimming aid.Researchers from Harvard University recommended that people replace a daily unhealthy snack with a small handful of nuts 37. (slow) down weight gain.This is 38. (especial) helpful for people as they get older.The researchers found that people who ate just 14g of nuts every day gained less weight 39. those who ate another snack.The people who ate the nuts were less likely to become obese(肥胖的).However,the benefits to our weight could be quite small.40. (eat) nuts instead of chocolate and cakes could help prevent a weight gain.
The researchers conducted a long-term study in which they looked at 41. lifestyle of nearly 190,000 people for over two 42. (decade).The participants in the research 43. (divide) into three groups.They included more than 51,000 male health professionals aged 40 to 75,121,700 nurses aged 35 to 55 and 16,686 nurses aged 24 to 44.Researchers asked the participants questions every four years about 44. (they) weight,how often they ate nuts,and how often they exercised.A researcher said replacing less healthy foods with nuts might help reduce the weight gain 45. is common as we age,and might lower the chances of becoming obese.
第三部分 写作(共两节,满分40分)
第一节(满分15分)
假定你是李华,你市青少年活动中心拟开展乒乓球夏令营活动。请你按照以下要点给即将来华的美国笔友Chris写一封电子邮件,介绍夏令营活动,并邀请她参加:
1.提出邀请;
2.夏令营时间;
3.活动内容和要求。
注意:
1.词数80左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
第二节(满分25分)
阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写词数应为150左右。
It was New Year’s Eve.I was 15 and feeling sad because there was not enough money to buy the dress I wanted.We did the chores(家庭杂务) early that night,so I figured Dad wanted extra time for us to spend together.Instead,he dressed himself again and went outside.“Come on,Elizabeth,”he said.“Dress yourself warmly.It’s cold.”
Outside,I became even more upset.Not only wasn’t I getting the dress;now Dad was dragging me out in the cold.Whatever we were going to do wasn’t going to be a quick job.I unwillingly climbed up beside Dad,the cold already biting me.We pulled in front of the woodshed(柴棚),and started loading wood.Finally,I asked,“Dad,what are you doing ”“Have you been by Mrs Clark’s lately ”he asked.
Mrs Clark lived about two miles down the road from us.Her husband had passed away the year before,leaving her and three children to raise on her own.“Yeah,”I said.“Why ”“I rode by just today,”Dad said.“Little Jake was out digging around in the woodpile,trying to find a few pieces of wood.They’re out of wood,Elizabeth.”
That was all he said.Dad then went to the smokehouse and took down a side of bacon,telling me to go and load it.He returned carrying a large bag of flour over his right shoulder and a smaller bag of something in his left hand.“What’s in the little bag ”I asked.“Shoes.They’re out of shoes.I got the children a little candy too.It just wouldn’t be New Year without some candy.”I tried to think through what Dad was doing.We did have a big woodpile,meat,and flour,so we could spare some,but I knew we didn’t have any money.Mrs Clark had closer neighbours than us.Why was it our concern
We unloaded the wood behind the Clarks’ house and knocked on the door.It opened a crack(缝隙),and a fearful voice said,“Who is it ”“James Cotton,ma’am,and my daughter,Elizabeth.Could we come in for a bit ”
Mrs Clark opened the door of the house where the three children were wrapped in a blanket.
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I understood very well that Dad had given me a gift much greater than a dress. ___________
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