(共79张PPT)
UNIT 1
PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENT
课前·基础认知
课堂·重难突破
悦读 导入
随 堂 训 练
悦读 导入
文章导语:史蒂芬·霍金是一位著名的科学家。1942年出生在英国伦敦。他在伦敦附近的一个小镇读完了小学和中学。尽管他成绩不错,但他从来也没有在班里排到过第一。他曾经承认自己不是一个好的学生,因为他经常偷懒不好好学习。这也太令我们惊讶了。
Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous scientists in this century.He was born in 1942.He's a famous scientist and expert on space and time.Stephen was searching some very big questions,such as “How did the universe begin How will it end ”
Stephen was a student at Oxford University.He studied maths and science.Then,at the age of twenty,he became sick.The doctors said to his family,“He has only two more years to live.” As a matter of fact,the doctors were wrong—he didn't die.He couldn't walk.He couldn't feed himself but he could get in or out of bed by himself.But he refused to give in to the condition.He talked with the help of a computer. After Oxford,Stephen went to Cambridge University.Three years later,in 1965,he became a doctor of philosophy1.
Because of his serious health problems,it was difficult for him to draw or to write.So he started to think in pictures. With this new way of thinking,he became one of the most famous scientists in the world.In 1988,he wrote his first important book, A Brief History of Time.He was once invited to China.He impressed us with his self-confidence,humorous and witty2 conversation.
词海拾贝
1.philosophy /f l s fi/ n.哲学
2.witty / wIti/ adj.言辞诙谐的;机智的
美文凝萃
1.Which of the following is NOT true C
A.Stephen was good at thinking.
B.Stephen couldn't walk.
C.Stephen could feed himself and get in bed by himself.
D.Stephen had once studied maths and science.
2.What did Stephen's studies include according to the passage
Science,maths and philosophy.
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
课前·基础认知
词 汇 认 知
重点单词
1.crucial adj. 至关重要的;关键性的
2. vital adj.必不可少的;极其重要的;充满生机的
3.botanical adj. 植物学的
4.evaluate vt. 评价;评估
5.property n. 性质;特征;财产
6. distinct adj.清晰的;清楚的;有区别的
7. liquid n.液体 adj.液体的;液态的
8. obtain vt.(尤指经努力)获得;赢得
vi.(规章、习俗等)存在;流行
9. defeat n.失败;挫败 vt.击败;战胜
10.analyse vt. 分析
11.substance n. 物质;物品;事实根据
12. insist vi.& vt.坚持;坚决要求
13. mostly adv.主要地;一般地
词汇拓展
1.commit vt.承诺;保证 vi.忠于;全心全意投入(工作、活动等)→ committed adj.尽心尽力的;坚定的;坚信的
2.academy n.(艺术、文学、科学等)研究院;学会;专科院校
→ academic adj.学业的;学术的
3.objective n.目标;目的 adj.客观的
→ object n.物体 vi.反对;不赞成
4.boil vt.& vi.(使)沸腾;煮开;烧开 n.沸腾;沸点
→ boiling adj.很热的;炽热的
5.acknowledge vt.承认(属实、权威等);(公开)感谢
→ acknowledgement n.(对事实、现实、存在的)承认;感谢
6.apparent adj.显而易见;表面上的
→ apparently adv. 显而易见;看来;显然
7.scientific adj.科学(上)的;关于科学的→ science n.科学→ scientist n.科学家
重点短语
1. by chance 偶然
2.draw out 提取;拉长
3.insist on 坚决要求
4.commit oneself to (sth/doing sth/do sth) 承诺;保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等)
阅 读 自 测
Step 1 Fast Reading
一、快速浏览课文,回答问题
1.What is artemisinin
It is a crucial new treatment for malaria.
2.With what purpose did the Chinese government form a team of scientists in 1967
Discovering a new treatment for malaria.
Step 2 Detailed Reading
二、仔细阅读课文,选择最佳答案
1.According to paragraph 1,we can learn that C .
A.Tu Youyou is the only person to win the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
B.Artemisinin is a crucial ancient treatment for malaria
C.Tu Youyou made an important discovery for mankind
D.Tu Youyou discovered a treatment for malaria on her own
2.When did Tu Youyou decide to review ancient Chinese medical texts to find traditional botanical treatments for malaria C
A.In 1930. B.In 1967.
C.In 1969. D.In 1971.
3.In the process of discovering artemisinin,Tu Youyou D .
A.began with a private project
B.succeeded during the first experiment
C.found dried wormwood leaves effective
D.made the extract from sweet wormwood in a creative way
4.Which of the following statements is TRUE B
A.Tu Youyou first invented the idea of using fresh wormwood as a cure to treat a fever.
B.Tu Youyou was inspired by a medical text from the fourth century.
C.The substance needs to be heated to the boiling point to be effective.
D.Malaria is more common in Hunan than other parts of China.
5.Where would you most likely find this passage D
A.In a blog. B.In a book.
C.In a letter. D.In a newspaper.
课堂·重难突破
词 汇 精 讲
1.【教材原文】Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria,and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone.(page 2)
青蒿素成了抗疟疾药物的关键成分,据估计每年仅在非洲就挽救了10万人的性命。
考点vital adj.必不可少的;极其重要的;充满生机的
be vital to...对……是极其重要的
It is vital to do sth 做某事是很重要的
It is vital that...……是十分重要的(that从句中常用“should+动词原形”结构,should可以省略。)
语境领悟
(1)Consideration for other people is vital to all of us.
对我们所有人而言,体谅他人是极其重要的。
(2)As for the work,it is vital to keep accurate records.
就这项工作而言,做好准确的记录非常重要。
(3)It is vital that we should be kept informed of all developments.
重要的是我们应该随时了解事态的发展。
温馨提示 用于“It is+形容词+that从句”结构中且从句常用“should+动词原形”结构的形容词还有:important,essential,necessary,natural,strange等,should可以省略。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)It's vital that they carry (carry) out the operation immediately.
(2)These measures are vital to national security.
(3) It is vital that he gets on well with his classmates and teachers.
(4)It is vital for us to finish (finish) our homework in time.
2.【教材原文】Tu Youyou,a committed and patient scientist,was born in Ningbo,China,on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955.(page 2)
屠呦呦,这位尽职尽责、锲而不舍的科学家1930年12月30日出生于中国宁波,1955年毕业于北京大学医学部。
考点committed adj.尽心尽力的;坚定的;坚信的
commit vt.承诺;保证 vi.忠于;全心全意投入(工作、活动等)
commit oneself to(sth/doing sth/do sth)承诺;保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等)
commitment n.承诺;保证;奉献
make a commitment (to do sth) 作出承诺(做某事)
语境领悟
(1)Tom is a committed member of the team.
汤姆是一个忠于职守的队员。
(2)The banks have committed themselves to boosting profits by slashing costs.
银行作出保证,要通过大幅度削减成本来提高利润。
(3)Both sides committed themselves to settle the dispute peacefully.
双方承诺和平解决争端。
(4)She doesn't want to make a big emotional commitment to Steve at the moment.
她不想在此刻对史蒂夫在感情上作出重大的承诺。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)You don't have to commit to anything over the phone.
(2)They made a commitment (commit) to keep working together at the meeting.
完成句子
(3)我们已经答应帮忙,就一定会做到的。
We've made a commitment to help,and we will.
(4)关于那个话题,他拒绝表明自己的态度。
He refused to commit himself on that subject.
3.【教材原文】Her team examined over 2,000 old medical texts,and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties.(page 2)
她的团队研读了2,000多篇中医药古籍,并评估了28万种植物的药学属性。
考点evaluate vt.评价;评估
evaluation n.估价;评价
make an evaluation of 对……进行评价
语境领悟
(1)We need to evaluate how well the policy is working.
我们需要对这一政策产生的效果做出评价。
(2)I can't make an evaluation of your ability without seeing your work.
不看你的工作我不能对你的能力做出评价。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)Last Friday,I was asked to give the new students a test to evaluate (evaluate) their language level.
(2)They made an intensive evaluation (evaluate) of the health care programme.
(3) We need to carry out a proper evaluation of the new system.
4.【教材原文】They then tried boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria,but this did not work either.(page 2)
之后,他们尝试水煎新鲜青蒿叶,用熬出的液体治疗疟疾,但是依旧无效。
考点boil vt.& vi.(使)沸腾;煮开;烧开 n.沸腾;沸点
boiling water 正在沸腾的水
boiled water 开水(已经开过的水)
on the boil 十分活跃;如火如荼
语境领悟
(1)We were advised to boil the water before drinking it.
有人建议我们把水烧开后再喝。
(2)Boiling water evaporates rapidly.
沸水蒸发很快。
(3)Cool the boiled water to proper temperature.
把开水冷却到适当的温度。
(4)We have several projects all on the boil at once.
我们热火朝天地同时进行了几个项目。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)I'd like to have some boiled (boil) water.
(2)Look out!Don't have the boiling (boil) water burn you.
(3)The girl stood in the kitchen,waiting for the water
to boil (boil).
5.【教材原文】However,Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat.(page 2)
然而,屠呦呦并不认输。
考点一acknowledge vt.承认(属实、权威等);(公开)感谢
acknowledge sb/sth to be/as...承认某人/某物是……
It's generally/universally/widely acknowledged that...大家公认/普遍认为……
acknowledgement n.(对事实、现实、存在的)承认;感谢
in acknowledgement of感谢
语境领悟
(1)She is acknowledged as/to be one of the best artists in the world.
她被认为是世界上最好的艺术家之一。
(2)It is universally acknowledged that he has a great talent for music.
普遍认为他有很高的音乐天赋。
(3)She received a special award in acknowledgement of all her hard work.
她获得一个特别奖,感谢她的辛劳工作。
考点二defeat n.失败;挫败 vt.击败;战胜
admit defeat 承认失败;认输
语境领悟
(1)He defeated the champion in three sets.
他三盘击败了冠军。
(2)What he said meant admitting defeat.
他说的话意味着认输。
易混辨析 win/beat/defeat
词语 意义 所跟宾语
win 赢得;获胜 比赛、奖品、奖金、名誉、财产、战争等
beat 击败;战胜 竞争中的队伍或对手,或战争中的敌人等
defeat 击败;战胜 通常接表示“人”或“团体”的名词或代词做宾语。既可以指在比赛中,也可以指在战场上战胜对手
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)She is widely acknowledged as/to be the best scientist in China.
(2)Since we didn't prepare for the speech contest,we were defeated (defeat).
(3)Their recent wins have proved that they're still the ones to beat (beat).
句型转换
(4)People widely acknowledge that students should be evaluated in terms of overall quality.
→ It is widely acknowledged that students should be evaluated in terms of overall quality.
6.【教材原文】She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties.(page 2)
她得出结论,认为水煎青蒿显然破坏了它的药学属性。
考点conclude vt.& vi.(使)结束 vt.断定;推断出;得出结论
conclude...from...从……中得出……结论
conclude (from sth) that...(从某事中)推断出……;(从某事中)断定……
conclude by doing...以做……结束
conclusion n.结论;推论
draw a conclusion/reach a conclusion/come to the conclusion 得出结论
in conclusion最后
语境领悟
(1)She concluded her performance with a poem.
她以一首诗结束了她的表演。
(2)He concluded by wishing everyone a safe trip home.
他讲话结束时祝愿大家回家一路平安。
(3)We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion.
我们将做进一步的讨论,然后再得出最终结论。
(4)In conclusion,I would like to thank all the people present at the meeting today.
最后,我想感谢今天所有参加会议的人。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)What can we conclude from the conversation
(2)In conclusion (conclude),I'd like to express how much I have enjoyed myself.
(3) I soon came to the conclusion (conclude) that she was lying.
7.【教材原文】Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe.(page 3)
屠呦呦与团队成员甚至坚持以身试药,以确保药物是安全的。
考点insist vi.& vt.坚持;坚决要求
insist on sth/sb doing sth 坚持某事/做某事;坚决要求某事/做某事
温馨提示 insist后接that从句时,有两种情况: ①表示“坚持主张,坚决要求”时,从句要用虚拟语气,即从句的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。 ②表示“坚持认为,坚称”时,则从句用陈述语气。
语境领悟
(1)The boy insists on my/me being there at once.
那个男孩坚决要求我立马到那儿去。
(2)We insist on the highest standards of cleanliness in the hotel.
我们坚持宾馆要达到最高的清洁标准。
(3)I insisted that we (should) have a look at every car.
我坚持认为我们应该每辆车都看一下。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)They all insisted that the project be carried (carry) out on schedule.
(2)You should insist on doing exercise every day.
(3)She insisted that she had been (be) to Beijing the year before.
句 型 剖 析
1.【教材原文】In the beginning,Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common,to study malaria patients.(page 2)
起初,屠呦呦奔赴疟疾更为常见的海南研究疟疾患者。
句法分析
句中where引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Hainan。引导定语从句时,where是关系副词,在从句中做地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词。注意:where引导状语从句时,前面没有表示地点的先行词。
语境领悟
(1)She is going to live in Beijing,where she has some close friends.
她打算住在北京,在那里她有一些好朋友。(定语从句)
(2)The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.
我买这本书的那家书店离这儿不远。(定语从句)
(3)Where there is water,there is life.
有水的地方就有生命。(状语从句)
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)Readers love the start of a story, where there are new and sometimes strange people to be met for the first time.
(2)Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and it rains often.
句型转换
(3)A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert.
→A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert.
2.【教材原文】She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties.
(page 2)
她得出结论,认为水煎青蒿显然破坏了它的药学属性。
句法分析
本句that引导宾语从句,做concluded的宾语。在宾语从句中,动词-ing形式短语boiling the sweet wormwood做主语,表示“水煎青蒿”这件事情。
动词-ing形式或动词-ing形式短语可以位于句首直接做主语。谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
有时,也可以用it做形式主语,把动词-ing形式(真实主语)置于句尾。但这种场合不多,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。常见的能用于这种结构的形容词有:good,enjoyable, interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,worthwhile等,构成It is/was+形容词+动词-ing形式。
语境领悟
(1)Climbing mountains is really fun.爬山真是有趣。
(2)Reading aloud is very important for us to learn a foreign language.
朗读对我们学一门外语非常重要。
(3)It was a waste of time reading that book.
读那本书是浪费时间。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1) It is no use telling the boy not to worry.
(2)It is a waste of time persuading (persuade) him to join us.
(3)Reading is (be) necessary for us to expand our knowledge.
(4) Watching (watch) films is his favourite pastime.
3.【教材原文】Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize,she said,“The honour is not just mine...”(page 3)
获悉自己被授予诺贝尔奖时,她说:“这份荣誉不仅仅属于我……”。
句法分析
在本句中,“介词upon+动词-ing形式”构成介词短语,用作时间状语。有时也可以换成“upon one's doing”的形式。另外,介词upon还可换为on,表示“一件事紧接着另一件事而发生”。这种用法常见于正式的文体,依据语境,可译为“在……的时候;当……时;一……就……”,相当于连词as soon as或when引导的时间状语从句。
语境领悟
(1)Upon graduating,he joined a small law firm.
一毕业他就加入了一个小型律师事务所。
(2)On finishing it,I was struck by the feeling that it was the best composition I had ever written.
我写完这篇作文时,就感觉到这是我写过的最好的作文。
学以致用
完成句子
(1)我本该在一收到你寄来的这条作为我生日礼物的围巾时就写这封感谢信的。
I should have written a thank-you letter for the scarf you sent me for my birthday upon/on receiving it.
(2)一到飞机场,我们所有人就受到热烈欢迎。
On/Upon arriving at the airport,we all were welcomed warmly.
句型转换
(3)Upon arriving home,Mike turned on TV to watch his favourite programme.
→ As soon as Mike arrived home,he turned on TV to watch his favourite programme.
(4)Upon seeing her,I smiled and ran towards her.
→ When I saw her,I smiled and ran towards her.
随 堂 训 练
一、单词拼写
1.The students return in September for the start of the new academic (学业的) year.
2.We went to the botanical (植物学的) garden the other day.
3.Parents play a crucial (至关重要的) role in preparing their children for school.
4.We hope this objective (目标) will be attained with the help of our friends.
5.Fat is solid(固体的) at room temperature,and oil is liquid (液体) at room temperature.
6.I have acknowledged (承认) that my fault has brought you great trouble and inconvenience.
7.He extracted (拔出) a small notebook from his hip pocket.
8.She was apparently (显然) a very nervous woman,and that affected her career.
9. Further information can be obtained (获得) from head office.
10. Scientific (科学的) research is widely claimed to be the source of the high standard of living in our country.
二、选词填空
commit oneself to;insist on;in conclusion;draw out;by chance;be awarded to
1. In conclusion ,walking is a cheap,safe,enjoyable and readily available form of exercise.
2.The boss told me to draw out some money to pay the temporary workers.
3.Don't sign or commit yourself to anything until you've had time to think it over and compare.
4.The first prize was awarded to the best competitor of the annual sports meeting.
5.He was not expected to go,but he insisted on going.
6.They had met by chance at university and ended up getting married.
三、课文语篇填空
This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Tu Youyou for the discovery of artemisinin,which has saved hundreds of thousands of 1. lives (life).Tu Youyou was 2. a committed and patient scientist,who was born in Ningbo in 1930 and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955.After graduation,she worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing.
In 1969,she 3. became (become) the head of the project in Beijing.To find 4. traditional (tradition) botanical treatments for malaria,Tu's team tested many ancient Chinese medical treatments.She was very 5. interested (interest) in one medical text from the fourth century
6. which/that suggested using the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever.Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract from the sweet wormwood and she
found a substance that worked.7. To make (make) sure that it was safe,Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted 8. on testing the medicine on themselves.After
9. failing (fail) more than 190 times,the team 10. finally (final) succeeded in 1971 and artemisinin became a standard treatment for malaria. (共47张PPT)
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
课前·基础认知
课堂·重难突破
随 堂 训 练
课前·基础认知
词 汇 认 知
重点单词
1.penicillin n. 青霉素;盘尼西林
2.flee vi.& vt. 迅速离开;逃跑
3.circumstance n. [usually pl.] 条件;环境;状况
4. flow n.流;流动;流畅;供应 vi.流;流动
5. chart n.图表 vt.记录;制订计划
词汇拓展
1.conclusion n.结论;推论→ conclude vt.&vi.(使)结束
vt.断定;推断出;得出结论
2.novel n.(长篇)小说→ novelist n.小说家
重点短语
1.change one's mind 改变主意
2. beyond one's control 某人无法控制
3. under construction 在建造中
4. flow chart 流程图
语 法 图 解
非限制性定语从句
探究发现
1.They tested hundreds of Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against the disease.
他们测试了数百种中医疗法,这些疗法显示出了对抗这种疾病的希望。
2.Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, which is considered one of the highest international honours a person can receive.
屠呦呦获得了诺贝尔奖,这是个人可以获得的最高国际荣誉之一。
3.Tu Youyou went to Hainan,where malaria was more common,to study malaria patients.
屠呦呦奔赴疟疾更为常见的海南研究疟疾患者。
4.Later,the medicine was tested on malaria patients,most of whom recovered.
随后,该药物试用于疟疾患者,其中大多数人康复了。
以上四个句子中分别包含一个 定语 从句,其中第一个为关系代词that引导的限制性定语从句,而后三个和它不同,定语从句被 逗号 与先行词隔开,被称为 非限制 性定语从句。非限制性定语从句的引导词可以用which,who等关系代词,如例句2;也可以用when,where等关系副词,如例句3;有时用不定代词+of+whom/which指代先行词或先行词的一部分。如例句 4 。
课堂·重难突破
词 汇 精 讲
1.【教材原文】 However,he changed his mind when he saw in a photo a Chinese man about to be killed by a Japanese soldier.(page 4)
然而,当他在照片中看到一名中国人即将被日本士兵杀害时,他改变了主意。
考点change one's mind 改变主意
make up one's mind 下定决心;作出决定
bear/keep in mind that ...将……记在心中;记住
have...in mind 心中有……
come/spring to mind 突然记起(或想到)
语境领悟
(1)She is so determined that she seldom changes her mind once making decisions.
她做事果敢,一旦作出决定很少改变主意。
(2)Have they made up their minds where to go for their honeymoon
他们决定好到哪里去度蜜月了吗
(3)Picking up a new instrument is certainly difficult at my age,but we have a clear goal in mind and are determined to achieve it.
我这个年纪学习新乐器的确很困难,但我们心中都有一个很明确的目标,并且下定决心要去实现它。
温馨提示 make up one's mind中的名词mind有单复数的变化,需要根据one's的单复数来确定mind的单复数。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)They're both beautiful—I can't make up my mind which to buy.
(2)Always keep in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.
(3)I made up my mind to study (study) harder rather than waste precious time on those useless things.
句型转换
(4)Remember that you had better arrive punctually or some time earlier than the appointed time.
→ Bear/Keep in mind that you had better arrive punctually or some time earlier than the appointed time.
2.【教材原文】 Her circumstances are beyond our control.(page 5)
她的处境是我们无法控制的。
考点circumstance n.[usually pl.] 条件;环境;状况
under/in the circumstances 在这种情况下;既然如此
under/in no circumstances 无论如何不;决不(放在句首时,句子要用倒装)
under/in any circumstances 在任何情况下
语境领悟
(1)The company reserves the right to cancel this agreement in certain circumstances.
本公司保留在一定条件下取消这项协议的权利。
(2)Under/In the circumstances,we must rely on ourselves.
在这样的情况下,我们必须依赖自己。
(3)Under/In no circumstances should you leave the house.
无论如何你都不应该离开这所房子。
温馨提示 at no time,in no way,in no sense,on no account,on no condition等短语均意为“决不;无论如何也不”,置于句首时,句子要用部分倒装语序。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)Under no circumstances should you lend (lend) him money.
(2) She never discovered the true circumstances (circumstance) of her birth.
完成句子
(3)The result was the best that could be expected under/in the circumstances (在这种情况下).
(4) Under/In no circumstances (决不) will I agree with you.
语 法 精 析
非限制性定语从句
一、基本含义
非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容,或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句或先行词与从句之间一般用逗号分开,从句常常单独翻译。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as,which,who,whom,whose等,做定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有when,where等,做定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省略。
二、非限制性定语从句的引导词
1.who:关系代词who用于指人,在从句中做主语。
Our guide,who was a Canadian,was an excellent cook.
我们的向导,一个加拿大人,是一位优秀的厨师。
2.whom:关系代词whom用于指人,在句中做动词宾语和介词宾语,做介词宾语时,介词可位于句首。
Mr Smith,from whom I have learnt a lot,is a famous scientist.
史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家,我从他那儿学了许多东西。
3.whose:whose是关系代词who的所有格形式,在从句中做定语。whose通常指人,也可指动物或无生命的事物。
The boy,whose father is an engineer,studies very hard.
这个男孩学习很努力,他的爸爸是一位工程师。
4.which:关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词或整个主句,在从句中做主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。
(1)which指代主句中的名词,被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。
These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.
这些苹果树是我三年前栽的,还没有结过果实。
(2)which指代整个主句,可译成“这一点”。
In the presence of so many people he was a little tense,which was understandable.
在那么多人面前他有点紧张,这是可以理解的。
5.when:关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中做时间状语,指代主句中表示时间的词语。
He will put off the picnic until October 1st,when he will be free.
他将把郊游推迟到10月1号,那时他将有空。
6.where:副词where在非限制性定语从句中做地点状语,指代主句中表示地点的词语。
They went to London,where they lived for six months.
他们去了伦敦,在那儿待了六个月的时间。
7.as:as引导非限制性定语从句时,代替整个主句,翻译成“正如……”,通常用于as we all know,as it is known,as is known to all,as is often the case,as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。
As is known to us,Mark Twain is a great American writer.
我们都知道,马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。
三、限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别
1.定语从句有时跟先行词的关系并不十分密切,只是做一些补充说明,不起限制作用,这种从句称为非限制性定语从句。它常常用逗号与主句分开;翻译时常译成并列的分句。
This note was left by John,who was here a moment ago.
这个便条是约翰留下的,他刚才来过这儿。
2.非限制性定语从句在修饰人时用who(主格),whom(宾格),whose(所有格),即:在定语从句中关系代词指人做主语时,只能用who;做宾语时,只能用whom。在修饰物时用which而不能用that。
His daughter,who is in Boston now,is coming home next week.
他女儿现在在波士顿,下星期回来。
3.引导非限制性定语从句,若关系代词所指代的先行词是整个主句,则关系代词用as或which。在非限制性定语从句中,as和which都可以表示一句话、一个整体的情况。
(1)二者在句中的位置不同:which只放在主句后面;而as可在主句的前、中、后。
Zhong Nanshan,as we all know,was presented the Medal of the Republic for his great contributions.
众所周知,钟南山因其巨大的贡献被授予共和国勋章。
He is a foreigner,as I know from his accent.
他是外国人,我从他的口音中可以听出来。
(2)含义上不同。as有“如同……,正如……”的含义。而which仅仅表示“这一点”。
Things,as is often the case,will turn out to be contrary to one's wishes.
正如经常发生的那样,结果会事与愿违。
四、用非限制性定语从句的情况
1.关系代词指代整个主句的内容。
She said she had finished her work,which I doubted very much.
她说她已经完成了工作,我对此深感怀疑。
2.“名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词”结构中。
此结构常见的有:some(several,a few,many,most,part,the largest) of which/whom等形式。有时of which/whom可以提前到名词/代词等前。
I bought a dozen eggs,six of which(=of which six) broke when I dropped the box.
我买了一打鸡蛋,其中六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。
He went with a group of people,few of whom were correctly equipped for such a climb.
他和一队人一起去了,其中没有几个人配有进行这样一次登山的适当装备。
即 学 即 练
用正确的关系代词填空
(1)Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake.
(2)Charles Smith, who was my former teacher,retired last year.
(3)They talked about a movie,the name of which I've never forgotten.
(4)He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
(5)Mike, as we expected,attended the meeting.
(6)I still remembered January 10, when he came to see me.
(7) As is known to everybody,the moon travels round Earth once every month.
随 堂 训 练
一、单句语法填空
1.It is the third time that she has won the race, which has surprised us all.
2.She has written two novels,both of which have been made into television.
3.There are 30 chairs in the small hall,most of which are (be) new.
4.He bought the car for more than $20,000, about which his father was angry.
5.In our class there are 46 students,of whom half wear glasses.
二、把下列句子改写成非限制性定语从句
1.My father works in the post office.He likes listening to classical music.
My father,who likes listening to classical music,works in the post office.
2.About 2,000 people worked on the project.Many of them were Europeans.
About 2,000 people,many of whom were Europeans,worked on the project.
3.In his office there are nine clerks.The youngest of them is Mr Wang.
In his office there are nine clerks,the youngest of whom is Mr Wang.
4.The southern states wanted to set up a country of their own.They would be free to keep black slaves there.
The southern states wanted to set up a country of their own,where they would be free to keep black slaves.
5.I wish to thank Professor Smith.Without his help I would never pass the exam.
I wish to thank Professor Smith,without whose help I would never pass the exam.
三、完成句子
1.这是我曾经看过的最好的小说。
This is the best novel that I have ever read .
2.她的姐姐教我们英语,她明年将要出国。
Her sister, who teaches us English ,will go abroad next year.
3.这部小说很有意思,这让我很高兴。
The novel is very interesting, which makes me very happy .
4.史密斯先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位老朋友。
Mr Smith, who came to see me yesterday ,is one of my old friends. (共53张PPT)
Section Ⅲ Using Language,
Assessing Your Progress & Video Time
课前·基础认知
课堂·重难突破
随 堂 训 练
课前·基础认知
词 汇 认 知
重点单词
1. infer vt.推断;推定
2.numerous adj. 众多的;许多的
3. theory n.理论;学说
4. genius n.天才;天资;天赋
5. patent n.专利;专利证书;获得专利 adj.有专利的;受专利保护的
6.passion n. 酷爱;激情
7. extraordinary adj.不一般的;非凡的;意想不到的
8.institution n. 社会公共机构;制度;习俗
9.institute n. (教育、专业等)机构;机构建筑
10. encounter vt.偶然碰到;遇到 n.邂逅;遭遇
11. professor n.教授
12. remarkable adj.非凡的;显著的
13. device n.方法;技巧;装置;仪器
14. sum vi.总结;概括 n.金额;款项;总数;总和
15. draft n.草稿;草案 vt.起草;草拟
词汇拓展
1.found vt.创建;建立;把……建立在
→ founder n.创立者;缔造者
→ foundation n.基础;创办
2.politician n.从政者;政治家;政客
→ politics n.政治;政治事务(或活动)
→ political adj.政治的;政党的
3.gentle adj.温柔的;文静的→ gently adv.温柔地;文静地
4.gradually adv.逐渐地;逐步地
→ gradual adj.逐渐的;逐步的
5.consequence n.结果;后果
→ consequent adj.随之发生的;作为结果的
→ consequently adv.因此;所以
重点短语
1.come to power (开始)掌权;上台
2.take up a position 担任;任职
3.sum up 总结;概括
4. as a consequence 因此;结果
5.pass away 去世
阅 读 自 测
Step 1 Fast Reading
一、快速浏览课文,将段落与其主旨大意相匹配
Para.1: D A.Einstein's death was a loss to the world.
Para.2: E B.Einstein's working experiences after
graduation.
Para.3: B C.Einstein fled Germany and worked in the USA.
Para.4: C D.Albert Einstein was loved by many people.
Para.5: F E.How Einstein entered university.
Para.6: A F.Einstein was a kind and funny man.
Step 2 Detailed Reading
二、仔细阅读课文,选择最佳答案
1.Why did Einstein fail in entering university in Switzerland in 1895 B
A.Because his maths and physics couldn't meet the standard.
B.Because he didn't do well in the general part of the entrance exam.
C.Because he wanted to apply for the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
D.Because he needed to obtain exceptional scores in maths and physics.
2.When did Einstein publish four extraordinary physics papers A
A.In 1905. B.In 1921.
C.In 1922. D.In 1900.
3.When did Einstein win the Nobel Prize for Physics D
A.In 1905. B.In 1909.
C.In 1921. D.In 1922.
4.Why did the girl knock on Einstein's door in the story C
A.Because she wanted to help him.
B.Because she mistook him for Professor Einstein.
C.Because she had some difficulty in her homework.
D.Because Einstein was slightly odd-looking.
5.Which statement is TRUE about Einstein according to the passage C
A.He fled Germany into the USA before Hitler came to power.
B.He worked as a clerk for two years after graduation.
C.He didn't care about his appearance too much.
D.Many people mistook someone else for him on the street.
课堂·重难突破
词 汇 精 讲
1.【教材原文】While working there,out of a strong passion for knowledge,he continued to study,earning a doctorate in physics in 1905.(page 8)
工作期间,出于强烈的求知欲,他仍继续学习,于1905年获得物理学博士学位。
考点passion n.酷爱;激情
fly into a passion 勃然大怒;大发雷霆
with passion 充满激情
passionate adj.热诚的;狂热的
语境领悟
(1)She flies into a passion if anyone even mentions his name.
哪怕是有人提到他的名字,她也会勃然大怒。
(2)Your passionate support for our career is greatly appreciated.
十分感谢你对我们事业的热情支持。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)He flew into a passion when he heard the news.
(2)He argued his case with considerable passion.
(3)It is clear that he is very passionate (passion) about the project.
2.【教材原文】As a consequence,he had to flee Germany. (page 8)
因此,他不得不逃离德国。
考点consequence n.结果;后果
in consequence/as a consequence/as a result 因此;结果
in consequence of/as a consequence of=as a result of 由于;作为……的结果
consequent adj.随之发生的;作为结果的
consequently adv.因此;所以
语境领悟
(1)This decision could have serious consequences for the industry.
这项决定可能对该行业造成严重后果。
(2)She was over the age limit and,in consequence,her application was rejected.
她已经超过了年龄限制,因此她的申请被拒绝了。
(3)The city was in ruins in consequence of a severe earthquake.
由于严重的地震,这座城市变成了废墟。
(4)It rained yesterday and consequently the match was cancelled.
因为昨天下雨了,所以比赛取消了。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)A severe flood strikes the city and there is a consequent (consequence) shortage of food.
(2)He studied hard,and in consequence he passed the exam easily.
(3)The young man was always late for work. As a consequence,he was fired.
(4)His car broke down and consequently (consequence) he was late.
3.【教材原文】After spending time in Europe,he finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton,USA.(page 8)
在欧洲度过一段时间后,他终于在美国普林斯顿高等研究院谋得研究员一职。
考点take up a position 担任;任职
take up 接受;开始做;开始从事;继续;占据(空间);占用(时间)
take down 拆掉;写下;记录
take in 包括;理解;欺骗;收留
take off 脱下(衣服);摘掉;起飞;突然大受欢迎;休息
take on 呈现;雇用
take over占上风;取而代之;接管
语境领悟
(1)He took up a new position with another company.
他在另一家公司谋得了一个新职位。
(2)I'd like to take up the point you raised earlier.
我想继续谈一谈你早些时候提出的问题。
(3)Reporters took down every word of his speech.
记者们把他讲的每一句话都记录了下来。
(4)If you trust him,you will certainly be taken in.
如果你相信他,你一定会受骗。
(5)We took off at 11 o'clock and arrived in Venice at 1:30 p.m.
我们在11点起飞,下午1:30到达威尼斯。
(6)The chameleon can take on the colours of its background.
变色龙可以变成周围环境的颜色。
(7)His only reason for investing in the company was to take it over.
他投资这家公司唯一的原因是想接管它。
学以致用
写出下列各句中黑体部分的含义
(1)The head teacher takes up her duties in August. 开始从事
(2)She took up his offer of a drink. 接受
(3)I won't take up any more of your time. 占用
(4)The teacher took up the lesson where he left off last week.
继续
(5)The table takes up too much room. 占据(空间)
完成句子
(6)有人提出哺乳动物是在6500万年前取代恐龙的。
It has been suggested that mammals took over from dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
(7)他脱掉我湿漉漉的靴子,让我在火炉旁坐下。
He took off my wet boots and made me sit by the fire.
4.【教材原文】 Apart from his remarkable achievements, what does the passage tell us about Einstein's life (page 9)
除了他卓越的成就,关于爱因斯坦的生活,这篇文章告诉我们什么
考点remarkable adj.非凡的;显著的
be remarkable for 以……引人瞩目
remark n.谈论;评述;言论 vi.& vt.评论;谈论
make a remark/remarks about/on就……做评论
remark on/upon...就……发表意见;评论
语境领悟
(1)He showed us that even a single desire,never given up on,can make for a remarkable life.(2021·浙江,阅读理解A)
他向我们表明即使只有一个愿望,永不放弃能成就非凡的人生。
(2)The village is remarkable for its beautiful scenery.
这个村庄以其优美的景色而引人瞩目。
(3)I wouldn't like others to make remarks on/about my private affairs.
我不想让别人对我的私事说三道四。
(4)It's rude to remark on/upon the appearance of others.
评论别人的相貌是不礼貌的。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)The writer got remarkable (remark) achievements in writing.
(2)He made a number of rude remarks (remark) about the brilliant young musician's performance.
(3)He remarked on/upon the difference between the two dictionaries.
5.【教材原文】 Use your notes to write your introduction and sum up how you feel about this person.(page 9)
利用你的笔记来写你的介绍,并总结你对这个人的感觉。
考点sum up 总结;概括
in sum总之;总而言之
a sum of money 一笔钱
语境领悟
(1)There are many reasons,which can be summed up in three points.
原因很多,归结起来不外乎三点。
(2)In sum,theory should be combined with practice.
总之,理论应该同实践相结合。
(3)He is saving a sum of money to buy a house for his family.
他正积攒一笔钱以便买一幢住宅供全家居住。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)They presented a sum of money to the college in memory of their son.
(2) In sum,college students should not waste their time and energy in doing business.
(3)We can sum up the main point of the lesson in three sentences.
(4)Many people spoke at the meeting,and finally the chairman summed (sum) up the discussion.
句 型 剖 析
1.【教材原文】Einstein,who was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him.(page 8)
身为犹太人的爱因斯坦发现学术机构纷纷对他关上大门。
句法分析
句中found the doors of academic institutions closed to him为“find+宾语+宾语补足语”结构。closed为动词-ed形式做宾语补足语,动词close与the doors of academic institutions之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。find的复合宾语结构如下:
语境领悟
(1)He found himself walking in the direction of his mother's place.
他发现自己正朝他妈妈的方向走去。
(2)Even writers sometimes find themselves lost for words.
甚至作家有时候也会发现自己表达不出来。
(3)After wandering around,we found ourselves back at the hotel.
我们四处漫步后,发现自己回到了旅馆。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)When he came back,he found his books packed (pack) up.
(2)When she came to life,she found herself surrounded (surround) by many people.
(3)When she turned around,she found someone staring (stare) at her.
(4)When he arrived,he found all the work finished (finish).
2.【教材原文】On 18 April 1955, it was reported that Einstein had passed away,and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.(page 9)
1955年4月18日,噩耗传来,爱因斯坦与世长辞,全世界都哀悼一代科学巨星的陨落。
句法分析
“It is reported that...”是一个固定句式,意为“据报道……”。其中it为形式主语,that从句为真正的主语。
“It is reported that...”为“It+be+动词-ed形式+that从句”结构。常用于该结构中的动词-ed形式还有:said,known,believed,thought,proved,announced,expected,stated 等。
“It+be+动词-ed形式+that从句”结构可改写为“Sb+be+动词-ed形式+to do sth”结构。其中不定式根据情况有时态的变化。
语境领悟
(1)It was not expected that so many people would come to the meeting.
原先并没有料到会有这么多人来参加会议。
(2)My friend is said to have won the first place in the pop song competition.
据说我的朋友在流行歌曲比赛中得了第一名。
学以致用
单句语法填空
(1)It's believed that we shall make full use of the solar energy some day.
(2) It is hoped that the cost of medical care can be cut down.
句型转换
(3)It is generally believed that the new policy will benefit a large number of farmers.
→The new policy is generally believed to benefit a large number of farmers.
(4)People say that he has won the first place in the speech competition.
→ It is said that he has won the first place in the speech competition.
随 堂 训 练
一、单词拼写
1.Her success comes from her passion (酷爱) for life,for her home and for her culture.
2.What makes the book so extraordinary (不一般的) is the creative imagination of the writer.
3.The town was founded (建立) by English settlers in 1790.
4.We encountered (遇到) a number of difficulties in the first week.
5.As a consequence (结果),children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thoughts or creative ideas.
6.He held a number of patents (专利) for his many innovations.
7.The next step in his plan is to put the theory (理论) into practice.
8.After opening the box,he found that the device (装置) was fixed to a post.
9.I have made a rough draft (草稿) of the letter.
10.Despite numerous (大量的) failures,they continued to conduct the experiment.
二、选词填空
come to power;sum up;remark on;as a consequence;take up
1.The band's new album takes up where their last one left off.
2.The teacher summed up and the meeting was over.
3.Before he came to power ,he was once put in prison.
4.He remarked on walking, the difference in security measures at the two airports.
5. As a consequence ,Paul got the first place in the exam.
三、课文语篇填空
Albert Einstein is often considered one of the 1. smartest (smart) men who ever lived.He made numerous contributions to the world and he was 2. a courageous and kind figure loved by many people.Einstein was born in Germany in 1879.When he was 16,he failed to enter university in Switzerland,3. but he managed to pass the exam after 4. studying (study) for another year.In 1905,he
published four extraordinary physics papers,for which he became famous throughout the world.In 1922,he 5. was awarded (award) the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.In 1933,Einstein 6. fled (flee) Germany after Hitler came to power in Germany and he took 7. up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton,USA.Following that,he continued 8. to make (make) great achievements
in physics and mathematics.On 18 April 1955,9. it was reported that Einstein had passed away,and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant 10. scientist (science). (共13张PPT)
Section Ⅳ Writing
写 作 指 导
人物介绍属于记叙文的写作范畴,它以写人、记事为主,以叙述和描写为主要表达方式。通常包括三部分:生平介绍、事迹叙述和简短评论。文中通常包括人物(who)、时间(when)、地点(where)、主要事件(what)等内容。写作时,主题要鲜明,内容要清楚,并注意结构的完整性。
写一篇“人物介绍”的记叙文
典 题 示 例
请根据以下要点提示写一篇短文,对钟南山院士进行简要介绍。
1.1960年毕业于北京医学院,从事呼吸病学研究。
2.2003年春,积极投身抗击非典;2004年被评为“感动中国十大人物”。
3.2020年初,新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发后,他为抗疫做出了杰出贡献,荣获“共和国勋章”。
注意:
1.词数80左右;
2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
参考词汇:非典 SARS;新型冠状病毒肺炎 COVID-19;共和国勋章 the Medal of the Republic
写 作 探 究
审题谋篇
词汇推敲
1.a medical scientist 医学科学家
2.a leading figure 领军人物
3.infectious 传染性的
4.champion 冠军
5.break out 爆发
6.regardless of personal safety 不顾个人安危
7.receive respect and admiration 受到尊敬和钦佩
提分句型
1. ...,a famous medical scientist,is regarded as...
2.Born in...,graduated from...
3. ...not only....but also...,for which he...
4.It is...that...
妙 笔 成 篇
Zhong Nanshan,a famous medical scientist,is regarded as a leading figure in the prevention and control of infectious diseases.
Born in 1936,Zhong graduated from Beijing Medical College in 1960.In the spring of 2003,Zhong Nanshan not only led but took an active part in the battle against SARS, for which he was awarded one of the top ten people moving China in 2004.At the start of 2020,COVID-19 broke out, Zhong Nanshan devoted himself to the battle regardless of personal safety.He was presented the Medal of the Republic.
It is because of his great achievements that Zhong Nanshan has received the respect and admiration from Chinese people.
即 学 即 练
请你根据下列提示写一篇短文,介绍著名旅行家马可·波罗。
人物 马可·波罗
背景 1254年出生于意大利的古城威尼斯(Venice)。
事件 1.1271年离开威尼斯,和他的父亲、叔叔踏上了去往中国的旅程,行程历时4年
2.在中国生活了17年,他的所见所闻被记录了下来
3.他还曾先后去过日本、印度、东南亚和东非
评价 1295年带着从中国学到的一切回到自己的祖国。他的中国之行对欧洲影响很大
注意:1.词数80左右;
2.不要逐句翻译,但可以根据文章需要,对表格中的内容有所增减。
参考范文
Marco Polo,born in the city of Venice,Italy,in 1254,was a famous traveller.
Together with his uncle and his father in 1271,Marco Polo set out on a journey to China.It took them four years to get to China and Marco had lived in China for 17 years. During those years,he found that the Chinese culture was so great and different from that of his own country.All the things he had seen and heard in China were written down.
Except China,Marco Polo had also travelled to Japan,India,
Southeastern Asia and Eastern Africa.In 1295,the great voyager went back to his motherland with the information and knowledge he had learnt in China.
His journey to China had a great influence on Europe.
