专题二十九：书面表达之读写任务及概要写作高考英语二轮专题复习学案
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【2024高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题二十九 书面表达之读写任务及概要写作
概要写作的要求是“提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇不超过60词的内容概要。”从题目要求可以看出，概要写作是“阅读+写作”的复合写作任务，因此对于学生的阅读理解能力、概括归纳能力和书面表达能力等都提出了很高的要求。概要写作评分时主要从以下几个方面考虑：
（1）主旨概括是否客观全面
（2）要点呈现是否主次分明
（3）语言表达是否言简意赅
（4）篇章结构是否紧凑贯通
考情分析：分析2021-2023年概要写作考向分布。
题型 概要写作
2023上海秋考 说明文。青少年应远离沙发，多听音乐，多参加运动等活动。
2023上海春考 说明文。讲述阅读小说的益处，实验表明它能培养品性及产生共情。
2022上海秋考 说明文。什么是智商？什么是天才？以及智商与天才之间的关系。
2022上海春考 说明文。脑迹印记并不是孤立于大脑的一个区域，科学家们研究了积极记忆和消极记忆之间的存储位置和相互作用。
2021上海秋考 说明文。介绍一名视觉思想家，她的记忆以时间顺序作为特定的图像出现在她的脑海中。
2021上海春考 说明文。Fluido发布了FluidoPlus，一种通过监控MAC来收集客户信息的产品，从而帮助分析他们的行为来促进市场营销。
考点清单一 概要写作的特点
1客观性
概要写作是对原文的客观转述，要求考生在正确理解原文的基础上，用自己的语言忠实地再现作者的思想。考生应该用自己的语言呈现原文主要内容，不能对原文进行解释和评论，也不能掺杂任何个人想法或做出任何评价。
2简洁性
概要写作是一种对原文“浓缩”后产生的新语篇，通过删除原文中的细节减少例证，简化描述内容来实现语言的简洁性。
3连贯性
概要写作不是提纲式写作，所以在各要点之间需要增加能够体现逻辑的关系词，使概要衔接紧密，脉络清晰，语意贯通。
考点清单二 评分标准
档次 要求
第五档 理解准确，涵盖全部要点能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使概要结构紧凑完全使用自己的语言
第四档 理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些错误，但完全不影响意义表达比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使概要结构紧凑有个别整句抄自原文
第三档 理解较为准确，涵盖绝大部分要点所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达能应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使上下文内容连贯出现两句以上整句抄自原文
第二档 理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性出现两句以上整句抄自原文
第一档 没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响意义的表达缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯多个句子抄自原文
0分 白卷，或内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关
考点清单三 概要写作常考体裁
概要写作涉及最多的文本体裁是记叙文（narration)、说明文（exposition)和议论文(argumentation)。
记叙文：找出时间（when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因（why)，以及结果 (how)等要素。如果是夹叙夹议的文章，还要加上作者的看法、观点或感悟。但具体写作时并非所有要素都要包括其中，最重要的是某人(who)做了某事(what)结果如何(how)。总之，记叙文体裁的概要通常包括:①谁做了什么？（who did what)②结果怎么样？（what was the result) ③作者要表达什么 (包括作者的看法、观点、感悟或写作目的。假如原文没有提及，概括时可以不写。）
说明文：通常会有较为明显的主题句，写概要时找出中心句，抓住关键词。对现象分析型说明文，找出“现象”、“造成这种现象的原因”以及“解决这种现象或问题的措施或建议”。
议论文：找出论点、论据和结论，其关键是找出主题句或结论句。要明确表述原文作者的观点，如果原文中有不同的两种观点，则都要概括其中，不能遗漏任何一方的观点。
不同体裁文本的概要写作基本结构概括如下：
文章体裁 主题句 拓展句 概要形式
记叙文 故事的写作目的/主题1句） 故事大意，突出冲突以及故事背后含义(2—3句） 主题句+若干拓展句+ 总结
说明文 说明的观点/对象/现象1句） 解释/分述(2—3句）
议论文 文章论点1句） 论据(2—3句）
考点清单四 写作技巧
（一）如何概括主旨大意
概括主旨大意，首先要抓住文章的主题句，然后在完整理解文章内容的基础上进行概括归纳。如前所述，段落的主题句可能出现在段首，段末，段落中间，甚至于没有明显的主题句。那么针对不同的情况，我们可以有什么不同的方法呢？我们一起来看以下的示例。
1、找准主题句概括主旨大意
中文段落写作是螺旋/线型的发展方式：重铺垫，讲渲染，讲究“言归正传”。而英文写作主要体现为直线型发展方式：第一句话“开门见山，一语破题”，结论句直接重复，扣题。换句话说，英文文章表意较直接，直奔主题。多数段落以主题句开端，在文章的开始部分就会阐明主题。英文写作是由一般到特殊。先概括后举例，先讲整体轮廓，后说诸多细节。了解英语写作特点将有利于把握文章的主题句，请同学们读以下的段落，根据文本的特点，快速寻找出主题句。
In developing countries, poor people have suffered the most from shortages of clean water. There are several reasons for this. First, in many developing countries, the majority of houses in poor villages and urban slums are not yet served by a piped water system. People living in these places often have to walk many miles to find water and carry it home in jugs and plastic containers. Second, these people usually have few alternatives to the piped water supply. There may be water closer by in rivers or lakes, but this is often dangerously polluted. In poor areas, street vendors often sell water by the liter, but they often charge extremely high prices for water that is not always safe to drink.
本段的主题句是 In developing countries, poor people have suffered the most from shortages of clean water. 这一段落主要是说明在发展中国家，很多穷人所面临的一个问题—清洁水源严重短缺。随后在展开部分阐述了造成这一问题的原因。是说明文“现象+原因”的结构。
2、提取关键词概括主旨大意
在没有明确的主题句的情况下，学生需要通过定位、提取和整合分散在原文中的关键词对段落或者篇章进行主旨概括。
Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.
这是一段关于人体荷尔蒙的产生和释放的实验研究说明文, 但是文中没有明显的主题句。这时我们就可以利用关键词信息来概括主旨大意。
首先通过段落中的衔接词“Generally”和“but”了解到研究结果涉及到两个方面；然后在前后两个句子中又可以找出“the hormone oxytocin”、“is let out”、“create”、“positive”、“negative”、“social interaction”等关键词，通过整合，概括主旨大意为：Experiments show our body creates and let out hormone oxytocin during both positive and negative social interactions.
（二）如何提取核心内容支撑主旨大意
区分核心内容和细节是概要写作的一大难点。概要写作不是篇章内容的简单罗列和呈现，而是提取主要内容或关键信息的一个过程。所以同学们要仔细辨别什么是核心内容，理清信息的主次，避免因为分不清楚主次而包含太多的细节内容，从而影响概要写作的简洁性。
1、核心内容和细节间的区别
核心内容是为了表明作者的写作目的或论证作者观点而使用的具体论据，是概要中的必要信息，通常不能省略。而细节描写往往为了起到突出和强调的作用，对文本内容进行更细致和深入的描述，通常被省略。
一般而言，信息之间的逻辑关系可以帮助区分信息的主次关系。在一般和具体的关系中，主要内容往往是一般的，较多使用抽象词；次要内容较多使用具体的词。我们不妨通过分析下面这个段落来具体了解如何区分主要信息和次要信息，以便概要写作时正确取舍。为了方便讲解，我们对句子进行编号：
① “It’s not just study that’s difficult. ②You have to get used to a whole new way of life, which can take up all your concentration in the beginning,” explained Xie Lei, who had lived all her life in the same city in China. ③She told me that she had had to learn almost everything again. ④“Sometimes I felt like a child,” she said. ⑤“I had to learn how to use the phone, how to pay bus fare, and how to ask a shopkeeper for things I didn’t know the English for. ⑥When I got lost and had to ask a passer-by for directions, I didn’t always understand. ⑦They don’t talk like they do on our listening tapes,” she said, laughing.
第①句是一个过渡句，但difficult一词是个关键词。第②句是本段的主题句，其中“get used to a whole new way of life”“take up all your concentration”是关键词。从第③句到文末第⑦句都是关于“learn everything again”，通过举例来说明getting used to new way of life is difficult这样一个论点。例证一般都是作为细节来看待，因此概要中可省略。
通过对信息的筛选和整合，这段的主旨大意可以概括为：Getting accustomed to a completely new lifestyle is not easy because many things are to be learned again.
除了前面所提到的利用一般和具体之间的关系来区分主要和次要内容，因果关系、转折关系、并列、递进关系等也能帮助区分主次要信息。我们再来看一例：
Xie Lei lives with a host family who give her lots of good advice. ②Although some foreign students live in student accommodation or apartments, some choose to board with English families. ③Living with host families, in which there may be other college students, gives her the chance to learn more about the new culture. ④“When I hear an idiom that I don’t understand, I can ask my host family for help,” explains Xie Lei. ⑤“Also, when I miss my family, it’s a great comfort to have a substitute family to be with.”
这一段落中没有明显的主题句，但是通读文本后不难发现作者想要表达的是living with host family的益处。第①句中的定语从句是修饰host family，但“give her lots of good advice”是本句关键词，提示了第一个益处。第②句是一个让步状语从句，前后转折关系，一般而言Although引导的状语从句部分是次要信息，而主句部分则是主要信息，在这句中提取关键词“to board with English families”。第③句中的host families就是前面所提到的English families, 而此句中的关键词 “to learn more about the new culture”显然是主要信息。第④句是通过举例的方式，进一步证明living with host family的好处。第⑤句的Also之后所提到的信息和之前第③句的信息是同等重要的，因此在概要中需要提及，以保证要点齐全。
这一段落的主旨大意可以概括为：Living with a host family can help students get much advice, understand a new culture and relieve homesickness.
2、例证重要性的判断和取舍
分清重要信息和次要信息对于概要写作很重要，有些同学认为举例，引入部分和定义等都属于细节描写，因此在概要写作时一律舍弃，但事实上这有失偏颇，有时为了强调某一观点或者表明观点的真实性和可靠性，会使用如举例论证或者因果论证等方式，所以概要写作时，看到举例论证，引入或者定义时，不能一概而论地舍弃。根据行文的需要来考虑例证的必要性和重要性，以此进行取舍。现在我们从“定义是否需要作为细节而被删减”的角度来看之前讨论过的一个段落：
Planned obsolescence, a practice in which products are designed to have a limited period of usefulness, has been a cornerstone of manufacturing focus for the past 80 years. This approach increases sales, but it also stands in contrast to a time when goods were produced to be durable. Planned obsolescence wastes materials as well as energy in making and shipping new products. It also strengthens the belief that it is easier to replace goods than to repair them. In 2009, an enterprising movement, the “Repair Café”, said no to this widely accepted belief.
段落的首句，用同位语和定语从句的结构对planned obsolescence一词进行了解释。虽然一般来讲，定义是对某一名词的具体说明和解释，在概要写作中被省略。但是planned obsolescence对于大部分的读者来说是陌生的词组，如果不加以一定的释义，而是直接将这一词组用于概要之中，许多读者会因为不理解这个词义而影响其对后文的理解；另一方面，第一句中的“are designed to have a limited period of usefulness”为后文提到的这一做法的弊端做了铺垫，进而引出Repair Café的出现。
由于planned obsolescence的定义毕竟不是主要信息，所以在语言的表达和组织上还是要仔细斟酌。在不超过规定字数的前提下，尽量以分词等结构出现，不宜以单句形式表达，以免本末倒置，偏离段落主旨大意。
（三）如何使用自己语言表达原文要点
概要写作强调写作者用自己的语言言简意赅地表达原文的主旨大意和重要内容，要避免照搬原文。释义（Paraphrase）是将听到或看到的内容用自己的语言进行表达，可以借鉴原文的内容，但是要学会用各种方法来进行改写，达到“神似形不似的境界”。下面我们就具体来学习怎样利用paraphrase来进行改写吧。
1、使用不同的词汇
（1）同义替换：这是paraphrase最简单的方法，就是用近义词或者同义短语替换原文中相应的部分。通常使用这种方法时，不需对句子的其它部分进行改动。
·It is commonly believed that taking regular exercise does good to people’s health.
→ It is widely accepted that taking regular exercise does good to people’s health.
→ It is generally thought that taking regular exercise does good to people’s health.
在这一例句中，同学们既可以对“commonly believed”进行同义替换，也可以将“does good to people’s health”进行同义替换，如：
It is generally thought that taking regular exercise benefits/ brings benefits to/ is beneficial to people’s health.
部分常见同义替换表达的归纳
原 义 同义词
think believe; argue; assume; claim; state; advocate; consider; point out ...
nowadays today; at present; presently; currently; now; recently; lately ...
important vital; essential; crucial; significant; primary; fundamental; dominant ...
emphasize lay emphasis on; attach importance to; give priority to; stress …
reason due to; because of; owing to; be responsible for; thanks to; result from;
result Attribute ... to; contribute to; lead to; cause; result in; be related to
tendency tend to; be inclined to; have a tendency to ...
greatly significantly; remarkably; highly; tremendously; strikingly; surprisingly; considerably；dramatically; noticeably ...
(2) 改变词性：这一方法和同义替换较为类似，但是通过词性转换的形式替换原文中的相应内容。
·The young man was sentenced to prison because he got involved in a murder.
→ The young man was sentenced to prison because of his involvement in a murder.
在这一例中，用名词involvement替换了动词involve。在词性变化的时候，必要时对句子的结构也要做相应的变化，以免产生句式上的错误。又如：
What they have achieved is really valuable in preventing and treating HIV infection.
→ Their achievements are really valuable in preventing and treating HIV infection.
→ Their achievements are significant in the prevention and treatment of HIV infection.
这一例句中，achieve (v.), prevent(v.), treat(v.) 都从动词变成了名词，在句子或词组结构上也相应作了一些改变。
(3) 使用不同的连接词。连接词不仅连接句子，也连接段落，所以掌握一些连接词的替换，对改写也有很大的帮助。请看下面的例句：
·He stayed up late yesterday, as a result, he fell asleep in class today.
→ He went to bed so late that he fell asleep in class today.
→ He stayed up late yesterday, so that he fell asleep in class today.
部分常用连接词的归纳
逻辑关系 连接词
对比/转折 however; on the other hand; despite; in spite of; though; although; but；on the contrary; otherwise; yet; instead of; rather; rather than; whereas；nevertheless; nevertheless; even though…
表递进 What’s more; in addition; moreover; furthermore; besides…
表因果 Therefore; so; as a result; consequently; thus; accordingly; in this way; due to; because of; owing to; result from; result in; lead to; cause
表总结 In short; In brief; Briefly; To sum up; On the whole; In a word…
(4) 对原词进行逆向表达。对一些形容词或副词进行修改，比如采用反义词，双重否定即肯定等改写手段也可以达到用自己语言表达原文的目的, 比如：
·The present financial situation is not as simple as he thought.
→ The current financial situation is more complicated than he thought.
2、使用不同的句型
(1)词序的改变。
例1 Jane stared at the sunset as she ate apples.
— Jane ate apples when she stared at the sunset.
例2 They got up at 5 in the morning so as to catch the earliest bus.
To catch the earliest bus, they got up at 5 a.m.
(2)主被动语态的转换。
例3 The government encourages citizens to take public transportation when they travel around.
→ Citizens are encouraged to take public transport to travel around.
例4 They have tried every means to save the drowning boy but failed.
→ Every means has been used to save the drowning boy but failed.
例5 The construction of the new tunnel benefits people living on both sides of the river.
→ People living on both sides of the river benefit from the construction of the new tunnel.
例6 The heavy rain resulted in the landslide, which killed over 100 villagers.
→ The landslide, which killed over 100 villagers, resulted from the heavy rain.
主动和被动语态之间的转换，除了动词结构的变化之外，还有词组之间的转换，比如result from 和 result in; benefit 和 benefit from; base sth. on sth.和 be based on等，同学们要学会灵活转换。
(3)从句和非谓语动词结构的转换。
例7 They have lived in Shanghai for nearly 10 years, so they are quite familiar with the city.
→Having lived in Shanghai for nearly one decade, they’re quite familiar with it.
例8 Many of the students are now in the classroom and they are taking a lunch break.
→Many students are now in the classroom taking a lunch break.
例9 The activity which is designed to raise people’s awareness of animal protection is popular with the residents.
→The activity designed to raise the awareness of animal protection is well-received by the residents.
→The activity whose aim is to make people aware of animal protection gains great popularity among the residents.
例10The apartment building collapsed and many people lost their homes.
→The apartment building collapsed, leaving many people homeless.
→Many people lost their homes with the collapse of the building.
例11 Tom was admitted to Cambridge University and he is the first in his hometown to study abroad.
→ Tom’s being admitted to Cambridge University makes him the first in his hometown to study abroad.
(4)概括性的词代替具体的词。
例12 Some people go to college to learn a trade，some go to enter a profession，and others，having no immediate career goals, go for the love of learning.
→ People go to college for various reasons.
例13 She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Times and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during her holiday.
→ She brought home a variety of reading materials to enjoy in her vocation.
考纲解读
考情分析
知识链接
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专题二十九 书面表达之读写任务及概要写作
概要写作的要求是“提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇不超过60词的内容概要。”从题目要求可以看出，概要写作是“阅读+写作”的复合写作任务，因此对于学生的阅读理解能力、概括归纳能力和书面表达能力等都提出了很高的要求。概要写作评分时主要从以下几个方面考虑：
（1）主旨概括是否客观全面
（2）要点呈现是否主次分明
（3）语言表达是否言简意赅
（4）篇章结构是否紧凑贯通
考情分析：分析2021-2023年概要写作考向分布。
题型 概要写作
2023上海秋考 说明文。青少年应远离沙发，多听音乐，多参加运动等活动。
2023上海春考 说明文。讲述阅读小说的益处，实验表明它能培养品性及产生共情。
2022上海秋考 说明文。什么是智商？什么是天才？以及智商与天才之间的关系。
2022上海春考 说明文。脑迹印记并不是孤立于大脑的一个区域，科学家们研究了积极记忆和消极记忆之间的存储位置和相互作用。
2021上海秋考 说明文。介绍一名视觉思想家，她的记忆以时间顺序作为特定的图像出现在她的脑海中。
2021上海春考 说明文。Fluido发布了FluidoPlus，一种通过监控MAC来收集客户信息的产品，从而帮助分析他们的行为来促进市场营销。
考点清单一 概要写作的特点
1客观性
概要写作是对原文的客观转述，要求考生在正确理解原文的基础上，用自己的语言忠实地再现作者的思想。考生应该用自己的语言呈现原文主要内容，不能对原文进行解释和评论，也不能掺杂任何个人想法或做出任何评价。
2简洁性
概要写作是一种对原文“浓缩”后产生的新语篇，通过删除原文中的细节减少例证，简化描述内容来实现语言的简洁性。
3连贯性
概要写作不是提纲式写作，所以在各要点之间需要增加能够体现逻辑的关系词，使概要衔接紧密，脉络清晰，语意贯通。
考点清单二 评分标准
档次 要求
第五档 理解准确，涵盖全部要点能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使概要结构紧凑完全使用自己的语言
第四档 理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些错误，但完全不影响意义表达比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使概要结构紧凑有个别整句抄自原文
第三档 理解较为准确，涵盖绝大部分要点所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达能应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使上下文内容连贯出现两句以上整句抄自原文
第二档 理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性出现两句以上整句抄自原文
第一档 没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响意义的表达缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯多个句子抄自原文
0分 白卷，或内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关
考点清单三 概要写作常考体裁
概要写作涉及最多的文本体裁是记叙文（narration)、说明文（exposition)和议论文(argumentation)。
记叙文：找出时间（when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因（why)，以及结果 (how)等要素。如果是夹叙夹议的文章，还要加上作者的看法、观点或感悟。但具体写作时并非所有要素都要包括其中，最重要的是某人(who)做了某事(what)结果如何(how)。总之，记叙文体裁的概要通常包括:①谁做了什么？（who did what)②结果怎么样？（what was the result) ③作者要表达什么 (包括作者的看法、观点、感悟或写作目的。假如原文没有提及，概括时可以不写。）
说明文：通常会有较为明显的主题句，写概要时找出中心句，抓住关键词。对现象分析型说明文，找出“现象”、“造成这种现象的原因”以及“解决这种现象或问题的措施或建议”。
议论文：找出论点、论据和结论，其关键是找出主题句或结论句。要明确表述原文作者的观点，如果原文中有不同的两种观点，则都要概括其中，不能遗漏任何一方的观点。
不同体裁文本的概要写作基本结构概括如下：
文章体裁 主题句 拓展句 概要形式
记叙文 故事的写作目的/主题1句） 故事大意，突出冲突以及故事背后含义(2—3句） 主题句+若干拓展句+ 总结
说明文 说明的观点/对象/现象1句） 解释/分述(2—3句）
议论文 文章论点1句） 论据(2—3句）
考点清单四 写作技巧
（一）如何概括主旨大意
概括主旨大意，首先要抓住文章的主题句，然后在完整理解文章内容的基础上进行概括归纳。如前所述，段落的主题句可能出现在段首，段末，段落中间，甚至于没有明显的主题句。那么针对不同的情况，我们可以有什么不同的方法呢？我们一起来看以下的示例。
1、找准主题句概括主旨大意
中文段落写作是螺旋/线型的发展方式：重铺垫，讲渲染，讲究“言归正传”。而英文写作主要体现为直线型发展方式：第一句话“开门见山，一语破题”，结论句直接重复，扣题。换句话说，英文文章表意较直接，直奔主题。多数段落以主题句开端，在文章的开始部分就会阐明主题。英文写作是由一般到特殊。先概括后举例，先讲整体轮廓，后说诸多细节。了解英语写作特点将有利于把握文章的主题句，请同学们读以下的段落，根据文本的特点，快速寻找出主题句。
In developing countries, poor people have suffered the most from shortages of clean water. There are several reasons for this. First, in many developing countries, the majority of houses in poor villages and urban slums are not yet served by a piped water system. People living in these places often have to walk many miles to find water and carry it home in jugs and plastic containers. Second, these people usually have few alternatives to the piped water supply. There may be water closer by in rivers or lakes, but this is often dangerously polluted. In poor areas, street vendors often sell water by the liter, but they often charge extremely high prices for water that is not always safe to drink.
本段的主题句是 In developing countries, poor people have suffered the most from shortages of clean water. 这一段落主要是说明在发展中国家，很多穷人所面临的一个问题—清洁水源严重短缺。随后在展开部分阐述了造成这一问题的原因。是说明文“现象+原因”的结构。
2、提取关键词概括主旨大意
在没有明确的主题句的情况下，学生需要通过定位、提取和整合分散在原文中的关键词对段落或者篇章进行主旨概括。
Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.
这是一段关于人体荷尔蒙的产生和释放的实验研究说明文, 但是文中没有明显的主题句。这时我们就可以利用关键词信息来概括主旨大意。
首先通过段落中的衔接词“Generally”和“but”了解到研究结果涉及到两个方面；然后在前后两个句子中又可以找出“the hormone oxytocin”、“is let out”、“create”、“positive”、“negative”、“social interaction”等关键词，通过整合，概括主旨大意为：Experiments show our body creates and let out hormone oxytocin during both positive and negative social interactions.
（二）如何提取核心内容支撑主旨大意
区分核心内容和细节是概要写作的一大难点。概要写作不是篇章内容的简单罗列和呈现，而是提取主要内容或关键信息的一个过程。所以同学们要仔细辨别什么是核心内容，理清信息的主次，避免因为分不清楚主次而包含太多的细节内容，从而影响概要写作的简洁性。
1、核心内容和细节间的区别
核心内容是为了表明作者的写作目的或论证作者观点而使用的具体论据，是概要中的必要信息，通常不能省略。而细节描写往往为了起到突出和强调的作用，对文本内容进行更细致和深入的描述，通常被省略。
一般而言，信息之间的逻辑关系可以帮助区分信息的主次关系。在一般和具体的关系中，主要内容往往是一般的，较多使用抽象词；次要内容较多使用具体的词。我们不妨通过分析下面这个段落来具体了解如何区分主要信息和次要信息，以便概要写作时正确取舍。为了方便讲解，我们对句子进行编号：
① “It’s not just study that’s difficult. ②You have to get used to a whole new way of life, which can take up all your concentration in the beginning,” explained Xie Lei, who had lived all her life in the same city in China. ③She told me that she had had to learn almost everything again. ④“Sometimes I felt like a child,” she said. ⑤“I had to learn how to use the phone, how to pay bus fare, and how to ask a shopkeeper for things I didn’t know the English for. ⑥When I got lost and had to ask a passer-by for directions, I didn’t always understand. ⑦They don’t talk like they do on our listening tapes,” she said, laughing.
第①句是一个过渡句，但difficult一词是个关键词。第②句是本段的主题句，其中“get used to a whole new way of life”“take up all your concentration”是关键词。从第③句到文末第⑦句都是关于“learn everything again”，通过举例来说明getting used to new way of life is difficult这样一个论点。例证一般都是作为细节来看待，因此概要中可省略。
通过对信息的筛选和整合，这段的主旨大意可以概括为：Getting accustomed to a completely new lifestyle is not easy because many things are to be learned again.
除了前面所提到的利用一般和具体之间的关系来区分主要和次要内容，因果关系、转折关系、并列、递进关系等也能帮助区分主次要信息。我们再来看一例：
Xie Lei lives with a host family who give her lots of good advice. ②Although some foreign students live in student accommodation or apartments, some choose to board with English families. ③Living with host families, in which there may be other college students, gives her the chance to learn more about the new culture. ④“When I hear an idiom that I don’t understand, I can ask my host family for help,” explains Xie Lei. ⑤“Also, when I miss my family, it’s a great comfort to have a substitute family to be with.”
这一段落中没有明显的主题句，但是通读文本后不难发现作者想要表达的是living with host family的益处。第①句中的定语从句是修饰host family，但“give her lots of good advice”是本句关键词，提示了第一个益处。第②句是一个让步状语从句，前后转折关系，一般而言Although引导的状语从句部分是次要信息，而主句部分则是主要信息，在这句中提取关键词“to board with English families”。第③句中的host families就是前面所提到的English families, 而此句中的关键词 “to learn more about the new culture”显然是主要信息。第④句是通过举例的方式，进一步证明living with host family的好处。第⑤句的Also之后所提到的信息和之前第③句的信息是同等重要的，因此在概要中需要提及，以保证要点齐全。
这一段落的主旨大意可以概括为：Living with a host family can help students get much advice, understand a new culture and relieve homesickness.
2、例证重要性的判断和取舍
分清重要信息和次要信息对于概要写作很重要，有些同学认为举例，引入部分和定义等都属于细节描写，因此在概要写作时一律舍弃，但事实上这有失偏颇，有时为了强调某一观点或者表明观点的真实性和可靠性，会使用如举例论证或者因果论证等方式，所以概要写作时，看到举例论证，引入或者定义时，不能一概而论地舍弃。根据行文的需要来考虑例证的必要性和重要性，以此进行取舍。现在我们从“定义是否需要作为细节而被删减”的角度来看之前讨论过的一个段落：
Planned obsolescence, a practice in which products are designed to have a limited period of usefulness, has been a cornerstone of manufacturing focus for the past 80 years. This approach increases sales, but it also stands in contrast to a time when goods were produced to be durable. Planned obsolescence wastes materials as well as energy in making and shipping new products. It also strengthens the belief that it is easier to replace goods than to repair them. In 2009, an enterprising movement, the “Repair Café”, said no to this widely accepted belief.
段落的首句，用同位语和定语从句的结构对planned obsolescence一词进行了解释。虽然一般来讲，定义是对某一名词的具体说明和解释，在概要写作中被省略。但是planned obsolescence对于大部分的读者来说是陌生的词组，如果不加以一定的释义，而是直接将这一词组用于概要之中，许多读者会因为不理解这个词义而影响其对后文的理解；另一方面，第一句中的“are designed to have a limited period of usefulness”为后文提到的这一做法的弊端做了铺垫，进而引出Repair Café的出现。
由于planned obsolescence的定义毕竟不是主要信息，所以在语言的表达和组织上还是要仔细斟酌。在不超过规定字数的前提下，尽量以分词等结构出现，不宜以单句形式表达，以免本末倒置，偏离段落主旨大意。
（三）如何使用自己语言表达原文要点
概要写作强调写作者用自己的语言言简意赅地表达原文的主旨大意和重要内容，要避免照搬原文。释义（Paraphrase）是将听到或看到的内容用自己的语言进行表达，可以借鉴原文的内容，但是要学会用各种方法来进行改写，达到“神似形不似的境界”。下面我们就具体来学习怎样利用paraphrase来进行改写吧。
1、使用不同的词汇
（1）同义替换：这是paraphrase最简单的方法，就是用近义词或者同义短语替换原文中相应的部分。通常使用这种方法时，不需对句子的其它部分进行改动。
·It is commonly believed that taking regular exercise does good to people’s health.
→ It is widely accepted that taking regular exercise does good to people’s health.
→ It is generally thought that taking regular exercise does good to people’s health.
在这一例句中，同学们既可以对“commonly believed”进行同义替换，也可以将“does good to people’s health”进行同义替换，如：
It is generally thought that taking regular exercise benefits/ brings benefits to/ is beneficial to people’s health.
部分常见同义替换表达的归纳
原 义 同义词
think believe; argue; assume; claim; state; advocate; consider; point out ...
nowadays today; at present; presently; currently; now; recently; lately ...
important vital; essential; crucial; significant; primary; fundamental; dominant ...
emphasize lay emphasis on; attach importance to; give priority to; stress …
reason due to; because of; owing to; be responsible for; thanks to; result from;
result Attribute ... to; contribute to; lead to; cause; result in; be related to
tendency tend to; be inclined to; have a tendency to ...
greatly significantly; remarkably; highly; tremendously; strikingly; surprisingly; considerably；dramatically; noticeably ...
(2) 改变词性：这一方法和同义替换较为类似，但是通过词性转换的形式替换原文中的相应内容。
·The young man was sentenced to prison because he got involved in a murder.
→ The young man was sentenced to prison because of his involvement in a murder.
在这一例中，用名词involvement替换了动词involve。在词性变化的时候，必要时对句子的结构也要做相应的变化，以免产生句式上的错误。又如：
What they have achieved is really valuable in preventing and treating HIV infection.
→ Their achievements are really valuable in preventing and treating HIV infection.
→ Their achievements are significant in the prevention and treatment of HIV infection.
这一例句中，achieve (v.), prevent(v.), treat(v.) 都从动词变成了名词，在句子或词组结构上也相应作了一些改变。
(3) 使用不同的连接词。连接词不仅连接句子，也连接段落，所以掌握一些连接词的替换，对改写也有很大的帮助。请看下面的例句：
·He stayed up late yesterday, as a result, he fell asleep in class today.
→ He went to bed so late that he fell asleep in class today.
→ He stayed up late yesterday, so that he fell asleep in class today.
部分常用连接词的归纳
逻辑关系 连接词
对比/转折 however; on the other hand; despite; in spite of; though; although; but；on the contrary; otherwise; yet; instead of; rather; rather than; whereas；nevertheless; nevertheless; even though…
表递进 What’s more; in addition; moreover; furthermore; besides…
表因果 Therefore; so; as a result; consequently; thus; accordingly; in this way; due to; because of; owing to; result from; result in; lead to; cause
表总结 In short; In brief; Briefly; To sum up; On the whole; In a word…
(4) 对原词进行逆向表达。对一些形容词或副词进行修改，比如采用反义词，双重否定即肯定等改写手段也可以达到用自己语言表达原文的目的, 比如：
·The present financial situation is not as simple as he thought.
→ The current financial situation is more complicated than he thought.
2、使用不同的句型
(1)词序的改变。
例1 Jane stared at the sunset as she ate apples.
— Jane ate apples when she stared at the sunset.
例2 They got up at 5 in the morning so as to catch the earliest bus.
To catch the earliest bus, they got up at 5 a.m.
(2)主被动语态的转换。
例3 The government encourages citizens to take public transportation when they travel around.
→ Citizens are encouraged to take public transport to travel around.
例4 They have tried every means to save the drowning boy but failed.
→ Every means has been used to save the drowning boy but failed.
例5 The construction of the new tunnel benefits people living on both sides of the river.
→ People living on both sides of the river benefit from the construction of the new tunnel.
例6 The heavy rain resulted in the landslide, which killed over 100 villagers.
→ The landslide, which killed over 100 villagers, resulted from the heavy rain.
主动和被动语态之间的转换，除了动词结构的变化之外，还有词组之间的转换，比如result from 和 result in; benefit 和 benefit from; base sth. on sth.和 be based on等，同学们要学会灵活转换。
(3)从句和非谓语动词结构的转换。
例7 They have lived in Shanghai for nearly 10 years, so they are quite familiar with the city.
→Having lived in Shanghai for nearly one decade, they’re quite familiar with it.
例8 Many of the students are now in the classroom and they are taking a lunch break.
→Many students are now in the classroom taking a lunch break.
例9 The activity which is designed to raise people’s awareness of animal protection is popular with the residents.
→The activity designed to raise the awareness of animal protection is well-received by the residents.
→The activity whose aim is to make people aware of animal protection gains great popularity among the residents.
例10The apartment building collapsed and many people lost their homes.
→The apartment building collapsed, leaving many people homeless.
→Many people lost their homes with the collapse of the building.
例11 Tom was admitted to Cambridge University and he is the first in his hometown to study abroad.
→ Tom’s being admitted to Cambridge University makes him the first in his hometown to study abroad.
(4)概括性的词代替具体的词。
例12 Some people go to college to learn a trade，some go to enter a profession，and others，having no immediate career goals, go for the love of learning.
→ People go to college for various reasons.
例13 She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Times and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during her holiday.
→ She brought home a variety of reading materials to enjoy in her vocation.
考纲解读
考情分析
知识链接
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