中考英语阅读理解时文阅读 语境专项训练 人与自然-自然与环境（帽带企鹅+“奇异福建龙”化石+水循环） (含解析）

中考英语阅读理解时文阅读 语境专项训练
人与自然-自然与环境
帽带企鹅 “奇异福建龙”化石 水循环
A
时文阅读：帽带企鹅每天“秒睡”一万次？
主题语境：人与自然-自然与环境-自然地理与生物
在读书或工作时，打盹儿是我们再熟悉不过的经历。众所周知，鸟类也会进行这种“微睡眠”。但有一种鸟类似乎在“打盹儿”这件事上战胜了所有人。根据最新一期的《科学》杂志研究，帽带企鹅具有“特种兵式”的极限睡眠行为：每天打瞌睡超过1万次。它们是如何做到的？
阅读短文并回答问题
When you get really sleepy, you may nod off（打瞌睡）for a short time. However, chinstrap penguins（帽带企鹅）in the South Pole take nodding off to a whole new level, as they do it more than 10,000 times a day！
A group of scientists studied 14 chinstrap penguins in the South Pole. They put electrodes（电极）on the penguins’ heads and necks to see their brain activities. The scientists also followed them by GPS and watched them for 10 days.
Finally, the scientists found that the penguins’ longest sleep time is 34 seconds. On average（平均）, the penguins sleep 4 seconds at a time. At times, only half of their brains would sleep, while the other half stayed awake. But in one day, they sleep for more than 11 hours, so they get enough rest.
The penguins sleep like this because they need to protect their eggs and babies. If they sleep too long, the babies may get hurt by seabirds and other penguins. Also, their home is usually noisy and crowded. So the parent penguins just have very short sleeps to stay alert（警觉的）.
1. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about
A. Why scientists put electrodes on the penguins.
B. What scientists found about the penguins’ sleeping.
C. How scientists studied the penguins’ sleeping habits.
D. When scientists studied the penguins’ brain activities.
2. The penguins get enough sleep by _______.
A. nodding off many times each day
B. having a 4-second sleep every hour
C. sleeping for over 11 hours at one time
D. sleeping for about 34 seconds each time
3. What does the underlined word “they” in the last paragraph refer to
A. Seabirds.
B. Scientists.
C. The baby penguins.
D. The parent penguins.
4. What makes the penguins have short sleep habits
①The flying of seabirds.
②Their noisy and crowded homes.
③The cold weather in the South Pole.
④The need to protect their eggs and babies.
A. ①② B. ②③ C. ②④ D. ③④
5. What is the best title for the passage
A. Chinstrap Penguins’ Busy Lives
B. Differences in Rest Between Animals
C. Chinstrap Penguins’ Favourite Activities
D. Chinstrap Penguins’ Special Sleeping Habits
B
时文阅读：中国发现“奇异福建龙”化石！
主题语境：人与自然-自然与环境-自然地理与生物
近期，科研人员在中国福建省政和县发现了一件独特的恐龙化石。经过修复与分析研究，确认发现于约1.5亿年前晚侏罗纪地层中的这件恐龙化石属于鸟翼类恐龙新物种，人们将其命名为“奇异福建龙”。这是目前所知世界上侏罗纪最晚期和地理位置最南的鸟翼类恐龙。这只恐龙有何特殊之处？
阅读短文并回答问题
Scientists have recently made an exciting discovery in Fujian Province, China. They found the fossil（化石）of a dinosaur from the Jurassic Period（侏罗纪时期）, and they’ve given it a name: Fujianvenator prodigiosus.
According to the study, the strange chicken-sized and bird-like dinosaur lived in southeastern China about 148 to 150 million years ago, with long legs and arms like wings. It is far from similar to any modern dinosaur. Its special body structure suggests it was a fast runner and lived near water.
The discovery of this dinosaur fossil provides more information for studying how birds evolved. Birds developed from a group of dinosaurs in the late Jurassic. The oldest known bird, Archaeopteryx, can date back to around 150 million years ago in Germany. Further research on this new dinosaur species could help scientists better understand how modern birds came to be.
The dinosaur fossil is mostly complete but the animal’s head and part of its feet are missing. That makes it hard for scientists to know what it ate and how it lived.
Fujianvenator did have wings, but it is not clear if it could fly. The study leader Wang Min said, “If it could fly, it probably could not fly well because of its bone structure.” The fossil did not include feathers（羽毛）. But the animal’s closest relatives had feathers. So Wang said, “It would not be a surprise if Fujianvenator had feathers.”
1. How can we describe the dinosaur
A. Social.
B. Large-sized.
C. Dangerous.
D. Unusual.
2. What do we know about the dinosaur
A. It lived in the water.
B. It is good at running.
C. It came from Germany.
D. It has short legs and arms.
3. The underlined word “evolved” in Paragraph 3 probably means “_______” in Chinese.
A. 进化
B. 飞翔
C. 迁徙
D. 觅食
4. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE
A. The dinosaur fossil is very complete.
B. The dinosaur’s body is covered with feathers.
C. It is hard for scientists to know the dinosaurs’ lives.
D. The dinosaur could fly well because of its bone structure.
5. What is the passage mainly about
A. The history of the Jurassic Period.
B. The discovery of a dinosaur fossil.
C. The living environment of Fujianvenator.
D. The relationship between birds and dinosaurs.
C
时文阅读：地球上的水循环
主题语境：人与自然-自然与环境-自然地理与生物
水是地球上最重要的资源之一，也是生命的基础。但你是否知道，水是如何在地球上循环的呢？水循环是指水在地球大气圈、地表和地下之间不断循环的过程，通常包括蒸发、降水、融化、渗透和河流流动等一系列过程。它是地球上最重要的自然循环之一，也是维持地球生态系统平衡的关键。
阅读短文并回答问题
Water is important for all living things on Earth. The water cycle（循环）is a natural process that takes water from the ground and the sky and brings it back to the earth again. It is a cycle that happens the whole year and is most active（活跃的）from March to June in China. In this article, we will explore（探索）the water cycle and discuss its importance for Earth.
The water cycle always begins with water vapour（蒸汽）. When it’s hot outside, you can see clouds forming in the sky. These clouds are made of water vapour that comes from the ground, plants and rivers. As water vapour rises（上升）into the sky, it cools down and becomes clouds. After that, clouds travel through the sky and fall back to Earth as rain or snow. Then, water runs through rivers and oceans and finally returns to the earth again in different forms like rainwater or snow.
The water cycle plays an important role in protecting our Earth’s climate（气候）. It provides us with water to drink and keeps our climate healthy. On top of that, it takes water from rivers and oceans and brings it to the areas that don’t have enough water. Without the cycle, we would face many problems. When there is too much water in one place, it becomes a flood. When water is badly in need, it becomes a drought（旱灾）. Besides, water vapour can take heat from the sun and keep our planet cool.
The water cycle is a natural process that keeps our planet alive. It’s important for plants and animals to drink water and for our rivers to stay flowing with water. Understanding（理解）the water cycle can help us enjoy the beauty of nature, know how our planet works and develop better methods to protect our Earth. And that is a responsibility（责任）we should take on.
1. Which season might have the most active water cycle in China
A. Spring.
B. Summer.
C. Autumn.
D. Winter.
2. Which is the right order of the water cycle according to the text
① Water returns to the ground.
② Rain or snow falls down.
③ Water vapour rises up.
④ Clouds are formed in the sky.
A. ③②④①
B. ④②③①
C. ④③②①
D. ③④②①
3. Why is the water cycle important
A. It brings warm weather.
B. It shows the beauty of nature.
C. It makes the climate pleasant.
D. It cleans the air and the ground.
4. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. Earth’s climate.
B. The water cycle.
C. Water vapour.
D. Drinking water.
5. What is the writer’s purpose in writing the last paragraph
A. To ask people to water plants.
B. To encourage people to save water.
C. To call on people to protect our planet.
D. To inspire people to get close to nature.
参考答案
A
【参考答案】1 – 5CADCD
【答案解析】
1. C
解题思路：段落大意题。根据第二段内容可知，一组科学家在南极研究了14只帽带企鹅。他们把电极放在企鹅的头上和脖子上，观察它们的大脑活动。科学家们还用GPS追踪与观察他们数十天。再结合第一段及第三段的研究结果可知，第二段主要介绍了科学家研究企鹅睡眠习惯的方法。故选C项。
2. A
解题思路：推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，科学家们发现帽带企鹅最长的睡眠时间是34秒。它们平均每次睡4秒。有时，企鹅睡觉时只用一半的大脑，另一半保持清醒。但在一天当中，它们的睡眠时间超过了11个小时，所以他们得到了足够的休息。再结合第一段最后一句可推知，帽带企鹅通过每天多次打瞌睡来获得足够的睡眠。故选A项。
错项分析：帽带企鹅平均一次睡4秒，最长一次能睡34秒，而非它们每小时睡4秒，也非每次睡34秒，故排除B、D两项；帽带企鹅每天睡眠总时长超过11小时，并非它们一次睡超过11小时，故排除C项。
3. D
解题思路：词义指代题。根据画线词上下文内容可知，帽带企鹅这样睡觉是因为它们需要保护自己的蛋和幼崽。如果它们睡太长时间，它们的幼崽可能会被海鸟和其他企鹅伤害。由此可知，这里的“they”指代“帽带企鹅的父母”。故选D项。
4. C
解题思路：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“If they sleep too long, the babies may get hurt by seabirds and other penguins”及“Also, their home is usually noisy and crowded”可知，帽带企鹅拥有这样的短睡眠习惯是因为它们需要保护蛋及幼崽，并且它们住的地方通常又吵又挤。故选C项。
5. D
解题思路：主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了帽带企鹅独特的睡眠方式，即每天打瞌睡超过1万次，并解释这种睡眠方式形成的原因。D项意为“帽带企鹅的独特睡眠习惯”，能够概括文章内容，故选D项。
B
【参考答案】1 – 5DBACB
【答案解析】
1. D
解题思路：细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，研究显示这只奇怪的恐龙生活在1.48亿到1.5亿年前的中国东南部，和鸡一样大，长得像鸟，有着像翅膀一样的长腿和手臂。它与任何现代恐龙都不相似，它独特的身体结构表明它跑得很快，住在水边。由此可知，这只恐龙是罕见的。故选D项。
2. B
解题思路：细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Its special body structure suggests it was a fast runner and lived near water.”可知，这只恐龙跑得快。故选B项。
3. A
解题思路：词义猜测题。根据画线词下文内容可知，鸟类是从侏罗纪晚期的一群恐龙进化而来的。已知最古老的鸟类始祖鸟可以追溯到大约1.5亿年前的德国。对这种新恐龙物种的进一步研究可以帮助科学家更好地了解现代鸟类是如何进化的。结合选项可推测，画线词所在句意为恐龙化石的发现为研究鸟类的“进化”提供了更多的信息。故选A项。
4. C
解题思路：细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，该恐龙化石几乎是完整的，但缺少了头和部分脚部。这使得科学家们很难推测出它吃什么以及它是如何生活的。由此可知，科学家们很难了解该恐龙的生活。故选C项。
错项分析：根据第四段第一句可知，恐龙化石缺少了头和部分脚部，因此它并不是非常完整的，故排除A项。根据最后一段第三句“The fossil did not include feathers.”可知，人们没有在化石中发现羽毛，故排除B项；根据最后一段第二句中的“If it could fly, it probably…of its bone structure.”可知，如果这只恐龙真的能飞，从它的骨骼结构来看，它可能飞得不好，故排除D项。
5. B
解题思路：主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了科学家在中国福建省发现了一种独特的鸟类恐龙化石。这只恐龙奔跑迅速，生活在水边。这项发现有助于科学家更好地了解鸟类是如何演化而来的。结合选项，B项意为“一项关于恐龙化石的发现”，能够概括文章大意。故选B项。
C
参考答案：ADCBC
【答案解析】
1. A
解题思路：细节理解题。根据文章第一段的“It is a cycle that happens the whole year and is most active from March to June in China”可知，水循环在中国最活跃的时间是3月到6月，3月到6月这四个月大部分是春天。故选A项。
2. D
解题思路：细节理解题。根据文章第二段的内容可知，水循环总是从水蒸气开始。当外面很热的时候，你会看到云在天空中形成。这些云是由来自地面、植物和河流的水蒸气组成的。当水蒸气上升到天空时，它会冷却并形成云。在那之后，云穿过天空，以雨或雪的形式落回地球。然后，水流经河流和海洋，最后以不同的形式再次返回地面，如雨水、雪。因此，水循环正确的顺序应该是：水蒸气上升；天空中形成云；雨雪落下；水返回地面。故选D项。
3. C
解题思路：细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“The water cycle...water to drink and keeps our climate healthy.”可知，水循环在保护地球气候方面起着重要作用，它为我们提供饮用水，并维持气候稳定。故选C项。
4. B
解题思路：词义指代题。根据画线词所在句的句意可知，水循环在保护地球气候方面起着重要作用。它为我们提供饮用水，保持气候稳定。最重要的是，“它”从河流和海洋中取水，并将其带到缺水的地区。由此可推测，“it”指代上文中提到的“water cycle”。故选B项。
5. C
解题思路：推理判断题。根据文章最后一段可知，水循环是维持地球生命的自然过程。对植物和动物来说，获取水分是很重要的；保持我们河流的水流也是很重要的。了解水循环可以帮助我们欣赏大自然的美丽，了解我们的星球是如何运作的，并制定出保护地球的好方法。这是我们应该承担的责任。由此可推知，作者写最后一段的目的是呼吁人类保护地球。故选C项。