2024届高考英语阅读理解基础版 课件(共47张PPT)

(共47张PPT)
阅读理解
根据主题做题
Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at random—he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, on the other hand，are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.
58．What can we learn from the experiment with chimps？___
A．Chimps like to take in their neighbors‘food． B．Chimps tend to provide food for their children．
C．Chimps seldom care about others‘interests． D．Chimps naturally share food with each other．
根据主题做题
Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at random—he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, on the other hand，are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.
59．Michael Tomasello's tests on young children indicate that they___．
A．know how to offer help to adults B．know the world better than chimps
C．trust adults with their hands full D．have the instinct to help others
根据主题做题
Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at random—he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, on the other hand，are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.
60．The passage is mainly about___．
A．cooperation as a distinctive human nature B．the development of intelligence in children
C．the helping behaviors of young children D．ways to train children's shared intentionality
单词讲解
Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at random—he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
单词讲解
Human children, on the other hand，are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.
单词讲解
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.
例证题
In the world of higher education in the United States, competition seems more common than schools working together. Every college and university competes for students, as well as the best teachers and money for research programs.
But one thing almost every school has in common is the difficulty they face in serving low-income students. The National Center for Education Statistics reports that low-income college students are less likely to complete their study programs than other students.
It was only natural that the leaders of Michigan State University and ten other universities discussed this issue when they met in 2014. The 11 schools are spread across the United States and serve different populations and needs. But their leaders all saw improving graduation rates for all students as the biggest problem facing American higher education.
So the group created an organization called the University Innovation Alliance or UIA for sharing information related to this problem. Its main goal is to get 68,000 more students at the member schools to graduate by 2025, with at least half of those students being low-income. The 11 schools now say their number of graduates has increased by over 7,200 in just three years. This includes an almost 25 percent increase in the number of low-income graduates.
56. What led to the setting up of the UIA
A. The low graduation rates. B. The great need of low-income students.
C. The inefficiency of learning. D. The severe competition between schools.
单词讲解
In the world of higher education in the United States, competition seems more common than schools working together. Every college and university competes for students, as well as the best teachers and money for research programs.
But one thing almost every school has in common is the difficulty they face in serving low-income students. The National Center for Education Statistics reports that low-income college students are less likely to complete their study programs than other students.
单词讲解
It was only natural that the leaders of Michigan State University and ten other universities discussed this issue when they met in 2014. The 11 schools are spread across the United States and serve different populations and needs. But their leaders all saw improving graduation rates for all students as the biggest problem facing American higher education.
So the group created an organization called the University Innovation Alliance or UIA for sharing information related to this problem. Its main goal is to get 68,000 more students at the member schools to graduate by 2025, with at least half of those students being low-income. The 11 schools now say their number of graduates has increased by over 7,200 in just three years. This includes an almost 25 percent increase in the number of low-income graduates.
例证题
A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenland’s past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet, researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods （间冰期）in northwest Greenland.
Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial— experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. “As far as we know, it has never been found in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modem lakes there,” Axford said. “We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated.
63. Why are the remains of flies mentioned in the first two paragraphs
They serve as evidence that there is still life in the Northwest Greenland.
They were one of the many ancient lives that were left in the Greenland mud.
They are indicators that Greenland was much warmer than previously thought.
D. They help the researchers realize that there was once a warm period in the Arctic.
单词讲解
A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenland’s past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet, researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods （间冰期）in northwest Greenland.
Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial— experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. "As far as we know, it has never been found in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modem lakes there," Axford said. "We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated
例证题
Everything about nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and the fears of something going badly wrong. The future, however, may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk. These small-scale plants will on average generate between 50 MW (megawatt, a unit of power) and 300 MW of power compared with the 1,000 MW-plus from a traditional reactor. They will draw on modular manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has troubled larger-scale projects for long. Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors (AMRs)-most of which will not be commercial until the 2030 s-are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind.
63. In paragraph 2, the writer mentions the plants in different countries in order to____.
show that the advanced technology of EDF is mature
argue against the popular use of nuclear power
prove that their construction costs more than available
suggest a possible solution to budget problems
单词讲解
Everything about nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and the fears of something going badly wrong. The future, however, may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk. These small-scale plants will on average generate between 50 MW (megawatt, a unit of power) and 300 MW of power compared with the 1,000 MW-plus from a traditional reactor. They will draw on modular manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has troubled larger-scale projects for long. Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors (AMRs)-most of which will not be commercial until the 2030 s-are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind.
单词讲解
Everything about nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and the fears of something going badly wrong. The future, however, may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk. These small-scale plants will on average generate between 50 MW (megawatt, a unit of power) and 300 MW of power compared with the 1,000 MW-plus from a traditional reactor. They will draw on modular manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has troubled larger-scale projects for long. Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors (AMRs)-most of which will not be commercial until the 2030 s-are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind.
长句处理
Everything about nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and the fears of something going badly wrong. The future, however, may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk. These small-scale plants will on average generate between 50 MW (megawatt, a unit of power) and 300 MW of power compared with the 1,000 MW-plus from a traditional reactor. They will draw on modular manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has troubled larger-scale projects for long. Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors (AMRs)-most of which will not be commercial until the 2030 s-are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind.
64. What can be learned from the passage about the advanced modular reactors (AMRs) A
A. They don't work on the same principles as traditional reactors.ng
B. They haven't been widely used for business purposes
C. They are at a critical stage of being manufactured.
D. They operate more flexibly than wind generators.
主旨题
In the world of higher education in the United States, competition seems more common than schools working together. Every college and university competes for students, as well as the best teachers and money for research programs.
But one thing almost every school has in common is the difficulty they face in serving low-income students. he National Center for Education Statistics reports that low-income college students are less likely to complete their study programs than other students.
It was only natural that the leaders of Michigan State University and ten other universities discussed this issue when they met in 2014. The 11 schools are spread across the United States and serve different populations and needs. But their leaders all saw improving graduation rates for all students as the biggest problem facing American higher education.
So the group created an organization called the University Innovation Alliance or UIA for sharing information related to this problem. Its main goal is to get 68,000 more students at the member schools to graduate by 2025, with at least half of those students being low-income. The 11 schools now say their number of graduates has increased by over 7,200 in just three years. This includes an almost 25 percent increase in the number of low-income graduates.
How were they able to make this （理清代词的指代之处）happen It began with each university looking at its own situation and finding out what it had been doing right and what it had been doing wrong.
For example, before joining the UIA, academic advising at Michigan State mostly involved reacting to problems students faced after the problems had already arisen. Then school officials heard about a computer program that fellow UIA member Georgia State University was using. This computer program follows decisions students make about their classes and the progress they are making in their studies. It then sends academic advisors messages whenever a student shows signs that they are making mistakes or facing difficulties. That way the advisors can try to help students before the problems become too serious. Michigan State began using the computer program and it has meant a world of difference. Michigan State has not only received useful information from its partners. It has also shared helpful information of its own.
Bridget Burns, the executive director for the UIA, says efforts like this have never been as successful. “There are rankings that measure all kinds of things,” Burns said. “But how well you do for low-income students has not historically been highlighted.”
59. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
A. Universities Highlighting Their Efforts for Low-Incomes B. Universities Competing for Better Students and Teachers
C. Universities Working Together to Help Poor Students D. Universities Creating the UIA to Share Information
单词讲解
In the world of higher education in the United States, competition seems more common than schools working together. Every college and university competes for students, as well as the best teachers and money for research programs.
But one thing almost every school has in common is the difficulty they face in serving low-income students. he National Center for Education Statistics reports that low-income college students are less likely to complete their study programs than other students.
It was only natural that the leaders of Michigan State University and ten other universities discussed this issue when they met in 2014. The 11 schools are spread across the United States and serve different populations and needs. But their leaders all saw improving graduation rates for all students as the biggest problem facing American higher education.
单词讲解
So the group created an organization called the University Innovation Alliance or UIA for sharing information related to this problem. Its main goal is to get 68,000 more students at the member schools to graduate by 2025, with at least half of those students being low-income. The 11 schools now say their number of graduates has increased by over 7,200 in just three years. This includes an almost 25 percent increase in the number of low-income graduates.
How were they able to make this （理清代词的指代之处）happen It began with each university looking at its own situation and finding out what it had been doing right and what it had been doing wrong.
单词讲解
For example, before joining the UIA, academic advising at Michigan State mostly involved reacting to problems students faced after the problems had already arisen. Then school officials heard about a computer program that fellow UIA member Georgia State University was using. This computer program follows decisions students make about their classes and the progress they are making in their studies. It then sends academic advisors messages whenever a student shows signs that they are making mistakes or facing difficulties. That way the advisors can try to help students before the problems become too serious. Michigan State began using the computer program and it has meant a world of difference. Michigan State has not only received useful information from its partners. It has also shared helpful information of its own.
单词讲解
Bridget Burns, the executive director for the UIA, says efforts like this have never been as successful. “There are rankings that measure all kinds of things,” Burns said. “But how well you do for low-income students has not historically been highlighted.”
主旨题
In the world of higher education in the United States, competition seems more common than schools working together. Every college and university competes for students, as well as the best teachers and money for research programs.
But one thing almost every school has in common is the difficulty they face in serving low-income students. he National Center for Education Statistics reports that low-income college students are less likely to complete their study programs than other students.
It was only natural that the leaders of Michigan State University and ten other universities discussed this issue when they met in 2014. The 11 schools are spread across the United States and serve different populations and needs. But their leaders all saw improving graduation rates for all students as the biggest problem facing American higher education.
So the group created an organization called the University Innovation Alliance or UIA for sharing information related to this problem. Its main goal is to get 68,000 more students at the member schools to graduate by 2025, with at least half of those students being low-income. The 11 schools now say their number of graduates has increased by over 7,200 in just three years. This includes an almost 25 percent increase in the number of low-income graduates.
How were they able to make this （理清代词的指代之处）happen It began with each university looking at its own situation and finding out what it had been doing right and what it had been doing wrong.
For example, before joining the UIA, academic advising at Michigan State mostly involved reacting to problems students faced after the problems had already arisen. Then school officials heard about a computer program that fellow UIA member Georgia State University was using. This computer program follows decisions students make about their classes and the progress they are making in their studies. It then sends academic advisors messages whenever a student shows signs that they are making mistakes or facing difficulties. That way the advisors can try to help students before the problems become too serious. Michigan State began using the computer program and it has meant a world of difference. Michigan State has not only received useful information from its partners. It has also shared helpful information of its own.
Bridget Burns, the executive director for the UIA, says efforts like this have never been as successful. “There are rankings that measure all kinds of things,” Burns said. “But how well you do for low-income students has not historically been highlighted.”
59. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
A. Universities Highlighting Their Efforts for Low-Incomes B. Universities Competing for Better Students and Teachers
C. Universities Working Together to Help Poor Students D. Universities Creating the UIA to Share Information
主旨题
A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenland’s past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet, researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common fliesin it, record two interglacial periods （间冰期）in northwest Greenland.
Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial— experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. "As far as we know, it has never been found in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modem lakes there," Axford said. "We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated
This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland's sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. Those models could then improve predictions of how Greenland's ice sheet might respond to man-made global warming（After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. "Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world," said Yarrow Axford, an associate professor in the team. "One of the big uncertainties in climate science is how fast the Earth changes when it gets warmer. Geology gives us an opportunity to see what happened when the Earth was warmer than today," said Axford.
People might be surprised to see how today's Greenland looked during the last two interglacial periods. During the Last Interglacial, global sea levels increased by 15 to 30 feet, largely due to thinning of Greenland and Antarctica's ice sheets. However, now researchers believe northern Greenland's ice sheet experienced stronger warming than previously thought, which could mean that Greenland is more responsible for that sea-level rise.
Finding lake deposits older than about 10,000 years, however, has been historically very difficult in Greenland. To measure these ancient temperatures, researchers look to ice cores （冰核）and lake deposits. Since ice and lake deposits form by a gradual buildup on annual layers of snow or mud, these cores contain history of the past. By looking through the layers, researchers can obtain climate clues from centuries ago.
64. Which do you think is the best title of the passage
A. Greenland Used to Be Much Greener
B. Earth Once Experienced Warm Periods
C. Coastal Cities Warned of Coming Disasters
D. Northwest Greenland, A Perfect Destination
单词讲解
This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland's sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. Those models could then improve predictions of how Greenland's ice sheet might respond to man-made global warming（After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. "Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world," said Yarrow Axford, an associate professor in the team. "One of the big uncertainties in climate science is how fast the Earth changes when it gets warmer. Geology gives us an opportunity to see what happened when the Earth was warmer than today," said Axford.
单词讲解
People might be surprised to see how today's Greenland looked during the last two interglacial periods. During the Last Interglacial, global sea levels increased by 15 to 30 feet, largely due to thinning of Greenland and Antarctica's ice sheets. However, now researchers believe northern Greenland's ice sheet experienced stronger warming than previously thought, which could mean that Greenland is more responsible for that sea-level rise.
Finding lake deposits older than about 10,000 years, however, has been historically very difficult in Greenland. To measure these ancient temperatures, researchers look to ice cores （冰核）and lake deposits. Since ice and lake deposits form by a gradual buildup on annual layers of snow or mud, these cores contain history of the past. By looking through the layers, researchers can obtain climate clues from centuries ago.
主旨题
Everything about nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and the fears of something going badly wrong. The future, however, may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk. These small-scale plants will on average generate between 50 MW (megawatt, a unit of power) and 300 MW of power compared with the 1,000 MW-plus from a traditional reactor. They will draw on modular manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has troubled larger-scale projects for long. Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors (AMRs)-most of which will not be commercial until the 2030 s-are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind.
"The physics hasn't changed. It's about much cleverer design that offers much-needed flexibility in terms of operation” said Tim Stone, long-term industry adviser and chairman of Nuclear Risk Insurers, which insures nuclear sites in the UK. Since the Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011, safety fears have threatened nuclear power. But the biggest obstacle today is economic. In western Europe, just three plants are under construction: in the UK at Hinkley Point C in Somerset, at Flamanville in France; and at Olkiluoto in Finland. All involve the European Pressurized Reactor technology of EDF that will be used at Hinkley Point. All are running years late and over budget. In the US, the first two nuclear projects under way for the past 30 years are also blowing through cost estimates.
The UK, which opened the world's first commercial nuclear reactor in 1956, is one of the few western nations committed to renewing its ageing facilities to ensure energy security and meet tough carbon reduction targets. It is seen as a proving ground, by many in the industry, of nuclear power's ability to restore confidence. However, the country's agreement with EDF to build two units at Hinkley Point-which together will generate 3.2 GW (gigawatt, a unit of power) of electricity-has come under severe criticism over its cost. The government is looking at different funding models but said it still sees nuclear power as vital to the country's future energy mix. Small reactor, it believes, have the potential to generate much-needed power from the 2030 s.
Which of the following might be the best title of the passage B
A. Large-scale nuclear plants will be a big hit
B. Traditional reactors boom with new mini ones
C. The government should reflect on nuclear safety
D. Nuclear power looks （好像） shrink its way to success
单词讲解
"The physics hasn't changed. It's about much cleverer design that offers much-needed flexibility in terms of operation” said Tim Stone, long-term industry adviser and chairman of Nuclear Risk Insurers, which insures nuclear sites in the UK. Since the Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011, safety fears have threatened nuclear power. But the biggest obstacle today is economic. In western Europe, just three plants are under construction: in the UK at Hinkley Point C in Somerset, at Flamanville in France; and at Olkiluoto in Finland. All involve the European Pressurized Reactor technology of EDF that will be used at Hinkley Point. All are running years late and over budget. In the US, the first two nuclear projects under way for the past 30 years are also blowing through cost estimates.
单词讲解
The UK, which opened the world's first commercial nuclear reactor in 1956, is one of the few western nations committed to renewing its ageing facilities to ensure energy security and meet tough carbon reduction targets. It is seen as a proving ground, by many in the industry, of nuclear power's ability to restore confidence. However, the country's agreement with EDF to build two units at Hinkley Point-which together will generate 3.2 GW (gigawatt, a unit of power) of electricity-has come under severe criticism over its cost. The government is looking at different funding models but said it still sees nuclear power as vital to the country's future energy mix. Small reactor, it believes, have the potential to generate much-needed power from the 2030 s.
细节推断题
In the world of higher education in the United States, competition seems more common than schools working together. Every college and university competes for students, as well as the best teachers and money for research programs.
But one thing almost every school has in common is the difficulty they face in serving low-income students. he National Center for Education Statistics reports that low-income college students are less likely to complete their study programs than other students.
It was only natural that the leaders of Michigan State University and ten other universities discussed this issue when they met in 2014. The 11 schools are spread across the United States and serve different populations and needs. But their leaders all saw improving graduation rates for all students as the biggest problem facing American higher education.
So the group created an organization called the University Innovation Alliance or UIA for sharing information related to this problem. Its main goal is to get 68,000 more students at the member schools to graduate by 2025, with at least half of those students being low-income. The 11 schools now say their number of graduates has increased by over 7,200 in just three years. This includes an almost 25 percent increase in the number of low-income graduates.
How were they able to make this （理清代词的指代之处）happen It began with each university looking at its own situation and finding out what it had been doing right and what it had been doing wrong.
For example, before joining the UIA, academic advising at Michigan State mostly involved reacting to problems students faced after the problems had already arisen. Then school officials heard about a computer program that fellow UIA member Georgia State University was using. This computer program follows decisions students make about their classes and the progress they are making in their studies. It then sends academic advisors messages whenever a student shows signs that they are making mistakes or facing difficulties. That way the advisors can try to help students before the problems become too serious. Michigan State began using the computer program and it has meant a world of difference. Michigan State has not only received useful information from its partners. It has also shared helpful information of its own.
Bridget Burns, the executive director for the UIA, says efforts like this have never been as successful. “There are rankings that measure all kinds of things,” Burns said. “But how well you do for low-income students has not historically been highlighted.”
57. The UIA functions in such a way as the member universities _____.
A. find out their own graduation rates
B. share and follow each other’s good practice
C. make joint efforts to aid students financially
D. popularize computer programs among students
细节推断题
A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenland’s past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet, researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common fliesin it, record two interglacial periods （间冰期）in northwest Greenland.
Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial— experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. "As far as we know, it has never been found in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modem lakes there," Axford said. "We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated
This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland's sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. Those models could then improve predictions of how Greenland's ice sheet might respond to man-made global warming（After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. "Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world," said Yarrow Axford, an associate professor in the team. "One of the big uncertainties in climate science is how fast the Earth changes when it gets warmer. Geology gives us an opportunity to see what happened when the Earth was warmer than today," said Axford.
People might be surprised to see how today's Greenland looked during the last two interglacial periods. During the Last Interglacial, global sea levels increased by 15 to 30 feet, largely due to thinning of Greenland and Antarctica's ice sheets. However, now researchers believe northern Greenland's ice sheet experienced stronger warming than previously thought, which could mean that Greenland is more responsible for that sea-level rise.
Finding lake deposits older than about 10,000 years, however, has been historically very difficult in Greenland. To measure these ancient temperatures, researchers look to ice cores （冰核）and lake deposits. Since ice and lake deposits form by a gradual buildup on annual layers of snow or mud, these cores contain history of the past. By looking through the layers, researchers can obtain climate clues from centuries ago.
The new information about Greenland is important because_______.
researchers have no idea how to measure Greenland's warming speed
it can help researchers better predict Greenland's response to warming
people should be more sensitive to the changes in the ice in Greenlan
it is uncertain how fast the Earth changes with man-made global warming
细节推断题
A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenland’s past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet, researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common fliesin it, record two interglacial periods （间冰期）in northwest Greenland.
Although researchers have long known these two periods—the early Holocene and Last Interglacial— experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. "As far as we know, it has never been found in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modem lakes there," Axford said. "We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated
This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland's sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. Those models could then improve predictions of how Greenland's ice sheet might respond to man-made global warming（After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. "Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world," said Yarrow Axford, an associate professor in the team. "One of the big uncertainties in climate science is how fast the Earth changes when it gets warmer. Geology gives us an opportunity to see what happened when the Earth was warmer than today," said Axford.
People might be surprised to see how today's Greenland looked during the last two interglacial periods. During the Last Interglacial, global sea levels increased by 15 to 30 feet, largely due to thinning of Greenland and Antarctica's ice sheets. However, now researchers believe northern Greenland's ice sheet experienced stronger warming than previously thought, which could mean that Greenland is more responsible for that sea-level rise.
Finding lake deposits older than about 10,000 years, however, has been historically very difficult in Greenland. To measure these ancient temperatures, researchers look to ice cores （冰核）and lake deposits. Since ice and lake deposits form by a gradual buildup on annual layers of snow or mud, these cores contain history of the past. By looking through the layers, researchers can obtain climate clues from centuries ago.
66. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage
A. It is easier for today's scientists to find ancient lake deposits.
B. People are surprised at the landscape feature of Greenland today.
C. Researchers measure the changing temperatures by directly examining mud.
D. Greenland holds enough ice that might one day threaten life in coastal cities
单词讲解
66. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage
It is easier for today's scientists to find ancient lake deposits.
People are surprised at the landscape feature of Greenland today.
Researchers measure the changing temperatures by directly examining mud.
Greenland holds enough ice that might one day threaten life in coastal cities
细节推断题
Everything about nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and the fears of something going badly wrong. The future, however, may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk. These small-scale plants will on average generate between 50 MW (megawatt, a unit of power) and 300 MW of power compared with the 1,000 MW-plus from a traditional reactor. They will draw on modular manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has troubled larger-scale projects for long. Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors (AMRs)-most of which will not be commercial until the 2030 s-are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind.
"The physics hasn't changed. It's about much cleverer design that offers much-needed flexibility in terms of operation” said Tim Stone, long-term industry adviser and chairman of Nuclear Risk Insurers, which insures nuclear sites in the UK. Since the Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011, safety fears have threatened nuclear power. But the biggest obstacle today is economic. In western Europe, just three plants are under construction: in the UK at Hinkley Point C in Somerset, at Flamanville in France; and at Olkiluoto in Finland. All involve the European Pressurized Reactor technology of EDF that will be used at Hinkley Point. All are running years late and over budget. In the US, the first two nuclear projects under way for the past 30 years are also blowing through cost estimates.
The UK, which opened the world's first commercial nuclear reactor in 1956, is one of the few western nations committed to renewing its ageing facilities to ensure energy security and meet tough carbon reduction targets. It is seen as a proving ground, by many in the industry, of nuclear power's ability to restore confidence. However, the country's agreement with EDF to build two units at Hinkley Point-which together will generate 3.2 GW (gigawatt, a unit of power) of electricity-has come under severe criticism over its cost. The government is looking at different funding models but said it still sees nuclear power as vital to the country's future energy mix. Small reactor, it believes, have the potential to generate much-needed power from the 2030 s.
66. What can be inferred from the passage B
A. The UK government is reducing its funding for ageing nuclear facilities.
B. Some people have lost their confidence in the use of nuclear power.
C. People are more supportive of solar and wind energy than nuclear energy.
D. The UK is decreasing the impact of nuclear power on its economy.
串内容线
Composite image of Europe and North Africa at night,2016.Credit:NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens,using Suomi NPP VIIRS data from Miguel Roman,NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress:the march of civilization shines a light in the dark;it takes back the night;it illuminates.But a chorus of scientists and advocates argues that unnaturally bright nights are bad not just for astronomers but also for nocturnal(夜间活动的) animals and even for human health.
Now research shows the night is getting even brighter.From 2012 to 2016 the earth’s artificially lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year (map),according to a study published last November in Science Advances.Even that increase may understate the problem,however.The measurement excludes light from most of the energy0efficient LED lamps that have been replacing sodium-vapor in cities all over the world,says lead study author Christopher Kyba,a postdoctoral researcher at the German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam.
The new data came from a NASA satellite instrument called the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS).It can measure long-wavelengths of light,such as those produced by traditional yellow-and-orange by white LEDs.But VIIRS cannot see the short-wavelength bule light produced by white LEDs.This light has been shown to disrupt human sleep cycles and nocturnal animals’ behavior.
Credit: Mapping Specialists; Source: “Artifically Lit Surface of Earth at Night Increasing in Radiance and Extent,”by Christopher C.M.Kyba et al.,in Science Advances,Vol.3,No.11,Article No.E1701528;November 22,2017.
The team believes the ongoing switch to LEDs caused already bright countries such as Italy,the Netherlands,Spain and the U.S. to register as having stable levels of illumination in the VIIRS data.In contrast,most nations in South America,Africa and Asia brightened,suggesting increases in the use of traditional lighting.Australia actually appeared to lost lit area—but the researchers say that is because wildfires skewed the data.
“The fact that VIIRS finds an increase (in many countries),despite its blindness in the part of the spectrum that increased more,is very sad,”says FabioFalchi,a researcher at Italy’s Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute,who did not participate in the study.In 2016 Falchi,along with Kyba and several other members of his research team,published a global atlas of artificial lighting that showed one third of the world’s population currently lives under skies too bright to see the Milky Way at night.
The data also cast doubt on the idea that the LED lighting revolution will lead to energy cost savings.Between 2012 and 2015 the median nation pumped out 15 percent more long-wavelength light as its GDP increased by 13 percent.And overall,countries’ total light production correlated with their GDP.In other words,Kyba says, “we buy as much light as we are willing to spend money on.”
63.Which is not true about the spread of lit areas
A.Lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year. B.Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress.
C.The increase in GDP is due to the increase in light. D.It is bad for nocturnal animals and even for human health.
单词讲解
63.Which is not true about the spread of lit areas B
Lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year.
Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress.
The increase in GDP is due to the increase in light.
It is bad for nocturnal animals and even for human health.
串内容线
Composite image of Europe and North Africa at night,2016.Credit:NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens,using Suomi NPP VIIRS data from Miguel Roman,NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress:the march of civilization shines a light in the dark;it takes back the night;it illuminates.But a chorus of scientists and advocates argues that unnaturally bright nights are bad not just for astronomers but also for nocturnal(夜间活动的) animals and even for human health.
Now research shows the night is getting even brighter.From 2012 to 2016 the earth’s artificially lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year (map),according to a study published last November in Science Advances.Even that increase may understate the problem,however.The measurement excludes light from most of the energy0efficient LED lamps that have been replacing sodium-vapor in cities all over the world,says lead study author Christopher Kyba,a postdoctoral researcher at the German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam.
The new data came from a NASA satellite instrument called the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS).It can measure long-wavelengths of light,such as those produced by traditional yellow-and-orange by white LEDs.But VIIRS cannot see the short-wavelength bule light produced by white LEDs.This light has been shown to disrupt human sleep cycles and nocturnal animals’ behavior.
Credit: Mapping Specialists; Source: “Artifically Lit Surface of Earth at Night Increasing in Radiance and Extent,”by Christopher C.M.Kyba et al.,in Science Advances,Vol.3,No.11,Article No.E1701528;November 22,2017.
The team believes the ongoing switch to LEDs caused already bright countries such as Italy,the Netherlands,Spain and the U.S. to register as having stable levels of illumination in the VIIRS data.In contrast,most nations in South America,Africa and Asia brightened,suggesting increases in the use of traditional lighting.Australia actually appeared to lost lit area—but the researchers say that is because wildfires skewed the data.
“The fact that VIIRS finds an increase (in many countries),despite its blindness in the part of the spectrum that increased more,is very sad,”says FabioFalchi,a researcher at Italy’s Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute,who did not participate in the study.In 2016 Falchi,along with Kyba and several other members of his research team,published a global atlas of artificial lighting that showed one third of the world’s population currently lives under skies too bright to see the Milky Way at night.
The data also cast doubt on the idea that the LED lighting revolution will lead to energy cost savings.Between 2012 and 2015 the median nation pumped out 15 percent more long-wavelength light as its GDP increased by 13 percent.And overall,countries’ total light production correlated with their GDP.In other words,Kyba says, “we buy as much light as we are willing to spend money on.”
64.Which of the following about VIIRS is NOT true according to the passage C
A. It is a kind of NASA satellite device. B. It can record and analyzed long-wavelength light.
C. The blue light generated by white LEDs can disrupt human sleep cycles. D. VIIRS has found an increase of traditional lighting in lots of nations.
单词讲解
64.Which of the following about VIIRS is NOT true according to the passage C
A. It is a kind of NASA satellite device.
B. It can record and analyzed long-wavelength light.
C. The blue light generated by white LEDs can disrupt human sleep cycles.
D. VIIRS has found an increase of traditional lighting in lots of nations.
串内容线
Composite image of Europe and North Africa at night,2016.Credit:NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens,using Suomi NPP VIIRS data from Miguel Roman,NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress:the march of civilization shines a light in the dark;it takes back the night;it illuminates.But a chorus of scientists and advocates argues that unnaturally bright nights are bad not just for astronomers but also for nocturnal(夜间活动的) animals and even for human health.
Now research shows the night is getting even brighter.From 2012 to 2016 the earth’s artificially lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year (map),according to a study published last November in Science Advances.Even that increase may understate the problem,however.The measurement excludes light from most of the energy0efficient LED lamps that have been replacing sodium-vapor in cities all over the world,says lead study author Christopher Kyba,a postdoctoral researcher at the German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam.
The new data came from a NASA satellite instrument called the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS).It can measure long-wavelengths of light,such as those produced by traditional yellow-and-orange by white LEDs.But VIIRS cannot see the short-wavelength bule light produced by white LEDs.This light has been shown to disrupt human sleep cycles and nocturnal animals’ behavior.
Credit: Mapping Specialists; Source: “Artifically Lit Surface of Earth at Night Increasing in Radiance and Extent,”by Christopher C.M.Kyba et al.,in Science Advances,Vol.3,No.11,Article No.E1701528;November 22,2017.
The team believes the ongoing switch to LEDs caused already bright countries such as Italy,the Netherlands,Spain and the U.S. to register as having stable levels of illumination in the VIIRS data.In contrast,most nations in South America,Africa and Asia brightened,suggesting increases in the use of traditional lighting.Australia actually appeared to lost lit area—but the researchers say that is because wildfires skewed the data.
“The fact that VIIRS finds an increase (in many countries),despite its blindness in the part of the spectrum that increased more,is very sad,”says FabioFalchi,a researcher at Italy’s Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute,who did not participate in the study.In 2016 Falchi,along with Kyba and several other members of his research team,published a global atlas of artificial lighting that showed one third of the world’s population currently lives under skies too bright to see the Milky Way at night.
The data also cast doubt on the idea that the LED lighting revolution will lead to energy cost savings.Between 2012 and 2015 the median nation pumped out 15 percent more long-wavelength light as its GDP increased by 13 percent.And overall,countries’ total light production correlated with their GDP.In other words,Kyba says, “we buy as much light as we are willing to spend money on.”
65.According to the article,what we can know about the LEDs
A. Artificial LED lights at nights are harmful to people’s health. B. It is a sign of civilization in modern society.
C. The blue light disrupts human and animals’ life cycles. D. Artificially lit surface of Earth increasing because of LEDs.
单词讲解
65.According to the article,what we can know about the LEDs A
Artificial LED lights at nights are harmful to people’s health.
It is a sign of civilization in modern society.
The blue light disrupts human and animals’ life cycles.
Artificially lit surface of Earth increasing because of LEDs.
串内容线
Composite image of Europe and North Africa at night,2016.Credit:NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens,using Suomi NPP VIIRS data from Miguel Roman,NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress:the march of civilization shines a light in the dark;it takes back the night;it illuminates.But a chorus of scientists and advocates argues that unnaturally bright nights are bad not just for astronomers but also for nocturnal(夜间活动的) animals and even for human health.
Now research shows the night is getting even brighter.From 2012 to 2016 the earth’s artificially lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year (map),according to a study published last November in Science Advances.Even that increase may understate the problem,however.The measurement excludes light from most of the energy0efficient LED lamps that have been replacing sodium-vapor in cities all over the world,says lead study author Christopher Kyba,a postdoctoral researcher at the German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam.
The new data came from a NASA satellite instrument called the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS).It can measure long-wavelengths of light,such as those produced by traditional yellow-and-orange by white LEDs.But VIIRS cannot see the short-wavelength bule light produced by white LEDs.This light has been shown to disrupt human sleep cycles and nocturnal animals’ behavior.
Credit: Mapping Specialists; Source: “Artifically Lit Surface of Earth at Night Increasing in Radiance and Extent,”by Christopher C.M.Kyba et al.,in Science Advances,Vol.3,No.11,Article No.E1701528;November 22,2017.
The team believes the ongoing switch to LEDs caused already bright countries such as Italy,the Netherlands,Spain and the U.S. to register as having stable levels of illumination in the VIIRS data.In contrast,most nations in South America,Africa and Asia brightened,suggesting increases in the use of traditional lighting.Australia actually appeared to lost lit area—but the researchers say that is because wildfires skewed the data.
“The fact that VIIRS finds an increase (in many countries),despite its blindness in the part of the spectrum that increased more,is very sad,”says FabioFalchi,a researcher at Italy’s Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute,who did not participate in the study.In 2016 Falchi,along with Kyba and several other members of his research team,published a global atlas of artificial lighting that showed one third of the world’s population currently lives under skies too bright to see the Milky Way at night.
The data also cast doubt on the idea that the LED lighting revolution will lead to energy cost savings.Between 2012 and 2015 the median nation pumped out 15 percent more long-wavelength light as its GDP increased by 13 percent.And overall,countries’ total light production correlated with their GDP.In other words,Kyba says, “we buy as much light as we are willing to spend money on.”
66.The author writes this article to _________.
A. show the VIIRS data from NASA B. demonstrate the significance of VIIRS for its measurement of wavelengths
C. reveal the relationship between wavelength light and GDP D. arouse people’s awareness of light pollution
单词讲解
66.The author writes this article to ___D_______.
A.show the VIIRS data from NASA
B.demonstrate the significance of VIIRS for its measurement of wavelengths
C.reveal the relationship between wavelength light and GDP
D.arouse people’s awareness of light pollution
单词讲解
Composite image of Europe and North Africa at night,2016.Credit:NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens,using Suomi NPP VIIRS data from Miguel Roman,NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress:the march of civilization shines a light in the dark;it takes back the night;it illuminates.But a chorus of scientists and advocates argues that unnaturally bright nights are bad not just for astronomers but also for nocturnal(夜间活动的) animals and even for human health.
单词讲解
Now research shows the night is getting even brighter.From 2012 to 2016 the earth’s artificially lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year (map),according to a study published last November in Science Advances.Even that increase may understate the problem,however.The measurement excludes light from most of the energy efficient LED lamps that have been replacing sodium-vapor in cities all over the world,says lead study author Christopher Kyba,a postdoctoral researcher at the German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam.
单词讲解
The new data came from a NASA satellite instrument called the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS).It can measure long-wavelengths of light,such as those produced by traditional yellow-and-orange by white LEDs.But VIIRS cannot see the short-wavelength bule light produced by white LEDs.This light has been shown to disrupt human sleep cycles and nocturnal animals’ behavior.
Credit: Mapping Specialists; Source: “Artifically Lit Surface of Earth at Night Increasing in Radiance and Extent,”by Christopher C.M.Kyba et al.,in Science Advances,Vol.3,No.11,Article No.E1701528;November 22,2017.
单词讲解
The team believes the ongoing switch to LEDs caused already bright countries such as Italy,the Netherlands,Spain and the U.S. to register as having stable levels of illumination in the VIIRS data.In contrast,most nations in South America,Africa and Asia brightened,suggesting increases in the use of traditional lighting.Australia actually appeared to lost lit area—but the researchers say that is because wildfires skewed the data.
“The fact that VIIRS finds an increase (in many countries),despite its blindness in the part of the spectrum that increased more,is very sad,”says FabioFalchi,a researcher at Italy’s Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute,who did not participate in the study.In 2016 Falchi,along with Kyba and several other members of his research team,published a global atlas of artificial lighting that showed one third of the world’s population currently lives under skies too bright to see the Milky Way at night.
单词讲解
The data also cast doubt on the idea that the LED lighting revolution will lead to energy cost savings.Between 2012 and 2015 the median nation pumped out 15 percent more long-wavelength light as its GDP increased by 13 percent.And overall,countries’ total light production correlated with their GDP.In other words,Kyba says, “we buy as much light as we are willing to spend money on.”
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