2024年新高考英语二轮复习 【培优小题狂练】
专题11阅读理解“写作手法”题（考情+技法+真题+模拟）原卷版
【近年高考考情】
1.（2020年浙江卷C篇）29题
2.（2016年四川卷D篇）35题
【实用解题妙招】
一、设问方式
1.How is the passage organized
2.The author develops the passage mainly by _________.
二、实用妙招
高考阅读理解主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，其共同目的就是增强说服力，服务于段落或篇章的主旨。
1.根据文章题材来判断。
①记叙文多采取以时间为序、以空间为序、以故事情节发展为序等叙事方式进行写作。
②说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比等方式使说明更清晰或更具说服力。
③议论文大多通过举例子、列数字、引名言、作对比是使得观点更可信，更有权威性。
2.根据“原文定位”来判断。
先根据题干判断是具体某段还是全文写作手法，然后寻找标志词，进而找到答案。
①by giving examples 通过举例。标志词:for example, for instance
②by analyzing causes通过分析原因。标志词：as a result/consequence
③by giving definitions通过下定义。标志词：that is to say
④by listing data/statistics通过列数字。标志词：具体数字
⑤by describing a process 通过描述过程。标志词：first, second, third, finally
⑥by following time order 遵循时间顺序。标志词：in 1920，in the 1940s, nowadays
⑦by making comparisons/contrast 通过对比。标志词：but, while,
⑧by making classifications 通过分类。标志词：first, next, then
⑨by analyzing cause and effect 通过分析因果。标志词：That is because….
⑩by following space order 遵循空间顺序。标志词：由近及远，由外到内
【高考真题再练】
1.（2020年浙江卷C篇）29题
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit. Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
28. Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests
A. To assess their health status. B. To evaluate their work habits.
C. To analyze their personality. D. To measure their mental ability.
29. How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4
A. By using an expert’s words. B. By making a comparison.
C. By referring to another study. D. By introducing a concept.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B. Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
2.（2016年四川卷D篇）35题
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.
Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.
Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.
While the effect of cows’ milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.
Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.
Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.
32. According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk_______.
A. started sleep more easily B. were more anxious
C. were less active D. woke up later
33. Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text
A. It’s been tested on mice for ten times. B. It can make people more energetic.
C. It exists in milk in great amount. D. It’s used in sleeping drugs.
34. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Night Milk and Sleep B. Fat, Sugar and Health
C. An Experiment on Mice D. Milk Drinking and Health
35. How does the author support the theme of the text
A. By giving examples. B. By stating arguments.
C. By explaining statistical data. D. By providing research results.
【名校好题强化】
（23·24上·镇江·期中）An author with cerebral palsy(脑瘫) who fulfilled his dream of writing a children’s book said he hoped it could help young people “be themselves”.
Gavin Clift on wrote Max and the Magic Wish, about a boy with cerebral palsy who wishes to be like other children before starting school.
Clifton wanted to convey the message that it is OK for children to be different. Clifton was expected to never walk, talk or go to mainstream school due to his condition. Clifton now walks and drives and can speak through a specialist machine.
He said he wanted to show others what people with disabilities can do, “The person you become is the most important thing because you learn to adapt your life in your own way. And I want to show children and others with disabilities that being yourself is always the best that they should do. It has always been a dream of mine to write a children’s book and if I can educate more people and inspire them whilst making a difference to their lives, I would be so happy. It would be my biggest achievement yet.”
Clifton said he wanted it to go against “keyboard warriors” searching for people with disabilities on social media. “I have suffered abuse from keyboard warriors myself but the best advice I can give is to never bite back and let go of all the horrible comments and let them go over your head.”
The author’s father Martin Clifton said, “The doctor said he would never walk or talk because of his cerebral pals y that affects one side of his body. I am so proud of him.”
Illustrator and publisher of Clifton’s book, Clare Thomas, said working with him was “an absolute honour”. She said, “He doesn’t let anything stand in his way.”
1. How is the third paragraph developed
A. By describing a process. B. By analyzing causes.
C. By giving an example. D. By following time order.
2. What is the fourth paragraph mainly about
A. The motivation behind Clifton’s writing a book.
B. The reason for Gavin Clifton’s recovery.
C. The main character of Gavin Clifton’s book.
D. The cause of Gavin Clifton’s illness.
3. How does Clifton respond to keyboard warriors
A. He asks friends for help. B. He ignores their evil words.
C. He bites back keyboard warriors. D. He accepts the horrible comments.
4. Why did Clare Thomas feel honored to work with Gavin Clifton
A. Because Gavin Clifton enjoyed a high social status.
B. Because Gavin Clift on was a man with disabilities.
C. Because Gavin Clifton brought much confidence to Clare Thomas.
D. Because Gavin Clift impressed Clare Thomas with his perseverance.
（22·23上·牡丹江·期中）Each year more than 2,500 people die and 12,600 are injured in home fires just in the United States, with direct property loss because of home fires at about $7.3 billion. Every day Americans experience the horror of fires, but most people don’t understand fires.
To protect yourself, it is important to learn something about home fires.
In less than 30 seconds a small flame (火焰) can get completely out of control and turn into a major fire. It only takes minutes for thick black smoke to fill a house or for it to be in flames. Most deadly fires happen in the home when people are asleep. If you realize a fire, you won’t have time to take valuables because the fire spreads too quickly and the smoke is too thick. The fire uses up the oxygen you need and produces smoke and poisonous (有毒的) gases. Breathing even small amounts of smoke and poisonous gases can make you tired and sleepy, and short of breath. The smoke can cause you to be a deep sleeper before the flames reach your door. You may not wake up in time to escape.
Room temperatures in a fire can be 100 degrees at floor level and rise to 600 degrees at eye level. Breathing in this super-hot air will burn your lungs. It can melt (熔化) clothes to your skin. In five minutes, a room can get so hot that everything in it starts to burn at once.
Fires are bright at first, but quickly produce black smoke and complete darkness. If you wake up to a fire you may be blinded, confused about where you are or which direction you should go in and unable to find your way around the home you’ve lived in for years. Only when we know the true nature of fires can we prepare our families and ourselves.
5. How does the first paragraph develop
A. By raising questions. B. By listing reasons.
C. By expressing opinions. D. By giving examples.
6. What can we infer from the third paragraph
A. It is necessary to escape in time.
B. It is important to find poisonous gases.
C. It is impossible to keep away from smoke.
D. It is dangerous to stay away from the door.
7. How does black smoke trouble us
A. Causing us to feel hopeless. B. Making our faces turn black.
C. Getting us to lose our ways. D. Forcing us to walk around the home.
8. What does the text mainly tell us
A. Different processes of home fires.
B. Some basic knowledge of home fires.
C. Great damage of home fires in the USA.
D. Some good ways to prevent home fires.
（18·19·重庆·二模）Nowadays, we can read almost all “truths” on social media sites. But are they really reliable Sites such as the micro messaging service Twitter, the social networking site Facebook and the photo-sharing app Instagram might “misrepresent the real world,” according to a study by computer scientists from McGill University and Carnegie Mellon University.
The scientists warn that gathering information about public views and trends from these sites is unwise. There are still large parts of the population who do not take part in social media activities. Also, there's a risk that many social media users are under- represented. Instagram, for example, appeals to younger adults in urban areas while Pinterest is used mainly by females aged 25 to 34. And only 5 percent of Twitter users are over 65 years old, according Io the study.
However, this is not the only issue, according to the scientific team. The design of a website can influence how people behave online, creating what the researchers call “Internet bias.” For example, micro-blogging sites such as Weibo promote “popular” stories. It saves time for some, but it also limits readers' choice of what they see. In the end, many people open those stories and make them more “popular.” But it's not because they choose those stories. Rather, it is because the content is right in front of them.
Besides, it's possible that not everyone on your social networks is real. There might actually be a few fake accounts among them. Fake “bots” pretend to be human and are often included when measuring or predicting human behaviors online.
The findings might be more important than you would think, since many social media studies “are used to inform and justify decisions and investments among the public and in industry and government,” said Derek Ruths, assistant Professor at McGill's School of Computer Science.
If the team is right, you might have to think carefully the next time you say, “It's true, you know; I read it on Weibo.”
9. Why does the author mention Twitter, Facebook and Instagram
A. Because they are the best social media sites today.
B. Because they are not in favor of the current study.
C. Because the public are sharing truths on these sites.
D. Because information on these sites may not be reliable.
10. How is the passage developed
A. By giving examples. B. By making comparisons.
C. By dividing into groups. D. By analyzing cause and effect.
11. Which word can best describe the author's attitude toward information on social media sites
A. Ambiguous. B. Favorable.
C. Disagreeable. D. Cautious
12. What's the author's main purpose in writing the passage
A. To analyze why information gathered from social media sites may not be trustworthy.
B. To remind readers of things they should watch out for when using social media.
C. To point out the advantages and disadvantages of social media.
D. To recommend popular social networking sites for readers.
（18·19上·厦门·期中）Reese Witherspoon was born on March 22, 1976 in New Orleans, Louisiana. She is the second child of the family. Reese spent the first four years of her life in Wiesbaden, Germany, where her father John Witherspoon served in the US Army Reserves. Shortly after, John moved the family back to the United States, settling in Nashville, Tennessee.
Reese was introduced to the entertainment industry at a very early age at age 7, she began modeling. This led to appearances on several local television commercials. At age 11, she was placed first in a Ten-State Talent Fair.
In 1990, she landed her first major acting role in The Man in the Moon(1991). Her role as a 14-year old tomboy earned her good reviews. Roles in bigger films such as Jack the Bear (1993) and A Far Off Place (1993) followed shortly after.
Following high school graduation in 1994, Reese decided to have a pause in her acting career and attend Stanford University where she would major in English literature. However, her plans were shortly stopped when she accepted roles to star in two major motion pictures. Although neither film was a huge box-office success, they did help to make Reese a rising star in Hollywood and open the door for bigger and better film roles.
Her breakthrough role came as Elle Woods in the 2001 comedy Legally Blonde In box office terms, the movie was a great success and made Reese one of the top female stars in Holywood. In the year 2014, she produced both Gone Girl and Wild, for which she got nominated (提名) for a best actress Oscar again for her role.
Reese is actively involved in children's and women’=s advocacy organizations. She is a longtime supporter of Save the Children, an organization that helps provide children around the world with education, health care and emergency aid.
13. Why did Reese stop her studies at Stanford University
A. Because she starred in two successful films.
B. Because she couldn’t balance studies and acting.
C. Because she didn’t want to get higher education.
D. Because she was more famous in Hollywood.
14. Which film made Reese most famous
A. The Man in the Moon. B. Jack the Bear
C. A Far Off Place. D. Legally Blonde.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Reese
A. Caring. B. Defensive.
C. Disapproving. D. Admiring.
16. How does the passage develop
A. Following the order of time. B. Using figures.
C. Giving examples. D. Making comparison.
（22·23下·沈阳·期中）Air-conditioner’s setting often forms the basis of office arguments between women and men regarding the “correct” temperature for it to be set. And it’s a common debate between couples — the perfect temperature to keep both parties warm but not hot. Research does consistently show women prefer a higher indoor temperature to men. But is there any science backing up the widespread belief that women “feel the cold” more than men
At around the same body weight, women tend to have less muscle to produce heat. Women also have more fat between the skin and the muscles, so the skin feels colder, as it’s slightly further away from blood vessels.
Women also tend to have a lower metabolic(代谢)rate than men, which reduces heat production during cold exposure, making women more likely to feel cold as the temperature drops.
The hormones oestrogen and progesterone(雌激素和孕激素), found in large quantities in women, contribute to the core body and skin temperatures. Oestrogen dilates(扩张)blood vessels at the extremities. This means more heat can be lost to the surrounding air. And progesterone can cause the vessels in the skin to narrow, meaning less blood will flow to some areas to keep the inner organs warmer, leaving women feeling cooler.
So how do we agree on the ideal temperature The “Scandinavian sleep method”, where couples sleep with separate blankets, is one way to overcome the differences in temperature preferences.
In the workplace, personal comfort systems are heat systems that can be locally positioned in individual work stations such as desktops, chairs, or near the feet and legs. Examples include small desk fans, heated chairs and blankets, or foot-warmers. These systems provide individualised comfort to meet personal needs without affecting others in the same space, and have been found to produce higher comfort satisfaction in the workplace. They may also be an energy-efficient method to balance warmth and health in office environments.
17. Why does a couple often have an argument on temperature control
A. Because the wife prefers to work indoors than outdoors.
B. Because the wife would like to stay in a cooler place.
C. Because they have different preference for temperature.
D. Because they have no air-conditioner to heat their office.
18. What may happen to men and women of the same weight
A. Men may be much stronger than women.
B. Men may have more fat than women.
C. Women may feel colder than men.
D. Women may produce more heat than men.
19. How does the fourth paragraph develop
A. By giving examples. B. By listing reasons.
C. By solving problems. D. By making comparisons.
20. Which of the following can help create a comfortable workplace without bothering others
A. Using a personal heater. B. Moving into a warm office.
C. Applying a new heating system. D. Asking for an extra individual room.
（22·23下·运城·阶段练习）Art and science may seem like opposite things. One means the creative flow of ideas, and the other means cold, hard data — some people believe. In fact, the two have much in common. Now, a study finds art can help students remember better what they learned in science class.
Mariale Hardiman, an education specialist, noticed that students who used art in the class listened more carefully. They might ask more questions. They might volunteer more ideas. What’s more, students seemed to remember more of what they had been taught when their science lessons had involved art. To prove that, Hardiman teamed up with some researchers and six local schools.
In the experiment, the researchers worked with teachers in 16 fifth-grade classrooms. They provided traditional science lessons and art-focused ones. In a traditional science class, for example, students might read the information from a book aloud. In the art-focused one, they might sing the information instead.
The team randomly assigned(分配) each of the 350 students to either a traditional science class or an art-focused one. Students then learned science using that way for the whole unit — about three weeks. When they changed to a new topic, they also changed to the other type of class. This way, each student had both an art-focused class and a traditional one. Every unit was taught in both ways, to different groups of students. This enabled the researchers to see how students did in both types of classes.
The team found that students who started off in traditional classes performed better after they moved into an art-focused class. But those who started in an art-focused class did well even when they went back to a traditional science class. These students appeared to use some of the art techniques after going back to a traditional class. Classroom teachers reported that many students continued to sketch(画速写) or sing to help remember the information. “It suggests that the arts may help students apply creative ways of learning on their own,” Hardiman said.
21. How does the first paragraph develop
A. By giving examples. B. By analyzing cause and effect.
C. By following space order. D. By making comparisons.
22. What can we learn from paragraph 2
A. Students take an active part when their class involves art.
B. Students are more creative in art class than in science class.
C. Students’ learning ability depends greatly on class involvement.
D. Students remember things for a longer time if using art in class.
23. What were the students required to do in the experiment
A. Learn three units in total.
B. Take two types of classes.
C. Learn two topics for three weeks.
D. Choose between a traditional class and an art-focused one.
24. What is the text mainly about
A. It is not easy to use art in science class.
B. Science plays an important role in creative thinking.
C. Art contributes to science learning.
D. Art-focused classes encourage teamwork.
（21·22上·东莞·期末）On Jan. 14, 2020, Microsoft retired Windows 7 and stopped offering security updates (更新) for one of the most-loved versions of its operating system. The main reason was that maintaining them required resources and engineers. These could be expensive, especially as the company focused its efforts on new products and services.
Microsoft stopped adding new features to Windows7 in 2015, and it had regularly been reminding users of the end-of-life deadline (最后期限) and inviting them to equip Windows 10, which was growing quickly. But Windows 7 made up about 27 percent of desktop and laptops in October, 2019, according to Netmarket share, which tracks (跟踪) usage of different technologies. There are more than 1.5 billion Windows devices (装置) in use and at least 400 million of them are still running the out-of-date operating system. If Windows 7 continues to decrease at the current pace, its share will drop to 13 percent by 2021-but that’s still more than 100 million devices.
Hackers are always hunting for insecure devices, which makes us anxious. If a new bug appears in Windows 7, bad actors will have millions of devices to attack and infect with virus (病毒) at once. That’s why the company has an Extended Security Update program, which will run until January 2023. Organizations that want to continue using Windows 7 and receive bug patches have to pay $50 per device in the first year, $100 in the second year, and $200 in the third year to do so.
25. Why did Microsoft retire Windows 7
A. No one wanted to use it.
B. It was easy to be hacked.
C. Maintaining it costs a lot
D. It was outdated and valueless.
26. How is the second paragraph developed
A. By listing data. B. By doing research.
C. By giving examples. D. By making comparisons.
27. What is our worry about Windows 7
A. Decrease of its users.
B. Cost for its bug patches.
C. Replacement by Windows 10.
D. Security of its operating system.
28. In which part of a newspaper may this text appear
A. Culture. B. Business. C. Health. D. Education.
（23·24上·全国·课时练习）Art and science may seem like opposite things. One means the creative flow of ideas, and the other means cold, hard data — some people believe. In fact, the two have much in common. Now, a study finds art can help students remember better what they learned in science class.
Mariale Hardiman, an education specialist, noticed that students who used art in the class listened more carefully. They might ask more questions. They might volunteer more ideas. What’s more, students seemed to remember more of what they had been taught when their science lessons had involved art. To prove that, Hardiman teamed up with some researchers and six local schools.
In the experiment, the researchers worked with teachers in 16 fifth-grade classrooms. They provided traditional science lessons and art-focused ones. In a traditional science class, for example, students might read the information from a book aloud. In the art-focused one, they might sing the information instead.
The team randomly assigned (分配) each of the 350 students to either a traditional science class or an art-focused one. Students then learned science using that way for the whole unit — about three weeks. When they changed to a new topic, they also changed to the other type of class. This way, each student had both an art-focused class and a traditional one. Every unit was taught in both ways, to different groups of students. This enabled the researchers to see how students did in both types of classes.
The team found that students who started off in traditional classes performed better after they moved into an art-focused class. But those who started in an art-focused class did well even when they went back to a traditional science class. These students appeared to use some of the art techniques after going back to a traditional class. Classroom teachers reported that many students continued to sketch (画速写) or sing to help remember the information. “It suggests that the arts may help students apply creative ways of learning on their own,” Hardiman said.
29. How does the first paragraph develop
A. By giving examples. B. By making comparisons.
C. By following space order. D. By analyzing cause and effect.
30. What can we learn from paragraph 2
A. Students take an active part when their class involves art.
B. Students are more creative in art class than in science class.
C. Students’ learning ability depends greatly on class involvement.
D. Students remember things for a longer time if using art in class.
31. What were the students required to do in the experiment
A. Learn three units in total. B. Take two types of classes.
C. Learn two topics for three weeks. D. Choose between a traditional class and an art-focused one.
32. What is the text mainly about
A. It is not easy to use art in science class. B. Science contributes to creative thinking.
C. Art can make science easier to learn. D. Art-focused classes encourage teamwork.
（22·23下·安徽·模拟预测）Water equals life. This is true for people, animals and plants. And while water is plentiful in some locations, this is not the case all over the world. Now scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) may have developed a way to change that.
The new desalination (脱盐) device produces water actually above the World Health Organization standards, just by pushing a button. There are no filters (过滤器) required, and the device uses electrical power to remove salt and other particles (微粒) — including bacteria and viruses — from the saltwater. This reduces the need for constant maintenance.
Most commercially available portable desalination units use filters that require high-pressure pumps to push the water, which makes them huge in size and less energy efficient. The filterless MIT device will allow it to be used in remote or resource-limited places like small islands, ships, and even for emergency use.
The device took years to develop. After running tests in the lab with water that had different salinity and particles, it was tested at Boston’s Carson Beach. The device produced drinkable water in just half an hour.
The new desalination unit needs less power than a cell phone charger, reported Fast Company, and works using two types of electrical fields to filter the saltwater. But best of all, it is designed to be used by average people and not engineers. In fact, the device only has three buttons, one to power the device, one to start it, and one to stop it.
The researchers are still working on a final design that could use cheaper materials to make it ready by the end of next year. This small but mighty desalination unit may be the key to bringing safe water to a thirsty world.
33. What’s the advantage of the new desalination device
A. It’s convenient. B. Ifs a lot cheaper.
C. It has improved filters. D. It has a larger output.
34. How is the third paragraph developed
A. By making comparisons. B. By giving examples.
C. By analyzing causes. D. By listing figures.
35. What does the author think is the most outstanding quality of the new device
A. It requires much less power.
B. It possesses two electrical fields.
C. It can be easily operated by ordinary people.
D. It is controlled by the same button.
36. What is the best title for the text
A. Deeper research finds new contents of seawater
B. Better method improves the quality of drinking water
C. Report shows a world thirsty for safe drinking water
D. New portable device makes seawater drinkable on the way
（22·23上·宁德·期中）The final event in the Olympics is the marathon. It is also usually the most exciting. As the leader comes into the stadium to run the last few meters of the 42-kilometer race, the crowd rises to its feet to shout and cheer. The name of the race comes from a battle(战争) in Ancient Greece. According to the story, a soldier ran from the battle field, Marathon, to Athens, to bring the news of a Greek victory against the Persians. He died just after arriving.
The marathon has been an Olympic event since the modern games started in 1896. At first the distance was 40 kilometers—the distance between Marathon and Athens. In 1908, however, at the London Olympics, it was changed. The King of England wanted the runners to leave from his castle in Windsor and arrive in a new stadium in central London. The distance was 26 miles—about 42 kilometers. In fact, the 1908 marathon ended dramatically(戏剧性地). When the leader, an Italian, entered the stadium he turned the wrong way and fell onto the ground. Officials picked him up and helped him to the finishing line, just as the second runner, an American, entered the stadium. The Americans protested(抗议) and in the end the American runner was declared(宣布) the winner. Since then, there have been many more exciting marathons.
In fact, you don’t have to wait for the Olympic Games to run or watch a marathon, as there are marathons in over sixty countries and hundreds of cities around the world today. One of the most famous marathons is in New York, and is watched by two million people around the streets and across the bridges of the city, and past New York’s famous landmarks. But perhaps one of the most beautiful and unique marathons ever is the Great Wall Marathon, which most competitors find is the toughest course to run.
The marathon is the final Olympic event because it is thought to be the hardest. But experts believe that most people—even people who are not very good at sport—can run a marathon, if they train for it.
37. What did the crowd do when the leader came into the stadium
A. They stood up quietly. B. They shouted with excitement.
C. They carried him to the line. D. They cried sadly.
38. How is the second paragraph developed
A. By following time order. B. By listing numbers.
C. By following space order. D. By giving reasons.
39. What do we know about the marathon according to the passage
A. The name of the race comes from a battle in Greece.
B. The Marathons have the same length all the time.
C. The Great Wall Marathon is the easiest course to run.
D. People not good at sport cannot run a marathon unless trained.
40. Which is the most special marathon mentioned in the passage
A. The Marathon in London in 1908.
B. The Great Wall Marathon.
C. The Marathon in New York.
D. The Marathon in 1896.
（23·24上·荆州·期末）If you’ve ever thought that dogs seem to know when people are stressed, you were right. Scientists in Ireland ran an experiment which showed that dogs can tell the difference between the smell of a person when they’re relaxed and when they’re stressed.
Researchers at Queen’s University Belfast, led by scientist Clara Wilson, worked with four dogs. They taught the dogs to use a special smell-testing device with three openings. The scientists used treats and rewards (奖励) to train the dogs to find and signal the correct opening. Over time, the dogs were given harder and harder smelling jobs. The final goal was to see if they could smell stress in the breath and sweat of a person.
So the researchers collected breath and sweat samples (样品) from 36 different people. They got samples when the people were calm, and also when they were stressed. To stress people out, the scientists asked a really difficult math problem, and forced people to do it in their heads quickly. And they weren’t nice about it. They kept telling the people to hurry up, and didn’t give them any help. That lasted for three minutes. Then the researchers collected two more sweat and breath samples. They also asked the people about their level of stress, and measured their heart rates and blood pressure. Most people said they felt very stressed. On average, the heart rate increased from about 91 beats per minute to about 105 beats per minute.
The scientists used one of the stressed samples, along with two clean pieces of cloth, to train the dogs to find the stressed smell. Then came the challenge- the dogs had three choices: a sample from a calm person, a stressed sample from that same person, and a clean piece of cloth. In all, the dogs did 720 of these tests. They correctly identified the stressed sample about 94% of the time.
45. What can we learn from the second paragraph
A. The smell- testing device was made by Clara.
B. Clara Wilson was an expert in training dogs.
C. The four dogs concentrated on the experiment.
D. The experiment was carried out step by step.
46. How does the third paragraph develop
A. By comparison. B. By giving examples.
C. By stating the process. D. By showing research findings.
47. What was the challenge for the dog
A. Hundreds of tests. B. A clean piece of cloth.
C. The sample from the same person. D. The sample from different persons.
48. What’s the best title for the text
A. Dogs’ Special Ability Proves Useful B. Scientists Train Dogs To Tell Smells
C. An Experiment about Smell Shocks Us D. Scientists Learn That Dogs Can Smell Stress
（21·22下·漳州·期末）Back-to-back typhoons that attacked reefs(礁) and turned corals upside down hit in 2014 and 2015 in Australia sea, which ruined the coral ecosystem.
Feeling “absolutely shocked”, Stephen Simpson, a biologist at the University of Bristol, decided to channel his sorrow into action. In 2017, he piled up coral remains to build dozens of new small reefs. He placed speakers nearby to play recordings made when the reefs were healthy. “As I wish, twice as many young fish settled on the reefs near these speakers”, he says.
In a new paper, Brittany Williams, a graduate student at the University of Adelaide, reviewed projects that used sound to help restore marine(海洋的) ecosystems. “We wanted to prove that sound has great potential”, she says. That potential arises from the fact that a healthy ocean is noisy: fish whistle, dolphins scream, and spiny lobsters play their feeler like violins. Like the noise of a big city, the familiar sound of a healthy habitat attracts young creatures that are seeking a permanent home.
The experiments showed that sound is one of the signals baby fish use to find and settle on a coral reef after spending their first weeks swimming in the open ocean. “We realized that the fish might be hearing their way home,” says Williams.
In experiments begun during her postgraduate degree, Williams put oysters(牡蛎) into jars and played some of them a recording from a wasteland where an oyster reef used to be. Other oysters were played nothing, while a third group heard the sound of a restored reef. The oysters that heard the restored reef were about twice as likely as the others to settle and attach themselves at the bottom of the jar.
61. Why did Stephen Simpson take action on the reefs
A. To play recordings for fishes. B. To make the sea peaceful again.
C. To create larger and newer reefs. D. To rebuilding the reef community.
62. What does Williams want to see
A. Dolphins won’t hurt other creatures. B. Sea animals have a green habitat.
C. Fish grow much bigger and faster. D. There’re sorts of sounds in the ocean.
63. What may be the key to ensuring the future of the ocean according to the research
A. Sound. B. Reefs. C. Climate. D. Humans.
64. How does the fifth paragraph develop
A. By giving examples. B. By making contrasts.
C. By providing statistics. D. By analyzing the causes.
（21·22·泰州·模拟预测）A blood test that accurately predicts a patient’s likelihood of dying from heart disease or a stroke (中风) has been developed.
Researchers took samples of blood from 22,949 people and analyzed the levels of about 5,000 proteins within it. They then used machine learning to detect whether there was a link between the proteins that circulate in a person’s bloodstream and their risk of heart disease. The study identified a particular “protein signature” that accurately predicts the chance of suffering a heart attack, stroke or heart failure over a four-year period.
Currently, doctors assess the likelihood of patients suffering heart problems by looking at factors including weight, blood pressure, age and cholesterol (胆固醇) levels. However, blood protein analysis can provide more accurate clues to the state of a person’s health. The technology was found to be twice as accurate as existing tools at measuring a patient’s heart risk. The blood test could also provide a faster way of detecting whether patients’ existing medication (药物治疗) is working and helping to reduce their risk. Existing risk assessments struggle to do this.
The blood test was developed by SomaLogic, based in Boulder, Colorado. The company is also working with scientists at Imperial College London to help develop a blood test to detect cancer. Professor Elio Riboli said this could lead to widespread screening for many different types of cancers, which is not possible using existing techniques. His team will work with SomaLogic to analyze 15,000 blood samples from people who had developed cancer, comparing them with 10,000 samples from people who did not. The results will be used to establish whether there are protein markers that could indicate if someone is at risk from the disease.
In 2019, a trial began in Leeds to use SomaLogic’s technology to assess people’s risk of diabetes, and also the effectiveness of lifestyle changes in preventing the condition. Dr Michael Messenger, head of the Leeds Centre for Personalized Medicine and Health, said that it could help tailor treatments to individual patients. “Personalized medicine lets us take a deeper look at each person’s individual biology, so we can better understand what the right advice or treatment, at the right time, might be.”
65. What can be learned from the second paragraph
A. About 5,000 proteins exist in people’s blood.
B. Different methods were adopted in the research.
C. Altogether 22,949 people volunteered for the study.
D. The “protein signature” in the blood causes heart diseases.
66. How is the third paragraph developed
A. By giving examples. B. By making classifications.
C. By making comparisons. D. By analyzing cause and effect.
67. What can be learned from the passage
A. Personalized medicine is becoming a tendency.
B. Protein markers will indicate some risks of cancer.
C. SomaLogic’s technology will have a wider application.
D. Blood protein analysis is most advanced in predicting diseases.
68. What is the text mainly about
A. New approaches to doing blood tests.
B. An easy way to prevent deadly diseases.
C. The advantages of blood protein analysis.
D. A blood test to predict the risk of heart attack death.
（21·22·长春·模拟预测）ETH Zurich researchers led by robotics professor Marco Hutter have developed a new control approach that enables a legged robot, called ANYmal, to move quickly and steadily over difficult landform. Thanks to machine learning, the robot can combine its visual perception (感知) of the environment with its sense of touch for the first time.
Steep sections on slippery ground, high steps, stone and forest trails full of roots: the path up the 1098-metre-high Mount Etzel at the southern end of Lake Zurich is filled with masses of barriers. But ANYmal, the legged robot from the Robotic Systems Lab at ETH Zurich, overcomes the 120 vertical metres effortlessly in a 31-minute hike. That’s 4 minutes faster than the evaluated duration for human hikers and with no falls or missteps.
This is made possible by a new control technology, which researchers at ETH Zurich led by Marco Hutter recently presented in the journal Science Robotics. “The robot has learned to combine visual perception of its environment with its sense of touch based on direct leg contact (接触). This allows it to cope with rough landform faster, more efficiently and, above all, more steadily,” Hutter says.
Before the robot could put its abilities to the test in the real world, Marco Hutter exposed the system to masses of barriers and sources of error in a virtual training camp. This let the network learn the perfect way for the robot to overcome barriers, as well as when it can rely on environmental data and when it would do better to ignore that data. “With this training, the robot is able to master the most difficult natural landform without having seen it before,” says ETH Zurich Professor Hutter.
In the future, ANYmal can be used anywhere that is too dangerous for humans or too impassable for other robots. Whether after an earthquake, after a nuclear disaster, or during a forest fire, robots like ANYmal can be used primarily wherever it is too dangerous for humans and where other robots cannot cope with the difficult landform.
69. How was ANYmal’s 120-vertical-metre hike in the end
A. Tough. B. Successful. C. Challenging. D. Attractive.
70. How is the third paragraph developed
A. By analyzing reasons. B. By making comparisons.
C. By listing data. D. By giving examples.
71. What can be inferred about ANYmal
A. It had no trouble in a long hike. B. It has been applied to test landform.
C. It needed tests before being put into use. D. It overcame barriers based on indirect leg contact.
72. What does the author convey in the last paragraph
A. Disasters’ severity. B. Humans’ limitation.
C. ANYmal’s future appearance. D. ANYmal’s development potential.
（20·21·宜宾·二模）The era of intelligent home is on the way... A smart pet-flap based on lift door technology that lets pets in — but keeps foxes out —has been made public at the world’s largest tech conference. The MyQ Pet Portal is the latest tool to promise to revolutionise petkeeping.
For $2,999 owners get a new door featuring sliding doors that are unnoticeable when closed. The family pet is equipped with a Bluetooth collar that sends a signal to the sensor hidden in the door which then informs the owner.
A smart phone app allows the owner to choose whether to open the door, with a video and audio stream (音频流) enabling the owner to see and talk to their pet. “ It is a solution for homeowners who want to keep the security and the appearance of their home in good condition while providing their pets with the freedom to play on demand,” the company claims. MyQ is owned by Chamberlain Group, a US company specialising in garage doors.
The door comes with an “auto-close and lock system” that triggers after the dog goes through to ensure that no other pets or foxes can use it. There is also the option to let a dog open the door automatically when it approaches, without the need for the owners’ approval.
Samsung revealed a robot called Bot Handy that can, it is claimed, pick up laundry, load the dishwasher, set the table, pour wine, and fetch drinks. There was also an app or voice-controlled bathtub from Kohler, a US maker of bathroom products, which attempts to make the spa experience at home possible. The tub, costing up to $8,700, can connect to voice assistants such as Alexa that will tell it to run the water, adjust the temperature or release scents.
77. What is the MyQ Pet Portal based on
A. The bluetooth technology.
B. The lift door technology.
C. The latest robot technology.
D. The voice-controlled technology.
78. How does the pet dog go through the door
A. By pushing the door itself.
B. With a sensor in the collar.
C. By sending a signal to its owner.
D. With the auto-close and lock system.
79. How is the passage developed
A. By comparing data.
B. By analyzing the reasons.
C. By giving typical examples.
D. By presenting various ideas.
80. What is the main idea of the passage
A. The revolution of keeping pets.
B. The advertisement for sliding doors.
C. The application and promotion of a smart app.
D. The introduction to home intelligent products.
（20·21·重庆·二模）Plastic baby bottles shed microplastics when heated. Should you be worried about its side-effects We still don’t have enough evidence of health risks posed by microplastic consumptions by infants or adults.
“The last thing we want to do is unduly alarm parents,” said John Boland, a professor at Trinity College Dublin in Ireland and one of the authors of the Nature Food study. While the health effects of microplastics are still unknown, parents can significantly reduce their infants’ exposure by adding some steps to their bottle preparation routine, Boland said. He recommends letting plastic bottles cool completely after sterilization(消毒) in hot water, then washing them out at least three times with water that’s been allowed to cool to room temperature after being sterilized by boiling. Researchers here also found that plastic tea kettles, plastic instant noodle cups and plastic food storage containers all released similarly high levels of microplastics when subjected to heat.
As for what those microplastics may be doing in our bodies, the evidence so far is quite limited and unclear, Schwabl said that points to a need for more research into microplastics released from plastic food storage containers, especially when they are subjected to higher temperatures. He noted some research has found microplastics can cause inflammation(发炎) in the organs, while other studies “show they do not harm.” “The threshold at which they cause problems has not been determined for humans,” Schwabl said. For now, Schwabl agrees we shouldn’t panic. He’s avoiding plastic containers in his daily life – “not so much that I am afraid of the ingestion, but I think thereby I may be contributing to reducing the amount of plastic waste” that makes its way into the environment.
At the moment, there is no need to be afraid, but it is an open question and definitely an unmet need.
81. What does the underlined word “unduly” mean in paragraph 2
A. Properly. B. Extremely. C. Obviously. D. Specially.
82. Which factor counts in the release of microplastics
A. Temperature. B. Products. C. Time. D. Containers.
83. What’s the Schwabl’s attitude towards microplastics
A. Panic. B. Caring. C. Indifference. D. Critical.
84. How is the passage developed
A. By providing the examples. B. By reasoning the readers.
C. By analyzing the figures. D. By comparing the findings.
答案第12页，共12页2024年新高考英语二轮复习 【培优小题狂练】
专题11阅读理解“写作手法”题（考情+技法+真题+模拟）解析版
【近年高考考情】
1.（2020年浙江卷C篇）29题
2.（2016年四川卷D篇）35题
【解题实用技法】
一、设问方式
1.How is the passage organized
2.The author develops the passage mainly by _________.
二、实用妙招
高考阅读理解主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，其共同目的就是增强说服力，服务于段落或篇章的主旨。
1.根据文章题材来判断。
①记叙文多采取以时间为序、以空间为序、以故事情节发展为序等叙事方式进行写作。
②说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比等方式使说明更清晰或更具说服力。
③议论文大多通过举例子、列数字、引名言、作对比是使得观点更可信，更有权威性。
2.根据“原文定位”来判断。
先根据题干判断是具体某段还是全文写作手法，然后寻找标志词，进而找到答案。
①by giving examples 通过举例。标志词:for example, for instance
②by analyzing causes通过分析原因。标志词：as a result/consequence
③by giving definitions通过下定义。标志词：that is to say
④by listing data/statistics通过列数字。标志词：具体数字
⑤by describing a process 通过描述过程。标志词：first, second, third, finally
⑥by following time order 遵循时间顺序。标志词：in 1920，in the 1940s, nowadays
⑦by making comparisons/contrast 通过对比。标志词：but, while,
⑧by making classifications 通过分类。标志词：first, next, then
⑨by analyzing cause and effect 通过分析因果。标志词：That is because….
⑩by following space order 遵循空间顺序。标志词：由近及远，由外到内
【高考真题再练】
1.（2020年浙江卷C篇）29题
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit. Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
28. Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests
A. To assess their health status. B. To evaluate their work habits.
C. To analyze their personality. D. To measure their mental ability.
29. How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4
A. By using an expert’s words. B. By making a comparison.
C. By referring to another study. D. By introducing a concept.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B. Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
【答案】28. D 29. B 30. C
【分析】这是一篇说明文。《神经病学》杂志发布的一则研究显示，需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。
28. D。细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.(来自德国莱比锡大学的研究人员召集了1000多名75岁以上的退休老人，并通过一系列的测试对他们的记忆力和思维能力进行了评估。)”可知，科学家让志愿者做测试是为了测试他们的心智能力。故选
29. B。推理判断题。根据第四段中Francisca Then说的话“This works just like physical exercise,( 这就像体育锻炼一样有效。)”及接下来进一步的解释“长跑后人就会感到痛苦和疲惫，但它确实能强身健体。工作一天下来会感到劳累，但这也使你的大脑处于健康状态”可知，Francisca Then是通过与“身体锻炼”作比较来解释他的发现的。
30. C。主旨大意题。第一段“Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age(需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。)”是本文的主题句，结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏捷，所以C项“困难的工作可能有助于大脑保持敏捷”适合作本文标题。
2.（2016年四川卷D篇）35题
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.
Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.
Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.
While the effect of cows’ milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.
Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.
Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.
32. According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk_______.
A. started sleep more easily B. were more anxious
C. were less active D. woke up later
33. Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text
A. It’s been tested on mice for ten times. B. It can make people more energetic.
C. It exists in milk in great amount. D. It’s used in sleeping drugs.
34. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Night Milk and Sleep B. Fat, Sugar and Health
C. An Experiment on Mice D. Milk Drinking and Health
35. How does the author support the theme of the text
A. By giving examples. B. By stating arguments.
C. By explaining statistical data. D. By providing research results.
【答案】32. B 33. D 34. A 35. D
【分析】本文是说明文。文章主要阐述了夜间产出的牛奶和睡眠之间的关系，夜间产出的牛奶有助于睡眠。
32. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.”（这项发表在The Journal of Medicinal Food上的研究显示，与那些喝白天收集的牛奶的老鼠相比，那些喝晚上收集的牛奶的老鼠活动更少，焦虑也更少，夜晚收集的牛奶含有的褪黑激素是白天收集的牛奶的10倍。）可知，与那些喝白天收集的牛奶的老鼠相比，那些喝晚上收集的牛奶的老鼠活动更少，焦虑也更少，换句话说，喝白天收集的牛奶的老鼠比喝晚上收集的牛奶的老鼠更活跃，也更焦虑。故选B。
33. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“taking melatonin drugs has been used to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night”（服用褪黑激素药物已用于那些晚上难以入睡的人）可知，褪黑激素药物是用来帮助失眠的人入睡的。由此可推断出，褪黑激素已经被用于安眠药中。故选D。
34. 主旨大意题。根据文章内容及第一段中“But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.”（但现在一项研究发现，如果在晚上从奶牛身上挤牛奶，它确实能帮助人们打瞌睡。）可知，文章主要讲的是夜间产出的牛奶和睡眠之间的关系，夜间产出的牛奶有助于睡眠。“Night Milk and Sleep”意为“夜间牛奶和睡眠”，能够概括文章主旨。故选A。
35. 推理判断题。题目需要我们判断作者是如何支持文章的主题的。文章第二段中引用了“The Journal of Medicinal Food”发表的研究报告。文章倒数第二段中“Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.”（先前的研究也表明，牛奶对帮助睡眠很有效，因为它含有帮助人们放松的钙质。）引用了先前的研究结论。由此可推断出，作者是通过提供研究成果来支持文章的主题的。故选D。
【名校好题强化】
（23·24上·镇江·期中）An author with cerebral palsy(脑瘫) who fulfilled his dream of writing a children’s book said he hoped it could help young people “be themselves”.
Gavin Clift on wrote Max and the Magic Wish, about a boy with cerebral palsy who wishes to be like other children before starting school.
Clifton wanted to convey the message that it is OK for children to be different. Clifton was expected to never walk, talk or go to mainstream school due to his condition. Clifton now walks and drives and can speak through a specialist machine.
He said he wanted to show others what people with disabilities can do, “The person you become is the most important thing because you learn to adapt your life in your own way. And I want to show children and others with disabilities that being yourself is always the best that they should do. It has always been a dream of mine to write a children’s book and if I can educate more people and inspire them whilst making a difference to their lives, I would be so happy. It would be my biggest achievement yet.”
Clifton said he wanted it to go against “keyboard warriors” searching for people with disabilities on social media. “I have suffered abuse from keyboard warriors myself but the best advice I can give is to never bite back and let go of all the horrible comments and let them go over your head.”
The author’s father Martin Clifton said, “The doctor said he would never walk or talk because of his cerebral pals y that affects one side of his body. I am so proud of him.”
Illustrator and publisher of Clifton’s book, Clare Thomas, said working with him was “an absolute honour”. She said, “He doesn’t let anything stand in his way.”
1. How is the third paragraph developed
A. By describing a process. B. By analyzing causes.
C. By giving an example. D. By following time order.
2. What is the fourth paragraph mainly about
A. The motivation behind Clifton’s writing a book.
B. The reason for Gavin Clifton’s recovery.
C. The main character of Gavin Clifton’s book.
D. The cause of Gavin Clifton’s illness.
3. How does Clifton respond to keyboard warriors
A. He asks friends for help. B. He ignores their evil words.
C. He bites back keyboard warriors. D. He accepts the horrible comments.
4. Why did Clare Thomas feel honored to work with Gavin Clifton
A. Because Gavin Clifton enjoyed a high social status.
B. Because Gavin Clift on was a man with disabilities.
C. Because Gavin Clifton brought much confidence to Clare Thomas.
D. Because Gavin Clift impressed Clare Thomas with his perseverance.
【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D
【导语】本文是新闻报道。文章主要讲述脑瘫作家加文 克利夫顿（Gavin Clifton）实现了写一本儿童书的梦想的故事。
1. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Clifton wanted to convey the message that it is OK for children to be different. Clifton was expected to never walk, talk or go to mainstream school due to his condition. Clifton now walks and drives and can speak through a specialist machine. (克利夫顿想传达这样一个信息：孩子们与众不同是可以的。由于克利夫顿的身体状况，人们预计他永远不会走路、说话或上主流学校。克利夫顿现在可以走路、开车，还可以通过专业机器说话。)”可知，这一段用克利夫顿为例子来说明孩子们与众不同是可以的。故选C。
2. 主旨大意题。根据第四段“He said he wanted to show others what people with disabilities can do, “The person you become is the most important thing because you learn to adapt your life in your own way. And I want to show children and others with disabilities that being yourself is always the best that they should do. It has always been a dream of mine to write a children’s book and if I can educate more people and inspire them whilst making a difference to their lives, I would be so happy. It would be my biggest achievement yet.”(他说，他想向其他人展示残疾人的能力，“你成为的人是最重要的，因为你学会了以自己的方式适应自己的生活。我想向残疾儿童和其他人展示，做自己永远是他们应该做的最好的事。写一本儿童读物一直是我的梦想，如果我能教育更多的人，激励他们，同时改变他们的生活，我会很高兴。这将是我迄今为止最大的成就。”)”可知，这一段主要讲述克利夫顿写书的动力。故选A。
3. 推理判断题。根据第五段“Clifton said he wanted it to go against “keyboard warriors” searching for people with disabilities on social media. “I have suffered abuse from keyboard warriors myself but the best advice I can give is to never bite back and let go of all the horrible comments and let them go over your head.”(克利夫顿说，他希望这与在社交媒体上寻找残疾人的“键盘侠”背道而驰。“我自己也遭受过键盘侠的虐待，但我能给出的最好建议是，永远不要反咬回去，让所有可怕的评论都随它吧，让它们越过你的头顶。”)”可知，克利夫顿忽略了所有键盘侠们可怕的评论。故选B。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Illustrator and publisher of Clifton’s book, Clare Thomas, said working with him was “an absolute honour”. She said, “He doesn’t let anything stand in his way.”(克利夫顿书的插图画家兼出版商克莱尔 托马斯表示，与他合作是“一种绝对的荣誉”。她说：“他不让任何事情妨碍他。”)”可知，克莱尔 托马斯很荣幸能与加文 克利夫顿共事是因为他的毅力给托马斯留下了深刻的印象。故选D。
（22·23上·牡丹江·期中）Each year more than 2,500 people die and 12,600 are injured in home fires just in the United States, with direct property loss because of home fires at about $7.3 billion. Every day Americans experience the horror of fires, but most people don’t understand fires.
To protect yourself, it is important to learn something about home fires.
In less than 30 seconds a small flame (火焰) can get completely out of control and turn into a major fire. It only takes minutes for thick black smoke to fill a house or for it to be in flames. Most deadly fires happen in the home when people are asleep. If you realize a fire, you won’t have time to take valuables because the fire spreads too quickly and the smoke is too thick. The fire uses up the oxygen you need and produces smoke and poisonous (有毒的) gases. Breathing even small amounts of smoke and poisonous gases can make you tired and sleepy, and short of breath. The smoke can cause you to be a deep sleeper before the flames reach your door. You may not wake up in time to escape.
Room temperatures in a fire can be 100 degrees at floor level and rise to 600 degrees at eye level. Breathing in this super-hot air will burn your lungs. It can melt (熔化) clothes to your skin. In five minutes, a room can get so hot that everything in it starts to burn at once.
Fires are bright at first, but quickly produce black smoke and complete darkness. If you wake up to a fire you may be blinded, confused about where you are or which direction you should go in and unable to find your way around the home you’ve lived in for years. Only when we know the true nature of fires can we prepare our families and ourselves.
5. How does the first paragraph develop
A. By raising questions. B. By listing reasons.
C. By expressing opinions. D. By giving examples.
6. What can we infer from the third paragraph
A. It is necessary to escape in time.
B. It is important to find poisonous gases.
C. It is impossible to keep away from smoke.
D. It is dangerous to stay away from the door.
7. How does black smoke trouble us
A. Causing us to feel hopeless. B. Making our faces turn black.
C. Getting us to lose our ways. D. Forcing us to walk around the home.
8. What does the text mainly tell us
A. Different processes of home fires.
B. Some basic knowledge of home fires.
C. Great damage of home fires in the USA.
D. Some good ways to prevent home fires.
【答案】5. D 6. A 7. C 8. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了一些关于家庭火灾的信息，只有了解火灾的本质才有可能做好准备。
5. 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Each year more than 2,500 people die and 12,600 are injured in home fires just in the United States, with direct property loss because of home fires at about $7.3 billion. (仅在美国，每年就有2500多人在家庭火灾中死亡，12600人受伤，房屋火灾造成的直接财产损失约为73亿美元。)”可知，第一段列举了美国家庭火灾造成的损伤情况，进而引出接下来的主题。故选D。
6. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In less than 30 seconds a small flame(火焰) can get completely out of control and turn into a major fire. It only takes minutes for thick black smoke to fill a house or for it to be in flames.(在不到30秒的时间里，一个小火焰可以完全失控，变成大火。浓浓的黑烟只需要几分钟就可以充满一所房子或让它着火。)”和“If you realize a fire, you won’t have time to take valuables because the fire spreads too quickly and the smoke is too thick.(如果你意识到发生了火灾，你将没有时间拿走贵重物品，因为火灾蔓延得太快，烟雾太浓。)”可知，小火和浓烟能在很短的时间里就变成大火，由于火灾蔓延太快，发生火灾时是来不及拿走贵重物品的，由此可推测出，在发生火灾时，有必要及时逃离现场。故选A。
7. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Fires are bright at first, but quickly produce black smoke and complete darkness. If you wake up to a fire you may be blinded, confused about where you are or which direction you should go in and unable to find your way around the home you’ve lived in for years.(火起初是明亮的，但很快就会产生黑烟和造成完全的黑暗。如果你在火灾中醒来，你可能会失明，不知道自己在哪里或应该朝哪个方向走，在你住了多年的家里找不到路。)”可知，黑烟会让我们迷路。故选C。
8. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“To protect yourself, it is important to learn something about home fires.(为了保护自己，了解一些关于家庭火灾的知识是很重要的。)”可知，第二段承上启下，引出了接下来讲述的关于家庭火灾的知识，并在最后一段最后一句“Only when we know the true nature of fires can we prepare our families and ourselves.(只有当我们知道火灾的真实本质时，我们才能为我们的家人和我们自己做好准备。)”呼应前文，告诉我们只有了解家庭火灾的真实本质才能做好准备。由此可推测出，本文主要讲述的是一些关于家庭火灾的基础知识。故选B。
（18·19·重庆·二模）Nowadays, we can read almost all “truths” on social media sites. But are they really reliable Sites such as the micro messaging service Twitter, the social networking site Facebook and the photo-sharing app Instagram might “misrepresent the real world,” according to a study by computer scientists from McGill University and Carnegie Mellon University.
The scientists warn that gathering information about public views and trends from these sites is unwise. There are still large parts of the population who do not take part in social media activities. Also, there's a risk that many social media users are under- represented. Instagram, for example, appeals to younger adults in urban areas while Pinterest is used mainly by females aged 25 to 34. And only 5 percent of Twitter users are over 65 years old, according Io the study.
However, this is not the only issue, according to the scientific team. The design of a website can influence how people behave online, creating what the researchers call “Internet bias.” For example, micro-blogging sites such as Weibo promote “popular” stories. It saves time for some, but it also limits readers' choice of what they see. In the end, many people open those stories and make them more “popular.” But it's not because they choose those stories. Rather, it is because the content is right in front of them.
Besides, it's possible that not everyone on your social networks is real. There might actually be a few fake accounts among them. Fake “bots” pretend to be human and are often included when measuring or predicting human behaviors online.
The findings might be more important than you would think, since many social media studies “are used to inform and justify decisions and investments among the public and in industry and government,” said Derek Ruths, assistant Professor at McGill's School of Computer Science.
If the team is right, you might have to think carefully the next time you say, “It's true, you know; I read it on Weibo.”
9. Why does the author mention Twitter, Facebook and Instagram
A. Because they are the best social media sites today.
B. Because they are not in favor of the current study.
C. Because the public are sharing truths on these sites.
D. Because information on these sites may not be reliable.
10. How is the passage developed
A. By giving examples. B. By making comparisons.
C. By dividing into groups. D. By analyzing cause and effect.
11. Which word can best describe the author's attitude toward information on social media sites
A. Ambiguous. B. Favorable.
C. Disagreeable. D. Cautious
12. What's the author's main purpose in writing the passage
A. To analyze why information gathered from social media sites may not be trustworthy.
B. To remind readers of things they should watch out for when using social media.
C. To point out the advantages and disadvantages of social media.
D. To recommend popular social networking sites for readers.
【答案】9. D 10. D 11. D 12. B
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。这篇文章主要阐述了在社交网络所接触到的信息，我们需要谨慎小心去鉴别其真伪，作者提醒读者在使用社交媒体时需要注意的事情。
9. 推理判断题。根据第一段的Sites such as the micro messaging service Twitter, the social networking site Facebook and the photo-sharing app Instagram might “misrepresent the real world,”（微信服务Twitter、社交网站Facebook和照片分享应用Instagram等网站可能“歪曲了现实世界”。）可知，作者提到了Twitter、Facebook和Instagram的原因是因为这些网站上的信息可能不可靠。故选D。
10. 推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章采用的论证结构是总分总结构，文章第一段提出论证的问题，即我们几乎可以在社交媒体网站上读到所有的“真相”。但它们真的可靠吗 （结果），接下来四个段落来解释这些真相是否可靠的原因，并在最后一段加以总结，由此可知，文章是通过分析因果关系展开的。故选D。
11. 推理判断题。根据第二段的The scientists warn that gathering information about public views and trends from these sites is unwise. （科学家们警告说，从这些网站收集有关公众观点和趋势的信息是不明智的。）第四段的Besides, it's possible that not everyone on your social networks is real. （此外，你的社交网络上可能不是每个人都是真实的。）以及最后一段的If the team is right, you might have to think carefully the next time you say, “It's true, you know; I read it on Weibo.”（如果这个科学团队的调查是正确的，那么下次你说“这是真的，你知道;我是在微博上看到的。”时，你需要慎重思考）可知，作者对于网络社交网站上提供的信息多是“谨慎”的态度，故选D。
12. 推理判断题。通读全文再结合第一段的Nowadays, we can read almost all “truths” on social media sites. But are they really reliable （如今，我们几乎可以在社交媒体网站上读到所有的“真相”。但它们真的可靠吗 ）以及文章最后一段的If the team is right, you might have to think carefully the next time you say, “It's true, you know; I read it on Weibo.”（如果这个科学团队的调查是正确的，那么下次你说“这是真的，你知道;我是在微博上看到的。”时，你需要慎重思考）内容可知，这篇文章主要阐述了在社交网络所接触到的信息，我们需要谨慎小心去鉴别其真伪，所以作者写这篇文章的主要目的是提醒读者在使用社交媒体时要注意的事情。故选B。
（18·19上·厦门·期中）Reese Witherspoon was born on March 22, 1976 in New Orleans, Louisiana. She is the second child of the family. Reese spent the first four years of her life in Wiesbaden, Germany, where her father John Witherspoon served in the US Army Reserves. Shortly after, John moved the family back to the United States, settling in Nashville, Tennessee.
Reese was introduced to the entertainment industry at a very early age at age 7, she began modeling. This led to appearances on several local television commercials. At age 11, she was placed first in a Ten-State Talent Fair.
In 1990, she landed her first major acting role in The Man in the Moon(1991). Her role as a 14-year old tomboy earned her good reviews. Roles in bigger films such as Jack the Bear (1993) and A Far Off Place (1993) followed shortly after.
Following high school graduation in 1994, Reese decided to have a pause in her acting career and attend Stanford University where she would major in English literature. However, her plans were shortly stopped when she accepted roles to star in two major motion pictures. Although neither film was a huge box-office success, they did help to make Reese a rising star in Hollywood and open the door for bigger and better film roles.
Her breakthrough role came as Elle Woods in the 2001 comedy Legally Blonde In box office terms, the movie was a great success and made Reese one of the top female stars in Holywood. In the year 2014, she produced both Gone Girl and Wild, for which she got nominated (提名) for a best actress Oscar again for her role.
Reese is actively involved in children's and women’=s advocacy organizations. She is a longtime supporter of Save the Children, an organization that helps provide children around the world with education, health care and emergency aid.
13. Why did Reese stop her studies at Stanford University
A. Because she starred in two successful films.
B. Because she couldn’t balance studies and acting.
C. Because she didn’t want to get higher education.
D. Because she was more famous in Hollywood.
14. Which film made Reese most famous
A. The Man in the Moon. B. Jack the Bear
C. A Far Off Place. D. Legally Blonde.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Reese
A. Caring. B. Defensive.
C. Disapproving. D. Admiring.
16. How does the passage develop
A. Following the order of time. B. Using figures.
C. Giving examples. D. Making comparison.
【答案】13. B 14. D 15. D 16. A
【分析】本文是记叙文。主要讲述了美国影视演员Reese Witherspoon的一些事迹。
13. 推理判断题。根据第四段“Following high school graduation in 1994, Reese decided to have a pause in her acting career and attend Stanford University where she would major in English literature. However, her plans were shortly stopped when she accepted roles to star in two major motion pictures.( 1994年，里斯高中毕业后，她决定暂停自己的演艺事业，去斯坦福大学学习英语文学。然而，当她接受出演两部主要电影时，她的计划很快就停止了。)”可知，因为要主演两部电影，所以放弃了继续求学，由此可知由于无法兼顾就学和演艺事业，故而放弃了学业，故选B项。
14. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Her breakthrough role came as Elle Woods in the 2001 comedy Legally Blonde In box office terms, the movie was a great success and made Reese one of the top female stars in Holywood.(她在2001年的喜剧《律政俏佳人》中扮演了艾尔 伍兹，这一角色使她取得了突破性的成就。这部电影取得了巨大的成功，使里斯成为了好莱坞最顶级的女明星之一。)”可知Reese Witherspoon突破性的角色就是律政俏佳人中的艾尔 伍兹，在票房方面，这部喜剧片赢得了巨大的成功，并使Reese Witherspoon成为好莱坞最顶尖的女星之一。故选D项。
15. 推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，作者在介绍Reese的演艺事业发展时，采用的都是正面的描述，再根据最后一段中“She is a longtime supporter of Save the Children, an organization that helps provide children around the world with education, health care and emergency aid.(她是拯救儿童组织的长期支持者，该组织帮助为世界各地的儿童提供教育、保健和紧急援助)”，最后一段对Reese积极参加一些旨在帮助儿童和妇女的公益组织的描述可知，作者对Reese持赞扬的态度。故选D项。
16. 推理判断题。文章开头从Reese的出生说起，随后描述了她的童年，成年后的作品以及参加的其他活动，由此可以看出文章是按照时间顺序来写的。故选A项。
（22·23下·沈阳·期中）Air-conditioner’s setting often forms the basis of office arguments between women and men regarding the “correct” temperature for it to be set. And it’s a common debate between couples — the perfect temperature to keep both parties warm but not hot. Research does consistently show women prefer a higher indoor temperature to men. But is there any science backing up the widespread belief that women “feel the cold” more than men
At around the same body weight, women tend to have less muscle to produce heat. Women also have more fat between the skin and the muscles, so the skin feels colder, as it’s slightly further away from blood vessels.
Women also tend to have a lower metabolic(代谢)rate than men, which reduces heat production during cold exposure, making women more likely to feel cold as the temperature drops.
The hormones oestrogen and progesterone(雌激素和孕激素), found in large quantities in women, contribute to the core body and skin temperatures. Oestrogen dilates(扩张)blood vessels at the extremities. This means more heat can be lost to the surrounding air. And progesterone can cause the vessels in the skin to narrow, meaning less blood will flow to some areas to keep the inner organs warmer, leaving women feeling cooler.
So how do we agree on the ideal temperature The “Scandinavian sleep method”, where couples sleep with separate blankets, is one way to overcome the differences in temperature preferences.
In the workplace, personal comfort systems are heat systems that can be locally positioned in individual work stations such as desktops, chairs, or near the feet and legs. Examples include small desk fans, heated chairs and blankets, or foot-warmers. These systems provide individualised comfort to meet personal needs without affecting others in the same space, and have been found to produce higher comfort satisfaction in the workplace. They may also be an energy-efficient method to balance warmth and health in office environments.
17. Why does a couple often have an argument on temperature control
A. Because the wife prefers to work indoors than outdoors.
B. Because the wife would like to stay in a cooler place.
C. Because they have different preference for temperature.
D. Because they have no air-conditioner to heat their office.
18. What may happen to men and women of the same weight
A. Men may be much stronger than women.
B. Men may have more fat than women.
C. Women may feel colder than men.
D. Women may produce more heat than men.
19. How does the fourth paragraph develop
A. By giving examples. B. By listing reasons.
C. By solving problems. D. By making comparisons.
20. Which of the following can help create a comfortable workplace without bothering others
A. Using a personal heater. B. Moving into a warm office.
C. Applying a new heating system. D. Asking for an extra individual room.
【答案】17. C 18. C 19. B 20. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要分析女性比男性更“感觉寒冷”的原因。
17. 细节理解题。根据第一段“And it’s a common debate between couples — the perfect temperature to keep both parties warm but not hot. Research does consistently show women prefer a higher indoor temperature to men. (这是夫妻之间常见的争论——保持双方温暖但不太热的最佳温度。研究一致表明，女性比男性更喜欢更高的室内温度。)”可知，夫妻之间关于温控的争论主要是因为他们对温度有不同的偏好。故选C项。
18. 推理判断题。由文章第二段“At around the same body weight, women tend to have less muscle to produce heat. Women also have more fat between the skin and the muscles, so the skin feels colder, as it’s slightly further away from blood vessels.(在同等体重的情况下，女性产生热量的肌肉往往较少。女性的皮肤和肌肉之间也有更多的脂肪，所以皮肤感觉更冷，因为它离血管稍远。)”可知，相同体重，女人可能会觉得比男人更冷。故选C项。
19. 推理判断题。由文章第四段“The hormones oestrogen and progesterone(雌激素和孕激素), found in large quantities in women, contribute to the core body and skin temperatures. Oestrogen dilates(扩张)blood vessels at the extremities. This means more heat can be lost to the surrounding air. And progesterone can cause the vessels in the skin to narrow, meaning less blood will flow to some areas to keep the inner organs warmer, leaving women feeling cooler.(女性体内大量存在的雌激素和黄体酮对身体核心和皮肤温度有影响。雌激素使四肢的血管扩张。这意味着更多的热量可能会流失到周围的空气中。黄体酮会导致皮肤血管变窄，这意味着流向某些区域的血液会减少，从而使内脏保持温暖，让女性感觉更凉爽。)”可知，这段主要分析女性感觉更凉爽的原因。故选B项。
20. 细节理解题。由最后一段“In the workplace, personal comfort systems are heat systems that can be locally positioned in individual work stations such as desktops, chairs, or near the feet and legs. Examples include small desk fans, heated chairs and blankets, or foot-warmers. These systems provide individualised comfort to meet personal needs without affecting others in the same space, and have been found to produce higher comfort satisfaction in the workplace.(在工作场所，个人舒适系统是一种加热系统，可以局部放置在个人工作场所，如台式机、椅子或脚部和腿部附近。示例包括小型桌扇、加热的椅子和毯子，或暖脚器。这些系统提供个性化的舒适度，以满足个人需求，而不会影响同一空间中的其他人，并已被发现在工作场所产生更高的舒适度满意度。) ”可知，使用个人加热器能帮助创造一个舒适的工作场所而不打扰他人。故选A项。
（22·23下·运城·阶段练习）Art and science may seem like opposite things. One means the creative flow of ideas, and the other means cold, hard data — some people believe. In fact, the two have much in common. Now, a study finds art can help students remember better what they learned in science class.
Mariale Hardiman, an education specialist, noticed that students who used art in the class listened more carefully. They might ask more questions. They might volunteer more ideas. What’s more, students seemed to remember more of what they had been taught when their science lessons had involved art. To prove that, Hardiman teamed up with some researchers and six local schools.
In the experiment, the researchers worked with teachers in 16 fifth-grade classrooms. They provided traditional science lessons and art-focused ones. In a traditional science class, for example, students might read the information from a book aloud. In the art-focused one, they might sing the information instead.
The team randomly assigned(分配) each of the 350 students to either a traditional science class or an art-focused one. Students then learned science using that way for the whole unit — about three weeks. When they changed to a new topic, they also changed to the other type of class. This way, each student had both an art-focused class and a traditional one. Every unit was taught in both ways, to different groups of students. This enabled the researchers to see how students did in both types of classes.
The team found that students who started off in traditional classes performed better after they moved into an art-focused class. But those who started in an art-focused class did well even when they went back to a traditional science class. These students appeared to use some of the art techniques after going back to a traditional class. Classroom teachers reported that many students continued to sketch(画速写) or sing to help remember the information. “It suggests that the arts may help students apply creative ways of learning on their own,” Hardiman said.
21. How does the first paragraph develop
A. By giving examples. B. By analyzing cause and effect.
C. By following space order. D. By making comparisons.
22. What can we learn from paragraph 2
A. Students take an active part when their class involves art.
B. Students are more creative in art class than in science class.
C. Students’ learning ability depends greatly on class involvement.
D. Students remember things for a longer time if using art in class.
23. What were the students required to do in the experiment
A. Learn three units in total.
B. Take two types of classes.
C. Learn two topics for three weeks.
D. Choose between a traditional class and an art-focused one.
24. What is the text mainly about
A. It is not easy to use art in science class.
B. Science plays an important role in creative thinking.
C. Art contributes to science learning.
D. Art-focused classes encourage teamwork.
【答案】21. D 22. A 23. B 24. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了艺术可以帮助学生更好地记住他们在科学课上学到的东西。
21. 推理判断题。根据第一段前两句“Art and science may seem like opposite things. One means the creative flow of ideas, and the other means cold, hard data—some people believe. (艺术和科学似乎是相反的东西。一些人认为，前者意味着创意的流动，而后者意味着冷冰冰的数据。)”可知，第一段是通过把艺术和科学作比较来行文的。故选D。
22. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Mariale Hardiman, an education specialist, noticed that students who used art in the class listened more carefully. They might ask more questions. They might volunteer more ideas. What’s more, students seemed to remember more of what they had been taught when their science lessons had involved art. (教育专家玛丽亚·哈迪曼注意到，在课堂上使用艺术的学生听得更认真。他们可能会问更多的问题。他们可能会主动提出更多的想法。更重要的是，当科学课涉及到艺术时，学生们似乎能记住更多的知识。)”可知，当科学课程涉及艺术时，学生上课时更加积极。故选A。
23. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“This way, each student had both an art-focused class and a traditional one. Every unit was taught in both ways, to different groups of students. (这样一来，每个学生既上了艺术课，也上了传统的课程。每个单元都以两种方式教授给不同的学生群体。)”可知，学生们在实验中被要求参与两种类型的课程。故选B。
24. 主旨大意题。根据首段末句“Now, a study finds art can help students remember better what they learned in science class. (现在，一项研究发现，艺术可以帮助学生更好地记住他们在科学课上学到的东西。)”可知，文章主要介绍了艺术可以帮助学生更好地记住他们在科学课上学到的东西。故选C。
（21·22上·东莞·期末）On Jan. 14, 2020, Microsoft retired Windows 7 and stopped offering security updates (更新) for one of the most-loved versions of its operating system. The main reason was that maintaining them required resources and engineers. These could be expensive, especially as the company focused its efforts on new products and services.
Microsoft stopped adding new features to Windows7 in 2015, and it had regularly been reminding users of the end-of-life deadline (最后期限) and inviting them to equip Windows 10, which was growing quickly. But Windows 7 made up about 27 percent of desktop and laptops in October, 2019, according to Netmarket share, which tracks (跟踪) usage of different technologies. There are more than 1.5 billion Windows devices (装置) in use and at least 400 million of them are still running the out-of-date operating system. If Windows 7 continues to decrease at the current pace, its share will drop to 13 percent by 2021-but that’s still more than 100 million devices.
Hackers are always hunting for insecure devices, which makes us anxious. If a new bug appears in Windows 7, bad actors will have millions of devices to attack and infect with virus (病毒) at once. That’s why the company has an Extended Security Update program, which will run until January 2023. Organizations that want to continue using Windows 7 and receive bug patches have to pay $50 per device in the first year, $100 in the second year, and $200 in the third year to do so.
25. Why did Microsoft retire Windows 7
A. No one wanted to use it.
B. It was easy to be hacked.
C. Maintaining it costs a lot
D. It was outdated and valueless.
26. How is the second paragraph developed
A. By listing data. B. By doing research.
C. By giving examples. D. By making comparisons.
27. What is our worry about Windows 7
A. Decrease of its users.
B. Cost for its bug patches.
C. Replacement by Windows 10.
D. Security of its operating system.
28. In which part of a newspaper may this text appear
A. Culture. B. Business. C. Health. D. Education.
【答案】25. C 26. A 27. D 28. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了微软宣布Windows 7退役，并停止为最受欢迎的操作系统之一提供安全更新的原因。
25. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The main reason was that maintaining them requited resources and engineers. These could be expensive, especially as the company focused its efforts on new products and services. (主要原因是维护它们需要资源和工程师。这些费用可能很昂贵，尤其是当公司把精力集中在新产品和服务上的时候。)”可知，微软之所以放弃Windows 7是因为维护它的成本高，故选C项。
26. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“But Windows 7 made up about 27 percent of desktop and laptops in October, 2019, according to Netmarket share, which tracks (跟踪) usage of different technologies. There are more than 1.5 billion Windows devices (装置) in use and at least 400 million of them are still running the out-of-date operating system. If Windows 7 continues to decrease at the current pace, its share will drop to 13 percent by 2021—but that’s still more than 100 million devices. (但根据追踪不同技术使用情况的Netmarket份额，2019年10月，Windows 7占台式机和笔记本电脑的27%左右。目前有超过15亿的Windows设备在使用，其中至少有4亿仍在运行过时的操作系统。如果Windows 7继续以目前的速度下降，到2021年，其市场份额将降至13%，但这仍然是1亿多台设备。)”可知，第二段是通过列数据展开的，故选A项。
27. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“If a new bug appears in Windows 7, bad actors will have millions of devices to attack and infect with virus (病毒) at once. That’s why the company has an Extended Security Update program, which will run until January 2023. (如果Windows 7出现新的漏洞，不法分子就可以同时攻击和感染数百万台设备。这就是为什么该公司有一个扩展安全更新计划，该计划将持续到2023年1月。)”可知人们对Windows 7使用的担忧是操作系统的安全性，故选D项。
28. 推理判断题。本文主要介绍了微软为什么退出了Windows 7并停止为其提供安全更新和添加新功能，通过数据说明了Windows 7在市场上所占份额的逐年下降。文章第一段“These could be expensive, especially as the company focused its efforts on new products and services. (这些成本可能会很高，尤其是在该公司专注于开发新产品和服务的情况下)”可知这篇文章应该出现在报纸的商业部分。故选B项。
（23·24上·全国·课时练习）Art and science may seem like opposite things. One means the creative flow of ideas, and the other means cold, hard data — some people believe. In fact, the two have much in common. Now, a study finds art can help students remember better what they learned in science class.
Mariale Hardiman, an education specialist, noticed that students who used art in the class listened more carefully. They might ask more questions. They might volunteer more ideas. What’s more, students seemed to remember more of what they had been taught when their science lessons had involved art. To prove that, Hardiman teamed up with some researchers and six local schools.
In the experiment, the researchers worked with teachers in 16 fifth-grade classrooms. They provided traditional science lessons and art-focused ones. In a traditional science class, for example, students might read the information from a book aloud. In the art-focused one, they might sing the information instead.
The team randomly assigned (分配) each of the 350 students to either a traditional science class or an art-focused one. Students then learned science using that way for the whole unit — about three weeks. When they changed to a new topic, they also changed to the other type of class. This way, each student had both an art-focused class and a traditional one. Every unit was taught in both ways, to different groups of students. This enabled the researchers to see how students did in both types of classes.
The team found that students who started off in traditional classes performed better after they moved into an art-focused class. But those who started in an art-focused class did well even when they went back to a traditional science class. These students appeared to use some of the art techniques after going back to a traditional class. Classroom teachers reported that many students continued to sketch (画速写) or sing to help remember the information. “It suggests that the arts may help students apply creative ways of learning on their own,” Hardiman said.
29. How does the first paragraph develop
A. By giving examples. B. By making comparisons.
C. By following space order. D. By analyzing cause and effect.
30. What can we learn from paragraph 2
A. Students take an active part when their class involves art.
B. Students are more creative in art class than in science class.
C. Students’ learning ability depends greatly on class involvement.
D. Students remember things for a longer time if using art in class.
31. What were the students required to do in the experiment
A. Learn three units in total. B. Take two types of classes.
C. Learn two topics for three weeks. D. Choose between a traditional class and an art-focused one.
32. What is the text mainly about
A. It is not easy to use art in science class. B. Science contributes to creative thinking.
C. Art can make science easier to learn. D. Art-focused classes encourage teamwork.
【答案】29. B 30. A 31. B 32. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了艺术可以帮助学生更好地记住他们在科学课上学到的东西。
29. 推理判断题。根据第一段前两句“Art and science may seem like opposite things. One means the creative flow of ideas, and the other means cold, hard data — some people believe. (艺术和科学似乎是相反的东西。一些人认为，前者意味着创意的流动，而后者意味着冰冷、确凿的数据。)”可知，第一段是通过把艺术和科学作比较来进行的。故选B。
30. 细节理解题。根据第二段前四句“Mariale Hardiman, an education specialist, noticed that students who used art in the class listened more carefully. They might ask more questions. They might volunteer more ideas. What’s more, students seemed to remember more of what they had been taught when their science lessons had involved art. (教育专家玛丽亚·哈迪曼(Mariale Hardiman)注意到，在课堂上使用艺术的学生听得更认真。他们可能会问更多的问题。他们可能会主动提出更多的想法。更重要的是，当科学课涉及到艺术时，学生们似乎能记住更多的知识。)”可知，当科学课程涉及艺术时，学生上课时更加积极。故选A。
31. 细节理解题。根据第四段中第四五句“This way, each student had both an art-focused class and a traditional one. Every unit was taught in both ways, to different groups of students. (这样一来，每个学生既上了艺术课，也上了传统课。每个单元都以两种方式教授给不同的学生群体。)”可知，学生们在实验中被要求参与两种类型的课程。故选B。
32. 主旨大意题。根据首段末句“Now, a study finds art can help students remember better what they learned in science class. (现在，一项研究发现，艺术可以帮助学生更好地记住他们在科学课上学到的东西。)”可知，文章主要介绍了艺术可以帮助学生更好地记住他们在科学课上学到的东西。故选C。
（22·23下·安徽·模拟预测）Water equals life. This is true for people, animals and plants. And while water is plentiful in some locations, this is not the case all over the world. Now scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) may have developed a way to change that.
The new desalination (脱盐) device produces water actually above the World Health Organization standards, just by pushing a button. There are no filters (过滤器) required, and the device uses electrical power to remove salt and other particles (微粒) — including bacteria and viruses — from the saltwater. This reduces the need for constant maintenance.
Most commercially available portable desalination units use filters that require high-pressure pumps to push the water, which makes them huge in size and less energy efficient. The filterless MIT device will allow it to be used in remote or resource-limited places like small islands, ships, and even for emergency use.
The device took years to develop. After running tests in the lab with water that had different salinity and particles, it was tested at Boston’s Carson Beach. The device produced drinkable water in just half an hour.
The new desalination unit needs less power than a cell phone charger, reported Fast Company, and works using two types of electrical fields to filter the saltwater. But best of all, it is designed to be used by average people and not engineers. In fact, the device only has three buttons, one to power the device, one to start it, and one to stop it.
The researchers are still working on a final design that could use cheaper materials to make it ready by the end of next year. This small but mighty desalination unit may be the key to bringing safe water to a thirsty world.
33. What’s the advantage of the new desalination device
A. It’s convenient. B. Ifs a lot cheaper.
C. It has improved filters. D. It has a larger output.
34. How is the third paragraph developed
A. By making comparisons. B. By giving examples.
C. By analyzing causes. D. By listing figures.
35. What does the author think is the most outstanding quality of the new device
A. It requires much less power.
B. It possesses two electrical fields.
C. It can be easily operated by ordinary people.
D. It is controlled by the same button.
36. What is the best title for the text
A. Deeper research finds new contents of seawater
B. Better method improves the quality of drinking water
C. Report shows a world thirsty for safe drinking water
D. New portable device makes seawater drinkable on the way
【答案】33. A 34. A 35. C 36. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款新的即将面市的便携式海水脱盐设备，它操作方便，体积虽小但功能强大，普通人也能使用，可以为我们缺水的世界带来安全可用淡水。
33. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The new desalination (脱盐) device produces water actually above the World Health Organization standards, just by pushing a button.(这种新的海水脱盐装置只需要按下一个按钮，就能产生高于世界卫生组织标准的水)”可知，这个新的脱盐设备的优势是操作非常方便。故选A项。
34. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Most commercially available portable desalination units use filters that require high-pressure pumps to push the water, which makes them huge in size and less energy efficient. The filterless MIT device will allow it to be used in remote or resource-limited places like small islands, ships, and even for emergency use.(大多数商业上可用的便携式海水脱盐装置使用的过滤器需要高压泵来推动水，这使得它们体积庞大，能源效率较低。这种无过滤器的MIT设备可以在偏远或资源有限的地方使用，比如小岛、船只，甚至是紧急情况下使用)”可知，第三段主要通过对比新的脱盐设备和其他商业上可用的便携式脱盐设备来说明新设备的优势。由此推知，这段是通过对比来发展的。故选A项。
35. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“But best of all, it is designed to be used by average people and not engineers.(但最重要的是，它是为普通人而不是工程师设计的)”可知，作者认为这个新设备最突出的优点是普通人也可以轻松操作。故选C项。
36. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了一款新的即将面市的便携式海水脱盐设备，它操作方便，体积虽小但功能强大，普通人也能使用，可以为我们缺水的世界带来安全可用淡水。由此可知，D项“新的便携式设备即将使海水可以饮用”符合文章大意，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
（22·23上·宁德·期中）The final event in the Olympics is the marathon. It is also usually the most exciting. As the leader comes into the stadium to run the last few meters of the 42-kilometer race, the crowd rises to its feet to shout and cheer. The name of the race comes from a battle(战争) in Ancient Greece. According to the story, a soldier ran from the battle field, Marathon, to Athens, to bring the news of a Greek victory against the Persians. He died just after arriving.
The marathon has been an Olympic event since the modern games started in 1896. At first the distance was 40 kilometers—the distance between Marathon and Athens. In 1908, however, at the London Olympics, it was changed. The King of England wanted the runners to leave from his castle in Windsor and arrive in a new stadium in central London. The distance was 26 miles—about 42 kilometers. In fact, the 1908 marathon ended dramatically(戏剧性地). When the leader, an Italian, entered the stadium he turned the wrong way and fell onto the ground. Officials picked him up and helped him to the finishing line, just as the second runner, an American, entered the stadium. The Americans protested(抗议) and in the end the American runner was declared(宣布) the winner. Since then, there have been many more exciting marathons.
In fact, you don’t have to wait for the Olympic Games to run or watch a marathon, as there are marathons in over sixty countries and hundreds of cities around the world today. One of the most famous marathons is in New York, and is watched by two million people around the streets and across the bridges of the city, and past New York’s famous landmarks. But perhaps one of the most beautiful and unique marathons ever is the Great Wall Marathon, which most competitors find is the toughest course to run.
The marathon is the final Olympic event because it is thought to be the hardest. But experts believe that most people—even people who are not very good at sport—can run a marathon, if they train for it.
37. What did the crowd do when the leader came into the stadium
A. They stood up quietly. B. They shouted with excitement.
C. They carried him to the line. D. They cried sadly.
38. How is the second paragraph developed
A. By following time order. B. By listing numbers.
C. By following space order. D. By giving reasons.
39. What do we know about the marathon according to the passage
A. The name of the race comes from a battle in Greece.
B. The Marathons have the same length all the time.
C. The Great Wall Marathon is the easiest course to run.
D. People not good at sport cannot run a marathon unless trained.
40. Which is the most special marathon mentioned in the passage
A. The Marathon in London in 1908.
B. The Great Wall Marathon.
C. The Marathon in New York.
D. The Marathon in 1896.
【答案】37. B 38. A 39. D 40. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了奥运会的最后一个比赛项目——马拉松，以及其的开始、变化和有趣的故事等。
37. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“As the leader comes into the stadium to run the last few meters of the 42-kilometer race, the crowd rises to its feet to shout and cheer. (当领跑者进入体育场跑完42公里比赛的最后几米时，人群起立欢呼)”可知，当领跑者走进体育场时，人群兴奋地叫喊起来。故选B。
38. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The marathon has been an Olympic event since the modern games started in 1896. At first the distance was 40 kilometers—the distance between Marathon and Athens. In 1908, however, at the London Olympics, it was changed. (自1896年现代奥运会开始以来，马拉松一直是奥运会的比赛项目。起初，马拉松到雅典的距离是40公里。然而，在1908年的伦敦奥运会上，它被改变了)”可知，第二段按照时间顺序展开。故选A。
39. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“But experts believe that most people—even people who are not very good at sport—can run a marathon, if they train for it.(但是专家们相信，大多数人——即使是那些不擅长运动的人——如果他们为此训练的话，都可以跑马拉松)”可知，不擅长运动的人不经过训练是跑不了马拉松的。故选D。
40. 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“But perhaps one of the most beautiful and unique marathons ever is the Great Wall Marathon, which most competitors find is the toughest course to run. (但长城马拉松可能是有史以来最美丽、最独特的马拉松之一，大多数参赛者都觉得它是最难跑的赛道)”可知，长城马拉松是文中提到的最特别的马拉松。故选B。
（23·24上·荆州·期末）If you’ve ever thought that dogs seem to know when people are stressed, you were right. Scientists in Ireland ran an experiment which showed that dogs can tell the difference between the smell of a person when they’re relaxed and when they’re stressed.
Researchers at Queen’s University Belfast, led by scientist Clara Wilson, worked with four dogs. They taught the dogs to use a special smell-testing device with three openings. The scientists used treats and rewards (奖励) to train the dogs to find and signal the correct opening. Over time, the dogs were given harder and harder smelling jobs. The final goal was to see if they could smell stress in the breath and sweat of a person.
So the researchers collected breath and sweat samples (样品) from 36 different people. They got samples when the people were calm, and also when they were stressed. To stress people out, the scientists asked a really difficult math problem, and forced people to do it in their heads quickly. And they weren’t nice about it. They kept telling the people to hurry up, and didn’t give them any help. That lasted for three minutes. Then the researchers collected two more sweat and breath samples. They also asked the people about their level of stress, and measured their heart rates and blood pressure. Most people said they felt very stressed. On average, the heart rate increased from about 91 beats per minute to about 105 beats per minute.
The scientists used one of the stressed samples, along with two clean pieces of cloth, to train the dogs to find the stressed smell. Then came the challenge- the dogs had three choices: a sample from a calm person, a stressed sample from that same person, and a clean piece of cloth. In all, the dogs did 720 of these tests. They correctly identified the stressed sample about 94% of the time.
45. What can we learn from the second paragraph
A. The smell- testing device was made by Clara.
B. Clara Wilson was an expert in training dogs.
C. The four dogs concentrated on the experiment.
D. The experiment was carried out step by step.
46. How does the third paragraph develop
A. By comparison. B. By giving examples.
C. By stating the process. D. By showing research findings.
47. What was the challenge for the dog
A. Hundreds of tests. B. A clean piece of cloth.
C. The sample from the same person. D. The sample from different persons.
48. What’s the best title for the text
A. Dogs’ Special Ability Proves Useful B. Scientists Train Dogs To Tell Smells
C. An Experiment about Smell Shocks Us D. Scientists Learn That Dogs Can Smell Stress
【答案】45. D 46. C 47. C 48. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲的是研究表明狗能够通过气味辨别出人类是否有压力。
45. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The scientists used treats and rewards (奖励) to train the dogs to find and signal the correct opening. Over time, the dogs were given harder and harder smelling jobs.(科学家们用食物和奖励来训练狗找到正确的开口并发出信号。随着时间的推移，狗被分配越来越难闻的工作。)”可知，实验是逐步进行的。故选D。
46. 推理判断题。根据第三段“So the researchers collected breath and sweat samples (样品) from 36 different people. They got samples when the people were calm, and also when they were stressed. To stress people out, the scientists asked a really difficult math problem, and forced people to do it in their heads quickly. And they weren’t nice about it. They kept telling the people to hurry up, and didn’t give them any help. That lasted for three minutes. Then the researchers collected two more sweat and breath samples. They also asked the people about their level of stress, and measured their heart rates and blood pressure.(因此，研究人员从36个不同的人身上收集了呼吸和汗液样本。他们在人们平静时和有压力时采集了样本。为了给人们施加压力，科学家们问了一道非常难的数学题，并强迫人们快速心算。他们对此并不友好。他们不停地叫人们快点，却不给他们任何帮助。这持续了三分钟。然后，研究人员又收集了两份汗液和呼吸样本。他们还询问了人们的压力水平，并测量了他们的心率和血压。)”可知，本段主要是通过叙述实验的过程来展开的。故选C。
47. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Then came the challenge- the dogs had three choices: a sample from a calm person, a stressed sample from that same person, and a clean piece of cloth. In all, the dogs did 720 of these tests.(然后是挑战——狗有三个选择：一个平静的人的样本，同一个人的紧张时的样本，还有一块干净的布。这些狗总共做了720个这样的测试。)”可知，对于狗的挑战是来自同一个人的样本。故选C。
48. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Scientists in Ireland ran an experiment which showed that dogs can tell the difference between the smell of a person when they re relaxed and when they’re stressed.(爱尔兰科学家进行的一项实验表明，狗狗可以分辨出一个人在放松和紧张时的气味。)”可知，本文主要讲的是研究表明，狗能够通过气味辨别出人类是否有压力，因此D选项“Scientists Learn That Dogs Can Smell Stress(科学家发现狗狗可以嗅出压力)”能够概括本文中心，可作为最好的题目。故选D。
（21·22下·漳州·期末）Back-to-back typhoons that attacked reefs(礁) and turned corals upside down hit in 2014 and 2015 in Australia sea, which ruined the coral ecosystem.
Feeling “absolutely shocked”, Stephen Simpson, a biologist at the University of Bristol, decided to channel his sorrow into action. In 2017, he piled up coral remains to build dozens of new small reefs. He placed speakers nearby to play recordings made when the reefs were healthy. “As I wish, twice as many young fish settled on the reefs near these speakers”, he says.
In a new paper, Brittany Williams, a graduate student at the University of Adelaide, reviewed projects that used sound to help restore marine(海洋的) ecosystems. “We wanted to prove that sound has great potential”, she says. That potential arises from the fact that a healthy ocean is noisy: fish whistle, dolphins scream, and spiny lobsters play their feeler like violins. Like the noise of a big city, the familiar sound of a healthy habitat attracts young creatures that are seeking a permanent home.
The experiments showed that sound is one of the signals baby fish use to find and settle on a coral reef after spending their first weeks swimming in the open ocean. “We realized that the fish might be hearing their way home,” says Williams.
In experiments begun during her postgraduate degree, Williams put oysters(牡蛎) into jars and played some of them a recording from a wasteland where an oyster reef used to be. Other oysters were played nothing, while a third group heard the sound of a restored reef. The oysters that heard the restored reef were about twice as likely as the others to settle and attach themselves at the bottom of the jar.
61. Why did Stephen Simpson take action on the reefs
A. To play recordings for fishes. B. To make the sea peaceful again.
C. To create larger and newer reefs. D. To rebuilding the reef community.
62. What does Williams want to see
A. Dolphins won’t hurt other creatures. B. Sea animals have a green habitat.
C. Fish grow much bigger and faster. D. There’re sorts of sounds in the ocean.
63. What may be the key to ensuring the future of the ocean according to the research
A. Sound. B. Reefs. C. Climate. D. Humans.
64. How does the fifth paragraph develop
A. By giving examples. B. By making contrasts.
C. By providing statistics. D. By analyzing the causes.
【答案】61. D 62. D 63. A 64. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了澳大利亚珊瑚礁被台风袭击之后，布里斯托尔大学的生物学家斯蒂芬·辛普森建造了几十个新的小珊瑚礁，然后利用播放珊瑚礁健康时的录音吸引了许多海洋鱼类来此定居，表明了声音对帮助修复海洋生态系统的重要性。
61. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In 2017, he piled up coral remains to build dozens of new small reefs. He placed speakers nearby to play recordings made when the reefs were healthy. “As I wish, twice as many young fish settled on the reefs near these speakers”, he says. (2017年，他堆积珊瑚残骸，建造了数十个新的小珊瑚礁。他把扬声器放在附近，播放珊瑚礁健康时的录音。他说，“正如我所愿，有两倍多的小鱼栖息在这些扬声器附近的珊瑚礁上。”)”可知，辛普森建造了几十个新的小珊瑚礁，同时播放珊瑚礁健康时的录音，为的是吸引幼鱼来此定居，维持生态平衡。由此可知，辛普森希望重建珊瑚礁社区。故选D项。
62. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的““We wanted to prove that sound has great potential”, she says. That potential arises from the fact that a healthy ocean is noisy: fish whistle, dolphins scream, and spiny lobsters play their feeler like violins.(“我们想证明声音有巨大的潜力”，她说。这种潜力来自于健康的海洋是嘈杂的：鱼在吹口哨，海豚在尖叫，多刺的龙虾像拉小提琴一样弹奏它们的触角。)”可知，威廉姆斯想看到的是一个健康的充满各种各样声音的海洋生态系统。故选D项。
63. 推理判断题。根据第四段整段“The experiments showed that sound is one of the signals baby fish use to find and settle on a coral reef after spending their first weeks swimming in the open ocean. “We realized that the fish might be hearing their way home,” says Williams.(实验表明，声音是幼鱼在辽阔的大海中游泳的头几个星期后用来寻找和定居珊瑚礁的信号之一。“我们意识到，鱼可能听到了回家的声音，”威廉姆斯说。)”可知，声音对海洋生物很重要，它们可以用来寻找栖息地，因此可知声音是保证海洋的未来的关键。故选A项。
64. 推理判断题。根据第五段“In experiments begun during her postgraduate degree, Williams put oysters(牡蛎) into jars and played some of them a recording from a wasteland where an oyster reef used to be. Other oysters were played nothing, while a third group heard the sound of a restored reef. The oysters that heard the restored reef were about twice as likely as the others to settle and attach themselves at the bottom of the jar.(在研究生阶段开始的实验中，威廉姆斯把牡蛎放进罐子里，给第一组牡蛎播放其中一些牡蛎的录音，录音来自一片曾经有牡蛎礁的荒地。第二组牡蛎什么也没播放，而第三组则听到珊瑚礁修复的声音。听
