上海中学2023学年第一学期期末考试
英语试题
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
1. A. Job applicants. B. University students. C. News reporters. D. Public speakers.
2. A. $ 36. B. $60. C. $ 24. D. $30.
3. A. nervous. B. excited. C. surprised. D. calm.
4. A. They can hardly find time to do exercise.
B. Both of them are fond of doing exercise.
C. Doing exercise is the last thing they’d like to do.
D. The woman disagrees to do exercise with the man.
5. A. Student and teacher. B. Guest and receptionist.
C. Customer and shop assistant. D. Daughter and father.
6. A. The Student Union. B. The Tutoring Service Center.
C. Her professor’s office. D. Her tutor’s home.
7. A. The coverage of newspapers. B. The nature of humans.
C. The increase of crime rate. D. The impact of mass media.
8. A. Doctor Green is very busy on Mondays.
B. Doctor Green forgot to put the man on the schedule.
C. An unexpected patient visited Doctor Green last Monday.
D. Patients can usually see Doctor Green on schedule.
9. A. She is disappointed with his decision.
B. She is crazy about going camping in the tropical jungle.
C. She tries to persuade the man not to go with Jerry.
D. She suggests the man reconsider his plan.
10. A. Because he favors goods in physical stores.
B. Because he enjoys the offline shopping experience.
C. Because he doesn’t have much money.
D. Because he doesn’t like the shopping festival.
Section B
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. A number of giant rats are hidden in the fields or forests.
B. Violent robbers may come out and hurt innocent civilians.
C. People may step onto a landmine (地雷) and get injured.
D. Other roads have a litter problem, which spoils good mood.
12 A. It is a rare species of rat. B. It has a good sense of smell.
C. It sacrifices its life to detect dangers. D. It is terrified of explosive devices.
13. A. 13 minutes. B. 30 minutes. C. 40 minutes. D. 4 days.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. It bans the sales of salty and unhealthy food.
B. Its residents lose altogether 100,000 kg by 2020.
C. Everyone weighs himself on giant scales in public.
D. Local doctors make personalized diets for everyone.
15. A. Local people share healthy diet with each other.
B. Thousands of residents kick football to keep slim.
C. Local restaurants use olive oil to replace butter.
D. Government officials persevere in physical exercise.
16. A. Students are encouraged to walk or ride to school.
B. Students are allowed to ride bicycles in school libraries.
C. Parents are offered devices to monitor children’s walking time.
D. Fruits are provided for those who are addicted to online games.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. Neither of them can find a suitable game.
B. They are both enthusiastic about games.
C. Good games cost a large amount of money.
D. They often go Dutch when buying gifts.
18. A. It includes fantasy role-playing. B. It doesn’t have an actual ending.
C. It is an expensive online game. D. It is something like a racing game.
19. A. Players have opportunities to make new friends.
B. Players can have face-to-face communication.
C. Players may be rewarded with delicious food.
D. Players can start the game at anytime they want.
20. A. Add variety to the recommended game. B. Look around to find a cheaper online game.
C. Persuade the woman to change her mind. D. Try to find an extraordinary online game.
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A Multiple Choice
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.
1. I dare ________ that without your help, we ________ so much progress in our work.
A. say; can’t make B. to say; couldn’t make
C. say; couldn’t have made D. to say; shouldn’t have made
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查固定短语和虚拟语气。句意：我敢说，没有你的帮助，我们的工作不可能取得这么大的进展。固定短语dare (to) do sth.意为“敢做某事”，第一空say和to say的形式都可以；根据“without your help”可知，从句是与过去事实相反的假设，需用虚拟语气，可排除A和B项，再结合“so much progress”可推知，此处表示“不可能”取得这么大的进展，应用couldn’t have done的形式，shouldn’t have done表示“本不该做某事”。故选C。
2. But for the fact that she ________ dance, I would invite her to the party.
A. couldn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查情态动词词义辨析。句意：要不是她不会跳舞，否则，今晚我会邀请她参加我的派对的。A. couldn't不能；B. can't不会；C. mustn't禁止；D. shouldn't不应该。此处that引导the fact的同位语从句，描述的事实，故应用陈述语气，用一般现在时，故选B。
3. You can’t imagine that a gentleman ________ so rudely to an old lady.
A. shall have behaved B. should have behaved
C. could have behaved D. might have behaved
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查情态动词的用法。句意：你无法想象一位绅士竟然会对一位老太太表现地如此粗鲁。A. shall have behaved应该已经表现；B. should have behaved竟然表现；C. could have behaved本可以表现；D. might have behaved也许已经表现。根据“You can’t imagine”可知，此处表示对这位绅士对老太太的粗鲁表现的惊讶、难以置信，应用should have behaved“竟然表现”。故选B。
4. The door won’t ________ from the inside, so you ________ call the repairman.
A. open; may well B. be opened; may well
C. open; may as well D. be opened; may as well
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查动词语态和情态动词。句意：这扇门从里面打不开，你还是叫修理工来吧。句中“门从里面打不开”是表示这种物品内在所具有的某种特点，动词open用主动形式表示被动含义，类似的主动形式表示被动语态的动词还有read， write ，clean，cook，keep，cut等；第二空处表示“还是……好；不妨”，用固定短语may as well，后接动词原形。故选C项。
5. ________ breakfast earlier, I would have had enough time to take care of domestic chores.
A. Had I B. If I had C. Were I to have D. Had I had
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我早点吃早饭的话，我就会有足够的时间来处理家务了。根据“would have had”可知，本句是对过去事情的虚拟，if 引导的条件状语从句中用过去完成时“had+过去分词”；在虚拟条件句中，若有had，were，should 等词，可将if省略，同时把had，were，should 等词提到主语之前，构成倒装结构。故选D。
6. If a man living in the Middle Ages ________ forward in time, he ________ amazed by today’s technological landscape.
A. traveled; would have been B. was to travel; could be
C. were going to travel; must be D. had traveled; would be
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果一个生活在中世纪的人穿越时空，他会对今天的科技景观感到惊讶。根据“a man living in the Middle Ages”可推知，if引导的条件状语从句是与过去事实相反的假设，需用虚拟语气，谓语用had done的形式；根据“today’s technological landscape”可知，主句是与现在的事实相反的假设，谓语用would/could/might/should do的形式。故选D。
7. If you ________ the highlights of 2008 Summer Olympics, you would most likely find that they were all marked by sportsmanship.
A. were to examine B. had examined C. would examine D. have to examine
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果你回顾一下2008年夏季奥运会的亮点，你很可能会发现它们都是体育精神的标志。根据后文“you would most likely find that they were all marked by sportsmanship”可知，此处表示与将来事实相反： 主句用would (should, could, might) +v.， 从句动词用过去式（be 通常用were）或用 should+动词原形或 were to+动词原形。故选A。
8. He boarded the airplane as if he ________ an experienced traveller, yet he had never left town before.
A. is B. were C. has been D. had been
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：他登飞机就像是一个有经验的旅行者一样，然而他之前从来没离开过这个小镇。此处as if引导虚拟语气，与现在事实相反，故应用一般过去时，且be动词只能用were，故选B。
9. — He failed his driving test.
— What a pity! If only he ________ what his driving instructor had been telling him.
A. listened to B. would listen to C. had listened to D. should listen to
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：——他驾照考试不及格。——真可惜！要是他听了驾驶教练告诉他的话就好了。if only意为“要是……就好了”，它用于表达对现实情况的遗憾、后悔或希望，后面句子常用虚拟语气。此处表示对过去情况的虚拟，应用过去完成时。故选C。
10. ________ in the future to bridge the gender gap and diversity in the scientific field
A. Do you suggest what we can do B. What do you suggest that we should do
C. Do you suggest what can we do D. What do you suggest we do
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查插入语。句意：你建议我们今后如何弥合科学领域的性别差距和多样性？分析句子可知，本句原本应为what should we do， do you suggest为插入语，应放在特殊疑问词后，do you suggest后应用陈述语序，且suggest后应用虚拟语气，should可以省略，所以可构成What do you suggest we do。故选D项。
11. ________ on the blackboard ________ the words we’ll learn in this period.
A. Being written; are B. Written; are
C. Writing; is D. Writing; are
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查全部倒装。句意：写在黑板上的单词是我们本节课将要学习的内容。此处原句为the words we’ll learn in this period are written on the blackboard，此处将表语放在句首，后用全部倒装，故表达为Written on the blackboard are the words，故选B。
12. At no time during that conversation _________ by the attacker’s words.
A. was anybody threatened B. did anybody threaten
C. anybody was threatened D. did nobody threaten
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查倒装句。句意：在谈话过程，没有人受到攻击者言语的威胁。此处at no time“绝不”为否定意义，放在句首，句子应用部分倒装，原句应为anybody was threatened by...，故将be动词was放在主语前，倒装为was anybody threatened，故选A。
13. Hardly _________ heard of us, let alone been influenced by our lives.
A. anybody has B. nobody has
C. has anybody D. has nobody
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查不定代词。句意：几乎没有人听说过我们，更别说被我们的生活所影响了。根据下文“let alone been influenced by our lives”可知，前文说的是几乎没有人听说过我们，此处hardly“几乎不”，否定含义，修饰不定代词anybody，表示“几乎没有人”，且不用倒装，nobody本身就表示“没有人”。故选A。
14. — I was born in China and I never learned Japanese.
— _____________.
A. So was Sandra B. Neither did Sandra
C. So it was with Sandra D. Neither it did with Sandra
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查固定句型。句意：—我出生在中国，从未学过日语。 —桑德拉也是如此。“so +系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”的结构的使用的条件为前文为肯定句，谓语动词是同一种形式，而且上句主语与下句主语不一致时，表示主语也和前文是一样的情况；“neither+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”的结构使用条件为上句为否定句，谓语动词是同一种形式，而且上句主语与下句主语不一致时，表示主语也不是这样的。当前面既有肯定又有否定或两个谓语时用“so it is/was with sb.”的结构，表示主语和前文具有一样的情况。本题中的上文句中有两个谓语动词。故选C。
15. The scientific research that Deng Jiaxian had devoted his life ________ his death.
A. to causing B. to caused C. to having caused D. to have been caused
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句和动词短语。句意：邓稼先为之献身的科学研究导致了他的死亡。分析句子可知，关系代词that引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词The scientific research，结合“had devoted his life”可知，从句中使用动词短语devote… to…表示“把……用于……，把……奉献给……”，先行词作介词to的宾语；主句中缺少谓语，cause“引起”作谓语动词，和主语The scientific research之间是主动关系，his death作其宾语。故选B。
16. Four of the five bedrooms make the most of the views through glass balconies that ________ the sea.
A. overlook B. oversee C. overhead D. overcoat
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查动词、副词和名词词义辨析。句意：五间卧室中的四间通过俯瞰大海的玻璃阳台充分利用了景观。A. overlook俯瞰（动词）；B. oversee监督（动词）；C. overhead在头顶上（副词）；D. overcoat大衣（名词）。分析句子可知，空处作that引导的限制性定语从句的谓语，先行词为glass balconies，结合“the sea”可知，此处指这些玻璃阳台“俯瞰”大海。故选A。
17. We need artists and filmmakers to ________ people around the world to the climate disaster ahead.
A. wake B. waken C. awake D. awaken
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们需要艺术家和电影制作人来唤醒全世界的人们，让他们意识到即将到来的气候灾难。A. wake醒，唤醒；B. waken（使）醒来，唤醒；C. awake唤醒，弄醒；D. awaken唤醒；激起；使意识到。awaken sb. to sth.使某人警觉于某事物；唤醒某人注意某事物。根据“people around the world to the climate disaster ahead.”可知，需要艺术家和电影制作人让人们意识到即将到来的气候灾难。故选 D。
18. The award-winning film ________ the director to an outstanding figure in the industry.
A. elevated B. assigned C. devoted D. credited
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：这部获奖影片使这位导演成为业内的杰出人物。A. elevated提升；B. assigned指派；C. devoted奉献；D. credited认为是……的功劳。根据“to an outstanding figure in the industry”可推知，此处是描述这部获奖影片对这位导演的帮助，应该是把他“提升”为业内的杰出人物，固定短语elevate… to…意为“把……提升到……”，表示将某物或某人提升到更高的位置或状态。故选A。
19. They ________ wandering along the river after work to appreciate the spectacular sunset.
A. take on B. take up C. take to D. take in
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：下班后，他们喜欢沿河漫步，欣赏壮观的日落。A. take on承担；B. take up开始从事；C. take to喜欢；D. take in领会。根据“to appreciate the spectacular sunset”可知，沿河漫步可以让人欣赏壮观的日落，应该是他们“喜欢”做的事情，take to doing sth.表示“喜欢上做某事”。故选C。
20. I wear a bright orange jacket while bicycling because it makes me highly ________ to car drivers.
A vigorous B. vital C. visible D. visual
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我骑自行车时穿一件亮橙色的夹克，因为这样可以让汽车司机很容易看到我。A. vigorous充满活力的；B. vital重要的；C. visible看得见的；D. visual视觉的。根据上文“I wear a bright orange jacket while bicycling”可知，穿一件亮橙色的夹克是为了容易被汽车司机看到。故选C。
21. This study helps to _________ the urgent need to better manage patients so they survive longer following their diagnosis.
A. emerge B. highlight C. weaken D. outperform
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项研究有助于强调更好地管理患者的迫切需要，使他们在诊断后存活更长时间。A. emerge出现，浮现；B. highlight突出，强调；C. weaken削弱；D. outperform超过，胜过。根据空后的“the urgent need”以及“so they survive longer following their diagnosis”可知，此处指“这项研究有助于强调更好地管理患者的迫切需要”，highlight符合题意，故选B。
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. replace B. trustworthy C. apparently D. pick E. owe AB. expressing AC. land AD. ironically AE. version BC. position BD. challenging
What Is 2023’s Word of the Year, According to Dictionaries
What word defined the past year for you Find out if your answer matches the actual word of the year from four famous dictionaries.
Cambridge Dictionary’s ____22____ for 2023 is hallucinate. The common definition of hallucinate is “to see or hear things that are not really there because of illness or drugs.” In 2023, however, to hallucinate can mean something different, thanks to AI. According to Cambridge’s alternate definition of hallucinating, “when an artificial intelligence hallucinates, it produces false information.” Sure, using AI can be fun for creating dog selfies or could even help you ____23____ a job, but it’s likely to produce misleading or made-up facts — or “hallucinating.”
Those dictionary people are ____24____ all on the same page. Similar to Cambridge, Collins Dictionary’s word of the year is the broader term AI. ChatGPT was released in late 2022, with companies attempting to use it to cut costs, worrying employees that it would ____25____ their jobs. AI pioneers and creators began ____26____ concerns that AI could be “dangerous” and operated by “bad actors.” President Biden even issued an executive order on “safe, secure and ____27____ artificial intelligence.”
With Merriam-Webster’s word authentic, we have an AI trifecta (三连胜)! While its core meaning is the same — “not false or imitation” — it should ____28____ its popularity in 2023 to AI, with the rise in deepfake videos and the potential use of AI in entertainment. However, being authentic is also about being “true to one’s own personality, spirit or character.” Are the public figures you look up to being true to themselves As people search for authenticity, Merriam-Webster notes, “____29____, with ‘authentic content creators’... authenticity has become a performance.”
Oxford slides in at the last minute with a totally different word of the year for 2023: rizz. This noun means “style, charm or attractiveness”. It’s believed to be a shortened ____30____ of the word charisma, a special magnetic charm or appeal. It also hints at a changing attitude in 2023. “It’s interesting to see a contrasting word like rizz come to the forefront, perhaps showing that this year more of us are opening ourselves after a few _____31_____ years and finding confidence in who we are,” notes Casper Grathwohl, president of Oxford Languages.
【答案】22. D 23. AC
24. C 25. A
26. AB 27. B
28. E 29. AD
30. AE 31. BD
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了《剑桥词典》、《柯林斯词典》、《韦氏词典》以及《牛津词典》2023年年度词汇。
【22题详解】
考查名词。句意：《剑桥词典》将“hallucinate”选为2023年的年度单词。根据文章标题“What Is 2023’s Word of the Year, According to Dictionaries ”以及空后的“hallucinate”可知，“hallucinate”被《剑桥词典》选为2023年的年度单词，由空前Cambridge Dictionary’s可知设空处在句中作主语，应为名词；pick“选中的人（或物）”为可数名词，符合句意，由空后谓语动词“is”可知pick用单数形式，设空处填pick。故选D。
【23题详解】
考查动词。句意：当然，使用人工智能制作狗狗自拍可能很有趣，甚至可以帮助你找到一份工作，但它可能会产生误导或捏造的事实——或者“幻觉”。句子结构分析可知，“____2____ a job”为宾语补足语，help sb (to) do sth意为“帮助某人做某事”设空处填动词不定式或动词原形；land“成功得到”为动词，land a job“找到一份工作”符合句意。选项AC“land”正确。故选AC。
【24题详解】
考查副词。句意：那些字典人显然意见一致。根据空后“Similar to Cambridge, Collins Dictionary’s word of the year is the broader term AI.”可知，设空处在句中作状语应填副词，apparently“显然”为副词，符合句意。故选C。
【25题详解】
考查动词。句意：ChatGPT于2022年末发布，公司试图使用它来削减成本，这让员工担心它会取代他们的工作。由空前的“would”可知设空处应填动词原形， replace “代替；取代”为动词，符合句意。故选A。
【26题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：人工智能的先驱和创造者开始表达对人工智能可能是“危险的”以及由“坏人”操作的担忧。express“表示，表达”为动词，动词短语express concerns“表示担忧”符合句意，express concerns作谓语动词began的宾语，express应用动名词expressing。故选AB。
【27题详解】
考查形容词。句意：拜登总统甚至发布了一项关于“安全、可靠和值得信赖的人工智能”的行政命令。设空处与形容词safe、secure并列，作定语修饰名词短语artificial intelligence，应填形容词；trustworthy“值得信任的；可靠的”为形容词，符合句意。故选B。
【28题详解】
考查动词。句意：虽然它的核心含义是一样的——“不是虚假的或模仿的”——但随着深度伪造视频的兴起和人工智能在娱乐中的潜在应用，它在2023年的流行应该归功于人工智能。设空处应填动词原形，与空前情态should构成谓语，动词短语owe sth to sb/sth“把……归功于……”符合句意，设空处填动词原形owe。故选E。
【29题详解】
考查副词。句意：当人们寻找真实性时，《韦氏词典》指出，“具有讽刺意味的是，对于‘真正的内容创作者’……真实性已经成为一种表演。”设空处作状语，修饰后文内容，应填副词；ironically“具有讽刺意味的是”为副词，符合句意。故选 AD。
【30题详解】
考查名词。句意：它被认为是魅力这个词的缩写形式，指一种特殊的磁性魅力或吸引力。由空前“to be a shortened”以及空后of the word charisma可知，设空处应填可数名词单数形式作表语，version“变体，版本”为可数名词，符合句意。故选AE。
【31题详解】
考查形容词。句意：牛津语言协会主席Casper Grathwohl指出：“看到像rizz这样反差很大的词出现在最重要的位置，这很有趣。这或许表明，在经历了充满挑战的几年后，今年有更多的人开始敞开心扉，找到自信。”设空处作定语修饰名词years，challenging“具有挑战性的”为形容词，符合句意。故选BD。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A Cloze
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we’ve just watched or books we’ve just finished reading, but plain and simple ____32____.
Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we ____33____ do with it We gossip. About others’ behaviour and private lives, such as who’s doing what with whom, who’s in and who’s out—and why; how to deal with difficult ____34____ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
So why are we keen on gossiping Are we just natural ____35____, of both time and words Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life It’s not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really ____36____ issues.
Dunbar ____37____ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don’t spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—____38____, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the ____39____ of the higher primates(灵长类动物) like monkeys. By means of grooming—cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or ____40____ from outside it.
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar _____41_____ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the _____42_____ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to _____43_____ the pressure and calm everybody down.
But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be _____44_____ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more _____45_____ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one _____46_____ contact.
32. A. gesture B. gossip C. description D. recognition
33. A. occasionally B. habitually C. discreetly D. originally
34. A. historical B. natural C. social D. cultural
35. A. wasters B. users C. masters D. owners
36. A. witty B. vivid C. vital D. worthless
37. A. supposes B. rejects C. highlights D. outlines
38. A. on the contrary B. for instance C. in addition D. as a result
39. A. comprehension B. appearance C. motivation D. behaviour
40. A. contact B. attack C. assistance D. trick
41. A. concludes B. recalls C. requires D. confesses
42. A. protection B. prospect C. responsibility D. promise
43. A. echo B. blame C. ease D. preserve
44. A. established B. extended C. earned D. consumed
45. A. efficient B. scientific C. considerate D. common
46. A. regular B. independent C. widespread D. physical
【答案】32. B 33. B 34. C 35. A 36. C 37. B 38. A 39. D 40. B 41. A 42. A 43. C 44. B 45. A 46. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了我们语言的大多数不是重大的话题讨论和研究，而是闲言碎语，而Dunbar教授认为这些闲言碎语不是在浪费时间，而是对语言的发展很重要。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，人类对话的三分之二都不是关于文化、政治的话题，也不是我们看过的热门电影和读过的书，而是简单的闲聊。A. gesture姿势；B. gossip闲聊；C. description描述；D. recognition识别。根据后文“We gossip.”的词义复现可知，本文主要讲述关于闲聊的话题，故此处指人类对话的三分之二都是简单的闲聊，故选B。
【33题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：语言是我们这个物种最宝贵的财富，而我们通常用语言干什么呢？A. occasionally偶尔，不时；B. habitually通常；C. discreetly谨慎地；D. originally原始地。根据前文“Language is our greatest treasure as a species”可知，语言是我们宝贵的财富，我们无时无刻不使用语言，故此处指我们通常用语言来干什么，故选B。
【34题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：怎样处理有关孩子、爱人以及同事的复杂社交关系。A. historical历史的；B. natural自然的；C. social社会的；D. cultural文化的。根据空后“involving children, lovers, and colleagues.”可知，涉及到孩子、爱人和同事，这些都是属于社交方面，故选C。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们只是时间和话语的天然浪费者吗？A. wasters浪费者；B. users使用者；C. masters大师；D. owners拥有着。根据空后“of both time and words ”可知，闲聊是一种对时间和语言的浪费，不涉及任何重要的信息，故此处指我们是时间和语言的浪费者。故选A。
【36题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在其新书《装扮、闲聊和语言的演化》中，这位心理学家说，闲聊恰恰是最重要的事情之一。A. witty风趣的；B. vivid生动的；C. vital重要的；D. worthless无价值的。根据前文“Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life It’s not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar.”可知，前文反问，我们热衷于八卦是因为我们天生喜欢浪费时间和口舌，还是说只是为了逃避更重要的事？而Professor Robin Dunbar 反对这一观点，故Dunbar教授认为闲聊是很重要的事情，故选C。
【37题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Dunbar不同意语言是人类在社会发展的早期阶段为了更有效地组织男人的狩猎活动乃至促进有关自身起源和超自然力量的诗歌故事的交流而发展起来的传统看法。A. supposes认为；B. rejects反对，拒绝；C. highlights强调；D. outlines概述。根据后文“Instead he suggests that language evolved among women.”可知，与此相反，他暗示语言是在女人之间演化形成的，故他不同意这个观点，故选B。
【38题详解】
考查短语词义辨析。句意：正因为我们有说话的能力，所以我们不可以花三分之二的时间去闲聊，Dunbar则争辩道——恰恰相反，他继续说，语言的演化正是为了满足我们闲聊的需要。A. on the contrary相反；B. for instance比如说；C. in addition此外，而且；D. as a result因此。根据空前“We don’t spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk”和空后“language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.”可知，空前提到的“我们不可以花三分之二的时间去闲聊”与空后“语言的演化正是为了满足我们闲聊的需要。”为两种相反的观点，故选A。
39题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过研究猴子之类的灵长类动物的行为，Dunbar获得了很有趣的理论。A. comprehension理解力；B. appearance外貌；C. motivation动力；D. behaviour行为。根据后文“By means of grooming—cleaning the fur by brushing it”可知，猴子通过装扮——梳理清洁皮毛，这是猴子的行为，故选D。
【40题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：猴子通过装扮——梳理清洁皮毛，与其他个体形成了群组，这样当群组内部发生某种冲突时，或者遭受来自外部的攻击时，他们可以相互支持。A. contact联系，沟通；B. attack攻击；C. assistance帮助；D. trick诡计。根据空前“in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or”可知，故此处应用conflict并列，故指他们在发生冲突，或者受到外部攻击时会相互支持，故选B。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Dunbar得出结论，鉴于我们人类由灵长类动物的某个特定的分支进化而来， 因此在历史上我们也曾经历过类似阶段。A. concludes得出结论；B. recalls回忆；C. requires要求；D. confesses承认，招供。根据空前“As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family”可知，因为我们人类由灵长类动物的某个特定的分支进化而来，故这使得Dunbar得出结论，在历史上我们也曾经历过类似阶段，故选A。
【42题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：组织在一起才有意义，因为群组越大，它所能提供的保护就越可靠。A. protection保护；B. prospect前景；C. responsibility责任；D. promise承诺。根据前文“monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support”可知，猴子通过形成群组而相互支持，故此处指群组越大，提供的保护就越可靠，故选A。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：换句话说，群组越大，和他人紧密生活在一起的压力也越大。装扮会帮助缓解压力，平复每个人的情绪。A. echo发出回声；B. blame责备；C. ease减轻，缓解；D. preserve保护；根据前文“the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.”可知，群组越大，和他人紧密生活在一起的压力也越大，故装扮会帮助缓解压力，故选C。
【44题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但随着群组变得越来越大，为了维持其效能，用在装扮活动上的时间也要延长。A. established建立；B. extended延长；C. earned获得；D. consumed消费。根据前文“as the groups got bigger and bigger”可知，随着群组变得越来越大，那么花在装扮活动上的时间就越长，故此处指需要延长这些时间，故选B。
【45题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：显然，需要一种更有效的装扮形式，由此语言作为一种有声的装扮形式应运而生，它允许人们通过在一个更宽的个体网络上交换信息，与较以往更大的群组发展关系，这种方式比一对一的身体接触方式更有可能实现。A. efficient有效率的；B. scientific科学的；C. considerate考虑周到的，体贴的；D. common常见的。根据前文“But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be ____13____ to maintain its effectiveness.”可知，但随着群组变得越来越大，为了维持其效能，用在装扮活动上的时间也要延长，因此也就需要更有效的装扮方式，故选A。
【46题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. regular有规律的；B. independent独立的；C. widespread广泛的；D. physical身体上的。根据前文“By means of grooming—cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or ____9____ from outside it.”可知，猴子通过相互整理毛发这一过程中结成群体，获取帮助和支持。而随着群体规模的扩大，一对一地梳理毛发这以形式不再适应现实，语言作为一种有声的形式应运而生，故此处指相互整理毛发这一身体上的接触的行为，故选D。
Section B
Directions: Read passage A, B, and C. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal, but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to ask a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.
Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.
Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the informality with which we take notice of the developed tastes gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.
Even here in the United States, we make few compromises to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.
When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.
For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.
But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A l979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.
47. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably________.
A. stand still B. scream out C. step forward D. draw back
48. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ________.
A. cultural self-centeredness B. casual manners
C. indifference towards foreign visitors D. blindness to native culture
49. In countries other than their own, most Americans ________.
A. are isolated by the local people
B. are not well informed due to the language barrier
C. tend to get along well with the natives
D. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants
50. The author’s intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that ________.
A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends
B. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs
C. it is necessary to use several languages in public places
D. it is time to get acquainted with other cultures
【答案】47. D 48. A 49. B 50. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。作者通过对美国以自我文化为中心的一些例子来证明以美国为中心的时代已经过去，美国应该要接受文化多元性，故提醒美国人应该要熟悉其他国家的文化。
【47题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.(拉丁人和中东人喜欢走近接触，但这会让美国人不舒服。)”可知，中东人喜欢走近接触，而这会让美国人不舒服，因此可推断如果一个中东人靠美国人太近的话，美国人会感到不舒适，从而往后退缩，故选D。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Even here in the United States, we make few compromises to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. (甚至在美国，我们也很少对外国游客的需求做出妥协。我们在公共建筑或纪念碑上没有四种语言的信息标志；我们没有多语言的导游。很少有餐厅的菜单有翻译，也很少会有说多种语言的服务员、银行职员和警察。)”可知，作者提到的这些例子都是在表达美国很少对外国游客的需求做出妥协，这是一种文化自我中心的表现，故选A。
【49题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章倒数第三段“When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters. (当我们出国时，我们往往会聚集在讲英语的酒店和餐馆里。因此我们所获得的态度和信息是由那些说英语的当地人决定的。我们的商业往来和国家外交都是通过口译员进行的。)”可推知，当美国人在国外的时候，获取的信息都是由口译员传达的，因此他们因为语言障碍，未能获取到真正有效的信息，故选B。
【50题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. (但这一切都已经过去了。美元不再能买所有好东西，我们慢慢开始意识到，我们在这个世界上的角色正在个改变。)”可知，作者通过对美国以自我文化为中心的一些例子来证明以美国为中心的时代已经过去，美国应该要接受文化多元性，故提醒美国人应该要熟悉其他国家的文化，故选D。
(B)
Shipping containers are gaining popularity as an alternative to traditional houses. These 20-or 40-foot containers can be obtained for as little as several hundred US dollars a piece, and it’s not surprising that some industry professionals and even city planners consider them the future of home building. Below are details of some amazing homes made out of shipping containers.
London Container City (I and II)
London’s Container City first sprang up in the heart of the docklands in 2001. It took just five months to complete the original 12 work studios. Shortly after that, a fourth floor of studios and living apartments was built on top of these. The first container city was so successful that another—Container City II—was added to it.
Los Angeles Redondo Beach house
With its modern lines and appealing spaces, the award-winning Redondo Beach House is a luxury beachside showpiece built from eight recycled steel shipping containers, along with some traditional building materials. According to the architects, the modified containers are “nearly indestructible”.
Amsterdam Keetwonen
Amsterdam’s massive Keetwonen complex houses 1,000 students and it is the largest container city in the world. The housing project is a roaring success and features units that are quiet and comfortable. Each resident enjoys a bathroom, a kitchen and separate sleeping and studying quarters. The complex even has central heating and high-speed internet as well as areas for parking bikes.
Mexico M2ATK Container House
M2ATK designed this unique container house for an artist. It’s fully equipped with heating and cooling, a kitchen and bathroom. On the bottom floor of the house are “public spaces” such as the kitchen and living room. The second floor are bedrooms, and the top floor is a studio space in which to work, read and “let fly the imagination”.
51. Compared to traditional houses, container houses are________.
A. easier to maintain B. less expensive to build
C. more comfortable to live in D. more fashionable in style
52. What can be learned about Amsterdam’s Keetwonen complex
A. It is the first container city in the world. B. It’s equipped with modern facilities.
C. It features a luxury and unique style. D. It includes living space and car parks.
53. An architect is designing a container house for a family consisting of a married couple and their five school-age children in Canada. The family requires both public spaces and separate quarters. Which container home can the architect refer to
A. London Container City (I and II) B. Los Angeles Redondo Beach house
C. Amsterdam Keetwonen D. Mexico M2ATK Container House
【答案】51. B 52. B 53. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了几款用船运集装箱建造的令人惊叹的房屋。
【51题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Shipping containers are gaining popularity as an alternative to traditional houses. These 20-or 40-foot containers can be obtained for as little as several hundred US dollars a piece, and it’s not surprising that some industry professionals and even city planners consider them the future of home building.(船运集装箱作为传统房屋的替代品越来越受到欢迎。这些10或者40英寸的集装箱没见只需要几百美元，一些行业的专业人士甚至城市规划者将其视为家庭建筑的未来也不足为奇了。)”可知，集装箱房屋与传统房屋相比，其优势在于它的价格便宜，故选B。
【52题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Amsterdam’s massive Keetwonen complex houses 1,000 students and it is the largest container city in the world. The housing project is a roaring success and features units that are quiet and comfortable. Each resident enjoys a bathroom, a kitchen and separate sleeping and studying quarters. The complex even has central heating and high-speed internet as well as areas for parking bikes.(阿姆斯特丹庞大的Keetwonen综合楼容纳了1000名学生，是世界上最大的集装箱城市。该住宅项目取得了巨大的成功，拥有安静舒适的单元。每位居民都享有一间浴室、一件厨房以及独立的睡眠和学习区。)”可知，阿姆斯特丹庞大的Keetwonen有着现代设施，独立浴室、厨房、睡眠区和学习区，故选B。
【53题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“On the bottom floor of the house are “public spaces” such as the kitchen and living room. The second floor are bedrooms, and the top floor is a studio space in which to work, read and “let fly the imagination”.(房子的底层是‘公共空间’，如厨房和餐厅。二楼是卧室，顶层是工作室，可以在这里工作、阅读和‘释放想象力’。)”可知，Mexico M2ATK Container House适合，这一家人需要公共空间和独立的区域，还需要孩子的学习以及他们工作的地方，故选D。
(C)
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an unclear and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience. Opportunities for misinterpretation are everywhere.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as early forms of science and are full of potential. But it takes collective inspection and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and battle between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two problems exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of current knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies repetition and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or contradiction by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim — a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”
54. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its ________.
A. uncertainty and complexity B. misconception and falsehood
C. logicality and objectivity D. systematicness and regularity
55. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires ________.
A. strict inspection B. shared efforts C. individual wisdom D. persistent innovation
56. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that ________.
A. scientific claims will survive challenges B. discoveries today inspire future research
C. efforts to make discoveries are justified D. scientific work calls for a critical mind
57. Which of the following would be the best title of the test
A. Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Discovery B. Collective Inspection in Scientific Discovery
C. Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science D. Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science
【答案】54. A 55. B 56. D 57. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学研究实际上充满了不确定性和复杂性，科学发现的主张应被视为科学的早期形式，需要经过可信度的验证才能变为成熟的科学发现，这一验证的过程需要集体的努力，并且伴随着相应的两个问题。
【54题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an unclear and complicated route. (在科学如何进行的理想版本中，关于世界的事实等待着客观的研究人员观察和收集，他们使用科学的方法来开展工作。但在日常的科学实践中，科学发现往往遵循一条不明确而复杂的路线。)”可知，科学发现的过程实际上和理想版本不同，它的特点是具有不确定性和复杂性。故选A项。
【55题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中“But it takes collective inspection and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. (但是，要把一项科学发现的主张转变为一项成熟的发现，需要集体的审视和认可。这是一个验证可信度的过程，通过这个过程，此时此地研究者个人的“我”变成了社群中随时随地的“任何人”。)”可知，科学发现的主张需要经过集体的审视和认可才能被证实是可信的，变为成熟的发现。由此可知，验证可信度的过程需要集体的努力。故选B项。
【56题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中“Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” (诺贝尔奖得主、生理学家Albert Azent-Gyorgyi曾将科学发现描述为“看到所有人都看到的，思考没有人想到的。”)”可知，Albert Azent-Gyorgyi认为科学发现意味着在了解所有人都知道的东西的基础上，拥有创新性的思考。由此可知，他应该会同意“科学工作需要有批判性思维”的观点。故选D项。
【57题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章的第一段指出科学研究实际上充满了不确定性和复杂性；第二段指出鉴于上述特点，科学发现的主张需要经过可信度验证的过程才能变为成熟的科学发现；第三段介绍了验证可信度的常规过程，第四段说明了验证可信度过程中存在的两个问题；第五段引用哲学家Annette Baier的话对科学的可信度验证过程进行了总结。综上所述，文章主要是在介绍科学研究中可信度的验证过程，即科学发现的主张如何变为成熟的科学发现。因此，C项“科学研究中可信度的演变”准确地概括了文章的主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选C项。
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
What Makes a Nobel Laureate
Are there any predictors that point to who will be selected as Nobel laureates
Is brilliance in childhood a predictor When the 2006 chemistry laureate, Roger Kornberg, was asked what he wanted for Christmas, he said, “A week in the lab.” ____58____. Mario Capecchi (medicine, 2007) was an abandoned child on the streets of wartime Italy.
____59____. Five of Enrico Fermi’s (physics, 1938) postdoctoral students went on to win the Nobel Prize. Otto Warburg (medicine, 1931) advised an American doctoral student, “If you wish to become a scientist, you must ask a successful scientist to accept you in his laboratory.”
Experts often recommend that people specialize in one field of work or research to maximize their chances of success. ____60____ If you look at the careers of Nobel Prize winners, you’ll find that they are unusually likely to be “creative polymaths.” That is, they purposely integrate formal and informal expertise from widely varied disciplines to yield new and useful ideas and practices.
There remains one quality that is essential. It is what Leon Lederman (physics, 1988) called “compulsive dedication.” ____61____. Take Marie Curie (physics, 1903; chemistry, 1911) and her husband Pierre (physics, 1903). The Curies were assigned a shed with a leaking roof and a dirt floor, where they worked for years, freezing in winter and sweltering in summer. “And yet,” Marie Curie wrote in her biography of her husband, “it was in this miserable old shed that the best and happiest years of our life were spent, entirely dedicated to work.”
A. What distinguishes Nobel laureates is passion for their work, work that engages their hearts as well as their heads.
B. But early privilege is not essential.
C. The typical Nobel laureate in science is a male born into a middle-class family.
D. In many Nobel laureates’ autobiographies, they pay tribute to an outstanding mentor.
E. In fact, Nobel laureates are mostly down-to-earth and discreet.
F. Yet recently published researches indicate that successful innovators take a broader path.
【答案】58. B 59. D 60. F 61. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要就得诺贝尔奖的条件展开说明，列举了诺贝尔奖得主的一些特性。
【58题详解】
根据上文“Is brilliance in childhood a predictor When the 2006 chemistry laureate, Roger Kornberg, was asked what he wanted for Christmas, he said, “A week in the lab.”(童年时期的聪明才智是一种预测因素吗？当2006年化学奖得主罗杰·科恩伯格被问到他想要什么圣诞礼物时，他说：“在实验室里呆上一周。”)”以及后文“Mario Capecchi (medicine, 2007) was an abandoned child on the streets of wartime Italy.(马里奥·卡佩基（医学，2007）是战时意大利街头的一个被遗弃的孩子)”可知，后文马里奥·卡佩基的例子表明，小时候是个被遗弃的孩子，从而说明了小时候环境优越并不是可以预测得诺贝尔奖的因素，本句与上文构成转折关系。故B选项“但是早期特权不是必要的”符合语境，故选B。
【59题详解】
根据后文“Five of Enrico Fermi’s (physics, 1938) postdoctoral students went on to win the Nobel Prize. Otto Warburg (medicine, 1931) advised an American doctoral student, “If you wish to become a scientist, you must ask a successful scientist to accept you in his laboratory.”(恩里科·费米（物理学，1938年）的五个博士后学生后来获得了诺贝尔奖。Otto Warburg（医学，1931年）对一位美国博士生说：“如果你想成为一名科学家，你必须让一位成功的科学家接受你进入他的实验室。”)”可知，后文提到恩里科·费米（物理学，1938年）的五个博士后学生后来获得了诺贝尔奖，即可推知恩里科·费米是这五个诺贝尔奖得主的导师。故D选项“在许多诺贝尔奖得主的自传中，他们赞扬一位杰出的导师”符合语境，故选D。
【60题详解】
根据上文“Experts often recommend that people specialize in one field of work or research to maximize their chances of success.(专家们经常建议人们专注于一个领域的工作或研究，以最大限度地提高他们成功的机会)”以及后文“If you look at the careers of Nobel Prize winners, you’ll find that they are unusually likely to be “creative polymaths.” That is, they purposely integrate formal and informal expertise from widely varied disciplines to yield new and useful ideas and practices.(如果你看看诺贝尔奖得主的职业生涯，你会发现他们非常有可能是“有创造力的博学家”。也就是说，他们有意地整合来自广泛不同学科的正式和非正式的专业知识，以产生新的和有用的想法和实践)”可知，后文提到诺贝尔奖得主整合来自广泛不同学科的专业知识。由此可知，本句与上文专注于一个领域的工作或研究构成转折，指出要多方面发展。故F选项“然而，最近发表的研究表明，成功的创新者走的是更广阔的道路”符合语境，故选F。
【61题详解】
根据后文“Take Marie Curie (physics, 1903; chemistry, 1911) and her husband Pierre (physics, 1903). The Curies were assigned a shed with a leaking roof and a dirt floor, where they worked for years, freezing in winter and sweltering in summer. “And yet,” Marie Curie wrote in her biography of her husband, “it was in this miserable old shed that the best and happiest years of our life were spent, entirely dedicated to work.”(比如玛丽·居里（物理学，1903年;化学，1911）和她的丈夫皮埃尔（物理学，1903）。居里夫妇被分配到一个屋顶漏水、地面肮脏的棚子里，他们在那里工作了好几年，冬天冻得要命，夏天闷热难耐。“然而，”玛丽·居里在她丈夫的传记中写道，“我们一生中最美好的、最快乐的时光，就是在这个悲惨的老棚子里度过的，我们把全部精力都投入到了工作中。”)”可知，后文居里夫人和丈夫的例子表明，他们把全部精力都投入到了工作中，对工作充满热情。故A选项“诺贝尔奖得主的与众不同之处在于他们对工作的热情，这种工作既投入了他们的头脑，也投入了他们的心灵”符合语境，故选A。
IV. Productive Grammar
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct.
Future living: what will the home of tomorrow look like
What will our homes be like in the future Growing cities, shrinking living spaces, and climate change are major challenges ____62____(face) urban planners and architects. We’re sharing three trends with you ____63____ will shape the home we live in tomorrow.
Energy efficient and carbon neutral
One of the greatest challenges for homes of the future is our increasing energy consumption, something that cannot be covered by fossil fuels going forward. ____64____the impact of climate change becoming notable, it’s perfectly understandable that the buildings of the future could function as environmentally friendly power plants. Solar collectors and heat storage systems allow ____65____ are known as ‘plus-energy buildings’ to produce 100 percent renewable energy for emission-free operation.
The trend to downsizing
Living more efficiently not only means improving energy use and reducing one’s own carbon footprint, but also building to save space. Rooms ____66____(design) to be multifunctional when there’s not a dedicated room available for every potential purpose. Modular and flexible furnishing systems that can be adapted to the individual floor space and room zones will replace ____67____(fix) structures, ensuring that there’s room for everything even in a small space.
Trends for living and working under one roof
Over the last few months, the office ____68____(become) a feature in many people’s homes. For a number of years now, the home office has been evolving from a make-do desk into a comfortable long-term solution. This development means we need to ask ____69____ how we should construct our living spaces to allow us to concentrate and work productively.
____70____ you rent or own your own home in the future, what’s clear is that the home of tomorrow will be smarter, more flexible, and more sustainable. It will offer us space _____71_____(live), sleep and work both indoors and outdoors.
【答案】62. facing
63. that##which
64. With 65. what
66. will be designed
67. fixed 68. has become
69. ourselves
70. Whether
71. to live
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了未来家居发展的三个主要趋势：能源高效和碳中和趋势、小型化趋势以及居住和工作一体化趋势。
【62题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：城市发展、居住空间缩小和气候变化是城市规划者和建筑师面临的主要挑战。“(face) urban planners and architects”作后置定语，face(面临，面对)是非谓语动词，与其逻辑主语challenges之间是主动关系，用现在分词表主动。故填facing。
【63题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：我们将与大家分享三个趋势，它们将塑造我们未来的家园。分析句子可知，空格处单词引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词three trends，指物，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作主语，应使用关系代词that或which引导该从句。故填that或which。
【64题详解】
考查with复合结构。句意：随着气候变化的影响越来越明显，未来的建筑可以作为环保发电厂是完全可以理解的。“ the impact of climate change becoming notable”作原因状语，其中becoming是非谓语动词，该结构不是完整的句子，可用介词with构成with复合结构作状语，句首单词首字母大写。故填With。
【65题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：太阳能集热器和蓄热系统允许所谓的“附加能源建筑”产生100%的可再生能源，实现零排放运行。“ are known as ‘plus-energy buildings’”是宾语从句，从句缺少主语，表示“被称为的‘附加能源建筑’的事物”，用连接代词what引导该从句并在句中作主语。故填what。
【66题详解】
考查时态和语态。句意：当没有一个专门的房间可以用于每个潜在的用途时，房间将被设计成多功能的。分析句子可知，design(设计)是主句中谓语动词，与主语Rooms之间是被动关系，根据语境可知，文中描述的是将来的情况，应使用一般将来时态。综上，谓语应用一般将来时的被动语态。故填will be designed。
【67题详解】
考查形容词。句意：模块化和灵活的家具系统可以适应单独的楼层空间和房间区域，将取代固定的结构，确保即使在小空间中也有空间容纳所有东西。提示词作定语，用形容词fixed，意为“固定的”。故填fixed。
【68题详解】
考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的几个月里，办公室已经成为许多人家里的一个特色。分析句子可知，become(成为)是句中谓语动词，与主语the office之间是主动关系，结合时间状语Over the last few months可知，描述从几个月前持续到现在的动作，应使用现在完成时态，又因主语是单数名词，所以谓语动词也应使用单数形式。综上，谓语应用现在完成时的主动语态，单数形式。故填has become。
【69题详解】
考查反身代词。句意：这种发展意味着我们需要问自己，我们应该如何构建我们的生活空间，使我们能够集中精力，高效地工作。根据句意，句中表示“我们需要问自己”，主语和宾语是同一对象，用反身代词ourselves作宾语。故填ourselves。
【70题详解】
考查状语从句。句意：无论你将来是租房还是买房，有一点是明确的，那就是未来的家将会更智能、更灵活、更可持续。“ you rent or own your own home in the future”是让步状语从句，结合句中or可知，用连词whether...or...引导让步状语从句，意为“无论……还是……”；句首单词首字母大写。故填Whether。
【71题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：它将为我们提供室内外生活、睡眠和工作的空间。“ live, sleep and work”作后置定语，描述了space的用途，即“这个空间是为了居住、睡眠和工作而提供的”，用不定式可以表达一个具体的、尚未发生的动作，符合句中对未来场景的描述。故填to live。
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72. 她刚批准这个项目，就意识到这不过是一时心血来潮。 (Hardly)(汉译英)
【答案】Hardly had she approved the project when she realized that it was just a passing fancy.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定句型和倒装句。表示“刚……就……”句型为hardly…when…，此处hardly位于句首，需用部分倒装，主句为过去完成时，助动词had提前；主语为she；表示“批准”应用动词approve，后跟名词project，作宾语；从句主语为she；表示“意识到”应用realize，后跟that引导宾语从句；表示“这不过是一时心血来潮”翻译为it was just a passing fancy，为一般过去时。故翻译为Hardly had she approved the project when she realized that it was just a passing fancy.
73. 令我印象最深刻的是这位饱经风霜的生物学家始终直面每一个挑战。(take) (汉译英)
【答案】What impresses me most is that the weather-beaten biologist takes up every challenge head-on all the time.
【解析】
【详解】考查主语从句和表语从句。此处引导主语从句，从句缺少主语，指事物应用what；表示“令某人印象最深刻”应用impress sb. most，为一般现在时；后跟that引导的表语从句；从句主语为“这位饱经风霜的生物学家”翻译为the weather-beaten biologist；表示“直面每一个挑战”翻译为take up every challenge head-on；表示“始终”短语为all the time。句子陈述目前事实，应用一般现在时。故翻译为What impresses me most is that the weather-beaten biologist takes up every challenge head-on all the time.
74. 要不是他拙劣的演讲风格，这位有前途的年轻人本可以赢得演讲比赛一等奖。(If) (汉译英)
【答案】If it hadn’t been for his poor delivery, the promising young man could have won first prize in the speech contest.
【解析】
【详解】考查If引导的非真实条件句中的虚拟语气。根据句中的“要不是”和“本可以”以及句意，这里应用If引导非真实条件句，表示对过去发生的事情的虚拟，从句表示“要不是……”应用if it hadn’t been for...，主句应用could have done...形式。“拙劣的演讲风格”可表示为poor delivery；“有前途的”可表示为promising；“赢得一等奖”可表示为win first prize；“演讲比赛”可表示为the speech contest。故本句可翻译为：If it hadn’t been for his poor delivery, the promising young man could have won first prize in the speech contest.
1-10 CAABB BADDB 11-20 CBB BCA CABD上海中学2023学年第一学期期末考试
英语试题
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
1. A. Job applicants. B. University students. C. News reporters. D. Public speakers.
2. A. $ 36. B. $60. C. $ 24. D. $30.
3. A. nervous. B. excited. C. surprised. D. calm.
4. A. They can hardly find time to do exercise.
B. Both of them are fond of doing exercise.
C. Doing exercise is the last thing they’d like to do.
D. The woman disagrees to do exercise with the man.
5. A. Student and teacher. B. Guest and receptionist.
C. Customer and shop assistant. D. Daughter and father.
6. A. The Student Union. B. The Tutoring Service Center.
C. Her professor’s office. D. Her tutor’s home.
7. A. The coverage of newspapers. B. The nature of humans.
C. The increase of crime rate. D. The impact of mass media.
8. A. Doctor Green is very busy on Mondays.
B. Doctor Green forgot to put the man on the schedule.
C An unexpected patient visited Doctor Green last Monday.
D. Patients can usually see Doctor Green on schedule.
9. A. She is disappointed with his decision.
B. She is crazy about going camping in the tropical jungle.
C. She tries to persuade the man not to go with Jerry.
D. She suggests the man reconsider his plan.
10. A. Because he favors goods in physical stores.
B. Because he enjoys the offline shopping experience.
C. Because he doesn’t have much money.
D. Because he doesn’t like the shopping festival.
Section B
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. A number of giant rats are hidden in the fields or forests.
B. Violent robbers may come out and hurt innocent civilians.
C. People may step onto a landmine (地雷) and get injured.
D. Other roads have a litter problem, which spoils good mood.
12. A. It is a rare species of rat. B. It has a good sense of smell.
C. It sacrifices its life to detect dangers. D. It is terrified of explosive devices.
13. A. 13 minutes. B. 30 minutes. C. 40 minutes. D. 4 days.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. It bans the sales of salty and unhealthy food.
B. Its residents lose altogether 100,000 kg by 2020.
C. Everyone weighs himself on giant scales in public.
D. Local doctors make personalized diets for everyone.
15. A. Local people share healthy diet with each other.
B. Thousands of residents kick football to keep slim.
C. Local restaurants use olive oil to replace butter.
D. Government officials persevere in physical exercise.
16. A. Students are encouraged to walk or ride to school.
B. Students are allowed to ride bicycles in school libraries.
C. Parents are offered devices to monitor children’s walking time.
D. Fruits are provided for those who are addicted to online games.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. Neither of them can find a suitable game.
B. They are both enthusiastic about games.
C. Good games cost a large amount of money.
D. They often go Dutch when buying gifts.
18. A. It includes fantasy role-playing. B. It doesn’t have an actual ending.
C. It is an expensive online game. D. It is something like a racing game.
19. A. Players have opportunities to make new friends.
B. Players can have face-to-face communication.
C. Players may be rewarded with delicious food.
D. Players can start the game at anytime they want.
20. A. Add variety to the recommended game. B. Look around to find a cheaper online game.
C. Persuade the woman to change her mind. D. Try to find an extraordinary online game.
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A Multiple Choice
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.
1. I dare ________ that without your help, we ________ so much progress in our work.
A. say; can’t make B. to say; couldn’t make
C. say; couldn’t have made D. to say; shouldn’t have made
2. But for the fact that she ________ dance, I would invite her to the party.
A. couldn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
3. You can’t imagine that a gentleman ________ so rudely to an old lady.
A. shall have behaved B. should have behaved
C. could have behaved D. might have behaved
4. The door won’t ________ from the inside, so you ________ call the repairman.
A. open; may well B. be opened; may well
C. open; may as well D. be opened; may as well
5. ________ breakfast earlier, I would have had enough time to take care of domestic chores.
A Had I B. If I had C. Were I to have D. Had I had
6. If a man living in the Middle Ages ________ forward in time, he ________ amazed by today’s technological landscape.
A. traveled; would have been B. was to travel; could be
C. were going to travel; must be D. had traveled; would be
7. If you ________ the highlights of 2008 Summer Olympics, you would most likely find that they were all marked by sportsmanship.
A. were to examine B. had examined C. would examine D. have to examine
8. He boarded the airplane as if he ________ an experienced traveller, yet he had never left town before.
A. is B. were C. has been D. had been
9. — He failed his driving test.
— What a pity! If only he ________ what his driving instructor had been telling him.
A. listened to B. would listen to C. had listened to D. should listen to
10 ________ in the future to bridge the gender gap and diversity in the scientific field
A. Do you suggest what we can do B. What do you suggest that we should do
C. Do you suggest what can we do D. What do you suggest we do
11. ________ on the blackboard ________ the words we’ll learn in this period.
A. Being written; are B. Written; are
C. Writing; is D. Writing; are
12. At no time during that conversation _________ by the attacker’s words.
A. was anybody threatened B. did anybody threaten
C anybody was threatened D. did nobody threaten
13. Hardly _________ heard of us, let alone been influenced by our lives.
A. anybody has B. nobody has
C. has anybody D. has nobody
14. — I was born in China and I never learned Japanese.
— _____________.
A. So was Sandra B. Neither did Sandra
C. So it was with Sandra D. Neither it did with Sandra
15. The scientific research that Deng Jiaxian had devoted his life ________ his death.
A. to causing B. to caused C. to having caused D. to have been caused
16. Four of the five bedrooms make the most of the views through glass balconies that ________ the sea.
A. overlook B. oversee C. overhead D. overcoat
17. We need artists and filmmakers to ________ people around the world to the climate disaster ahead.
A. wake B. waken C. awake D. awaken
18. The award-winning film ________ the director to an outstanding figure in the industry.
A. elevated B. assigned C. devoted D. credited
19. They ________ wandering along the river after work to appreciate the spectacular sunset.
A. take on B. take up C. take to D. take in
20. I wear a bright orange jacket while bicycling because it makes me highly ________ to car drivers.
A. vigorous B. vital C. visible D. visual
21. This study helps to _________ the urgent need to better manage patients so they survive longer following their diagnosis.
A. emerge B. highlight C. weaken D. outperform
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. replace B. trustworthy C. apparently D. pick E. owe AB. expressing AC. land AD. ironically AE version BC. position BD. challenging
What Is 2023’s Word of the Year, According to Dictionaries
What word defined the past year for you Find out if your answer matches the actual word of the year from four famous dictionaries.
Cambridge Dictionary’s ____22____ for 2023 is hallucinate. The common definition of hallucinate is “to see or hear things that are not really there because of illness or drugs.” In 2023, however, to hallucinate can mean something different, thanks to AI. According to Cambridge’s alternate definition of hallucinating, “when an artificial intelligence hallucinates, it produces false information.” Sure, using AI can be fun for creating dog selfies or could even help you ____23____ a job, but it’s likely to produce misleading or made-up facts — or “hallucinating.”
Those dictionary people are ____24____ all on the same page. Similar to Cambridge, Collins Dictionary’s word of the year is the broader term AI. ChatGPT was released in late 2022, with companies attempting to use it to cut costs, worrying employees that it would ____25____ their jobs. AI pioneers and creators began ____26____ concerns that AI could be “dangerous” and operated by “bad actors.” President Biden even issued an executive order on “safe, secure and ____27____ artificial intelligence.”
With Merriam-Webster’s word authentic, we have an AI trifecta (三连胜)! While its core meaning is the same — “not false or imitation” — it should ____28____ its popularity in 2023 to AI, with the rise in deepfake videos and the potential use of AI in entertainment. However, being authentic is also about being “true to one’s own personality, spirit or character.” Are the public figures you look up to being true to themselves As people search for authenticity, Merriam-Webster notes, “____29____, with ‘authentic content creators’... authenticity has become a performance.”
Oxford slides in at the last minute with a totally different word of the year for 2023: rizz. This noun means “style, charm or attractiveness”. It’s believed to be a shortened ____30____ of the word charisma, a special magnetic charm or appeal. It also hints at a changing attitude in 2023. “It’s interesting to see a contrasting word like rizz come to the forefront, perhaps showing that this year more of us are opening ourselves after a few _____31_____ years and finding confidence in who we are,” notes Casper Grathwohl, president of Oxford Languages.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A Cloze
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we’ve just watched or books we’ve just finished reading, but plain and simple ____32____.
Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we ____33____ do with it We gossip. About others’ behaviour and private lives, such as who’s doing what with whom, who’s in and who’s out—and why; how to deal with difficult ____34____ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
So why are we keen on gossiping Are we just natural ____35____, of both time and words Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life It’s not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really ____36____ issues.
Dunbar ____37____ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don’t spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—____38____, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the ____39____ of the higher primates(灵长类动物) like monkeys. By means of grooming—cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or ____40____ from outside it.
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar _____41_____ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the _____42_____ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to _____43_____ the pressure and calm everybody down.
But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be _____44_____ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more _____45_____ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one _____46_____ contact.
32. A. gesture B. gossip C. description D. recognition
33. A. occasionally B. habitually C. discreetly D. originally
34. A. historical B. natural C. social D. cultural
35. A. wasters B. users C. masters D. owners
36. A. witty B. vivid C. vital D. worthless
37. A. supposes B. rejects C. highlights D. outlines
38. A. on the contrary B. for instance C. in addition D. as a result
39. A. comprehension B. appearance C. motivation D. behaviour
40. A. contact B. attack C. assistance D. trick
41. A. concludes B. recalls C. requires D. confesses
42. A. protection B. prospect C. responsibility D. promise
43. A. echo B. blame C. ease D. preserve
44. A. established B. extended C. earned D. consumed
45. A. efficient B. scientific C. considerate D. common
46. A. regular B. independent C. widespread D. physical
Section B
Directions: Read passage A, B, and C. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal, but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to ask a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.
Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.
Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the informality with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.
Even here in the United States, we make few compromises to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.
When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.
For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.
But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A l979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.
47. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably________.
A. stand still B. scream out C. step forward D. draw back
48. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ________.
A. cultural self-centeredness B. casual manners
C. indifference towards foreign visitors D. blindness to native culture
49. In countries other than their own, most Americans ________.
A. are isolated by the local people
B. are not well informed due to the language barrier
C. tend to get along well with the natives
D. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants
50. The author’s intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that ________.
A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends
B. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs
C. it is necessary to use several languages in public places
D. it is time to get acquainted with other cultures
(B)
Shipping containers are gaining popularity as an alternative to traditional houses. These 20-or 40-foot containers can be obtained for as little as several hundred US dollars a piece, and it’s not surprising that some industry professionals and even city planners consider them the future of home building. Below are details of some amazing homes made out of shipping containers.
London Container City (I and II)
London’s Container City first sprang up in the heart of the docklands in 2001. It took just five months to complete the original 12 work studios. Shortly after that, a fourth floor of studios and living apartments was built on top of these. The first container city was so successful that another—Container City II—was added to it.
Los Angeles Redondo Beach house
With its modern lines and appealing spaces, the award-winning Redondo Beach House is a luxury beachside showpiece built from eight recycled steel shipping containers, along with some traditional building materials. According to the architects, the modified containers are “nearly indestructible”.
Amsterdam Keetwonen
Amsterdam’s massive Keetwonen complex houses 1,000 students and it is the largest container city in the world. The housing project is a roaring success and features units that are quiet and comfortable. Each resident enjoys a bathroom, a kitchen and separate sleeping and studying quarters. The complex even has central heating and high-speed internet as well as areas for parking bikes.
Mexico M2ATK Container House
M2ATK designed this unique container house for an artist. It’s fully equipped with heating and cooling, a kitchen and bathroom. On the bottom floor of the house are “public spaces” such as the kitchen and living room. The second floor are bedrooms, and the top floor is a studio space in which to work, read and “let fly the imagination”.
51. Compared to traditional houses, container houses are________.
A. easier to maintain B. less expensive to build
C. more comfortable to live in D. more fashionable in style
52. What can be learned about Amsterdam’s Keetwonen complex
A. It is the first container city in the world. B. It’s equipped with modern facilities.
C. It features a luxury and unique style. D. It includes living space and car parks.
53. An architect is designing a container house for a family consisting of a married couple and their five school-age children in Canada. The family requires both public spaces and separate quarters. Which container home can the architect refer to
A. London Container City (I and II) B. Los Angeles Redondo Beach house
C. Amsterdam Keetwonen D. Mexico M2ATK Container House
(C)
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an unclear and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience. Opportunities for misinterpretation are everywhere.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as early forms of science and are full of potential. But it takes collective inspection and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and battle between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two problems exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of current knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies repetition and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or contradiction by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim — a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”
54. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its ________.
A. uncertainty and complexity B. misconception and falsehood
C. logicality and objectivity D. systematicness and regularity
55. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires ________.
A. strict inspection B. shared efforts C. individual wisdom D. persistent innovation
56. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that ________.
A. scientific claims will survive challenges B. discoveries today inspire future research
C. efforts to make discoveries are justified D. scientific work calls for a critical mind
57. Which of the following would be the best title of the test
A. Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Discovery B. Collective Inspection in Scientific Discovery
C. Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science D. Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
What Makes a Nobel Laureate
Are there any predictors that point to who will be selected as Nobel laureates
Is brilliance in childhood a predictor When the 2006 chemistry laureate, Roger Kornberg, was asked what he wanted for Christmas, he said, “A week in the lab.” ____58____. Mario Capecchi (medicine, 2007) was an abandoned child on the streets of wartime Italy.
____59____. Five of Enrico Fermi’s (physics, 1938) postdoctoral students went on to win the Nobel Prize. Otto Warburg (medicine, 1931) advised an American doctoral student, “If you wish to become a scientist, you must ask a successful scientist to accept you in his laboratory.”
Experts often recommend that people specialize in one field of work or research to maximize their chances of success. ____60____ If you look at the careers of Nobel Prize winners, you’ll find that they are unusually likely to be “creative polymaths.” That is, they purposely integrate formal and informal expertise from widely varied disciplines to yield new and useful ideas and practices.
There remains one quality that is essential. It is what Leon Lederman (physics, 1988) called “compulsive dedication.” ____61____. Take Marie Curie (physics, 1903; chemistry, 1911) and her husband Pierre (physics, 1903). The Curies were assigned a shed with a leaking roof and a dirt floor, where they worked for years, freezing in winter and sweltering in summer. “And yet,” Marie Curie wrote in her biography of her husband, “it was in this miserable old shed that the best and happiest years of our life were spent, entirely dedicated to work.”
A. What distinguishes Nobel laureates is passion for their work, work that engages their hearts as well as their heads.
B. But early privilege is not essential.
C. The typical Nobel laureate in science is a male born into a middle-class family.
D. In many Nobel laureates’ autobiographies, they pay tribute to an outstanding mentor.
E. In fact, Nobel laureates are mostly down-to-earth and discreet.
F. Yet recently published researches indicate that successful innovators take a broader path.
IV. Productive Grammar
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct.
Future living: what will the home of tomorrow look like
What will our homes be like in the future Growing cities, shrinking living spaces, and climate change are major challenges ____62____(face) urban planners and architects. We’re sharing three trends with you ____63____ will shape the home we live in tomorrow.
Energy efficient and carbon neutral
One of the greatest challenges for homes of the future is our increasing energy consumption, something that cannot be covered by fossil fuels going forward. ____64____the impact of climate change becoming notable, it’s perfectly understandable that the buildings of the future could function as environmentally friendly power plants. Solar collectors and heat storage systems allow ____65____ are known as ‘plus-energy buildings’ to produce 100 percent renewable energy for emission-free operation.
The trend to downsizing
Living more efficiently not only means improving energy use and reducing one’s own carbon footprint, but also building to save space. Rooms ____66____(design) to be multifunctional when there’s not a dedicated room available for every potential purpose. Modular and flexible furnishing systems that can be adapted to the individual floor space and room zones will replace ____67____(fix) structures, ensuring that there’s room for everything even in a small space.
Trends for living and working under one roof
Over the last few months, the office ____68____(become) a feature in many people’s homes. For a number of years now, the home office has been evolving from a make-do desk into a comfortable long-term solution. This development means we need to ask ____69____ how we should construct our living spaces to allow us to concentrate and work productively.
____70____ you rent or own your own home in the future, what’s clear is that the home of tomorrow will be smarter, more flexible, and more sustainable. It will offer us space _____71_____(live), sleep and work both indoors and outdoors.
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72. 她刚批准这个项目，就意识到这不过是一时心血来潮。 (Hardly)(汉译英)
73. 令我印象最深刻的是这位饱经风霜的生物学家始终直面每一个挑战。(take) (汉译英)
74. 要不是他拙劣的演讲风格，这位有前途的年轻人本可以赢得演讲比赛一等奖。(If) (汉译英)
1-10 CAABB BADDB 11-20 CBB BCA CABD
