2024届高考英语：阅读理解之说明文10篇（含解析）
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备战2024年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(安徽专用)
第一期
专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇
（2023上·安徽合肥·高三合肥一中校考阶段练习）In the late 1990s, a scientist named Mark Blumberg stood in a lab at the University of Iowa watching a few sleeping newlyborn rats. He found that the baby rats kept making small, sharp movements in their sleep, and that their closed eyes moved from side to side in a phenomenon known as rapid eye movement (REM). Blumberg knew that the rats were fine, because he knew people do the same during REM sleep. And scientists have long had an explanation for the twitches (抽动) and REM: They are dreaming about their waking life.
However, as he dug deeper, he wondered why adult rats spend only about two hours of each night in REM sleep, while baby rats spend an unusual amount of time in REM, often sleeping for sixteen hours a day and dreaming for eight.
“If dreams are hints of waking life, adult rats who have more experiences should spend more time in REM sleep. Why do baby rats, whose eyes are still shut, spend so much time in REM sleep when they have too little to dream about ” he wondered. “Why do their eyes, their legs, tails and whiskers move hundreds of thousands of times during their sleep ”
In the end, Blumberg concluded that it might be the other way around — perhaps the movements were sending signals to the brain to help it learn about the body.
“You wouldn’t think that the body is something a brain needs to learn,” he wrote in a paper. “But we aren’t born with maps of our bodies. We can’t be, because our bodies change by the day. But in waking life, we cannot move only a single muscle. Even the simplest act of swallowing (吞咽) employs more than thirty pairs of nerves and muscles working together. Our small and sharp movements in sleep, by contrast, are exact and precise: They involve muscles one at a time. In other words, such movements allow the muscles and nerves to form one-to-one connections that otherwise would be impossible. It’s a process that’s most important for the brain to learn about the body as we grow, suffer injuries and learn new skills.
1．What was the previous explanation for REM
A．It was just an outward sign of dreams.
B．It showed the difficulty in sleeping.
C．It was an indicator of terrible dreams.
D．It only occured to sleeping baby rats.
2．What can be learned from paragraph 2
A．Baby rats have to spend all night in REM sleep.
B．REM sleep just accounts for part of the sleeping time.
C．It is unnecessary for baby rats to sleep 16 hours a day.
D．It is not enough for adults to have two hours of REM sleep.
3．What is a feature of the movements in REM sleep according to Mark Blumberg
A．They teach the brain new skills and heal injuries.
B．Muscles have to work together to start the movements.
C．Each of them just involves a muscle and a nerve at a time.
D．They are less exact and precise than our daily movements.
4．What is the text mainly about
A．The importance of REM sleep.
B．The latest discoveries about dreaming.
C．The relationship between dreams and waking life.
D．A different explanation for the twitches during sleep.
（2023上·安徽亳州·高三蒙城第一中学校联考期中）Vitamin D is a key nutrient for health, helping to keep your bones strong while also assisting with muscle and immune function. But people across the globe aren’t getting enough of it, making vitamin D the most popular supplement on the market.
Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium (钙) from food, which keeps your bones strong and helps prevent osteoporosis, a disease that causes bones to become thinner and less dense. Vitamin D also protects you from more severe conditions such as osteomalacia, or “bone softening,” and it protects kids from rickets (佝偻病). Vitamin D also plays important roles in muscle movement, communication between nerves, and immune defenses against bacteria and viruses, according to the National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements.
All our bodies really need to make vitamin D is sunlight, but the older you become, the harder it is for your thinning skin to produce it when exposed to sunlight, with production decreasing by about 13 percent each decade. People with darker skin have more of the melanin pigment (黑色素) that absorbs the UV rays essential to vitamin D production, so naturally they make less of it. Some estimates show that darker skin is about 90 percent less efficient at making vitamin D compared to lighter skin.
Advice on how to get vitamin D is conflicting. Sunlight is the best source, but we’re told to cover up to avoid skin cancer. Then we’re advised to eat a diet rich in vitamin D even though most foods don’t contain enough of it.
“There are so many recommendations out there, so how do we prioritize what we should be doing and which are the most important things to do ” says Anne Cappola, an endocrinologist and professor of medicine at Penn Medicine.” In some ways it would be easy if all we had to do was take supplements, but it’s more complicated than that.”
It doesn’t hurt to be more mindful about vitamin D．“You definitely want to have enough,” Cappola says, “but more is not always better.”
5．What is paragraph 2 mainly about
A．Vitamin D’s effect on healthy life.
B．Vitamin D’s benefits on the body.
C．Vitamin D’s function of fighting diseases.
D．Vitamin D’s protection against bone problems
6．Who can produce the most vitamin D when exposed to sunlight according to the passage
A．The 20-year-old Tom with lighter skin.
B．The 20-year-old Pasco with darker skin.
C．The 30-year-old Riggs with lighter skin.
D．The 30-year-old Yohann with darker skin.
7．What can we infer from Anne Cappola’s words
A．It’s essential to get as much vitamin D as possible.
B．People should take more vitamin D to keep healthy.
C．People can get enough vitamin D by taking enough supplements.
D．It’s more complex than just take supplements to get vitamin D．
8．Where does the passage most probably come from
A．An advertisement B．A health magazine
C．A biology textbook D．An education website
（2023上·安徽亳州·高三蒙城第一中学校联考期中）The following writers who were born in the late l8th or 19th century will make you fall in love with Romantic literature.
1. Jane Austen (1775—1817)
Romantic idealists can blame Jane Austen for their unrealistically high expectations of everlasting romance. Austen is one of the most prolific authors of the long 18th century, her novels such as Pride and Prejudice and Persuasion inspiring dreams of Darcy and lamentations of lost love throughout generations of readers.
2. Anne Bront (1820—1849)
The lesser known Bronti sister, but nevertheless a true 19th century Yorkshire heroine — and in my opinion far more deserving of the title than her sisters Emily and Charlotte.
Born in Thornton, West Yorkshire, Anne moved to Haworth with her family when she was still a baby. The parsonage where the Bronte family lived is now open to the public as a biographical museum of their lives.
3. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822) and Mary Shelley (1797—1851)
Although this is technically two authors in one, it’s almost impossible to think of one Shelley without the other. Although you might not know the name, you might know one of PB Shelley’s most famous lines from the Labour party’s political slogan For The Many Not The Few, taken from The Masque of Anarchy. Mary Shelley is the author of Frankenstein, a gothic story.
4. Robert Browning (1812—1889) and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806—1861)
Robert and Elizabeth (who often published under the pseudonym EBB) eloped just one year after they first met. Both were renowned Romantic poets during the 19th century, Robert for his dramatic monologue and physical portraiture, and Elizabeth for her passionate sonnets. Aurora Leigh was one of her representative works.
9．Who wrote Pride and Prejudice
A．Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley.
B．Jane Austen.
C．Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning.
D．Anne Bront .
10．What was Percy Bysshe Shelley famous for
A．Persuasion. B．Frankenstein.
C．The Masque of Anarchy. D．Aurora Leigh.
11．What did the writers have in common
A．They all wrote romantic literature.
B．They were the most famous writers at that time.
C．They all lived through the late 18th and 19th century.
D．They all completed their works alone.
（2023·安徽·池州市第一中学校联考模拟预测）Amsterdam, with its scenic canals lined with picturesque, 17th-and 18th-century buildings, a major European tourist destination, is slowly collapsing.
Sinkholes are appearing in small streets, and nearly half its 1,700 bridges are unstable and need repairs. The fundamental problem is the state of the canal walls: about 125 miles of them are so broken that they are in danger of collapsing into the canals, potentially taking buildings and people with them. As a huge project to shore up the canal walls gets underway, the city is beginning to look like one huge construction site.
Like much of the Netherlands, Amsterdam lies below sea level. Built on a swamp and heavily expanded in the 17th century, the city sits on millions of wooden piles that serve as foundations. As modern life changed the city, many houses were strengthened with concrete, but the foundations of streets and canal walls were ignored. Many of the wooden piles have shifted, cracked or collapsed under the pressure, causing bridges and can al side walls to sink and crack. Water then seeps in, washing away mortar(砂浆), further hollowing out the infrastructure and creating sinkholes.
The alderman, Mr. De Vries, said that if the city had continued to ignore the problem, it would have headed straight for a catastrophe. The reconstruction will take at least 20 years and will cost 2 billion euros, perhaps even more. “These are big numbers, and work needs to take place in a very busy, closely-populated area,” Mr. De Vries said. “People live here and work here, and we usually have many tourists.”
He acknowledged that Amsterdam in the coming years would look different from its usual postcard self. Still, he insisted that tourists should not be discouraged from visiting. “We invite everyone to come and see what we are doing,” he said. “We want visitors to realize that such a magnificent city needs maintenance.”
12．What problem does Amsterdam face
A．Collapsed buildings pose a threat to tourists.
B．Bridges under construction disturb citizens’ life.
C．The canal walls are in danger of falling down.
D．Many old streets are in badly need of being widened.
13．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．Ways of building canal walls.
B．Causes of sinkholes in Amsterdam.
C．The effects of broken bridges on the city.
D．The geographical features of Amsterdam.
14．What can we learn about the reconstruction work
A．It is costly.
B．It demands more than three decades.
C．It is a huge and dangerous task.
D．It will promote local employment.
15．Which statement may Mr. De Vries agree with
A．The city will no longer be as magnificent as it used to be.
B．Modernity is usually achieved at a cost of the environment.
C．Maintenance and tourism should continue at the same time.
D．Repairs have become a serious obstacle to the city’s growth.
（2023·安徽·池州市第一中学校联考模拟预测）Over five decades after being captured, Lolita, the star orca (虎鲸) in Miami Seaquarium, will finally be able to bid adieu to her tiny tank in Florida and return to her home waters of the Pacific Northwest to live out the rest of her days.
Lolita, also known as Tokitae or Toki, is a 57-year-old female orca from the now-endangered southern resident orca s that live in the North Pacific Ocean and Washington State’s Puget Sound. Lolita has lived at Miami Seaquarium since 1970, after she was captured from the waters of Puget Sound at 4 years old. Since then, Lolita has performed tricks in the aquarium pool until March 2022, when she was retired from public shows. She is currently the second oldest orca in captivity behind Corky, a 58-year-old male who lives at SeaWorld San Diego.
The aquarium announced it will begin the process of returning the orca to her natural habitat in the next two years. But Lolita’s age and the fact that she’s lived in captivity for decades and is unable to find food on her own could complicate her release back into the wild. “In a plan set to take up to two years, she will be first transported by plane to an ocean conservation area in the waters between Washington State and Canada, where trainers will teach her how to catch fish inside a large net,” said Mr. Colby, an environmental historian. “She will also have to build up her muscles, as orca s typically swim about 160 kilometers per day.”
One of the organizations campaigning for her release is PETA．“If Lolita is finally returned to her home waters, there will be cheers from around the world,” the group said in a statement sent to Newsweek. “It’ll offer her long-awaited relief after five miserable decades in a narrow tank and send a clear signal to other parks that the days of confining highly intelligent, far-ranging sea animals to prisons are ended.”
16．What do the underlined words “bid adieu to” in paragraph 1 probably mean
A．Adapt to. B．Settle in.
C．Swim back to. D．Say goodbye to.
17．What do we know about Lolita according to paragraph 2
A．She was retired due to health problems.
B．She is the world’s oldest orca in captivity.
C．She enjoys performing tricks in the aquarium pool.
D．She has lived at Miami Seaquarium for over 50 years.
18．What does Mr. Colby convey in his words
A．Lolita will be trained to live in the ocean.
B．More orcas are expected to be released into the wild.
C．It is difficult to find a suitable natural habitat for Lolita.
D．Lolita will spend the rest of her life in the ocean conservation area.
19．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．The Challenges of Saving Lolita
B．The Victory of Environmental Groups
C．Lolita: Set to Be Freed to Home Waters
D．Lolita: The Most Intelligent Orca in the World
（2023上·安徽·高三校联考阶段练习）Who first proposed the holiday for workers It’s not entirely clear, but two workers can make a solid claim to the Founder of Labor Day title.
Some records show that in 1882, Peter J. McGuire, general secretary of the Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners and a co-founder of the American Federation of Labor, suggested setting aside a day for a “general holiday for the laboring classes”. But many believe that machinist Matthew Maguire, not Peter McGuire, founded the holiday.
The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City, in accordance with the plans of the Central Labor Union. The Central Labor Union held its second Labor Day holiday just a year later, on September 5, 1883. By 1894, 23 more states had adopted the holiday, and on June 28, 1894, President Grover Cleveland signed a law making the first Monday in September of each year a national holiday.
Many Americans celebrate Labor Day with parades (游行), picnics and parties — festivities very similar to those outlined by the first proposal for a holiday, which suggested that the day should be observed with a street parade to exhibit “the strength and spirits of the trade and labor organizations” of the community, followed by a festival for the recreation and amusement of the workers and their families. This became the pattern for the celebrations of Labor Day.
Speeches by important official men and women were introduced later, as more emphasis was placed upon the economic and civil significance of the holiday. Still later, by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909,the Sunday before Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to (致力于) the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement.
American labor has raised the nation’s standard of living and contributed to the greatest production the world has ever known and the labor movement has brought us closer to the realization of our traditional ideals of economic and political democracy.
20．What can we know from paragraph 2
A．People’s views about the founder of Labor Day vary.
B．The author considered Matthew Maguire the founder.
C．Peter J. McGuire wanted to set a few days for a holiday.
D．Labor Day was originally set up for American machinists.
21．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us
A．The real meaning of Labor Day B．The development of Labor Day
C．The reason of setting Labor Day D．People’s emphasis on Labor Day
22．What does the underlined word “festivities” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Manners B．Approaches C．Rewards D．Celebrations
23．Which of the following does the author agree with
A．It is known that America develops very fast.
B．The original meaning of Labor Day changes
C．It is worthwhile to set a day for the laborer
D．The labor movement makes the life unsteady
（2023上·安徽六安·高三六安一中校考阶段练习）Biophilic design (亲生物设计) is a concept used within the building industry to increase people’s connection with the natural environment by using direct nature, indirect nature, space, and place conditions. It is argued that this idea has health, environmental, and economic benefits for building occupants (居住者) and urban environments, with few drawbacks. Although its name was coined in recent history, indicators of biophilic design have been seen in architecture from as far back as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Studies show that incorporating the natural environment into buildings can have a positive influence on physical and psychological well-being.
Studies by Roger S. Ulrich have consistently found physical health promoting outcomes associated with viewing nature scenes through windows. In his studies, he assessed patients' recovery from surgery. Half the patients had rooms with a view of green trees while the others saw a brick wall. Patients in the rooms with the nature view stayed in the hospital for fewer days and had a more positive recovery process in general than the patients who had a view of the wall. Similar results were found in a field study of office workers by Rachel Kaplan.
Additionally, children in low-income urban housing who had problems with learning because of being unable to pay attention to things for very long showed improved scores on a standardised measure of attention deficit disorder (注意力缺陷障碍) when they moved to houses with more outdoor natural vegetation.
From an economic aspect, people are likely to spend more on houses that have views of nature; buyers are willing to spend 7% more on homes with excellent scenery, 58% more on houses that look toward water, and 127% more on those that are next to water.
Appreciating natural beauty isn’t something that some people can enjoy and others can’t; it happen without effort or even conscious awareness. So the more our buildings can make use of our ancient sense beauty, the more likely they will support us psychologically and emotionally, as well as functionally.
24．What do we know about biophilic design
A．It originated in Babylon. B．It has no disadvantages.
C．It rarely uses indirect nature. D．It enjoys a long history.
25．What does the underlined word “incorporating” probably mean in paragraph 2
A．Including. B．Transforming. C．Pouring. D．Folding.
26．How does the author show people's preference for nature in paragraph 5
A．By giving examples. B．By conducting surveys.
C．By listing figures. D．By analyzing causes.
27．Which of the following shows the structure of the text
(I=Introduction; P=Point; Sp=Sub-point; C=Conclusion)
A． B． C． D．
（2022上·安徽阜阳·高三安徽省临泉第一中学校考期中）Sales of green tea are rising in the US and the UK, driven largely by evidence of the health benefits. So it’s funny that a little over a century ago, this so-called super-food was considered as super-toxic.
“For most of the 19th century, there was less concern about the dangers of taking drugs than there was about the negative side effects of drinking green tea,” writes Matthew Sweet in his book Inventing the Victorians. “Readers of Victorian journalism were used to seeing reports that green tea led to horrible illnesses. Therefore, tea drinkers eventually turned to black tea.”
To be fair, the refusal of green tea should be blamed to the businessmen. Though both black and green teas are made from the leaves of the same plant, black tea is drier than the green tea, so more could be packed into the ship with lower risk of damage. But the real problem with green tea was that dishonest businessmen added the leaves of other plants to the tea leaves in order to increase the weight. Adulterated (掺假) tea was so common that when shops in London attempted to sell pure green tea, people just refused to buy it because it was considered the “wrong” color.
Fears of drinking green tea were heightened in 1839 by a paper in the famous British medical journal The Lancet. In the paper, Dr. George Sigmond studied the positive and negative effects of tea. While stating that green tea had medical benefits and was a great improvement on alcohol, he warned against overuse. He described a case, in which a woman was attacked with terrible pain at the stomach. He blamed her symptoms, on solid evidence, to drinking strong green tea on an empty stomach, first thing in the morning, without mixing it with milk, cream or sugar.
Of course, this toxic of the Victorian sitting room has now had its reputation firmly restored. Science has shown that green tea has been linked to health benefits like lower risk of stroke and some kinds of cancer.
28．What does the underlined word “super-toxic” in paragraph 1 refer to
A．A dangerous poison B．A healthy diet
C．An unreliable cure D．A pleasant drink
29．What was the real problem that turned tea drinkers away from green tea
A．High price B．Negative news coverage
C．Medical evidence D．Widespread adulteration
30．Which of the following best describes Dr. George Sigmond’s paper
A．Misleading. B．Unscientific. C．Balanced. D．Confusing.
31．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To advertise the health benefits of green tea.
B．To explain the changed tastes for green tea.
C．To expose the dishonesty of the businessmen.
D．To warn the negative side effects of overdrinking.
（2023上·安徽合肥·高三合肥一中校考阶段练习）This summer, schools in New York City are preparing for a shift in reading instruction. Instead of reading whole books, they plan to focus on excerpts (节选). And it’s not just for lower grades, but for high schools as well.
While it may sound alarming for the public in New York City, the shift to excerpts has been going on for more than twenty years since the Big Standardized Test was adopted as a means of measuring student achievement in reading.
Of course, to dig in and reflect on the ideas contained in a whole book and to discuss with fellow readers should be a major part of every student’s education. But the basic model of the most important testing we’ve been subjecting students to for the past twenty-some years is this: 1) Read a short excerpt of a book that you are seeing for the first time. 2) Answer some multiple choice questions about it, and do it by yourself and right now.
If the test is already set, the best way to prepare for it is with a battery of activities that most closely look like the test itself. And so as the Big Standardized Tests have spread, publishers have cranked out varieties of coaching workbooks that are all collections of short excerpts accompanied by a set of multiple choice questions. Instead of teaching students how to read a whole book, we teach them how to take a standardized test.
There are certainly other forces that push teachers in the direction of excerpts over complete books. Since there are only 180 days in the year, teachers always have to decide whether to take a full six months to work through Moby Dick, or to give students just a taste.
One can even point the finger at a culture in which we just read headlines instead of articles. But as long as major testing pushes a quick reaction to context-free excerpts, schools will abandon the reflective, cooperative, thoughtful deep dive into a complete book sooner or later. And that will be a loss for students.
32．How does the author feel about the new policy in New York City
A．Unsurprised. B．Relieved. C．Unconcerned. D．Excited.
33．What does the author most likely want students to do
A．Finish their homework immediately after school.
B．Read whole books together with their classmates.
C．Buy workbooks that are closely based on the test itself.
D．Do more standardized reading comprehension exercises.
34．Which of the following can replace the phrase “cranked out” in paragraph 4
A．charged B．canceled C．changed D．produced
35．What should be blamed mainly for the shift to excerpts over books
A．The limited time. B．The government policy.
C．The official tests. D．The available workbooks.
（2023上·安徽·高三校联考阶段练习）Body language is an essential part of communication and can be just as important as our spoken language exchanges. Body language can be both conscious or unconscious actions, so it is important to make sure your body is sending the same messages as your words to ensure good communication. These actions can strengthen the verbal (口头的) messages you’re sending or it can lead to mistrust or confusion — signs of poor communication and misunderstanding.
Body language can make interacting with others and expressing yourself much easier, but it can also introduce new challenges. Some nonverbal signs unintentionally communicate parts of ourselves that we don’t want others to know. For example, bad posture or fidgeting (坐立不安) may communicate lack of confidence, something we may not intend for others to know about us. But body language can strengthen our verbal messages and solidify what we are telling others. Facing someone with eye contact or taking notes while someone is speaking can communicate genuine interest. Without these signs, teachers may not be able to assess a student’s understanding.
When you’re speaking sincerely, it’s natural for your body language to respond to your words through gestures or facial expressions. We also use gestures in conversations to tell stories or describe objects, often using hand signals to show how big or small something is. These are largely unconscious, naturally occurring forms of body language.
It can be difficult to communicate confidence in your actions when you may not feel it internally. When you display confident body language, such as good posture or eye-contact, even if you’re making a conscious effort, studies have shown that it can lead to feeling more confident. When speaking to others, practice controlling impulses to fidget and planting your feet confidently to increase self-esteem.
36．What would your body language tell if it can’t go with your speech
A．A probable disbelief. B．True meaning behind words.
C．An unclear condition. D．A dull speech.
37．Why does the author give some examples in paragraph 2
A．To show body language can help us all the time.
B．To tell body language can show the true side of us.
C．To explain how challenging it is to read body language.
D．To tell teachers how to assess a student’s understanding.
38．What does the author intend to tell in the last two paragraphs
A．Hand signals are essential ways to make ourselves understood.
B．Naturally occurring forms of body language makes us confident.
C．Proper body language can help us a lot in gaining confidence.
D．When speaking to others, try your best to hide your body language.
39．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Knowing Your Friends with Body Language
B．Understanding Others by Body Language
C．Being Smart in Showing Your Body Language
D．Helping Communicate with Body Language
参考答案：
1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了马克·布鲁姆伯格在二十世纪九十年代末，对动物在睡眠时的身体抽动及眼球快速转动的不同见解：这些不是做梦的表征，而是在帮助大脑了解身体的各个部位。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“And scientists have long had an explanation for the twitches (抽动) and REM: They are dreaming about their waking life.”（长期以来，科学家们对抽搐和快速眼动有一个解释：他们在做自己清醒生活的梦。）可知，之前对REM的解释是：REM是做梦的表征。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“However, as he dug deeper, he wondered why adult rats spend only about two hours of each night in REM sleep, while baby rats spend an unusual amount of time in REM, often sleeping for sixteen hours a day and dreaming for eight.”（然而，随着研究的深入，他想知道为什么成年大鼠每晚只在快速眼动睡眠中度过大约两个小时，而幼鼠在快速眼动中度过的时间却不同寻常，通常每天睡16个小时，做梦8个小时。）可推断，REM睡眠时间只占总睡眠时间的一部分。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Our small and sharp movements in sleep, by contrast, are exact and precise: They involve muscles one at a time. In other words, such movements allow the muscles and nerves to form one-to-one connections that otherwise would be impossible.”（相比之下，我们在睡眠中的小而尖锐的动作是准确的：它们一次涉及一块肌肉。换句话说，这样的运动可以让肌肉和神经形成一对一的连接，否则这是不可能的。）可知，这种抽动只牵涉到单一的肌肉与神经之间的链接。故选C项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第四段“In the end, Blumberg concluded that it might be the other way around — perhaps the movements were sending signals to the brain to help it learn about the body.”（最后，布鲁姆伯格得出结论，情况可能恰恰相反——也许这些动作向大脑发送信号，帮助它了解身体。）可知，本文主要是介绍了马克·布鲁姆伯格在二十世纪九十年代末，对动物在睡眠时的身体抽动及眼球快速转动的不同见解。D项“睡眠中抽搐的另一种解释”符合文意。故选D项。
5．B 6．A 7．D 8．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要说明了维生素D是健康的关键营养素，对人体具有保持骨骼强壮，有助于肌肉和免疫功能等益处。同时简单介绍了获取维生素D的途径和建议。
5．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium (钙) from food, which keeps your bones strong and helps prevent osteoporosis, a disease that causes bones to become thinner and less dense. Vitamin D also protects you from more severe conditions such as osteomalacia, or “bone softening,” and it protects kids from rickets (佝偻病). Vitamin D also plays important roles in muscle movement, communication between nerves, and immune defenses against bacteria and viruses, according to the National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements. (维生素D可以帮助你的身体从食物中吸收钙，从而保持你的骨骼强壮，并有助于预防骨质疏松症，骨质疏松症是一种导致骨骼变薄和密度降低的疾病。维生素D还可以保护你免受更严重的疾病，如骨软化症，或“骨软化”，它可以保护孩子免受佝偻病的侵害。据美国国立卫生研究院膳食补充剂办公室称，维生素D在肌肉运动、神经之间的交流以及对细菌和病毒的免疫防御方面也起着重要作用。)”可知本段主要讲述维生素D对身体的好处。故选B。
6．推理判断题。根据第三段“All our bodies really need to make vitamin D is sunlight, but the older you become, the harder it is for your thinning skin to produce it when exposed to sunlight, with production decreasing by about 13 percent each decade. People with darker skin have more of the melanin pigment (黑色素) that absorbs the UV rays essential to vitamin D production, so naturally they make less of it. Some estimates show that darker skin is about 90 percent less efficient at making vitamin D compared to lighter skin. (我们的身体真正需要制造维生素D的是阳光，但你年龄越大，当你暴露在阳光下时，你稀疏的皮肤就越难产生维生素D，维生素D的产量每十年下降约13%。深色皮肤的人有更多的黑色素，这些黑色素吸收了产生维生素D所必需的紫外线，所以他们自然会减少黑色素的产生。一些估计表明，与浅色皮肤相比，深色皮肤产生维生素D的效率低约90%。)”对比四个选项，可知A选项符合题意。故选A。
7．推理判断题。根据第五段Anne Cappola的话““There are so many recommendations out there, so how do we prioritize what we should be doing and which are the most important things to do ” says Anne Cappola, an endocrinologist and professor of medicine at Penn Medicine.” In some ways it would be easy if all we had to do was take supplements, but it’s more complicated than that.” (宾夕法尼亚大学医学院内分泌学家兼医学教授Anne Cappola说：“有这么多建议，那么我们如何优先考虑我们应该做什么，哪些是最重要的事情？”在某些方面，如果我们所要做的只是服用补充剂，那会很容易，但这比这更复杂。”)”以及第六段“It doesn’t hurt to be more mindful about vitamin D. “You definitely want to have enough,” Cappola says, “but more is not always better.” (对维生素D多加注意也无妨。“你肯定想要摄入足够的维生素，”卡波拉说，“但并不总是多多益善。”)”可知，这比仅仅通过服用补充剂来获得维生素D更复杂。故选D项。
8．推理判断题。根据文章内容，尤其是第一段“Vitamin D is a key nutrient for health, helping to keep your bones strong while also assisting with muscle and immune function. But people across the globe aren’t getting enough of it, making vitamin D the most popular supplement on the market. (维生素D是健康的关键营养素，有助于保持骨骼强壮，同时也有助于肌肉和免疫功能。但全球各地的人们都没有获得足够的维生素D，这使得维生素D成为市场上最受欢迎的补充剂。)”可以判断，本文主要讲述了维生素D对身体的好处以及如何正确获取维生素D。因此应出自健康杂志。故选B项。
9．B 10．C 11．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了几位18世纪和19世纪的浪漫主义作者和作品。
9． 细节理解题。从第一个小标题下看到“Austen is one of the most prolific authors of the long 18th century, her novels such as Pride and Prejudice and Persuasion inspiring dreams of Darcy and lamentations of lost love throughout generations of readers. (奥斯汀是18世纪最多产的作家之一，她的小说《傲慢与偏见》和《劝导》激发了几代读者对达西的梦想和对逝去爱情的哀叹。)”可知，《傲慢与偏见》作者是Jane Austen。故选B。
10． 细节理解题。从第三个小标题下“Although you might not know the name, you might know one of PB Shelley’s most famous lines from the Labour party’s political slogan For The Many Not The Few, taken from The Masque of Anarchy. (虽然你可能不知道这个名字，但你可能知道Percy Bysshe Shelley最著名的一句话，出自工党的政治口号“为多数人而非少数人”，取自《无政府状态的面具》。)”可知，Percy Bysshe Shelley以《无政府状态的面具》出名。故选C。
11． 细节理解题。由文章第一段“The following writers who were born in the late l8th or 19th century will make you fall in love with Romantic literature. (以下出生于18世纪末或19世纪的作家会让你爱上浪漫主义文学。)”可知，他们都写过浪漫主义文学。故选A。
12．C 13．B 14．A 15．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了阿姆斯特丹面临的问题，问题的成因以及解决方案。
12．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The fundamental problem is the state of the canal walls: about 125 miles of them are so broken that they are in danger of collapsing into the canals, potentially taking buildings and people with them.(最根本的问题是运河边城墙的状况：大约125英里的建筑墙面破损严重，有坍塌入运河的风险，可能会造成建筑物受损和人员伤亡。)”可知，阿姆斯特丹面临的问题是运河城墙有坍塌的风险。故选C项。
13．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“Like much of the Netherlands, Amsterdam lies below sea level. Built on a swamp and heavily expanded in the 17th century,… further hollowing out the infrastructure and creating sinkholes.(像荷兰的大部分地区一样，阿姆斯特丹位于海平面以下。这座城市建在一片沼泽上，在17世纪进行了大规模扩建，将数以百万计的木桩用作地基。随着现代生活改变了城市，许多房屋用水泥和混凝土加固，但街道和运河墙的地基却被忽视了。许多木桩在压力下移位、开裂或倒塌，导致桥梁和运河侧壁下沉和开裂，然后水渗进来，冲走木桩大坝下的砂浆，进一步掏空地下的基础建设，形成塌陷坑)”可知，第三段主要解释了阿姆斯特丹地面塌陷坑的成因。故选B项。
14．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The reconstruction will take at least 20 years and will cost 2 billion euros, perhaps even more. “These are big numbers, and work needs to take place in a very busy, closely-populated area,” Mr. De Vries said. “People live here and work here, and we usually have many tourists.”(重建至少需要20年，耗资20亿欧元，甚至更多。“这是一个很大的数字，而且工作需要在一个非常繁忙、人口密集的地区进行，”德弗里斯说。“人们在这里生活和工作，我们通常有很多游客。”)”可知，M重建工作的代价很高。故选A项。
15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“He acknowledged that Amsterdam in the coming years would look different from its usual postcard self. Still, he insisted that tourists should not be discouraged from visiting. “We invite everyone to come and see what we are doing,” he said. “We want visitors to realize that such a magnificent city needs maintenance.”(他承认，未来几年的阿姆斯特丹看上去将不同于明信片上的阿姆斯特丹。不过，他坚持认为不应该阻止游客参观。“我们邀请大家来看看我们在做什么，”他说。“我们想让游客意识到，如此宏伟的城市需要维护。”)” 可推知，Mr. De Vries认为城市的维修工作与旅游业应同时开展。故选C项。
16．D 17．D 18．A 19．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了虎鲸Lolita，自1970年被人类捕获后，被圈养在迈阿密水族馆生活了五十几年，水族馆近日准备将其释放，让其返回海洋生活的故事，同时介绍了Lolita的安置与放生计划。
16．词句猜测题。根据上文“Over five decades after being captured (在被捕获50多年后)”和下文“return to her home waters of the Pacific Northwest to live out the rest of her days.(回到太平洋西北部的家乡水域度过余生。)”可知，迈阿密海洋馆的明星虎鲸洛丽塔终于能够告别她在佛罗里达州的小水箱，bid adieu to意为“告别”，“say goodbye to”意为“告别”，符合语境，故选D项。
17．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Lolita, also known as Tokitae or Toki, is a 57-year-old female orca (洛丽塔，也被称为Tokitae或Toki，是一只57岁的雌性虎鲸)”和“Lolita has lived at Miami Seaquarium since 1970, after she was captured from the waters of Puget Sound at 4 years old. (洛丽塔在4岁时从普吉特海湾水域被捕获，自1970年以来一直生活在迈阿密海洋馆。)”可知，Lolita是一只57岁的雌性虎鲸。1970年，年仅4岁的Lolita在普吉特海湾水域被捕获，此后一直生活在迈阿密水族馆里。由此可知，Lolita在迈阿密水族馆里生活了50多年。故选D项。
18．推理判断题。根据文章第三段““In a plan set to take up to two years, she will be first transported by plane to an ocean conservation area in the waters between Washington State and Canada, where trainers will teach her how to catch fish inside a large net,” said Mr. Colby, an environmental historian. “She will also have to build up her muscles, as orca s typically swim about 160 kilometers per day.” (“根据一项长达两年的计划，她将首先用飞机运送到华盛顿州和加拿大之间水域的一个海洋保护区，在那里，训练员将教她如何用一张大网捕鱼，”环境历史学家科尔比说。“她还必须锻炼肌肉，因为虎鲸通常每天要游160公里左右。”)”可知，Lolita将会接受在海域里生活的训练。故选A项。
19．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了虎鲸Lolita，自1970年被人类捕获后，被圈养在迈阿密水族馆生活了五十几年，水族馆近日准备将其释放，让其返回海洋生活的故事，同时介绍了Lolita的安置与放生计划。结合选项，C项：Lolita: Set to Be Freed to Home Waters (洛丽塔：准备被释放到家乡水域)可以概括此内容，故选C项。
20．A 21．B 22．D 23．C
【导语】本文是说明文。全文介绍了美国劳动节的由来，以及劳动节的巨大意义。
20．细节理解题。由文章第二段“Some records show that in 1882, Peter J. McGuire, general secretary of the Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners and a co-founder of the American Federation of Labor, suggested setting aside a day for a “general holiday for the laboring classes”. But many believe that machinist Matthew Maguire, not Peter McGuire, founded the holiday.(一些记录显示，1882年，木匠和木匠兄弟会的秘书长、美国劳工联合会的联合创始人Peter J. McGuire建议为“劳动阶级的公共假日”留出一天。但许多人认为机械师马修·马奎尔，而不是彼得·麦奎尔，创立了这个节日。)”可知，人们对于谁建立了劳动节说法不一。故选A。
21．主旨大意题。由文章第三段“The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City, in accordance with the plans of the Central Labor Union. The Central Labor Union held its second Labor Day holiday just a year later, on September 5, 1883. By 1894, 23 more states had adopted the holiday, and on June 28, 1894, President Grover Cleveland signed a law making the first Monday in September of each year a national holiday.(根据中央工会的计划，第一个劳动节假期于1882年9月5日星期二在纽约市庆祝。中央工会在一年后的1883年9月5日举行了第二次劳动节假期。到1894年，又有23个州采纳了这一节日。1894年6月28日，格罗弗·克利夫兰总统签署了一项法律，将每年9月的第一个星期一定为全国性节日。)”可知，第三段从第一次建立劳动节开始，一直讲述到1894年官方确立劳动节，因此全段讲述了劳动节的发展历程。故选B。
22．词句猜测题。由文章第四段中“Many Americans celebrate Labor Day with parades (游行), picnics and parties (许多美国人以游行、野餐和聚会的方式来庆祝劳动节)”可知，破折号后的festivities是对此的进一步解释，故其在这里是“庆祝活动”的意思。A. Manners方式；B. Approaches方法；C. Rewards奖励；D. Celebrations庆典。故选D。
23．推理判断题。由文章最后两段“Speeches by important official men and women were introduced later, as more emphasis was placed upon the economic and civil significance of the holiday. Still later, by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909,the Sunday before Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to (致力于) the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement. American labor has raised the nation’s standard of living and contributed to the greatest production the world has ever known and the labor movement has brought us closer to the realization of our traditional ideals of economic and political democracy.(由于人们更加强调这个节日的经济和民间意义，后来又有重要的官员男女发表讲话。再后来，根据1909年美国劳工联合会会议的一项决议，劳动节之前的星期天被定为劳动星期日，并致力于劳工运动的精神和教育方面。美国劳工提高了国家的生活水平，为世界上最伟大的生产做出了贡献，工人运动使我们更接近实现我们传统的经济和政治民主理想。)”可知，最后两段讲述人们对劳动节的重视程度日益加深，劳动者在提高人们生活水平方面起到了重要作用，因此可以推断，作者在最后两段强调为劳动者建立节日是非常值得的。故C选项正确，其余选项并未提及。故选C。
24．D 25．A 26．C 27．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了亲生物设计理念和将这种理念融入建筑设计的好处。
24．细节理解题。根据第一段中的 “Although its name was coined in recent history, indicators of biophilic design have been seen in architecture from as far back as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.(尽管它的名字是在近代史上创造的，但早在巴比伦空中花园的建筑中就可以看到亲生物设计的标志。)”可知，亲生物设计这种理念历史悠久。故选D项。
25．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Biophilic design (亲生物设计) is a concept used within the building industry to increase people’s connection with the natural environment by using direct nature, indirect nature, space, and place conditions. (亲生物设计是建筑行业中使用的一个概念，通过使用直接的自然、间接的自然、空间和场所条件来增加人们与自然环境的联系。)”以及“Studies show that incorporating the natural environment into buildings can have a positive influence on physical and psychological well-being.(研究表明，将自然环境 建筑可以对身心健康产生积极影响。)”可知，incorporating表示“融入，保护在内”的意思。故选A项。
26．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“From an economic aspect, people are likely to spend more on houses that have views of nature; buyers are willing to spend 7% more on homes with excellent scenery, 58% more on houses that look toward water, and 127% more on those that are next to water.(从经济角度来看，人们可能会在有自然景观的房子上花费更多；购房者愿意在风景优美的房子上多花7%，在向水的房子上多花58%，在水边的房子上花127%。)”可知，作者通过列数据的方 法展现了人们对自然的偏爱。故选C项。
27．推理判断题。分析文章可知，第一段引出本文话题，是Introduction；第二段是Point 1，介绍亲生物设计对人们的身体和心理健康有好处；第三段是Sub-point 1，介绍亲生物设计对身体健康的影响；第四段是 Sub-point 2，介绍亲生物设计对心理健康的影响；第五段是Point 2，从经济角度说明人们对自然景观的喜爱；第六段总结上文，是Conclusion。故选B项。
28．A 29．D 30．C 31．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是绿茶在欧美日益流行，可在十八世纪绿茶却被看成是超级毒药，本文解释了原因。
28．词句猜测题。根据第二段“For most of the 19th century, there was less concern about the dangers of taking drugs than there was about the negative side effects of drinking green tea(在19世纪的大部分时间里，人们对服用药物的危害的担忧要少于对饮用绿茶的负面影响的担忧)”和“Readers of Victorian journalism were used to seeing reports that green tea led to horrible illnesses.(维多利亚时代的新闻读者已经习惯了看到绿茶导致可怕疾病的报道)”可推断，在维多利亚时代，绿茶被认为是有毒的，因此划线词“super-toxic”指的是“危险的毒药”，和A选项“A dangerous poison(危险的毒药)”意思相近。故选A。
29．细节理解题。根据第三段“But the real problem with green tea was that dishonest businessmen added the leaves of other plants to the tea leaves in order to increase the weight.(但绿茶的真正问题在于，不诚实的商人在茶叶中加入了其他植物的叶子，以增加茶叶的重量)”可知，无良商人掺假才是人们放弃绿茶的根本原因。故选D。
30．推理判断题。根据第四段“In the paper, Dr. George Sigmond studied the positive and negative effects of tea. While stating that green tea had medical benefits and was a great improvement on alcohol, he warned against overuse.(在这篇论文中，George Sigmond博士研究了茶的积极和消极影响。虽然他说绿茶有医疗功效，而且对酒精有很大的改善作用，但他警告不要过度饮用)”可知，该研究既涉及饮绿茶的好处，也提示了暴饮可能带来的问题。由此推知，George Sigmond博士的论文是客观、公正的。故选C。
31．推理判断题。根据第一段“Sales of green tea are rising in the US and the UK, driven largely by evidence of the health benefits. So it’s funny that a little over a century ago, this so-called super-food was considered as super-toxic.(绿茶在美国和英国的销量正在上升，主要是因为有证据表明绿茶有益健康。有趣的是，一个多世纪以前，这种所谓的超级食物被认为是超级有毒的)”及最后一段“Of course, this toxic of the Victorian sitting room has now had its reputation firmly restored. Science has shown that green tea has been linked to health benefits like lower risk of stroke and some kinds of cancer.(当然，维多利亚时代客厅里的这种有毒物质现在已经恢复了它的名声。科学表明，绿茶对健康有益，比如降低中风和某些癌症的风险)”可推知，本文主要是解释人们在过去两个多世纪里对绿茶的偏好变化的原因。故选B。
32．A 33．B 34．D 35．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了今年秋季入学后，纽约市的中小学将正式改变传统的阅读整本书的教学方法，转而选读个别章节，其主要原因是考试导向。
32．推理判断题。根据第二段的“While it may sound alarming for the public in New York City, the shift to excerpts has been going on for more than twenty years since the Big Standardized Test was adopted as a means of measuring student achievement in reading. (虽然这对纽约市的公众来说可能听起来令人担忧，但自从大标准化考试被采用作为衡量学生阅读成绩的一种手段以来，向节选的转变已经持续了20多年。)”可知，政策的转变已经持续了20多年，因此作者对这个政策并不感到惊讶。故选A。
33．细节理解题，根据第三段的“Of course, to dig in and reflect on the ideas contained in a whole book and to discuss with fellow readers should be a major part of every student’s education.(当然，深入研究和反思整本书所包含的思想，并与其他读者讨论，应该是每个学生教育的重要组成部分。)”可知，作者希望学生们能通读整本书，并和同学深入交流。故选B。
34．词句猜测题。根据第四段的“If the test is already set, the best way to prepare for it is with a battery of activities that most closely look like the test itself. And so as the Big Standardized Tests have spread (如果考试已经定下来了，最好的准备方法就是安排一系列最接近考试本身的活动。因此，随着大型标准化考试的普及)”可知，出版商为了满足学生的考试需求，会推出各种各样的指导练习册，即学生有需求，书商就会大量出版，因此cranked out与produced同义。故选D。
35．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“But as long as major testing pushes a quick reaction to context-free excerpts, schools will abandon the reflective, cooperative, thoughtful deep dive into a complete book sooner or later. (但是，只要主要考试推动学生对与上下文无关的节选做出快速反应，学校迟早会放弃对整本书进行反思、合作和深思熟虑的深入研究。)”可知，学校转向章节阅读的主要原因还是考试导向。故选C。
36．A 37．B 38．C 39．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。全文说明肢体语言在我们生活中的作用。
36．细节理解题。从第一段“These actions can strengthen the verbal (口头的) messages you’re sending or it can lead to mistrust or confusion — signs of poor communication and misunderstanding.(这些行为可能会强化你发送的口头信息，也可能导致不信任或困惑——沟通不畅和误解的迹象。)”可知，如果肢体语言与我们语言不一致，就有可能传递不信任或者困惑的信息。故选A项。
37．推理判断题。从第二段“Some nonverbal signs unintentionally communicate parts of ourselve that we don’t want others to know. (一些非语言符号无意中传达了我们自己不想让别人知道的部分。)”可以推断出，作者举例说明有些非语言性的符号能展现我们真实的一面。故选B项。
38．推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段“When you’re speaking sincerely, it’s natural for your body language to respond to your words through gestures or facial expressions. We also use gestures in conversations to tell stories or describe objects, often using hand signals to show how big or small something is. These are largely unconscious, naturally occurring forms of body language.(当你真诚地说话时，你的肢体语言会通过手势或面部表情来回应你的话，这是很自然的。我们在谈话中也会用手势来讲故事或描述物体，通常用手势来显示物体的大小。这些大多是无意识的、自然发生的肢体语言。)”以及下段“It can be difficult to communicate confidence in your actions when you may not feel it internally. When you display confident body language, such as good posture or eye-contact, even if you’re making a conscious effort, studies have shown that it can lead to feeling more confident. When speaking to others, practice controlling impulses to fidget and planting your feet confidently to increase self-esteem.(当你可能没有内在感觉时，很难对自己的行为表达信心。研究表明，当你表现出自信的肢体语言时，比如良好的姿势或眼神交流，即使你在有意识地努力，也会让你感到更加自信。在与他人交谈时，练习控制烦躁的冲动，自信地站稳脚跟，以增强自尊。)”可知，作者讲述的合适的肢体语言能让我们展现自信的一面可推断，合适的身体语言能在自信中帮助我们。故选C项。
39．主旨大意题。由文章第一段“Body language is an essential part of communication and can be just as important as our spoken language exchanges. Body language can be both conscious or unconscious actions, so it is important to make sure your body is sending the same messages as your words to ensure good communication. These actions can strengthen the verbal (口头的) messages you’re sending or it can lead to mistrust or confusion — signs of poor communication and misunderstanding.(肢体语言是交际的重要组成部分，与口语交流同样重要。肢体语言可以是有意识的，也可以是无意识的，所以确保你的身体发出的信息与你的言语相同，以确保良好的沟通是很重要的。这些行为可能会强化你发送的口头信息，也可能导致不信任或困惑——沟通不畅和误解的迹象。)”以及下文可知，文章讲述了身体语言在帮助我们沟通上的作用。所以D项Helping Communicate with Body Language(用肢体语言帮助沟通)符合语境。故选D项。
第一期
专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇
（2023上·安徽合肥·高三合肥一中校考阶段练习）In the late 1990s, a scientist named Mark Blumberg stood in a lab at the University of Iowa watching a few sleeping newlyborn rats. He found that the baby rats kept making small, sharp movements in their sleep, and that their closed eyes moved from side to side in a phenomenon known as rapid eye movement (REM). Blumberg knew that the rats were fine, because he knew people do the same during REM sleep. And scientists have long had an explanation for the twitches (抽动) and REM: They are dreaming about their waking life.
However, as he dug deeper, he wondered why adult rats spend only about two hours of each night in REM sleep, while baby rats spend an unusual amount of time in REM, often sleeping for sixteen hours a day and dreaming for eight.
“If dreams are hints of waking life, adult rats who have more experiences should spend more time in REM sleep. Why do baby rats, whose eyes are still shut, spend so much time in REM sleep when they have too little to dream about ” he wondered. “Why do their eyes, their legs, tails and whiskers move hundreds of thousands of times during their sleep ”
In the end, Blumberg concluded that it might be the other way around — perhaps the movements were sending signals to the brain to help it learn about the body.
“You wouldn’t think that the body is something a brain needs to learn,” he wrote in a paper. “But we aren’t born with maps of our bodies. We can’t be, because our bodies change by the day. But in waking life, we cannot move only a single muscle. Even the simplest act of swallowing (吞咽) employs more than thirty pairs of nerves and muscles working together. Our small and sharp movements in sleep, by contrast, are exact and precise: They involve muscles one at a time. In other words, such movements allow the muscles and nerves to form one-to-one connections that otherwise would be impossible. It’s a process that’s most important for the brain to learn about the body as we grow, suffer injuries and learn new skills.
1．What was the previous explanation for REM
A．It was just an outward sign of dreams.
B．It showed the difficulty in sleeping.
C．It was an indicator of terrible dreams.
D．It only occured to sleeping baby rats.
2．What can be learned from paragraph 2
A．Baby rats have to spend all night in REM sleep.
B．REM sleep just accounts for part of the sleeping time.
C．It is unnecessary for baby rats to sleep 16 hours a day.
D．It is not enough for adults to have two hours of REM sleep.
3．What is a feature of the movements in REM sleep according to Mark Blumberg
A．They teach the brain new skills and heal injuries.
B．Muscles have to work together to start the movements.
C．Each of them just involves a muscle and a nerve at a time.
D．They are less exact and precise than our daily movements.
4．What is the text mainly about
A．The importance of REM sleep.
B．The latest discoveries about dreaming.
C．The relationship between dreams and waking life.
D．A different explanation for the twitches during sleep.
（2023上·安徽亳州·高三蒙城第一中学校联考期中）Vitamin D is a key nutrient for health, helping to keep your bones strong while also assisting with muscle and immune function. But people across the globe aren’t getting enough of it, making vitamin D the most popular supplement on the market.
Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium (钙) from food, which keeps your bones strong and helps prevent osteoporosis, a disease that causes bones to become thinner and less dense. Vitamin D also protects you from more severe conditions such as osteomalacia, or “bone softening,” and it protects kids from rickets (佝偻病). Vitamin D also plays important roles in muscle movement, communication between nerves, and immune defenses against bacteria and viruses, according to the National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements.
All our bodies really need to make vitamin D is sunlight, but the older you become, the harder it is for your thinning skin to produce it when exposed to sunlight, with production decreasing by about 13 percent each decade. People with darker skin have more of the melanin pigment (黑色素) that absorbs the UV rays essential to vitamin D production, so naturally they make less of it. Some estimates show that darker skin is about 90 percent less efficient at making vitamin D compared to lighter skin.
Advice on how to get vitamin D is conflicting. Sunlight is the best source, but we’re told to cover up to avoid skin cancer. Then we’re advised to eat a diet rich in vitamin D even though most foods don’t contain enough of it.
“There are so many recommendations out there, so how do we prioritize what we should be doing and which are the most important things to do ” says Anne Cappola, an endocrinologist and professor of medicine at Penn Medicine.” In some ways it would be easy if all we had to do was take supplements, but it’s more complicated than that.”
It doesn’t hurt to be more mindful about vitamin D．“You definitely want to have enough,” Cappola says, “but more is not always better.”
5．What is paragraph 2 mainly about
A．Vitamin D’s effect on healthy life.
B．Vitamin D’s benefits on the body.
C．Vitamin D’s function of fighting diseases.
D．Vitamin D’s protection against bone problems
6．Who can produce the most vitamin D when exposed to sunlight according to the passage
A．The 20-year-old Tom with lighter skin.
B．The 20-year-old Pasco with darker skin.
C．The 30-year-old Riggs with lighter skin.
D．The 30-year-old Yohann with darker skin.
7．What can we infer from Anne Cappola’s words
A．It’s essential to get as much vitamin D as possible.
B．People should take more vitamin D to keep healthy.
C．People can get enough vitamin D by taking enough supplements.
D．It’s more complex than just take supplements to get vitamin D．
8．Where does the passage most probably come from
A．An advertisement B．A health magazine
C．A biology textbook D．An education website
（2023上·安徽亳州·高三蒙城第一中学校联考期中）The following writers who were born in the late l8th or 19th century will make you fall in love with Romantic literature.
1. Jane Austen (1775—1817)
Romantic idealists can blame Jane Austen for their unrealistically high expectations of everlasting romance. Austen is one of the most prolific authors of the long 18th century, her novels such as Pride and Prejudice and Persuasion inspiring dreams of Darcy and lamentations of lost love throughout generations of readers.
2. Anne Bront (1820—1849)
The lesser known Bronti sister, but nevertheless a true 19th century Yorkshire heroine — and in my opinion far more deserving of the title than her sisters Emily and Charlotte.
Born in Thornton, West Yorkshire, Anne moved to Haworth with her family when she was still a baby. The parsonage where the Bronte family lived is now open to the public as a biographical museum of their lives.
3. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822) and Mary Shelley (1797—1851)
Although this is technically two authors in one, it’s almost impossible to think of one Shelley without the other. Although you might not know the name, you might know one of PB Shelley’s most famous lines from the Labour party’s political slogan For The Many Not The Few, taken from The Masque of Anarchy. Mary Shelley is the author of Frankenstein, a gothic story.
4. Robert Browning (1812—1889) and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806—1861)
Robert and Elizabeth (who often published under the pseudonym EBB) eloped just one year after they first met. Both were renowned Romantic poets during the 19th century, Robert for his dramatic monologue and physical portraiture, and Elizabeth for her passionate sonnets. Aurora Leigh was one of her representative works.
9．Who wrote Pride and Prejudice
A．Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley.
B．Jane Austen.
C．Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning.
D．Anne Bront .
10．What was Percy Bysshe Shelley famous for
A．Persuasion. B．Frankenstein.
C．The Masque of Anarchy. D．Aurora Leigh.
11．What did the writers have in common
A．They all wrote romantic literature.
B．They were the most famous writers at that time.
C．They all lived through the late 18th and 19th century.
D．They all completed their works alone.
（2023·安徽·池州市第一中学校联考模拟预测）Amsterdam, with its scenic canals lined with picturesque, 17th-and 18th-century buildings, a major European tourist destination, is slowly collapsing.
Sinkholes are appearing in small streets, and nearly half its 1,700 bridges are unstable and need repairs. The fundamental problem is the state of the canal walls: about 125 miles of them are so broken that they are in danger of collapsing into the canals, potentially taking buildings and people with them. As a huge project to shore up the canal walls gets underway, the city is beginning to look like one huge construction site.
Like much of the Netherlands, Amsterdam lies below sea level. Built on a swamp and heavily expanded in the 17th century, the city sits on millions of wooden piles that serve as foundations. As modern life changed the city, many houses were strengthened with concrete, but the foundations of streets and canal walls were ignored. Many of the wooden piles have shifted, cracked or collapsed under the pressure, causing bridges and can al side walls to sink and crack. Water then seeps in, washing away mortar(砂浆), further hollowing out the infrastructure and creating sinkholes.
The alderman, Mr. De Vries, said that if the city had continued to ignore the problem, it would have headed straight for a catastrophe. The reconstruction will take at least 20 years and will cost 2 billion euros, perhaps even more. “These are big numbers, and work needs to take place in a very busy, closely-populated area,” Mr. De Vries said. “People live here and work here, and we usually have many tourists.”
He acknowledged that Amsterdam in the coming years would look different from its usual postcard self. Still, he insisted that tourists should not be discouraged from visiting. “We invite everyone to come and see what we are doing,” he said. “We want visitors to realize that such a magnificent city needs maintenance.”
12．What problem does Amsterdam face
A．Collapsed buildings pose a threat to tourists.
B．Bridges under construction disturb citizens’ life.
C．The canal walls are in danger of falling down.
D．Many old streets are in badly need of being widened.
13．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．Ways of building canal walls.
B．Causes of sinkholes in Amsterdam.
C．The effects of broken bridges on the city.
D．The geographical features of Amsterdam.
14．What can we learn about the reconstruction work
A．It is costly.
B．It demands more than three decades.
C．It is a huge and dangerous task.
D．It will promote local employment.
15．Which statement may Mr. De Vries agree with
A．The city will no longer be as magnificent as it used to be.
B．Modernity is usually achieved at a cost of the environment.
C．Maintenance and tourism should continue at the same time.
D．Repairs have become a serious obstacle to the city’s growth.
（2023·安徽·池州市第一中学校联考模拟预测）Over five decades after being captured, Lolita, the star orca (虎鲸) in Miami Seaquarium, will finally be able to bid adieu to her tiny tank in Florida and return to her home waters of the Pacific Northwest to live out the rest of her days.
Lolita, also known as Tokitae or Toki, is a 57-year-old female orca from the now-endangered southern resident orca s that live in the North Pacific Ocean and Washington State’s Puget Sound. Lolita has lived at Miami Seaquarium since 1970, after she was captured from the waters of Puget Sound at 4 years old. Since then, Lolita has performed tricks in the aquarium pool until March 2022, when she was retired from public shows. She is currently the second oldest orca in captivity behind Corky, a 58-year-old male who lives at SeaWorld San Diego.
The aquarium announced it will begin the process of returning the orca to her natural habitat in the next two years. But Lolita’s age and the fact that she’s lived in captivity for decades and is unable to find food on her own could complicate her release back into the wild. “In a plan set to take up to two years, she will be first transported by plane to an ocean conservation area in the waters between Washington State and Canada, where trainers will teach her how to catch fish inside a large net,” said Mr. Colby, an environmental historian. “She will also have to build up her muscles, as orca s typically swim about 160 kilometers per day.”
One of the organizations campaigning for her release is PETA．“If Lolita is finally returned to her home waters, there will be cheers from around the world,” the group said in a statement sent to Newsweek. “It’ll offer her long-awaited relief after five miserable decades in a narrow tank and send a clear signal to other parks that the days of confining highly intelligent, far-ranging sea animals to prisons are ended.”
16．What do the underlined words “bid adieu to” in paragraph 1 probably mean
A．Adapt to. B．Settle in.
C．Swim back to. D．Say goodbye to.
17．What do we know about Lolita according to paragraph 2
A．She was retired due to health problems.
B．She is the world’s oldest orca in captivity.
C．She enjoys performing tricks in the aquarium pool.
D．She has lived at Miami Seaquarium for over 50 years.
18．What does Mr. Colby convey in his words
A．Lolita will be trained to live in the ocean.
B．More orcas are expected to be released into the wild.
C．It is difficult to find a suitable natural habitat for Lolita.
D．Lolita will spend the rest of her life in the ocean conservation area.
19．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．The Challenges of Saving Lolita
B．The Victory of Environmental Groups
C．Lolita: Set to Be Freed to Home Waters
D．Lolita: The Most Intelligent Orca in the World
（2023上·安徽·高三校联考阶段练习）Who first proposed the holiday for workers It’s not entirely clear, but two workers can make a solid claim to the Founder of Labor Day title.
Some records show that in 1882, Peter J. McGuire, general secretary of the Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners and a co-founder of the American Federation of Labor, suggested setting aside a day for a “general holiday for the laboring classes”. But many believe that machinist Matthew Maguire, not Peter McGuire, founded the holiday.
The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City, in accordance with the plans of the Central Labor Union. The Central Labor Union held its second Labor Day holiday just a year later, on September 5, 1883. By 1894, 23 more states had adopted the holiday, and on June 28, 1894, President Grover Cleveland signed a law making the first Monday in September of each year a national holiday.
Many Americans celebrate Labor Day with parades (游行), picnics and parties — festivities very similar to those outlined by the first proposal for a holiday, which suggested that the day should be observed with a street parade to exhibit “the strength and spirits of the trade and labor organizations” of the community, followed by a festival for the recreation and amusement of the workers and their families. This became the pattern for the celebrations of Labor Day.
Speeches by important official men and women were introduced later, as more emphasis was placed upon the economic and civil significance of the holiday. Still later, by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909,the Sunday before Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to (致力于) the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement.
American labor has raised the nation’s standard of living and contributed to the greatest production the world has ever known and the labor movement has brought us closer to the realization of our traditional ideals of economic and political democracy.
20．What can we know from paragraph 2
A．People’s views about the founder of Labor Day vary.
B．The author considered Matthew Maguire the founder.
C．Peter J. McGuire wanted to set a few days for a holiday.
D．Labor Day was originally set up for American machinists.
21．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us
A．The real meaning of Labor Day B．The development of Labor Day
C．The reason of setting Labor Day D．People’s emphasis on Labor Day
22．What does the underlined word “festivities” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Manners B．Approaches C．Rewards D．Celebrations
23．Which of the following does the author agree with
A．It is known that America develops very fast.
B．The original meaning of Labor Day changes
C．It is worthwhile to set a day for the laborer
D．The labor movement makes the life unsteady
（2023上·安徽六安·高三六安一中校考阶段练习）Biophilic design (亲生物设计) is a concept used within the building industry to increase people’s connection with the natural environment by using direct nature, indirect nature, space, and place conditions. It is argued that this idea has health, environmental, and economic benefits for building occupants (居住者) and urban environments, with few drawbacks. Although its name was coined in recent history, indicators of biophilic design have been seen in architecture from as far back as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Studies show that incorporating the natural environment into buildings can have a positive influence on physical and psychological well-being.
Studies by Roger S. Ulrich have consistently found physical health promoting outcomes associated with viewing nature scenes through windows. In his studies, he assessed patients' recovery from surgery. Half the patients had rooms with a view of green trees while the others saw a brick wall. Patients in the rooms with the nature view stayed in the hospital for fewer days and had a more positive recovery process in general than the patients who had a view of the wall. Similar results were found in a field study of office workers by Rachel Kaplan.
Additionally, children in low-income urban housing who had problems with learning because of being unable to pay attention to things for very long showed improved scores on a standardised measure of attention deficit disorder (注意力缺陷障碍) when they moved to houses with more outdoor natural vegetation.
From an economic aspect, people are likely to spend more on houses that have views of nature; buyers are willing to spend 7% more on homes with excellent scenery, 58% more on houses that look toward water, and 127% more on those that are next to water.
Appreciating natural beauty isn’t something that some people can enjoy and others can’t; it happen without effort or even conscious awareness. So the more our buildings can make use of our ancient sense beauty, the more likely they will support us psychologically and emotionally, as well as functionally.
24．What do we know about biophilic design
A．It originated in Babylon. B．It has no disadvantages.
C．It rarely uses indirect nature. D．It enjoys a long history.
25．What does the underlined word “incorporating” probably mean in paragraph 2
A．Including. B．Transforming. C．Pouring. D．Folding.
26．How does the author show people's preference for nature in paragraph 5
A．By giving examples. B．By conducting surveys.
C．By listing figures. D．By analyzing causes.
27．Which of the following shows the structure of the text
(I=Introduction; P=Point; Sp=Sub-point; C=Conclusion)
A． B． C． D．
（2022上·安徽阜阳·高三安徽省临泉第一中学校考期中）Sales of green tea are rising in the US and the UK, driven largely by evidence of the health benefits. So it’s funny that a little over a century ago, this so-called super-food was considered as super-toxic.
“For most of the 19th century, there was less concern about the dangers of taking drugs than there was about the negative side effects of drinking green tea,” writes Matthew Sweet in his book Inventing the Victorians. “Readers of Victorian journalism were used to seeing reports that green tea led to horrible illnesses. Therefore, tea drinkers eventually turned to black tea.”
To be fair, the refusal of green tea should be blamed to the businessmen. Though both black and green teas are made from the leaves of the same plant, black tea is drier than the green tea, so more could be packed into the ship with lower risk of damage. But the real problem with green tea was that dishonest businessmen added the leaves of other plants to the tea leaves in order to increase the weight. Adulterated (掺假) tea was so common that when shops in London attempted to sell pure green tea, people just refused to buy it because it was considered the “wrong” color.
Fears of drinking green tea were heightened in 1839 by a paper in the famous British medical journal The Lancet. In the paper, Dr. George Sigmond studied the positive and negative effects of tea. While stating that green tea had medical benefits and was a great improvement on alcohol, he warned against overuse. He described a case, in which a woman was attacked with terrible pain at the stomach. He blamed her symptoms, on solid evidence, to drinking strong green tea on an empty stomach, first thing in the morning, without mixing it with milk, cream or sugar.
Of course, this toxic of the Victorian sitting room has now had its reputation firmly restored. Science has shown that green tea has been linked to health benefits like lower risk of stroke and some kinds of cancer.
28．What does the underlined word “super-toxic” in paragraph 1 refer to
A．A dangerous poison B．A healthy diet
C．An unreliable cure D．A pleasant drink
29．What was the real problem that turned tea drinkers away from green tea
A．High price B．Negative news coverage
C．Medical evidence D．Widespread adulteration
30．Which of the following best describes Dr. George Sigmond’s paper
A．Misleading. B．Unscientific. C．Balanced. D．Confusing.
31．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To advertise the health benefits of green tea.
B．To explain the changed tastes for green tea.
C．To expose the dishonesty of the businessmen.
D．To warn the negative side effects of overdrinking.
（2023上·安徽合肥·高三合肥一中校考阶段练习）This summer, schools in New York City are preparing for a shift in reading instruction. Instead of reading whole books, they plan to focus on excerpts (节选). And it’s not just for lower grades, but for high schools as well.
While it may sound alarming for the public in New York City, the shift to excerpts has been going on for more than twenty years since the Big Standardized Test was adopted as a means of measuring student achievement in reading.
Of course, to dig in and reflect on the ideas contained in a whole book and to discuss with fellow readers should be a major part of every student’s education. But the basic model of the most important testing we’ve been subjecting students to for the past twenty-some years is this: 1) Read a short excerpt of a book that you are seeing for the first time. 2) Answer some multiple choice questions about it, and do it by yourself and right now.
If the test is already set, the best way to prepare for it is with a battery of activities that most closely look like the test itself. And so as the Big Standardized Tests have spread, publishers have cranked out varieties of coaching workbooks that are all collections of short excerpts accompanied by a set of multiple choice questions. Instead of teaching students how to read a whole book, we teach them how to take a standardized test.
There are certainly other forces that push teachers in the direction of excerpts over complete books. Since there are only 180 days in the year, teachers always have to decide whether to take a full six months to work through Moby Dick, or to give students just a taste.
One can even point the finger at a culture in which we just read headlines instead of articles. But as long as major testing pushes a quick reaction to context-free excerpts, schools will abandon the reflective, cooperative, thoughtful deep dive into a complete book sooner or later. And that will be a loss for students.
32．How does the author feel about the new policy in New York City
A．Unsurprised. B．Relieved. C．Unconcerned. D．Excited.
33．What does the author most likely want students to do
A．Finish their homework immediately after school.
B．Read whole books together with their classmates.
C．Buy workbooks that are closely based on the test itself.
D．Do more standardized reading comprehension exercises.
34．Which of the following can replace the phrase “cranked out” in paragraph 4
A．charged B．canceled C．changed D．produced
35．What should be blamed mainly for the shift to excerpts over books
A．The limited time. B．The government policy.
C．The official tests. D．The available workbooks.
（2023上·安徽·高三校联考阶段练习）Body language is an essential part of communication and can be just as important as our spoken language exchanges. Body language can be both conscious or unconscious actions, so it is important to make sure your body is sending the same messages as your words to ensure good communication. These actions can strengthen the verbal (口头的) messages you’re sending or it can lead to mistrust or confusion — signs of poor communication and misunderstanding.
Body language can make interacting with others and expressing yourself much easier, but it can also introduce new challenges. Some nonverbal signs unintentionally communicate parts of ourselves that we don’t want others to know. For example, bad posture or fidgeting (坐立不安) may communicate lack of confidence, something we may not intend for others to know about us. But body language can strengthen our verbal messages and solidify what we are telling others. Facing someone with eye contact or taking notes while someone is speaking can communicate genuine interest. Without these signs, teachers may not be able to assess a student’s understanding.
When you’re speaking sincerely, it’s natural for your body language to respond to your words through gestures or facial expressions. We also use gestures in conversations to tell stories or describe objects, often using hand signals to show how big or small something is. These are largely unconscious, naturally occurring forms of body language.
It can be difficult to communicate confidence in your actions when you may not feel it internally. When you display confident body language, such as good posture or eye-contact, even if you’re making a conscious effort, studies have shown that it can lead to feeling more confident. When speaking to others, practice controlling impulses to fidget and planting your feet confidently to increase self-esteem.
36．What would your body language tell if it can’t go with your speech
A．A probable disbelief. B．True meaning behind words.
C．An unclear condition. D．A dull speech.
37．Why does the author give some examples in paragraph 2
A．To show body language can help us all the time.
B．To tell body language can show the true side of us.
C．To explain how challenging it is to read body language.
D．To tell teachers how to assess a student’s understanding.
38．What does the author intend to tell in the last two paragraphs
A．Hand signals are essential ways to make ourselves understood.
B．Naturally occurring forms of body language makes us confident.
C．Proper body language can help us a lot in gaining confidence.
D．When speaking to others, try your best to hide your body language.
39．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Knowing Your Friends with Body Language
B．Understanding Others by Body Language
C．Being Smart in Showing Your Body Language
D．Helping Communicate with Body Language
参考答案：
1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了马克·布鲁姆伯格在二十世纪九十年代末，对动物在睡眠时的身体抽动及眼球快速转动的不同见解：这些不是做梦的表征，而是在帮助大脑了解身体的各个部位。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“And scientists have long had an explanation for the twitches (抽动) and REM: They are dreaming about their waking life.”（长期以来，科学家们对抽搐和快速眼动有一个解释：他们在做自己清醒生活的梦。）可知，之前对REM的解释是：REM是做梦的表征。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“However, as he dug deeper, he wondered why adult rats spend only about two hours of each night in REM sleep, while baby rats spend an unusual amount of time in REM, often sleeping for sixteen hours a day and dreaming for eight.”（然而，随着研究的深入，他想知道为什么成年大鼠每晚只在快速眼动睡眠中度过大约两个小时，而幼鼠在快速眼动中度过的时间却不同寻常，通常每天睡16个小时，做梦8个小时。）可推断，REM睡眠时间只占总睡眠时间的一部分。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Our small and sharp movements in sleep, by contrast, are exact and precise: They involve muscles one at a time. In other words, such movements allow the muscles and nerves to form one-to-one connections that otherwise would be impossible.”（相比之下，我们在睡眠中的小而尖锐的动作是准确的：它们一次涉及一块肌肉。换句话说，这样的运动可以让肌肉和神经形成一对一的连接，否则这是不可能的。）可知，这种抽动只牵涉到单一的肌肉与神经之间的链接。故选C项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第四段“In the end, Blumberg concluded that it might be the other way around — perhaps the movements were sending signals to the brain to help it learn about the body.”（最后，布鲁姆伯格得出结论，情况可能恰恰相反——也许这些动作向大脑发送信号，帮助它了解身体。）可知，本文主要是介绍了马克·布鲁姆伯格在二十世纪九十年代末，对动物在睡眠时的身体抽动及眼球快速转动的不同见解。D项“睡眠中抽搐的另一种解释”符合文意。故选D项。
5．B 6．A 7．D 8．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要说明了维生素D是健康的关键营养素，对人体具有保持骨骼强壮，有助于肌肉和免疫功能等益处。同时简单介绍了获取维生素D的途径和建议。
5．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium (钙) from food, which keeps your bones strong and helps prevent osteoporosis, a disease that causes bones to become thinner and less dense. Vitamin D also protects you from more severe conditions such as osteomalacia, or “bone softening,” and it protects kids from rickets (佝偻病). Vitamin D also plays important roles in muscle movement, communication between nerves, and immune defenses against bacteria and viruses, according to the National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements. (维生素D可以帮助你的身体从食物中吸收钙，从而保持你的骨骼强壮，并有助于预防骨质疏松症，骨质疏松症是一种导致骨骼变薄和密度降低的疾病。维生素D还可以保护你免受更严重的疾病，如骨软化症，或“骨软化”，它可以保护孩子免受佝偻病的侵害。据美国国立卫生研究院膳食补充剂办公室称，维生素D在肌肉运动、神经之间的交流以及对细菌和病毒的免疫防御方面也起着重要作用。)”可知本段主要讲述维生素D对身体的好处。故选B。
6．推理判断题。根据第三段“All our bodies really need to make vitamin D is sunlight, but the older you become, the harder it is for your thinning skin to produce it when exposed to sunlight, with production decreasing by about 13 percent each decade. People with darker skin have more of the melanin pigment (黑色素) that absorbs the UV rays essential to vitamin D production, so naturally they make less of it. Some estimates show that darker skin is about 90 percent less efficient at making vitamin D compared to lighter skin. (我们的身体真正需要制造维生素D的是阳光，但你年龄越大，当你暴露在阳光下时，你稀疏的皮肤就越难产生维生素D，维生素D的产量每十年下降约13%。深色皮肤的人有更多的黑色素，这些黑色素吸收了产生维生素D所必需的紫外线，所以他们自然会减少黑色素的产生。一些估计表明，与浅色皮肤相比，深色皮肤产生维生素D的效率低约90%。)”对比四个选项，可知A选项符合题意。故选A。
7．推理判断题。根据第五段Anne Cappola的话““There are so many recommendations out there, so how do we prioritize what we should be doing and which are the most important things to do ” says Anne Cappola, an endocrinologist and professor of medicine at Penn Medicine.” In some ways it would be easy if all we had to do was take supplements, but it’s more complicated than that.” (宾夕法尼亚大学医学院内分泌学家兼医学教授Anne Cappola说：“有这么多建议，那么我们如何优先考虑我们应该做什么，哪些是最重要的事情？”在某些方面，如果我们所要做的只是服用补充剂，那会很容易，但这比这更复杂。”)”以及第六段“It doesn’t hurt to be more mindful about vitamin D. “You definitely want to have enough,” Cappola says, “but more is not always better.” (对维生素D多加注意也无妨。“你肯定想要摄入足够的维生素，”卡波拉说，“但并不总是多多益善。”)”可知，这比仅仅通过服用补充剂来获得维生素D更复杂。故选D项。
8．推理判断题。根据文章内容，尤其是第一段“Vitamin D is a key nutrient for health, helping to keep your bones strong while also assisting with muscle and immune function. But people across the globe aren’t getting enough of it, making vitamin D the most popular supplement on the market. (维生素D是健康的关键营养素，有助于保持骨骼强壮，同时也有助于肌肉和免疫功能。但全球各地的人们都没有获得足够的维生素D，这使得维生素D成为市场上最受欢迎的补充剂。)”可以判断，本文主要讲述了维生素D对身体的好处以及如何正确获取维生素D。因此应出自健康杂志。故选B项。
9．B 10．C 11．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了几位18世纪和19世纪的浪漫主义作者和作品。
9． 细节理解题。从第一个小标题下看到“Austen is one of the most prolific authors of the long 18th century, her novels such as Pride and Prejudice and Persuasion inspiring dreams of Darcy and lamentations of lost love throughout generations of readers. (奥斯汀是18世纪最多产的作家之一，她的小说《傲慢与偏见》和《劝导》激发了几代读者对达西的梦想和对逝去爱情的哀叹。)”可知，《傲慢与偏见》作者是Jane Austen。故选B。
10． 细节理解题。从第三个小标题下“Although you might not know the name, you might know one of PB Shelley’s most famous lines from the Labour party’s political slogan For The Many Not The Few, taken from The Masque of Anarchy. (虽然你可能不知道这个名字，但你可能知道Percy Bysshe Shelley最著名的一句话，出自工党的政治口号“为多数人而非少数人”，取自《无政府状态的面具》。)”可知，Percy Bysshe Shelley以《无政府状态的面具》出名。故选C。
11． 细节理解题。由文章第一段“The following writers who were born in the late l8th or 19th century will make you fall in love with Romantic literature. (以下出生于18世纪末或19世纪的作家会让你爱上浪漫主义文学。)”可知，他们都写过浪漫主义文学。故选A。
12．C 13．B 14．A 15．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了阿姆斯特丹面临的问题，问题的成因以及解决方案。
12．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The fundamental problem is the state of the canal walls: about 125 miles of them are so broken that they are in danger of collapsing into the canals, potentially taking buildings and people with them.(最根本的问题是运河边城墙的状况：大约125英里的建筑墙面破损严重，有坍塌入运河的风险，可能会造成建筑物受损和人员伤亡。)”可知，阿姆斯特丹面临的问题是运河城墙有坍塌的风险。故选C项。
13．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“Like much of the Netherlands, Amsterdam lies below sea level. Built on a swamp and heavily expanded in the 17th century,… further hollowing out the infrastructure and creating sinkholes.(像荷兰的大部分地区一样，阿姆斯特丹位于海平面以下。这座城市建在一片沼泽上，在17世纪进行了大规模扩建，将数以百万计的木桩用作地基。随着现代生活改变了城市，许多房屋用水泥和混凝土加固，但街道和运河墙的地基却被忽视了。许多木桩在压力下移位、开裂或倒塌，导致桥梁和运河侧壁下沉和开裂，然后水渗进来，冲走木桩大坝下的砂浆，进一步掏空地下的基础建设，形成塌陷坑)”可知，第三段主要解释了阿姆斯特丹地面塌陷坑的成因。故选B项。
14．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The reconstruction will take at least 20 years and will cost 2 billion euros, perhaps even more. “These are big numbers, and work needs to take place in a very busy, closely-populated area,” Mr. De Vries said. “People live here and work here, and we usually have many tourists.”(重建至少需要20年，耗资20亿欧元，甚至更多。“这是一个很大的数字，而且工作需要在一个非常繁忙、人口密集的地区进行，”德弗里斯说。“人们在这里生活和工作，我们通常有很多游客。”)”可知，M重建工作的代价很高。故选A项。
15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“He acknowledged that Amsterdam in the coming years would look different from its usual postcard self. Still, he insisted that tourists should not be discouraged from visiting. “We invite everyone to come and see what we are doing,” he said. “We want visitors to realize that such a magnificent city needs maintenance.”(他承认，未来几年的阿姆斯特丹看上去将不同于明信片上的阿姆斯特丹。不过，他坚持认为不应该阻止游客参观。“我们邀请大家来看看我们在做什么，”他说。“我们想让游客意识到，如此宏伟的城市需要维护。”)” 可推知，Mr. De Vries认为城市的维修工作与旅游业应同时开展。故选C项。
16．D 17．D 18．A 19．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了虎鲸Lolita，自1970年被人类捕获后，被圈养在迈阿密水族馆生活了五十几年，水族馆近日准备将其释放，让其返回海洋生活的故事，同时介绍了Lolita的安置与放生计划。
16．词句猜测题。根据上文“Over five decades after being captured (在被捕获50多年后)”和下文“return to her home waters of the Pacific Northwest to live out the rest of her days.(回到太平洋西北部的家乡水域度过余生。)”可知，迈阿密海洋馆的明星虎鲸洛丽塔终于能够告别她在佛罗里达州的小水箱，bid adieu to意为“告别”，“say goodbye to”意为“告别”，符合语境，故选D项。
17．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Lolita, also known as Tokitae or Toki, is a 57-year-old female orca (洛丽塔，也被称为Tokitae或Toki，是一只57岁的雌性虎鲸)”和“Lolita has lived at Miami Seaquarium since 1970, after she was captured from the waters of Puget Sound at 4 years old. (洛丽塔在4岁时从普吉特海湾水域被捕获，自1970年以来一直生活在迈阿密海洋馆。)”可知，Lolita是一只57岁的雌性虎鲸。1970年，年仅4岁的Lolita在普吉特海湾水域被捕获，此后一直生活在迈阿密水族馆里。由此可知，Lolita在迈阿密水族馆里生活了50多年。故选D项。
18．推理判断题。根据文章第三段““In a plan set to take up to two years, she will be first transported by plane to an ocean conservation area in the waters between Washington State and Canada, where trainers will teach her how to catch fish inside a large net,” said Mr. Colby, an environmental historian. “She will also have to build up her muscles, as orca s typically swim about 160 kilometers per day.” (“根据一项长达两年的计划，她将首先用飞机运送到华盛顿州和加拿大之间水域的一个海洋保护区，在那里，训练员将教她如何用一张大网捕鱼，”环境历史学家科尔比说。“她还必须锻炼肌肉，因为虎鲸通常每天要游160公里左右。”)”可知，Lolita将会接受在海域里生活的训练。故选A项。
19．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了虎鲸Lolita，自1970年被人类捕获后，被圈养在迈阿密水族馆生活了五十几年，水族馆近日准备将其释放，让其返回海洋生活的故事，同时介绍了Lolita的安置与放生计划。结合选项，C项：Lolita: Set to Be Freed to Home Waters (洛丽塔：准备被释放到家乡水域)可以概括此内容，故选C项。
20．A 21．B 22．D 23．C
【导语】本文是说明文。全文介绍了美国劳动节的由来，以及劳动节的巨大意义。
20．细节理解题。由文章第二段“Some records show that in 1882, Peter J. McGuire, general secretary of the Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners and a co-founder of the American Federation of Labor, suggested setting aside a day for a “general holiday for the laboring classes”. But many believe that machinist Matthew Maguire, not Peter McGuire, founded the holiday.(一些记录显示，1882年，木匠和木匠兄弟会的秘书长、美国劳工联合会的联合创始人Peter J. McGuire建议为“劳动阶级的公共假日”留出一天。但许多人认为机械师马修·马奎尔，而不是彼得·麦奎尔，创立了这个节日。)”可知，人们对于谁建立了劳动节说法不一。故选A。
21．主旨大意题。由文章第三段“The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City, in accordance with the plans of the Central Labor Union. The Central Labor Union held its second Labor Day holiday just a year later, on September 5, 1883. By 1894, 23 more states had adopted the holiday, and on June 28, 1894, President Grover Cleveland signed a law making the first Monday in September of each year a national holiday.(根据中央工会的计划，第一个劳动节假期于1882年9月5日星期二在纽约市庆祝。中央工会在一年后的1883年9月5日举行了第二次劳动节假期。到1894年，又有23个州采纳了这一节日。1894年6月28日，格罗弗·克利夫兰总统签署了一项法律，将每年9月的第一个星期一定为全国性节日。)”可知，第三段从第一次建立劳动节开始，一直讲述到1894年官方确立劳动节，因此全段讲述了劳动节的发展历程。故选B。
22．词句猜测题。由文章第四段中“Many Americans celebrate Labor Day with parades (游行), picnics and parties (许多美国人以游行、野餐和聚会的方式来庆祝劳动节)”可知，破折号后的festivities是对此的进一步解释，故其在这里是“庆祝活动”的意思。A. Manners方式；B. Approaches方法；C. Rewards奖励；D. Celebrations庆典。故选D。
23．推理判断题。由文章最后两段“Speeches by important official men and women were introduced later, as more emphasis was placed upon the economic and civil significance of the holiday. Still later, by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909,the Sunday before Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to (致力于) the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement. American labor has raised the nation’s standard of living and contributed to the greatest production the world has ever known and the labor movement has brought us closer to the realization of our traditional ideals of economic and political democracy.(由于人们更加强调这个节日的经济和民间意义，后来又有重要的官员男女发表讲话。再后来，根据1909年美国劳工联合会会议的一项决议，劳动节之前的星期天被定为劳动星期日，并致力于劳工运动的精神和教育方面。美国劳工提高了国家的生活水平，为世界上最伟大的生产做出了贡献，工人运动使我们更接近实现我们传统的经济和政治民主理想。)”可知，最后两段讲述人们对劳动节的重视程度日益加深，劳动者在提高人们生活水平方面起到了重要作用，因此可以推断，作者在最后两段强调为劳动者建立节日是非常值得的。故C选项正确，其余选项并未提及。故选C。
24．D 25．A 26．C 27．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了亲生物设计理念和将这种理念融入建筑设计的好处。
24．细节理解题。根据第一段中的 “Although its name was coined in recent history, indicators of biophilic design have been seen in architecture from as far back as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.(尽管它的名字是在近代史上创造的，但早在巴比伦空中花园的建筑中就可以看到亲生物设计的标志。)”可知，亲生物设计这种理念历史悠久。故选D项。
25．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Biophilic design (亲生物设计) is a concept used within the building industry to increase people’s connection with the natural environment by using direct nature, indirect nature, space, and place conditions. (亲生物设计是建筑行业中使用的一个概念，通过使用直接的自然、间接的自然、空间和场所条件来增加人们与自然环境的联系。)”以及“Studies show that incorporating the natural environment into buildings can have a positive influence on physical and psychological well-being.(研究表明，将自然环境 建筑可以对身心健康产生积极影响。)”可知，incorporating表示“融入，保护在内”的意思。故选A项。
26．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“From an economic aspect, people are likely to spend more on houses that have views of nature; buyers are willing to spend 7% more on homes with excellent scenery, 58% more on houses that look toward water, and 127% more on those that are next to water.(从经济角度来看，人们可能会在有自然景观的房子上花费更多；购房者愿意在风景优美的房子上多花7%，在向水的房子上多花58%，在水边的房子上花127%。)”可知，作者通过列数据的方 法展现了人们对自然的偏爱。故选C项。
27．推理判断题。分析文章可知，第一段引出本文话题，是Introduction；第二段是Point 1，介绍亲生物设计对人们的身体和心理健康有好处；第三段是Sub-point 1，介绍亲生物设计对身体健康的影响；第四段是 Sub-point 2，介绍亲生物设计对心理健康的影响；第五段是Point 2，从经济角度说明人们对自然景观的喜爱；第六段总结上文，是Conclusion。故选B项。
28．A 29．D 30．C 31．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是绿茶在欧美日益流行，可在十八世纪绿茶却被看成是超级毒药，本文解释了原因。
28．词句猜测题。根据第二段“For most of the 19th century, there was less concern about the dangers of taking drugs than there was about the negative side effects of drinking green tea(在19世纪的大部分时间里，人们对服用药物的危害的担忧要少于对饮用绿茶的负面影响的担忧)”和“Readers of Victorian journalism were used to seeing reports that green tea led to horrible illnesses.(维多利亚时代的新闻读者已经习惯了看到绿茶导致可怕疾病的报道)”可推断，在维多利亚时代，绿茶被认为是有毒的，因此划线词“super-toxic”指的是“危险的毒药”，和A选项“A dangerous poison(危险的毒药)”意思相近。故选A。
29．细节理解题。根据第三段“But the real problem with green tea was that dishonest businessmen added the leaves of other plants to the tea leaves in order to increase the weight.(但绿茶的真正问题在于，不诚实的商人在茶叶中加入了其他植物的叶子，以增加茶叶的重量)”可知，无良商人掺假才是人们放弃绿茶的根本原因。故选D。
30．推理判断题。根据第四段“In the paper, Dr. George Sigmond studied the positive and negative effects of tea. While stating that green tea had medical benefits and was a great improvement on alcohol, he warned against overuse.(在这篇论文中，George Sigmond博士研究了茶的积极和消极影响。虽然他说绿茶有医疗功效，而且对酒精有很大的改善作用，但他警告不要过度饮用)”可知，该研究既涉及饮绿茶的好处，也提示了暴饮可能带来的问题。由此推知，George Sigmond博士的论文是客观、公正的。故选C。
31．推理判断题。根据第一段“Sales of green tea are rising in the US and the UK, driven largely by evidence of the health benefits. So it’s funny that a little over a century ago, this so-called super-food was considered as super-toxic.(绿茶在美国和英国的销量正在上升，主要是因为有证据表明绿茶有益健康。有趣的是，一个多世纪以前，这种所谓的超级食物被认为是超级有毒的)”及最后一段“Of course, this toxic of the Victorian sitting room has now had its reputation firmly restored. Science has shown that green tea has been linked to health benefits like lower risk of stroke and some kinds of cancer.(当然，维多利亚时代客厅里的这种有毒物质现在已经恢复了它的名声。科学表明，绿茶对健康有益，比如降低中风和某些癌症的风险)”可推知，本文主要是解释人们在过去两个多世纪里对绿茶的偏好变化的原因。故选B。
32．A 33．B 34．D 35．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了今年秋季入学后，纽约市的中小学将正式改变传统的阅读整本书的教学方法，转而选读个别章节，其主要原因是考试导向。
32．推理判断题。根据第二段的“While it may sound alarming for the public in New York City, the shift to excerpts has been going on for more than twenty years since the Big Standardized Test was adopted as a means of measuring student achievement in reading. (虽然这对纽约市的公众来说可能听起来令人担忧，但自从大标准化考试被采用作为衡量学生阅读成绩的一种手段以来，向节选的转变已经持续了20多年。)”可知，政策的转变已经持续了20多年，因此作者对这个政策并不感到惊讶。故选A。
33．细节理解题，根据第三段的“Of course, to dig in and reflect on the ideas contained in a whole book and to discuss with fellow readers should be a major part of every student’s education.(当然，深入研究和反思整本书所包含的思想，并与其他读者讨论，应该是每个学生教育的重要组成部分。)”可知，作者希望学生们能通读整本书，并和同学深入交流。故选B。
34．词句猜测题。根据第四段的“If the test is already set, the best way to prepare for it is with a battery of activities that most closely look like the test itself. And so as the Big Standardized Tests have spread (如果考试已经定下来了，最好的准备方法就是安排一系列最接近考试本身的活动。因此，随着大型标准化考试的普及)”可知，出版商为了满足学生的考试需求，会推出各种各样的指导练习册，即学生有需求，书商就会大量出版，因此cranked out与produced同义。故选D。
35．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“But as long as major testing pushes a quick reaction to context-free excerpts, schools will abandon the reflective, cooperative, thoughtful deep dive into a complete book sooner or later. (但是，只要主要考试推动学生对与上下文无关的节选做出快速反应，学校迟早会放弃对整本书进行反思、合作和深思熟虑的深入研究。)”可知，学校转向章节阅读的主要原因还是考试导向。故选C。
36．A 37．B 38．C 39．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。全文说明肢体语言在我们生活中的作用。
36．细节理解题。从第一段“These actions can strengthen the verbal (口头的) messages you’re sending or it can lead to mistrust or confusion — signs of poor communication and misunderstanding.(这些行为可能会强化你发送的口头信息，也可能导致不信任或困惑——沟通不畅和误解的迹象。)”可知，如果肢体语言与我们语言不一致，就有可能传递不信任或者困惑的信息。故选A项。
37．推理判断题。从第二段“Some nonverbal signs unintentionally communicate parts of ourselve that we don’t want others to know. (一些非语言符号无意中传达了我们自己不想让别人知道的部分。)”可以推断出，作者举例说明有些非语言性的符号能展现我们真实的一面。故选B项。
38．推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段“When you’re speaking sincerely, it’s natural for your body language to respond to your words through gestures or facial expressions. We also use gestures in conversations to tell stories or describe objects, often using hand signals to show how big or small something is. These are largely unconscious, naturally occurring forms of body language.(当你真诚地说话时，你的肢体语言会通过手势或面部表情来回应你的话，这是很自然的。我们在谈话中也会用手势来讲故事或描述物体，通常用手势来显示物体的大小。这些大多是无意识的、自然发生的肢体语言。)”以及下段“It can be difficult to communicate confidence in your actions when you may not feel it internally. When you display confident body language, such as good posture or eye-contact, even if you’re making a conscious effort, studies have shown that it can lead to feeling more confident. When speaking to others, practice controlling impulses to fidget and planting your feet confidently to increase self-esteem.(当你可能没有内在感觉时，很难对自己的行为表达信心。研究表明，当你表现出自信的肢体语言时，比如良好的姿势或眼神交流，即使你在有意识地努力，也会让你感到更加自信。在与他人交谈时，练习控制烦躁的冲动，自信地站稳脚跟，以增强自尊。)”可知，作者讲述的合适的肢体语言能让我们展现自信的一面可推断，合适的身体语言能在自信中帮助我们。故选C项。
39．主旨大意题。由文章第一段“Body language is an essential part of communication and can be just as important as our spoken language exchanges. Body language can be both conscious or unconscious actions, so it is important to make sure your body is sending the same messages as your words to ensure good communication. These actions can strengthen the verbal (口头的) messages you’re sending or it can lead to mistrust or confusion — signs of poor communication and misunderstanding.(肢体语言是交际的重要组成部分，与口语交流同样重要。肢体语言可以是有意识的，也可以是无意识的，所以确保你的身体发出的信息与你的言语相同，以确保良好的沟通是很重要的。这些行为可能会强化你发送的口头信息，也可能导致不信任或困惑——沟通不畅和误解的迹象。)”以及下文可知，文章讲述了身体语言在帮助我们沟通上的作用。所以D项Helping Communicate with Body Language(用肢体语言帮助沟通)符合语境。故选D项。