定语从句考点聚焦和精讲
1. 定语从句的定义：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2. 定语从句的先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间状语，地点状语，原因状语。
3. 定语从句的关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；
关系副词有where, when, why等。
关系词常有3个作用：1. 引导定语从句。2. 代替先行词。3. 在定语从句中担当一个成分。
4. 定语从句的结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。
5. 关系代词引导的定语从句
（1）who指人，在从句中做主语。
The woman who visited our factory yesterday is an Australian friend. 昨天参观我们工厂的女士是一位澳大利亚朋友。
（2）whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
【注意】关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
1.This is the student who I met yesterday. 这是我昨天见到的那个学生。
2.Who’s that man (whom) you just talked to 刚才与你谈话的那个男人是谁？
3.The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚遇见的那个人是我的朋友。
（3）which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
1.The shoe shop is a shop which sells shoes. 鞋店是销售鞋的商店。
2.The book (which) I read last night was wonderful. 我昨晚看的那本书很精彩。
（4）that指人时，相当于who 或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
1.She is one of the students that works very hard. 她是最用功的学生中的一个。
2.A library is a place that people like very much. 图书馆是一个人们非常喜欢的地方。
（5）whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
【注意】whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替。
1.This is our classmate, Mary, whose home is not far from our school. 这是我们的同学玛丽，她的家离我们学校不远。
2.He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸是医生的朋友。
3.I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在一幢屋顶已倒塌的房子。
4.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow 你喜欢那本封面是黄色的书？
=Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow 你喜欢那本封面是黄色的书？
5.The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. 门坏了的那个教室将很快修复。
=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. 门坏了的那个教室将很快修复。
（6）介词+关系代词引导的定语从句：关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导。
① 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等。
② 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能
用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose。
1.This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) // This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) // The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) // The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
7. 关系副词引导的定语从句
（1）when引导的定语从句其先行词往往是表示时间的名词，在句中作状语。关系副词when引导的定语从句也可以转换为“介词+which”引导的定语从句。
【注意】若定语从句的先行词是时间，但定语从句缺主语或宾语，则用which或that引导定语从句。
1.I still remember the day when (on which ) I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得来北京的第一天。
2.I still remember the time when (during which ) I lived in the countryside. 我还记得我住在乡下的时候。
3.I’ll never forget the time that/which I spent on campus. 我决不会忘记我在校园中度过的日子。
4.I’ll never forget the time that/which was spent with you. 我永远不会忘记你在一起的时光。
（2）where引导的定语从句其先行词往往是表示地点的名词，在句中作状语。关系副词where引导的定语从句可以转换为“介词+which”引导的定语从句。
【注意】若定语从句的先行词是地点，但定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句，而不用where来引导。
1.Shanghai is the city where (in which) I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
2.The hotel where (at which) we stayed wasn’t clean. 我们住的那个旅馆不干净。
3.This is the house where (in which) I lived two years ago. 这就是我两年前住的房子。
4.The library that/which you visited yesterday was built in 1990. 你昨天参观的图书馆建于1990年。
（3）why引导的定语从句其先行词往往是表示原因的名词（excuse ; explanation; reason），在句中作状语。关系副词why引导的定语从句可以转换为“for +which ”引导的定语从句。
【注意】若定语从句的先行词是reason，但定语从句缺主语或宾语，则用which或that引导定语从句。
1.I know the reason why (=for which) he came late. 我知道他来晚的原因。
2.We can’t accept the excuse why (=for which) you were absent. 我们不能接受你缺席的借口。
3.This is the explanation why (=for which) they put off the meeting. 这就是他们推迟会议的解释。
4.The reason that/which she gave was not true. 她给的原因不是真的。
8. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词、关系副词或that来引导。
非限制性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。
（1）限制性定语从句举例：
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我汤姆是我唯一可以依靠的人。
（2）非限制性定语从句举例：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 成立于1949的中国，正变得越来越强大。
要注意区分以下句子的不同：
His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）
His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）
9. 限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况
① 先行词为不定代词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing 等。
② 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。
③ 先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等不定代词修饰时。
④ 先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时。
⑤ 当主句是以who或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句用that 引导。
⑥ 先行词既有人又有物时。
⑦ time作先行词，前面如果有序数词或 last 修饰时，定语从句用 that 来引导或省略；如果没有序数词或 last 修饰时，既可用 when 也可用that来引导。
1.All that he said is true. 他所说的都是真的。
2.All (that) you have to do is to practice every day. 你要做的就是每天都要练习。
3.The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten. 我将永远不会忘记我上的第一堂课。
4.This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的一部电影。
5.I have read all the books (that) you gave me. 我已经读完了你给我的所有的书。
6.The white flower is the only one that I really like. 这朵白花是我唯一真正喜欢的。
7.This is the very book that I want to read. 这就是我要看的那本书。
8.This is the same skirt that I want to buy. (同一条裙子) 这就是我想买的那条裙子。
9.This is the only book (that) I have read this year. 这是我今年读过的唯一的一本书。
10.Who is the man that is standing there 站在那儿的那个人是谁？
11.Which of us that knows something about physics doesn't know this 在我们懂点物理的人当中有谁不知道这个？
12.We talked about the persons and things that we could remember. 我们谈论了我们所能记得的人和事。
13.This is the last time (that) I shall give you a lesson. 这是我最后一次给你们上课了。
14.The first time (that) I saw him was in 2002. 我第一次见到他是在2002年。
15.There isn’t much (that) I can do. 我能做的不多。
10. 下列情况只能用 which：
①关系代词作介词的宾语时，用“介词＋which”结构。②引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用which。
1.This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍了。
2.This is the book for which you ask. 这是你要的那本书。
题组1填空题
1.It is the same with our lives. Those choose to live in peace must help their neighbors to live in peace.
答案 who 设空处所在句含有定语从句,先行词为“Those”,指代人,故关系代词用“who”。从后一句“Those who choose”也可知答案。
2.“Anyone has heard about Seattle’s train may think this is kind of fun,”McKaulay said.
答案 who 句意:“任何听说过西雅图火车的人可能认为这有点好玩。”McKaulay说道。由句子结构可判断出此处引导定语从句,先行词为anyone,故填关系代词who。
3.Theaters may have a brighter future if they can provide a movie experience people cannot get at home.
答案 that/which 句意:电影院可能会有一个更光明的未来,如果它们能提供给人们一种在家里无法获得的电影经历。本题考查定语从句。当先行词是表示事物的名词时,关系代词用that 或 which。
4.Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years. Everything comes into sight is so new to me.
答案 that 句意:在过去的10年里我们的城市发生了巨大的变化。对我来说,出现在我眼前的一切都是那么新。本题考查定语从句。由先行词Everything可知关系代词只能使用that。
5.—Why don’t you like fishing
—Fishing is a hobby needs much patience,but I’m not patient at all.
答案 that/which 句意:——你为什么不喜欢钓鱼 ——钓鱼是一项需要许多耐心的爱好,但是我一点耐心都没有。本题考查定语从句。先行词hobby(爱好)指事物,关系代词应用that或which。
6.Running Man is a very relaxing TV program is hot among the young people.
答案 that/which 句意:《奔跑吧兄弟》是一个十分令人放松而且在年轻人中很受欢迎的电视节目。本题考查定语从句。由先行词program可知关系代词应用that/which。
题组2单项选择
1.Not all children watch this video will become a scientist, but some may become interested in science.
A.whom B.which C.who D.whose
答案 C 句意:并不是所有看过这段视频的孩子都会成为科学家,但有些人可能会对科学产生兴趣。本题考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句,先行词为children, 指人,且关系词在从句中充当主语,故选C。
2.Anyone who is a server or has been one knows that customers always come first.
A.whom B.what C.who D.which
答案 C 句意:任何一名服务员或做过服务员的都知道顾客总是第一位的。本题考查定语从句。or是并列连词,连接两个定语从句, who is a server是定语从句,先行词是 Anyone,所以or后面的定语从句的先行词也是 Anyone,在从句中作主语,所以答案选C。
3.—Class, you should be thankful to those people helped and supported you.
—We will, Miss Chen.
A.which B.whom C.who D.whose
答案 C 句意:——同学们,你们应该感谢那些帮助过和支持过你们的人。——我们会的,陈老师。本题考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词为people,指人,关系词在定语从句中作主语,故选择C。
4.I hate the dogs live in the next house. They make loud noises all night.
A.who B.that C.what D.whom
答案 B 句意:我讨厌生活在隔壁的狗。它们整夜都在制造很大的噪音。本题考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词dogs,关系代词用that或which,故选B项。
5.—Do you like the weekly talk show, The Reader, on CCTV
—Sure. It’s a great TV programme brings the habit of reading back into the public.
A.who B.that C.what
答案 B 句意:——你喜欢中央电视台每周的脱口秀《朗读者》吗 ——当然,它是一个很好的电视节目,它把朗读的习惯带回给大众。本题考查定语从句。先行词为TV programme,关系词在从句中作主语,故选择B。
6.She often parks her car near the house she can easily get to.
A.where B.who C.which D.what
答案 C 句意:她经常把车停到她能容易到达的房子附近。本题考查定语从句,which指代物,在从句中作宾语。故选C项。
题组3
1．（2023·湖北十堰·统考中考真题）I will remember the important people ________ helped and supported me in my life.
A．which B．whose C．whom D．who
【答案】D
【详解】句意：我将记住在我的生活中帮助和支持我的重要的人。
考查定语从句。which哪一个；whose谁的；whom谁；who谁。分析句子结构可知，此处是定语从句，先行词people是指人，在从句中作主语，用关系词who引导定语从句，故选D。
2．（2023·四川遂宁·中考真题）Miss Xiang is a great teacher _________always makes her classes lively and fascinating.
A．which B．who C．what D．whom
【答案】B
【详解】句意：向老师是一位优秀的老师，她总是使她的课生动有趣。
考查who引导的限制性定语从句。which（……的）那个；who谁；what什么；whom谁，who的宾格。分析句子结构，这是一个包含定语从句的复合句，先行词为a great teacher，因此空白处应填入指人的关系代词，在定语从句中作主语指人应用who来引导定语从句。故选B。
3．（2023·新疆·中考真题）Lots of Chinese young people ___________ were born after 1995 use door-to-door cooking to save time.
A．that B．those C．which D．/
【答案】A
【详解】句意：为了节省时间，很多95后的中国年轻人都采用上门做饭的方式。
考查定语从句引导词。that引导定语从句时，先行词是人/物，在句中作主语或宾语；those那些，指示代词；which引导定语从句时，先行词是物，在句中作主语或宾语；/不填。空后“...were born after 1995”在句中作定语修饰名词，先行词Chinese young people，指人，且空处在句中作主语，所以用who引导，故选A。
4．（2023·吉林·统考中考真题）The students are reading books ________ are full of the “red spirit” these days.
A．who B．where C．which
【答案】C
【详解】句意：这些天，学生们正在读充满“红色精神”的书。
考查定语从句。who谁；where哪儿；which哪个。本句含定语从句，先行词books指物，引导词在从句中作主语，故选C。
83．（2023·黑龙江·统考中考真题）— What can we do for the left-home children ________ need help
— We could help them with their study online on weekends.
A．which B．who C．whom
【答案】B
【详解】句意：——我们能为需要帮助的留守儿童做些什么？——我们可以在周末帮助他们在线学习。
考查定语从句。which先行词指物；who先行词指人，在从句中作主语；whom先行词指人，在从句中作宾语。本句先行词是the left-home children，指人，且空格处在从句中作主语，故用who引导定语从句。故选B。
5．（2023·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题）Mrs. Wang is an English teacher ________ makes her class lively.
A．which B．whose C．who
【答案】C
【详解】句意：王老师是一位英语老师，她使她的课堂生动活泼。
考查定语从句。句子含定语从句，先行词是teacher，指人，从句缺主语，用关系代词who引导从句。故选C。
6．（2023·四川乐山·统考中考真题）Guo Moruo is a famous Chinese writer ________ is popular around the world.
A．which B．whom C．who
【答案】C
【详解】句意：郭沫若是一位著名的中国作家，在世界各地都很受欢迎。
考查定语从句。which指物，从句作主语，宾语；whom指人，从句作宾语；who指人，从句中作主语，宾语。根据语义及句子结构可知，前后为两个句子，且空后句子为定语从句，修饰先行词writer“作家”，指人，且在定语从句中充当主语，用关系词who。故选C。
7．（2023·湖南株洲·统考中考真题）Today’s China is a country ________ keeps to this national character.
A．what B．who C．that
【答案】C
【详解】句意：今天的中国是一个保持这种民族性的国家。
考查定语从句。此处是定语从句，先行词是“a country”，指物，引导词在从句中作主语，故选C。
8．（2023·湖南郴州·统考中考真题）Tea is the leaf of a plant ________ grows widely in China, Japan and other countries.
A．what B．who C．that
【答案】C
【详解】句意：茶是一种广泛生长在中国、日本和其他国家的植物的叶子。
考查定语从句。分析题干可知，这是一个定语从句，先行词“a plant”为物，空处在定语从句中作主语，应用that/which引导，故选C。
题组4语法选择
One day, 14-year-old Wen Jiayi posted a photo on QQ 1 she took when she graduated (毕业) from primary school. However, one of her classmates wrote “You're so ugly” and “Idiot” under the photo. Wen was shocked 2 didn't know how to reply.
This is a typical example of cyber bullying (网络欺凌), 3 refers to sending, posting, or sharing negative (消极的) contents about someone else online. Lots of kids these days have experienced some form of cyber bullying. According to a recent survey by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (中国社会科学院), there are nearly 30 percent of teenagers in China 4 have been bullied online. The most common form of cyber bullying is the use of abusive (辱骂的) language, such as calling somebody's names or saying rude things about them.
Nearly 70 percent of cyber bullying happens through social media, similar to 5 Wen experienced. Other kinds of bullying happen in online communities and on video and news sites. This is familiar to Sun Zhenyao, 14, 6 studies in Hefei No. 50 Middle School in Anhui. 7 he comments (评论) on news articles, he sometimes receives rude messages from strangers. “It comes out of nowhere and drives me crazy,” Sun said. He adds the bullies to his blacklist and reports them to the sites he posts on.
“However, most victims don't take this kind of action. About 60 percent of cyber bullying victims stay silent,” experts say. But 8 you receive threatening (威胁性的) messages, you should ask your parents or teachers for help. Cyber bullying can be a real threat. “I think 9 it's as harmful as physical bullying. It does harm to our mental health, 10 is hard to deal with,” Wen said.
1.A.what B.that C.when D.who
2.A.and B.but C.or D.so
3.A.that B.what C.which D.where
4.A.which B.who C.whom D.whose
5.A.that B.which C.what D.who
6.A.which B.who C.whom D.whose
7.A.If B.Though C.When D.Before
8.A.if B.unless C.because D.until
9.A.whether B.why C.when D.that
10.A.where B.what C.which D.that
本文介绍了“网络欺凌”这一现象。
1.B 本题考查定语从句。先行词a photo 指物,且关系词在定语从句中作宾语,所以关系词用that/which, 故选B。
2.A 本题考查连词。根据语境可知,设空处前后是并列关系,故选A。
3.C 本题考查非限制性定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代先行词cyber bullying,故选C。
4.B 本题考查定语从句。先行词teenagers指人,且关系词在定语从句中作主语,因此要用关系代词who/that。故选B。
5.C 本题考查宾语从句。what在从句中充当experienced的宾语。故选C。
6.B 本题考查定语从句。先行词Sun Zhenyao指人,且关系词在非限制性定语从句中作主语,因此要用关系代词who。故选B。
7.C 本题考查状语从句。When在本句中引导时间状语从句。故选C。
8.A 本题考查状语从句。if 在本句中引导条件状语从句。故选A。
9.D 本题考查宾语从句。设空处引导宾语从句,从句意义完整,且不缺成分,故应用只有连接作用而没有词汇意义的that。
10.C 本题考查非限制性定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句指代前面的mental health。故选C。
题组5 短文填空
During the Jin Dynasty (266—420), there was a child 1 name was Che Yin. He was smart and loved to read. He grew up in a poor family 2 couldn't afford lamp oil (灯油) to study at night.
One night, he saw fireflies (萤火虫) outside his house and came up with an idea. He caught some fireflies in a bag 3 he hung up as a lamp. It is said 4 he spent all of his summer nights reading like this.
Another child named Sun Kang also loved reading. One night during winter, Sun used up all of his lamp oil and couldn't study at night. 5 he woke up at midnight, he saw the snow reflecting (反射) the moonlight outside his house. “Oh, I can use the reflected light to read!” he thought. He took out his books and read, 6 he was cold.
Both of these kids later became successful government officials (官员). People were touched by their hardworking spirit and turned their stories into the Chinese idiom (成语) nangying yingxue.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
本文属于国学经典,文章讲述了“囊萤映雪”这个成语的来历。
1.whose 本题考查定语从句的引导词。在本句中,先行词和从句的主语name是所属关系,故填whose。
2.and 根据语境可知,应填and。
3.that/which 本题考查定语从句。在本句中,先行词a bag 为物,故关系词应填that/which。
4.that 本题考查主语从句。It is said that...据说。 It是形式主语,that引导的从句为真正的主语,故填that。
5.When 本题考查时间状语从句。根据语境可知,此处应填When表示“当他半夜醒来时”。句首单词首字母大写。
6.though/although 本题考查让步状语从句。根据语境可知,填though/although表让步。
1定语从句考点聚焦和精讲
1. 定语从句的定义：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2. 定语从句的先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间状语，地点状语，原因状语。
3. 定语从句的关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；
关系副词有where, when, why等。
关系词常有3个作用：1. 引导定语从句。2. 代替先行词。3. 在定语从句中担当一个成分。
4. 定语从句的结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。
5. 关系代词引导的定语从句
（1）who指人，在从句中做主语。
The woman visited our factory yesterday is an Australian friend. 昨天参观我们工厂的女士是一位澳大利亚朋友。
（2）whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
【注意】关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
1.This is the student I met yesterday. 这是我昨天见到的那个学生。
2.Who’s that man you just talked to 刚才与你谈话的那个男人是谁？
3.The man you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚遇见的那个人是我的朋友。
（3）which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
1.The shoe shop is a shop sells shoes. 鞋店是销售鞋的商店。
2.The book I read last night was wonderful. 我昨晚看的那本书很精彩。
（4）that指人时，相当于who 或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
1.She is one of the students works very hard. 她是最用功的学生中的一个。
2.A library is a place people like very much. 图书馆是一个人们非常喜欢的地方。
（5）whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
【注意】whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替。
1.This is our classmate, Mary, home is not far from our school. 这是我们的同学玛丽，她的家离我们学校不远。
2.He has a friend father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸是医生的朋友。
3.I once lived in a house roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在一幢屋顶已倒塌的房子。
4.Do you like the book cover is yellow 你喜欢那本封面是黄色的书？
=Do you like the book the cover is yellow 你喜欢那本封面是黄色的书？
5.The classroom door is broken will soon be repaired. 门坏了的那个教室将很快修复。
=The classroom the door is broken will soon be repaired. 门坏了的那个教室将很快修复。
（6）介词+关系代词引导的定语从句：关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导。
① 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等。
② 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能
用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose。
1.This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) // This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) // The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) // The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
7. 关系副词引导的定语从句
（1）when引导的定语从句其先行词往往是表示时间的名词，在句中作状语。关系副词when引导的定语从句也可以转换为“介词+which”引导的定语从句。
【注意】若定语从句的先行词是时间，但定语从句缺主语或宾语，则用which或that引导定语从句。
1.I still remember the day I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得来北京的第一天。
2.I still remember the time I lived in the countryside. 我还记得我住在乡下的时候。
3.I’ll never forget the time I spent on campus. 我决不会忘记我在校园中度过的日子。
4.I’ll never forget the time was spent with you. 我永远不会忘记你在一起的时光。
（2）where引导的定语从句其先行词往往是表示地点的名词，在句中作状语。关系副词where引导的定语从句可以转换为“介词+which”引导的定语从句。
【注意】若定语从句的先行词是地点，但定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句，而不用where来引导。
1.Shanghai is the city I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
2.The hotel we stayed wasn’t clean. 我们住的那个旅馆不干净。
3.This is the house I lived two years ago. 这就是我两年前住的房子。
4.The library you visited yesterday was built in 1990. 你昨天参观的图书馆建于1990年。
（3）why引导的定语从句其先行词往往是表示原因的名词（excuse ; explanation; reason），在句中作状语。关系副词why引导的定语从句可以转换为“for +which ”引导的定语从句。
【注意】若定语从句的先行词是reason，但定语从句缺主语或宾语，则用which或that引导定语从句。
1.I know the reason he came late. 我知道他来晚的原因。
2.We can’t accept the excuse you were absent. 我们不能接受你缺席的借口。
3.This is the explanation they put off the meeting. 这就是他们推迟会议的解释。
4.The reason she gave was not true. 她给的原因不是真的。
8. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词、关系副词或that来引导。
非限制性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。
（1）限制性定语从句举例：
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我汤姆是我唯一可以依靠的人。
（2）非限制性定语从句举例：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 成立于1949的中国，正变得越来越强大。
要注意区分以下句子的不同：
His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）
His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）
9. 限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况
① 先行词为不定代词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing 等。
② 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。
③ 先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等不定代词修饰时。
④ 先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时。
⑤ 当主句是以who或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句用that 引导。
⑥ 先行词既有人又有物时。
⑦ time作先行词，前面如果有序数词或 last 修饰时，定语从句用 that 来引导或省略；如果没有序数词或 last 修饰时，既可用 when 也可用that来引导。
1.All he said is true. 他所说的都是真的。
2.All you have to do is to practice every day. 你要做的就是每天都要练习。
3.The first lesson I learned will never be forgotten. 我将永远不会忘记我上的第一堂课。
4.This is the best film I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的一部电影。
5.I have read all the books you gave me. 我已经读完了你给我的所有的书。
6.The white flower is the only one I really like. 这朵白花是我唯一真正喜欢的。
7.This is the very book I want to read. 这就是我要看的那本书。
8.This is the same skirt I want to buy. (同一条裙子) 这就是我想买的那条裙子。
9.This is the only book I have read this year. 这是我今年读过的唯一的一本书。
10.Who is the man is standing there 站在那儿的那个人是谁？
11.Which of us knows something about physics doesn't know this 在我们懂点物理的人当中有谁不知道这个？
12.We talked about the persons and things we could remember. 我们谈论了我们所能记得的人和事。
13.This is the last time I shall give you a lesson. 这是我最后一次给你们上课了。
14.The first time I saw him was in 2002. 我第一次见到他是在2002年。
15.There isn’t much I can do. 我能做的不多。
10. 下列情况只能用 which：
①关系代词作介词的宾语时，用“介词＋which”结构。②引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用which。
1.This novel, I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍了。
2.This is the book you ask. 这是你要的那本书。
题组1填空题
1.It is the same with our lives. Those choose to live in peace must help their neighbors to live in peace.
2.“Anyone has heard about Seattle’s train may think this is kind of fun,”McKaulay said.
3.Theaters may have a brighter future if they can provide a movie experience people cannot get at home.
4.Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years. Everything comes into sight is so new to me.
5.—Why don’t you like fishing
—Fishing is a hobby needs much patience,but I’m not patient at all.
6.Running Man is a very relaxing TV program is hot among the young people.
题组2单项选择
1.Not all children watch this video will become a scientist, but some may become interested in science.
A.whom B.which C.who D.whose
2.Anyone who is a server or has been one knows that customers always come first.
A.whom B.what C.who D.which
3.—Class, you should be thankful to those people helped and supported you.
—We will, Miss Chen.
A.which B.whom C.who D.whose
4.I hate the dogs live in the next house. They make loud noises all night.
A.who B.that C.what D.whom
5.—Do you like the weekly talk show, The Reader, on CCTV
—Sure. It’s a great TV programme brings the habit of reading back into the public.
A.who B.that C.what
6.She often parks her car near the house she can easily get to.
A.where B.who C.which D.what
题组3
1．（2023·湖北十堰·统考中考真题）I will remember the important people ________ helped and supported me in my life.
A．which B．whose C．whom D．who
2．（2023·四川遂宁·中考真题）Miss Xiang is a great teacher _________always makes her classes lively and fascinating.
A．which B．who C．what D．whom
3．（2023·新疆·中考真题）Lots of Chinese young people ___________ were born after 1995 use door-to-door cooking to save time.
A．that B．those C．which D．/
4．（2023·吉林·统考中考真题）The students are reading books ________ are full of the “red spirit” these days.
A．who B．where C．which
83．（2023·黑龙江·统考中考真题）— What can we do for the left-home children ________ need help
— We could help them with their study online on weekends.
A．which B．who C．whom
5．（2023·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题）Mrs. Wang is an English teacher ________ makes her class lively.
A．which B．whose C．who
6．（2023·四川乐山·统考中考真题）Guo Moruo is a famous Chinese writer ________ is popular around the world.
A．which B．whom C．who
7．（2023·湖南株洲·统考中考真题）Today’s China is a country ________ keeps to this national character.
A．what B．who C．that
8．（2023·湖南郴州·统考中考真题）Tea is the leaf of a plant ________ grows widely in China, Japan and other countries.
A．what B．who C．that
题组4语法选择
One day, 14-year-old Wen Jiayi posted a photo on QQ 1 she took when she graduated (毕业) from primary school. However, one of her classmates wrote “You're so ugly” and “Idiot” under the photo. Wen was shocked 2 didn't know how to reply.
This is a typical example of cyber bullying (网络欺凌), 3 refers to sending, posting, or sharing negative (消极的) contents about someone else online. Lots of kids these days have experienced some form of cyber bullying. According to a recent survey by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (中国社会科学院), there are nearly 30 percent of teenagers in China 4 have been bullied online. The most common form of cyber bullying is the use of abusive (辱骂的) language, such as calling somebody's names or saying rude things about them.
Nearly 70 percent of cyber bullying happens through social media, similar to 5 Wen experienced. Other kinds of bullying happen in online communities and on video and news sites. This is familiar to Sun Zhenyao, 14, 6 studies in Hefei No. 50 Middle School in Anhui. 7 he comments (评论) on news articles, he sometimes receives rude messages from strangers. “It comes out of nowhere and drives me crazy,” Sun said. He adds the bullies to his blacklist and reports them to the sites he posts on.
“However, most victims don't take this kind of action. About 60 percent of cyber bullying victims stay silent,” experts say. But 8 you receive threatening (威胁性的) messages, you should ask your parents or teachers for help. Cyber bullying can be a real threat. “I think 9 it's as harmful as physical bullying. It does harm to our mental health, 10 is hard to deal with,” Wen said.
1.A.what B.that C.when D.who
2.A.and B.but C.or D.so
3.A.that B.what C.which D.where
4.A.which B.who C.whom D.whose
5.A.that B.which C.what D.who
6.A.which B.who C.whom D.whose
7.A.If B.Though C.When D.Before
8.A.if B.unless C.because D.until
9.A.whether B.why C.when D.that
10.A.where B.what C.which D.that
题组5 短文填空
During the Jin Dynasty (266—420), there was a child 1 name was Che Yin. He was smart and loved to read. He grew up in a poor family 2 couldn't afford lamp oil (灯油) to study at night.
One night, he saw fireflies (萤火虫) outside his house and came up with an idea. He caught some fireflies in a bag 3 he hung up as a lamp. It is said 4 he spent all of his summer nights reading like this.
Another child named Sun Kang also loved reading. One night during winter, Sun used up all of his lamp oil and couldn't study at night. 5 he woke up at midnight, he saw the snow reflecting (反射) the moonlight outside his house. “Oh, I can use the reflected light to read!” he thought. He took out his books and read, 6 he was cold.
Both of these kids later became successful government officials (官员). People were touched by their hardworking spirit and turned their stories into the Chinese idiom (成语) nangying yingxue.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
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