2024年新高考英语二轮复习 【培优小题狂练】
专题12阅读理解“猜测词义1”题（考情+技法+真题+模拟）解析版
【近年高考考情】
1.（2023 新高考I卷 C篇）29题
2.（2023 新高考II卷 C篇）30题
3.（2023 全国甲卷 B篇）24题
4.（2023 全国乙卷 B篇）24题
5.（2023 浙江1月卷 B篇）24题
6.（2023 浙江1月卷 B篇）29题
7.（2022 新高考I卷 C篇）30题
8.（2022 新高考II卷 C篇）30题
9.（2022 全国甲卷 B篇）28题
10.（2021 新高考I卷 C篇）30题
11.（2021 新高考II卷 C篇）30题
12.（2021 全国甲卷 B篇）29题
13.（2021 全国乙卷 B篇）25题
【解题实用技法】
一、设问方式
1. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
2. What does the underlined part in the last paragraph mean
二、实用妙招
在阅读理解中，通常通过信息指代类的题目考查考生对于上下文衔接关系以及文章基本结构的把握。信息指代类题目在高考英语中有两种:名词(短语)指代题和代词指代题。本专题我们就如何解答名词(短语)指代题进行相关技巧的点拨。
解答名词(短语)指代题时，可以按照如下步骤进行:
1.定位：返回原文，找出名词(短语)所在句;
2.代入：将四个选项代入该名词(短语)，看意思是否通顺;
3.匹配：联系上下文，读懂相关句子的含义，进一步分析四个选项，选出符合上下文语境的最佳答案。
二、思维导图
1.利用释义法猜词
在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。
考例1（2022 全国乙卷 C篇29题）
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
原文：That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
解析：“including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”对“maintenance”进行了解释，故推测maintenance是“维护，保养”的意思，C项inspection and repair与句中的inspect and repair对应。故选C。
2.利用构词法猜词
英语单词可以通过添加词缀、合成或转化的方式构成新词或生成新的词义。同学们要熟记一定数量的词根、前缀和后缀，从而达到通过“解剖”一个单词，对一个生词能够“望文生义”的效果。
考例2（2016 全国II卷 B篇27题）
27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？
A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden.
原文：Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.”
解析：downside是由“down（向下）+ side（方面）”构成的合成词，并且后文提到“作者冒着失去那些有不同思维风格的学生的风险”。因此，我们可以猜测该词的意思是“不足，缺点”，故选B项。
3.利用因果关系猜词
若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系，那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推知单词或短语的意义。因果关系的语境通常由because, so, thus, therefore, as a result of, so that, so/such...that...等标志词体现。
考例3（2019 全国II卷 B篇25题）
25. What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in Paragraph 2 mean？
A. Encourage team work. B. Appeal to feeling.
C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice.
原文：I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
【解析】由逻辑词“so”可知，此处可以借助因果逻辑关系猜测词义句意。画线部分的前一句提到“她可能需要有人劝说一下”，故“tug at the heartstrings”应该有“劝说”的意思。“appeal to feeling”意思是“打动某人，唤起某人的情感”，故选B项。
4.利用对比关系猜词
运用转折对比描述事物或现象是写作时常用的一种手法，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，抓住这些信号词，结合上下文意，我们就能够快速推测出词义。体现对比关系的词语很多，常见的有but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead of, on the other hand, rather than, on the contrary等。
考例4 （2020 新高考卷Ⅰ D篇33题）
33. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons. C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
原文：According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
解析：利用对比关系猜测词义。根据 “And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.”，研究表明，与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭) 相反，你真正需要避开的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根据“contrary to”可知，画线词与heavier people含义相反。
5.利用语境法解题
有些猜测词义句意题找不到以上标志或线索，我们可以利用上下文提供的语境进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义句意。
考例5（2022 新高考II卷，B篇24题）
24. What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in paragraph 2
A. Provided shelter for me. B. Became very clear to me.
C. Took the pressure off me. D. Worked quite well on me.
原文：We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don't even realize it's new. For them, it’s just normal.
This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children's book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures—a perfect match for his age.
解析：根据上下文语境可知，作者是记者，生活在一个讲故事的新时代，有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说，这很正常。而在春节假期，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上看书时，尤其清楚认识到了这一点。故画线词意思是“我很清楚”。故选B。
6.利用同义关系解题
画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时我们可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。常见的表示同义关系的词或短语有and, or, like, as well, similarly, too, also, either等。
考例6（2015 四川卷 D篇44题）
44. What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 5 mean？
A. Active at night. B. Inactive at night.
C. Active during the day. D. Inactive during the day.
原文：And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal.
解析：画线单词前一句说“不是只有知更鸟在人造光下会一直醒着”，而“also（也）”表明这一句与前面表达的意思相近，即“黑鹂和海鸥也更活跃”。“nocturnal”应该是“awake”的近义词，意为“夜间活跃的”，故选A项。
7.利用生活常识解题
在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。
考例7（2020 江苏卷 C篇61题）
61. The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “ _______ ”.
A. digest the meal easily B. manage without breakfast
C. decide wisely what to eat D. eat whatever is offered
原文：For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.
解析：此题考查“stomach”的生僻意思。根据生活常识可知，有的人锻炼前不吃早饭是受不了的，所以此处意为“如果可以忍受空腹的话，在吃早饭前去锻炼比吃过早餐后去锻炼好处更多”，故选B项。
【高考真题再练】
1.（2023 新高考I卷 C篇29题）
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
29.词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
2.（2023 新高考II卷 C篇30题）
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
30. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Understand. B. Paint.
C. Seize. D. Transform.
30.词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments (这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate to”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
3.（2023 全国甲卷 B篇24题）
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
24. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1
A. An artist. B. A winner. C. A specialist. D. A pioneer.
24.词句猜测题。根据文章第一段画线短语下文“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. (她擅长摆架子和拼接家具，从不付钱给别人做她自己能做的工作)”可推知，此处指Terri Boltonis是一位DIY高手。C项“A specialist (一位专业人员)”最接近画线短语“a dab hand”的意思。故选C。
4.（2023 全国乙卷 B篇24题）
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
34.词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文(加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
5.（2023 浙江1月卷 B篇24题）
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
24. What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph
A. Share an apartment with you. B. Join you in what you’re doing.
C. Transform your way of living. D. Help you to make the decision.
24.词句猜测题。根据划线部分前文“Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to(如果你想过一种更可持续的生活方式，可能不是你周围的每个人都准备好)”及第二段中的“I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.(在这个过程中，我学到了一些东西，我希望如果你在一个不总是支持你的家庭中尽最大努力去弄清楚如何做出改变，你会感到鼓舞)”可知，如果你想过一种更可持续的生活方式，可能不是你周围的每个人都准备好加入这一运动。由此推知，划线词组jump on that bandwagon与Join you in what you’re doing.(加入你正在做的事情)意思接近。故选B。
6.（2023 浙江1月卷 B篇29题）
Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.”
29. What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to
A. Arguments. B. Doubts. C. Errors. D. Differences.
29.词句猜测题。根据第二段的“Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.(尽管Project Debater很聪明，但它也有一些弱点。它从文档库和预先构建的参数中提取句子，并将它们串在一起。这可能会导致人类不会犯的错误。)”和“will no doubt be ironed out(毫无疑问会被解决)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“这样的错误会被纠正，被解决”，划线词wrinkles的意思是“错误”，和errors意思相近，故选C。
7.（2022 新高考I卷 C篇30题）
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
30. C。词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“one of the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。
8.（2022 新高考II卷 C篇30题）
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
30. D。词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior.”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。
9.（2022 全国甲卷 B篇28题）
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
28. A。词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前文“Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. (在她的职业舞蹈演员生涯中，她曾在英国巡演，但一直渴望进一步探索)”和“When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest,(当她不再跳舞，她的儿子们最终独立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和儿子们成家立业之后，她决定尝试有挑战性的事情。由此推知，划线词组take the plunge与try challenging things“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。故选A。
10.（2021 新高考I卷 C篇30题）
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph
A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
29．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.(美洲原住民明智地保护了这些宝贵的自然资源。不幸的是，仅仅几十年的探险家和定居者就decimate这些资源的大部分)”可知，前后句形成转折，前一句陈述美洲原住民保护这些宝贵的自然资源，所以后句表示探险家和定居者破坏了这些自然资源，推测划线单词表示“破坏”，与destroy同义。故选C。
11.（2021 新高考II卷 C篇30题）
As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they'd get up to mischief. We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.
25. What do the underlined words “get up to mischief” mean in paragraph 3
A. Behave badly. B. Lose their way. C. Sleep soundly. D. Miss their mom.
25.词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they'd ”（随着它们的活动越来越多，我们白天让它们在房子里自由活动，但当我们睡觉时，我们必须把它们关在一个大房间里，否则它们会）以及后文“We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.”（我们早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，让它看起来像个动物园。）可知，作者不得不把老虎们关在一个大房间里，否则它们就会调皮捣蛋，表现不好。早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，看起来像个动物园。故画线词意思是“表现不好”。故选A。
12.（2021 全国甲卷 B篇29题）
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing .I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam（横杆）, I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that's what mattered —landing tricks, being a good skater.
29. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean
A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! D. Don't worry!
29. B。词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. (那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼，因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义。
13.（2021 全国乙卷 B篇25题）
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones according to a survey (调查). Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Admit. B. Argue. C. Remember. D. Remark.
25. A。词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。
【名校好题强化】片段式
（23·24上·沈阳·期中）The researchers said, “The finding is not just useful for the world’s gardens, but also for farms growing vital crops like rice and wheat. Drought-resistant crops could help achieve sustainable food security, which is an issue affecting many parts of the world right now.” They added that ethanol was a useful and simple way to increase food production all over the world in times of drought. “The application of ethanol to plants would be a potent agricultural method to enhance drought resistance in different plants,” said Motoaki Seki, the study’s lead author. But, he warned that the ethanol needed to be used reasonably as higher concentration of ethanol prevented plants growing. Seki added, “We will soon begin testing ethanol on plants in real fields.”
1．What does the underlined word “potent” in the last paragraph mean
A．Effective. B．Basic. C．Fictional. D．Necessary.
1．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“They added that ethanol was a useful and simple way to increase food production all over the world in times of drought. (他们补充说，在干旱时期，乙醇是增加世界各地粮食产量的一种有用而简单的方法)”以及后文“agricultural method to enhance drought resistance in various plants (提高各种植物抗旱性的农业方法)”可推断，在干旱时期，乙醇是增加世界各地粮食产量的一种有用而简单的方法，所以将乙醇应用于植物将是一种有效的农业方法，可以增强各种植物的抗旱性。故画线词意思是“有效的”。故选A。
（23·24上·保定·期中）Despite these examples of decline, other interactions are increasing. Watching wildlife documentaries or interacting with wild animals in videogames is, for example, more common than a few years ago. “New ways of digitally interacting with nature have certainly emerged or increased in recent years,” says Dr Gladys Barragan-Jason. “But several former studies show that these vicarious interactions have a lesser effect on our sense of connection with nature than exposure to nature, such as visiting nature parks.”
2．What does the underlined word “vicarious” in the last paragraph mean
A．Positive. B．Novel. C．Indirect. D．Complex.
2．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“New ways of digitally interacting with nature have certainly emerged or increased in recent years(近年来，与大自然进行数字互动的新方式无疑已经出现或增加)”和划线单词所在句子“But several former studies show that these vicarious interactions have a lesser effect on our sense of connection with nature than exposure to nature, such as visiting nature parks.(但是一些以前的研究表明，这些vicarious互动对我们与自然的联系的影响要小于接触自然的影响，例如参观自然公园。)”可知，我们参观自然，这是与自然的直接互动，这种互动对自然的影响要大于与大自然进行数字互动的新方式，因为与大自然进行数字互动的新方式是间接接触自然，并不是直接接触自然，由此可知，划线单词vicarious意为“间接的”，与C项“Indirect.(间接的)”意思一致，其他选项A. Positive.积极的；B. Novel.新颖的；D. Complex复杂的。均不符合语境，故选C。
（22·23上·济宁·期中）Many of the world’s aquifers already seem to be drying up. Twenty-one of the earth’s 37 biggest aquifers are becoming smaller, satellite data show. The most dried-out aquifers are near big cities, farms, or dry regions. As groundwater stores dwindle, they hold less water to refill rivers and streams, thus threatening freshwater ecosystems. In California, drying up the ground may even be causing small earthquakes.
3．What does the underlined word “dwindle” in the last paragraph mean
A．Decrease. B．Develop. C．Form. D．Cross.
3．词义猜测题。根据划线单词后的“they hold less water to refill rivers and streams, thus threatening freshwater ecosystems. (它们能补充河流和溪流的水也越来越少，从而威胁到淡水生态系统。)”可知，由于补充河流和溪流的水减少，造成了淡水生态系统的破坏，结合单词所在的句子“As groundwater stores…(随着地下水……)”可知，they指代的是“地下水”，所以，补充河流和溪流水的应该是地下水，由此可知，划线单词所在句子的意思应为“随着地下水的减少”而造成了补充河流和溪流的水也越来越少，所以划线单词的意思与“减少”意义相近。故选A项。
（23·24上·河南·期中）Supporters of lab-grown meat say it does not require killing or hurting animals. They also say it helps diminish and ease the effects that feeding animals and animal waste have on the environment. But Martin said that if too little is produced, and only a small number of people eat it, it will have little effect on the environment.
4．What does the underlined word “diminish” in the last paragraph mean
A．Conserve. B．Anticipate. C．Tackle. D．Decrease.
4．词句猜测题。根据后文“and ease the effects that feeding animals and animal waste have on the environment. (并减轻饲养动物和动物粪便对环境的影响)”中的and ease可知，划线单词和ease并列，意思相近，应是“减少”之意。故选D项。
（23·24上·全国·期中）Let’s fast forward a year. You have been in your position now for one year, and you are working with the same team. You are noticing that your colleagues continue asking for your help over and over again. In fact, the only time they communicate with you is when they need something. You have been so helpful to your colleagues and there has rarely been any return from them.
In a very broad sense, it is advantageous to be kind to others, and your kind acts will be appreciated and, perhaps, paid forward. However, you need to be willing to say “no”. Recognize when your plate is already too full. When people ask you a favor, assess if you have the time, energy, and attention to give to them. To truly be kind, sometimes you need to be more comfortable saying “no” to others and saying “yes” to yourself.
5．What does the underlined part in the last paragraph mean
A．When you’re too full to eat anything.
B．When your kind acts get appreciated.
C．When you should ask others a favor.
D．When you’re physically and mentally tired.
5．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中“When people ask you a favor, assess if you have the time, energy, and attention to give to them. To truly be kind, sometimes you need to be more comfortable saying “no” to others and saying “yes” to yourself.(当人们要求你帮忙时，评估你是否有时间、精力和注意力给他们。要真正善良，有时你需要更自在地对别人说“不”，对自己说“是”)”可知，在决定是否帮助别人时，要看自己是否有时间、精力和注意力，以此推测划线句子指的是：要意识到自己是否有时间、精力和注意力，即要意识到自己是否身心疲惫。故选D项。
（23·24上·上海·阶段练习）The real concern, then, is not that we weight too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory.
6．What does the underlined word “vainglory” in the last paragraph mean
A．Great honour. B．Outdated concept. C．Self-reliance D．Excessive pride.
6．词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句前的“We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style.(我们当然不应该再那么关注体重了。仅仅瘦是不够的。如果那些变瘦——或已经变瘦——的人认为自己会自动变健康，从而不关注自己的整体生活方式，这实际上是危险的。)”可知，我们不应该过多关注体重，变瘦并不意味着变健康，如果不关注自己整体的生活方式，这实际上会很危险，由此可推测出，画线词所在句表达的是“瘦可能纯粹是一种虚荣”，这里是对前文只关注瘦而不关注整体生活方式这种片面行为的评价。vainglory意为“自负，极度的虚荣心”，与D项意思最接近。故选D。
（23·24上·重庆·阶段练习）Another institution funded by the National Science Foundation will analyze hundreds of simulations (模拟) of aerosol injection, testing the effects on weather extremes around the world. One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot: the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar impacts.
7．What does the underlined words “a sweet spot” in the last paragraph mean
A．The rainfall pattern of a region. B．The modest drop in temperature.
C．The injection amount of aerosol. D．The number of extreme weather events.
7．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar impacts.(可以减少极端天气事件的人工降温量，而不会导致区域降雨模式的更广泛变化或类似影响。)”可推理出，划线部分表达的含义为适度降低气温，故选B项。
（23·24上·乐山·开学考试）Albert Einstein once said, “Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.” In my case, it’s the other way around. In order to keep moving, I must keep my balance—the balance between studies and activities, efficiency and procrastination (拖延症), academics and health, passions and dislikes. The new journey is going to be a hard one, but if I set these goals, I believe I will make it through to the end.
8．What does the underlined sentence “it’s the other way around” in the last paragraph mean
A．It is the opposite. B．It is difficult.
C．It is necessary. D．It is helpful.
8．词句猜测题。根据前文“Albert Einstein once said, “Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.”(爱因斯坦曾经说过：“生活就像骑自行车。为了保持平衡，你必须不停地移动。”)”以及后文“In order to keep moving, I must keep my balance—the balance between studies and activities, efficiency and procrastination (拖延症), academics and health, passions and dislikes.(为了保持运动，我必须保持平衡——学习与活动、效率与拖延、学业与健康、爱好与厌恶之间的平衡)”可知，前后文的意思相反，所以划线部分“it’s the other way around”应是“正好相反”之意，和A项意思相近。故选A项。
【名校好题强化】语篇式
（23·24上·江苏·模拟预测）On an extremely cold December night, fire trucks arrived in the sleepy little town of Manton, Michigan and shot to Chittle’s home. Was it because of a fire or a child climbing too high to a dangerous place Rather, it was for helping make a dream come true.
Outdoor activities and a slow pace of life are a mainstay in this rural town. When people were unable to leave the community, Scott Chittle decided they needed a safe place to come together and something joyful during the winter months. And what is a better outdoor activity to get people outside than ice skating
To fulfil his dream, Chittle downloaded instructions on how to build an ice rink and then ordered a 3,000 square foot waterproof cloth and some wood to create walls online. It took 12 fire trucks to get enough water to fill the plot.
It took a little time and some neighborly persuasion as Chittle went door to door to convince people to come to see his creation, and soon Chittle’s backyard ice rink became a Manton hot spot. Children were skating and shooting, a fire was burning, and hot chocolate was steaming in to-go cups. “When things were tough, it was a place,” says Chittle’s neighbor Audrey Hooker. “It was fantastic because we just came together and became calm and happy instead of concerned.”
But the goodwill didn’t stop with Chittle. When the community heard how much money he used to make this project happen, everyone stepped forward. A fundraiser brought in about $1,300, and letters flooded to Chittle’s home stuffed with cash. “Almost 30 complete strangers knocked on my door to just shake my hand and say thank you, most of them handing me money as well and three asking for a hug,” says Chittle. “This has been a community thing. It’s more than me. I want to show the rest of the world what a little effort and the best intentions can do.”
9．Why did fire trucks come to Manton
A．To deal with an emergency. B．To send water to the community.
C．To ensure people’s safety in the town. D．To help with Chittle building the ice rink.
10．What did Chittle do to carry out his project
A．Persuade his neighbors to make donations. B．Purchase a piece of land behind his house.
C．Turn to the Internet for tips and materials. D．Research the popular lifestyles in Manton.
11．How did the ice rink affect the community
A．It made the community popular in Mantan. B．It slowed down the pace of the residents’ life.
C．It offered people there comfort and company. D．It inspired the residents to do outdoor activities.
12．What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean
A．Everyone could make a difference to society. B．Chittle received acts of kindness from others.
C．The community got better due to the ice rink. D．Chittle had goodwill to the whole community.
【答案】9．D 10．C 11．C 12．B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了由于活动限制，Scot Chittle在社区建造了溜冰场，以供社区居民进行户外活动。
9．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“On an extremely cold December night, fire trucks arrived in the sleepy little town of Manton, Michigan and shot to Chittle’s home.(在12月的一个寒冷的晚上，消防车到达了密歇根州沉睡的曼顿小镇，冲向了Chittle的家)”、第二段“And what is a better outdoor activity to get people outside than ice skating (还有什么比滑冰更能让人们出门的户外活动呢)”和第三段“It took 12 fire trucks to get enough water to fill the plot.(12辆消防车才运来足够的水)”可知，在12月的一个晚上，消防车赶往Manton，是为了帮助Chittle修建溜冰场。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“To fulfil his dream, Chittle downloaded instructions on how to build an ice rink and then ordered a 3,000 square foot waterproof cloth and some wood to create walls online.(为了实现他的梦想，Chittle下载了如何建造溜冰场的说明，然后在网上订购了3000平方英尺的防水布和一些木头来建造墙壁)”可知，为了实现建溜冰场这一梦想，Chittle在网上下载了建造教程并购买了所需材料。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““When things were tough, it was a place,” says Chittle’s neighbor Audrey Hooker. “It was fantastic because we just came together and became calm and happy instead of concerned.”(Chittle的邻居Audrey Hooker说道：“当情况艰难时，是这个地方，它太棒了，因为我们聚在一起，变得平静和快乐，而不是担心。”)”可知，在形势艰难的时候，Chittle建的溜冰场成了一个让人们可以聚在一起，感到平静和快乐，而不是担心的地方。由此可推断，Chittle建的溜冰场带给社区居民慰藉和陪伴。故选C。
12．词句猜测题。结合上文提到的Chittle为社区建溜冰场和划线句的后文内容“When the community heard how much money he used to make this project happen, everyone stepped forward. A fundraiser brought in about $1,300, and letters flooded to Chittle’s home stuffed with cash.(当社区听说他花了多少钱来实现这个项目时，每个人都挺身而出。一场筹款活动带来了大约1300美元的收入，人们给Chittle家里寄去了装满现金的信件)”可知，划线部分表示善意并没有在Chittle这里终止，同时Chittle也收到其他人的善意。故选B。
（23·24上·长春·阶段练习）Jose Alberto Gutierrez’s life would never be the same again after finding a copy of Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy in the garbage 20 years ago. It happened while he was driving his garbage truck through wealthier neighborhoods at night and seeing deserted books. It sparked his desire to start rescuing books from the garbage. He took home between 50 and 60 books every morning after his nine-hour shift. Eventually, he turned his book collection into a community library.
Colombia’s capital city of Bogota has 13 million residents and 19 public libraries. However, these libraries tend to be far away from where rural and poorer communities live. The option of buying new books is non-existent for families struggling to make ends meet. Having access to a library of books and being taken away to another world while absorbed in a book is a luxury for the kids who visit Gutierrez’s library.
Gutierrez grew up poor, and his family could not afford to educate him beyond primary school. Nevertheless, his mother was a keen reader and read stories to him every night. Her love for books left a deep impression on Gutierrez, who never let a lack of formal education stop him from reading classics by the likes of Victor Hugo, Mario Vargas Llosa and Gabriel Garcia Marquez.
Today, his community library, called “The Strength of Words”, occupies most of his home and is piled from floor to ceiling with fiction and non-fiction titles. Everything from school textbooks to story books can be found in his collection of more than 20,000 books!
The Strength of Words library opens every weekend. It is not just school-going children who are enjoying the benefits of The Strength of Words library. Adults are also welcome to expand their horizons and develop new skills to build a better life for themselves.
Despite having done so much for his community, Gutierrez is not yet content to call it a day. He continues to search through bins for reading material and has even travelled to book fairs in Mexico and Chile to sell his idea of building library from unwanted books.
13．What inspired Gutierrez to build the community library
A．The dilemma he faced on the night shift.
B．The hobby he has started since childhood.
C．Famous novelists he liked very much.
D．Abandoned books he came across at work.
14．What can we learn about Gutierrez’s mother
A．She was born into a poor family.
B．She bought Gutierrez many books.
C．She influenced Gutierrez greatly.
D．She enjoyed reading Hugo’s works.
15．What does the underlined phrase “call it a day” in the last paragraph mean
A．Take the time.
B．Stop the work.
C．Make a change.
D．Receive a reward.
16．What does Gutierrez’s story tell us
A．A book holds a house of gold.
B．The early bird catches the worm.
C．Good things come to those who wait.
D．One man’s trash is another man’s treasure.
【答案】13．D 14．C 15．B 16．D
【导语】本文为一篇记叙文，介绍了清洁工Gutierrez将废弃书籍收集起来，创建社区图书馆，为低收入家庭提供阅读机会的故事。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It happened while he was driving his garbage truck through wealthier neighborhoods at night and seeing deserted books. It sparked his desire to start rescuing books from the garbage. He took home between 50 and 60 books every morning after his nine-hour shift. Eventually, he turned his book collection into a community library. (这件事发生在他晚上开着垃圾车经过富裕社区，看到了被遗弃的书时。这激发了他开始从垃圾中拯救书籍的愿望。在9小时的轮班后，他每天早上带回家50到60本书。最后，他把自己的藏书变成了一个社区图书馆。)”可知，Gutierrez在工作中偶然发现的废弃书籍启发了他创建社区图书馆。故选D项。
14．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Nevertheless, his mother was a keen reader and read stories to him every night. Her love for books left a deep impression on Gutierrez, who never let a lack of formal education stop him from reading classics by the likes of Victor Hugo, Mario Vargas Llosa and Gabriel Garcia Marquez. (然而，他的母亲是一个热心的读者，每天晚上读故事给他听。她对书籍的热爱给Gutierrez留下了深刻的印象，他从未让缺乏正规教育阻止他阅读维克多·雨果、马里奥·巴尔加斯·略萨和加布里埃尔·加西亚·马尔克斯等人的经典作品。)”可知，Gutierrez的母亲对书籍的热爱让Gutierrez即使贫困也坚持阅读。由此可知，她对Gutierrez的影响很大。故选C项。
15．词义猜测题。根据划线词前文“Despite having done so much for his community (尽管他为他的社区做了这么多)”及后文“He continues to search through bins for reading material and has even travelled to book fairs in Mexico and Chile to sell his idea of building library from unwanted books. (他继续在垃圾箱里寻找阅读材料，甚至前往墨西哥和智利的书展，推广他用废弃书籍建造图书馆的想法。)”可知，Gutierrez并没有停下从垃圾箱里找书籍的目标，甚至还想推广自己的想法，因此，call it a day与stop the work意思相近，意为“停止工作”。故选B项。
16．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段中的“It sparked his desire to start rescuing books from the garbage. He took home between 50 and 60 books every morning after his nine-hour shift. Eventually, he turned his book collection into a community library. (这激发了他开始从垃圾中拯救书籍的愿望。在9小时的轮班后，他每天早上带回家50到60本书。最后，他把自己的藏书变成了一个社区图书馆。)”可知，本文讲述了Gutierrez将废弃书籍收集起来，创建社区图书馆，为低收入家庭提供阅读机会的故事。A. 书中自有黄金屋；B. 早起的鸟儿有虫吃；C. 好事多磨；D. 变废为宝。因此，D项最契合文章主题。故选D项。
（22·23上·重庆·阶段练习）You’ve likely been unable to avoid talk of the metaverse (虚拟空间/元宇宙) in the past few months. The term, first coined by sci-fi author Neal Stephenson in a 1992 novel, has become a vision of the future of technology in our lives. And if that is to be believed, it’s where we’ll be living the rest of our digital lives.
“The metaverse is a further combination of our physical and digital lives,” says Cathy Hackl of Futures Intelligence Group. Put plainly, the metaverse is a 3D virtual space that can be accessed through virtual reality goggles (眼镜), adding elements of the digital on top of our day-to-day lives. You could attend concerts and conferences in the metaverse, staged in a 3D digital representation of a nightclub or conference center. Elsewhere, you’ll shop for shoes in a virtual Nike store or order food in a virtual McDonald’s and have it delivered to your real-world home.
“It’s the future of the Internet. But it’s also about further connectivity,” says Hackl. So far, most of the attention around the metaverse has been focused on the company formerly known as Facebook, which rebranded last year as Meta in an indication of how strongly it believes in the future of the metaverse. Founder Mark Zuckerberg wants a billion of us to live, work, and play in the metaverse by 2030.
But Hackl warns people not to view the social media giant as the center of the metaverse. “It’s not just one company,” she says. “No single company can build it, either.” It’s also not enabled by a single technology, even though right now the way to “enter” the metaverse is to wear a pair of virtual reality goggles. While the early running may be made by Meta, the momentum (势头) will be picked up by others. And just because we have an idea of what the metaverse will look like now, it doesn’t mean that’s what it’ll end up as, Hackl warns. “The way I explain it is we’re in a high-speed train, destination metaverse,” she says. “We don’t know the stops, but we kind of know where we’re heading.”
17．What is the metaverse according to the passage
A．It is just a word from a sci-fi novel.
B．It is a 3D virtual space that can connect future life.
C．It is where we’ll be living the rest of our digital lives.
D．It is a virtual world that interacts with the real world through VR goggles.
18．Why does the writer mention concerts and conference in paragraph 2
A．To introduce how the metaverse works.
B．To recommend a new way of enjoying life in the future.
C．To tell readers what his life will be like in the metaverse.
D．To provide examples of how physical and digital lives combine.
19．What can we know about Meta from the passage
A．It is the centre of the metaverse.
B．It is a social media giant like Facebook.
C．It seems to take a leading part in the field of the metaverse.
D．It believes all of us could live, work and play in the metaverse by 2030.
20．What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean
A．We won’t stop until we realize the metaverse.
B．It matters who will be in charge of the building of the metaverse.
C．Hackl is not familiar with the train she took but knows where to get off.
D．Though not knowing the process, Hackl is sure about the bright future of the metaverse.
【答案】17．D 18．D 19．C 20．D
【导语】本文是说明文。介绍了什么是元宇宙，以及对我们生活会有哪些改变，以及目前发展的最好的公司是谁，以及对未来的展望。
17．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Put plainly, the metaverse is a 3D virtual space that can be accessed through virtual reality goggles, adding elements of the digital on top of our day-to-day lives.(简而言之，虚拟世界是一个可以通过虚拟现实眼镜进入的3D虚拟空间，在我们的日常生活中添加了数字元素)”可知，元宇宙是一个通过VR眼镜与现实世界互动的虚拟世界。故选D项。
18．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The metaverse is a further combination of our physical and digital lives”(元宇宙是我们实体生活和数字生活的进一步结合)和“Put plainly, the metaverse is a 3D virtual space that can be accessed through virtual reality goggles, adding elements of the digital on top of our day-to-day lives. You could attend concerts and conferences in the metaverse, staged in a 3D digital representation of a nightclub or conference center. Elsewhere, you’ll shop for shoes in a virtual Nike store or order food in a virtual McDonald’s and have it delivered to your real-world home.(简而言之，虚拟世界是一个可以通过虚拟现实眼镜进入的3D虚拟空间，在我们的日常生活中添加了数字元素。你可以在虚拟世界里参加音乐会和会议，在三维数字形式的夜总会或会议中心举行。在其他地方，你可以在虚拟的耐克商店购买鞋子，或者在虚拟的麦当劳订购食物，然后把食物送到你现实世界的家里)”可推知，作者提到音乐会和会议是为了提供实体生活和数字生活如何结合的例子。故选D项。
19．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But Hackl warns people not to view the social media giant as the center of the metaverse. “It’s not just one company,” she says. “No single company can build it, either.” It’s also not enabled by a single technology, even though right now the way to “enter” the metaverse is to wear a pair of virtual reality goggles. While the early running may be made by Meta, the momentum will be picked up by others.(但哈克警告人们不要将这家社交媒体巨头视为虚拟世界的中心。“不只是一家公司，”她说。“也没有一家公司可以单独建造它。”它也不是由单一技术实现的，即使现在“进入”虚拟世界的方式是戴上一副虚拟现实眼镜。虽然Meta可能会抢先一步，但其他公司也会跟进)”可知，Meta可能会抢先一步研究出虚拟现实眼镜，可推知，它似乎在元宇宙领域占据领导地位。故选C项。
20．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中“And just because we have an idea of what the metaverse will look like now, it doesn’t mean that’s what it’ll end up as, Hackl warns. “The way I explain it is we’re in a high-speed train, destination metaverse,” she says.(哈克警告说，仅仅因为我们知道现在的元宇宙是什么样子，并不意味着它最终会是什么样子。她说:“我的解释是，我们是在一列高速列车上，目的地是元宇宙。”)”可推知，最后一段带下划线的句子是虽然不知道这个过程，但Hackl对超宇宙的光明未来充满信心。故选D项。
（22·23·盐城·三模）In this age of screens, smartphones, virtual assistants and voice-enabled speakers, we constantly receive visual and auditory (听觉的) suggestions of things to do, products to buy, and media to consume. Yet are all these messages created equal According to a research, the answer is no.
In the spring of 2018, Mariadassou and Bechler, both graduate students of Business, were sitting in a seminar (研讨会), in which they were studying how different types of messages affect decision-making. They learned that people generally perceive someone as more intelligent when they convey spoken information rather than delivering the same message in writing.
As they chatted after class, Mariadassou recalls, “We wondered, ‘What would happen if you apply this to recommendations ’” They believed there is “a general perception that people act on auditory and visual information the same way” and wanted to explore this assumption.
Mariadassou, who is pursuing her PhD in marketing, with Bechler, now a professor at the University of Notre Dame’s Mendoza College of Business, ran a series of studies where the same information was presented to participants in different forms, including computer-generated audio that sounded like a smart speaker.
The researchers were surprised that auditory recommendations for products like beer were more influential than textual ones. “In theory, this shouldn’t produce any difference in behavior,” Mariadassou writes in an email. “Hearing that you should drink the pale beer or reading that you should drink the pale beer is really one and the same. The fact that it leads to psychologically different experiences that are significant enough to lead to a change in behavior is not something you would expect.”
The effect was small but strong enough to demonstrate a “consistent effect of auditory power”, Mariadassou says. She believes the power of auditory information has to do with itsephemeralnature —“it seems like there’s this sort of fundamental need to act on information that’s going away,” she says. Bechler agrees: “When something disappears, it creates a kind of urgency to respond.”
21．Why did Mariadassou and Bechler conduct the studies
A．To apply what they learned into real life.
B．To find out what people are more intelligent.
C．To explore the reasons behind people’s different behaviors.
D．To test if different types of messages affect recommendations.
22．What does paragraph 5 tell us
A．The findings of the research.
B．The theory behind the research.
C．The application of the research results.
D．The explanation of the research process.
23．What does the underlined word “ephemeral” in the last paragraph mean
A．Uncertain. B．Temporary. C．Selective. D．Random.
24．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Effect of Auditory Power Has Been Long Neglected
B．People Act on Auditory and Visual Information Equally
C．Effective Recommendations Are Better Heard Than Seen
D．Decision-making Has Little to Do With Types of Messages
【答案】21．D 22．A 23．B 24．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，研究表明提供推荐时，听觉信息比视觉信息更有影响力。
21．推理判断题。根据第三段中“What would happen if you apply this to recommendations (如果你把这应用到提供推荐中会发生什么？)”和“They believed there is “a general perception that people act on auditory and visual information the same way” and wanted to explore this assumption.(他们相信“人们对听觉和视觉信息的反应方式是相同的”，并希望探索这一假设)”可推知，Mariadassou和Bechler的研究目的是测试不同类型的信息是否会影响提供推荐。故选D项。
22．主旨大意题。根据第五段中“The researchers were surprised that auditory recommendations for products like beer were more influential than textual ones. (研究人员感到惊讶的是，对啤酒等产品的听觉推荐比文本推荐更有影响力)”可知，本段告诉我们研究的结果。故选A项。
23．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“it seems like there’s this sort of fundamental need to act on information that’s going away.(似乎有一种对即将消失的信息采取行动的基本需求)”可知，信息即将消失，持续的时间很短。由此推知，划线部分“She believes the power of auditory information has to do with itsephemeralnature(她认为听觉信息的力量与其ephemeral本性有关)”其中划线词汇应为“短暂的”的意思。故选B项。
24．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Yet are all these messages created equal According to a research, the answer is no. (然而，所有这些信息都是平等的吗？根据一项研究，答案是否定的)”以及第五段中“The researchers were surprised that auditory recommendations for products like beer were more influential than textual ones. (研究人员惊讶地发现，对啤酒等产品的听觉推荐比文字推荐更有影响力)”可知，本文介绍一项研究，研究表明提供推荐时，听觉信息比视觉信息更有影响力。由此可知，选项C“有效的推荐听起来比看起来更好”适合作本文标题。故选C项。
（22·23·江西·二模）Next time you’re having trouble solving a tricky puzzle, consider asking a nearby bumblebee. A new study in the journal PLOS Biology finds that these humble insects can actually learn to solve puzzles from one another, suggesting that even some invertebrates(无脊椎动物) have a capacity for what we humans call “culture.”
“Nobody’s really thought that invertebrates like bumblebees show evidence of culture,” says Alice Bridges, an ecologist at Anglia Ruskin University. “People assume that they’re mostly driven by inborn factors.” Bridges set out to prove them wrong. To study culture in bumblebees, she first drilled some bees to solve puzzle boxes. She trained some bees to head-butt the red switch to get the sugar water and trained others to push the blue switch. Then, Bridges placed these tutor bees into different colonies, along with the puzzle boxes.
It wasn’t all fun and games: Bridges got stung multiple times and the fourth sting sent her to the hospital. Bridges persevered, however, and the experiment ultimately played itself out. In colonies where the tutor bee had learned to push the red switch, the other bees usually pushed the red switch. In colonies where the tutor bee was trained to push the blue switch, their fellow bees tended to do the same. In the control colonies where there were no tutors, the bees sometimes learned how to open the boxes, but never as efficiently or reliably.
The conclusion, Bridges and her colleagues report in their new study today, is that bumblebees can transmit certain behaviors—culturally. “Maybe culture isn’t that unusual,” she says. “Maybe it’s not some pinnacle(顶峰) of cognition that only a few species have.”
“Many of us consider ourselves special because we have culture and we can learn,” says Jessica Ware, an entomologist. “The truth is that all we have found about animal culture means that human culture, once thought unique, did not appear ‘out of the blue’ but has obviously built on deep evolutionary(进化的) foundations.”
25．How did the bumblebees get the sugar water from the puzzle boxes
A．By pressing a button. B．By solving word puzzles.
C．By bursting open the boxes. D．By turning the boxes upside down.
26．What can be inferred about the experiment
A．It contradicts the former research. B．It shows that culture is unique to humans.
C．It has received wide recognition. D．It has brought Bridges much trouble.
27．What does the underlined phrase “out of the blue” in the last paragraph mean
A．Slowly. B．Suddenly. C．Endlessly. D．Regularly.
28．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Can Insects Have Culture
B．Can New Culture Be Created
C．How Do Bumblebees Tutor Peers
D．How Will Invertebrate Study Be Expanded
【答案】25．A 26．D 27．B 28．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，该研究表明不起眼的昆虫实际上可以相互学习解决难题，也就是说一些无脊椎动物也有我们人类所谓的“文化”能力。
25．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“To study culture in bumblebees, she first drilled some bees to solve puzzle boxes. She trained some bees to head-butt the red switch to get the sugar water and trained others to push the blue switch.(为了研究大黄蜂的文化，她首先训练一些蜜蜂来解决谜题盒子。她训练一些蜜蜂用头撞红色开关来获得糖水，训练其他蜜蜂按蓝色开关。)”可知，蜜蜂可以通过撞开关来获得糖水。故选A。
26．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“It wasn’t all fun and games: Bridges got stung multiple times and the fourth sting sent her to the hospital.(这并不都是乐趣和游戏：Bridges被叮了好几次，第四次被叮把她送进了医院。)”可知，实验给Bridges带来了一些麻烦。故选D。
27．词义猜测题。根据划线单词下一句“but has obviously built on deep evolutionary(进化的) foundations.(而是显然建立在深刻的进化基础之上的)”中的“but”可知此处是not...but...结构，意为“不是……而是……”，下文说的是文化是进化而来的，即不是突然出现的，由此可判断，划线单词指的是“突然出现”。选项A“Slowly (缓慢地)”；选项B“Suddenly (突然)”；选项C“Endlessly (不断地)”；选项D“Regularly (有规律地)”。故选B。
28．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A new study in the journal PLOS Biology finds that these humble insects can actually learn to solve puzzles from one another, suggesting that even some invertebrates(无脊椎动物) have a capacity for what we humans call “culture.”(发表在《公共科学图书馆·生物学》杂志上的一项新研究发现，这些不起眼的昆虫实际上可以相互学习解决难题，这表明即使是一些无脊椎动物也有我们人类所谓的“文化”能力。)”以及最后一段“The truth is that all we have found about animal culture means that human culture, once thought unique, did not appear ‘out of the blue’ but has obviously built on deep evolutionary(进化的) foundations.(事实是，我们对动物文化的所有发现都意味着，曾经被认为独一无二的人类文化并不是“突然出现”的，而是显然建立在深刻的进化基础之上的。)”可知，文章主要介绍的是昆虫也是有文化的。所以“Can Insects Have Culture ( 昆虫能有文化吗？)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选A。
（22·23下·河南·阶段练习）Michael Baker at the University of Toronto and Kevin Milligan at the University of British Columbia recently analyzed survey data of parents in three countries — the United States, Canada and Britain. They were especially interested to see how parents say they spend time with their children, and they turned up an interesting gender difference in what they called “teaching activities” such as teaching them the alphabet or numbers, reading with the children.
The finding surprised them because at least in a popular view, parents supposedly spend more time with boys than girls. And Baker says that perception does tend to hold true for older children’s fathers tend to spend more time with boys once they are older than age 4 or 5. When children are smaller, Baker says, parents spend about the same total time with boys as they do with girls.
The economists focused their analysis on first-born children in order to see the difference clearly, for it would muddy the waters to compare parents caring for an only child with parents caring for their second or third child, Baker says. But they did find that the difference also shows up clearly among twins (a boy and a girl). Here again, the parents surveyed seemed to devote more time to girls when it came to cognitive (认知的) activities.
The big question, of course, is why these differences come about. Milligan says parents may be following cultural concepts and unconscious biases (偏见) that suggest they should read with their daughters and have active play with sons.
It is also possible, Baker says, that the costs of investing in cognitive activities is different when it comes to boys and girls. As an economist, he isn’t referring to cost in the sense of cash; he means cost in the sense of effort. “It is just more costly to provide a unit of reading to a boy than to a girl because the boy doesn’t sit still, you know, doesn’t pay attention,” he says, “these sorts of thing.”
29．What did Baker and Milligan find
A．Parents spend more time with girls.
B．Fathers spend more time with boys.
C．Parents do more cognitive activities with girls.
D．Parents are supposed to read more with boys.
30．What does the underlined phrase “muddy the waters” in the third paragraph mean
A．Cause the waters to become dirty. B．Make things more complex.
C．Waste lots of time and efforts. D．Improve accuracy of the results.
31．What do paragraphs 4-5 mainly focus on
A．Passible reasons for the differences.
B．Cultural beliefs that parents often hold.
C．Activities parents have with their children.
D．Different activities with parents between boys and girls.
32．Which can be the best title for the text
A．Boys and Girls Are Quite Different
B．Parents Need to Adopt Different Teaching Methods
C．Girls May Get More Teaching Time from Parents
D．Boys May Require More Attention from Parents
【答案】29．C 30．B 31．A 32．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究发现父母会投入更多的时间用于女孩的认知活动教育，并分析了原因。
29．细节理解题。根据文章的第一段“They were especially interested to see how parents say they spend time with their children, and they turned up an interesting gender difference in what they called “teaching activities” such as teaching them the alphabet or numbers, reading with the children.”（他们特别感兴趣的是了解父母如何与孩子共度时光，他们在所谓的“教学活动”中发现了一个有趣的性别差异，比如教他们字母表或数字，和孩子一起阅读）和第三段的最后一句“Here again, the parents surveyed seemed to devote more time to girls when it came to cognitive (认知的) activities.”（同样，在认知活动方面，接受调查的父母似乎在女孩身上投入了更多的时间）可知，父母会投入更多的时间用于女孩的认知活动教育。故选C。
30．词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句“The economists focused their analysis on first-born children in order to see the difference clearly, for it would muddy the waters to compare parents caring for an only child with parents caring for their second or third child, Baker says.”（贝克说，为了清楚地看到差异，经济学家们把分析重点放在头胎上，因为把照顾独生子女的父母与照顾二胎或三胎的父母进行比较，会muddy the waters）中连词“for（因为）”可知，“it would muddy the waters”是经济学家们把分析重点放在头胎上的原因，由推知，把照顾独生子女的父母与照顾二胎或三胎的父母进行比较会“把事情弄得更复杂”，所以划线短语的的意思是“把事情弄得更复杂”，与“make things more complex.”意思相近。故选B。
31．主旨大意题。根据承上启下的第四段“The big question, of course, is why these differences come about. Milligan says parents may be following cultural concepts and unconscious biases (偏见) that suggest they should read with their daughters and have active play with sons.”（当然，最大的问题是为什么会出现这些差异。Milligan说，父母可能遵循文化观念和无意识的偏见，认为他们应该和女儿一起阅读，和儿子一起积极玩耍）和第五段“It is also possible, Baker says, that the costs of investing in cognitive activities is different when it comes to boys and girls. As an economist, he isn’t referring to cost in the sense of cash; he means cost in the sense of effort. ”（贝克说，对男孩和女孩来说，在认知活动上的投资成本也可能是不同的。作为一名经济学家，他所指的成本并不是现金；他指的是付出的代价）可知，这两段主要是在探讨造成这种差异的原因。故选A。
32．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“They were especially interested to see how parents say they spend time with their children, and they turned up an interesting gender difference in what they called “teaching activities” such as teaching them the alphabet or numbers, reading with the children.”（他们特别感兴趣的是了解父母如何与孩子共度时光，他们在所谓的“教学活动”中发现了一个有趣的性别差异，比如教他们字母表或数字，和孩子一起阅读）、第三段的最后一句“Here again, the parents surveyed seemed to devote more time to girls when it came to cognitive (认知的) activities.”（同样，在认知活动方面，接受调查的父母似乎在女孩身上投入了更多的时间）和第四、第五段分析原因可推知，本文主要介绍了一项研究发现父母会投入更多的时间用于女孩的认知活动教育，并分析了原因，所以“Girls May Get More Teaching Time from Parents”（女孩可能会从父母那里得到更多的教育时间）是最佳标题。故选C。
（22·23下·河南·期中）A song called Lonely Warrior (《孤勇者》) is always ringing in my ears. Six years ago, after hosting an annual ceremony for my school, I found that my left leg was a little swollen, and very soon I could barely walk. In fact, the swollen part became a fist-sized meatball that was so painful that I could barely sleep. Of course, I went to a local hospital, where I was given very bleak (不乐观的) news-osteosarcoma, which means bone cancer.
I underwent chemotherapy (化疗) for the next two years, and it was the worst time of my life. Physically, I felt that the side effects of chemotherapy were killing me. I lost all of the hair on my body and I became totally bald. I could barely eat anything, even if felt hungry. I no longer needed an alarm clock to wake up in the morning. Instead, what woke me was my body telling me that I needed to vomit (呕吐).
I had no idea where all this treatment would leave me, and the dreams I had once nursed abo2024年新高考英语二轮复习 【培优小题狂练】
专题12阅读理解“猜测词义1”题（考情+技法+真题+模拟）原卷版
【近年高考考情】
1.（2023 新高考I卷 C篇）29题
2.（2023 新高考II卷 C篇）30题
3.（2023 全国甲卷 B篇）24题
4.（2023 全国乙卷 B篇）24题
5.（2023 浙江1月卷 B篇）24题
6.（2023 浙江1月卷 B篇）29题
7.（2022 新高考I卷 C篇）30题
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11.（2021 新高考II卷 C篇）30题
12.（2021 全国甲卷 B篇）29题
13.（2021 全国乙卷 B篇）25题
【解题实用技法】
一、设问方式
1. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
2. What does the underlined part in the last paragraph mean
二、实用妙招
在阅读理解中，通常通过信息指代类的题目考查考生对于上下文衔接关系以及文章基本结构的把握。信息指代类题目在高考英语中有两种:名词(短语)指代题和代词指代题。本专题我们就如何解答名词(短语)指代题进行相关技巧的点拨。
解答名词(短语)指代题时，可以按照如下步骤进行:
1.定位：返回原文，找出名词(短语)所在句;
2.代入：将四个选项代入该名词(短语)，看意思是否通顺;
3.匹配：联系上下文，读懂相关句子的含义，进一步分析四个选项，选出符合上下文语境的最佳答案。
二、思维导图
1.利用释义法猜词
在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。
考例1（2022 全国乙卷 C篇29题）
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
原文：That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
解析：“including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”对“maintenance”进行了解释，故推测maintenance是“维护，保养”的意思，C项inspection and repair与句中的inspect and repair对应。故选C。
2.利用构词法猜词
英语单词可以通过添加词缀、合成或转化的方式构成新词或生成新的词义。同学们要熟记一定数量的词根、前缀和后缀，从而达到通过“解剖”一个单词，对一个生词能够“望文生义”的效果。
考例2（2016 全国II卷 B篇27题）
27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？
A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden.
原文：Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.”
解析：downside是由“down（向下）+ side（方面）”构成的合成词，并且后文提到“作者冒着失去那些有不同思维风格的学生的风险”。因此，我们可以猜测该词的意思是“不足，缺点”，故选B项。
3.利用因果关系猜词
若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系，那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推知单词或短语的意义。因果关系的语境通常由because, so, thus, therefore, as a result of, so that, so/such...that...等标志词体现。
考例3（2019 全国II卷 B篇25题）
25. What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in Paragraph 2 mean？
A. Encourage team work. B. Appeal to feeling.
C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice.
原文：I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
【解析】由逻辑词“so”可知，此处可以借助因果逻辑关系猜测词义句意。画线部分的前一句提到“她可能需要有人劝说一下”，故“tug at the heartstrings”应该有“劝说”的意思。“appeal to feeling”意思是“打动某人，唤起某人的情感”，故选B项。
4.利用对比关系猜词
运用转折对比描述事物或现象是写作时常用的一种手法，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，抓住这些信号词，结合上下文意，我们就能够快速推测出词义。体现对比关系的词语很多，常见的有but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead of, on the other hand, rather than, on the contrary等。
考例4 （2020 新高考卷Ⅰ D篇33题）
33. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons. C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
原文：According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
解析：利用对比关系猜测词义。根据 “And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.”，研究表明，与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭) 相反，你真正需要避开的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根据“contrary to”可知，画线词与heavier people含义相反。
5.利用语境法解题
有些猜测词义句意题找不到以上标志或线索，我们可以利用上下文提供的语境进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义句意。
考例5（2022 新高考II卷，B篇24题）
24. What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in paragraph 2
A. Provided shelter for me. B. Became very clear to me.
C. Took the pressure off me. D. Worked quite well on me.
原文：We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don't even realize it's new. For them, it’s just normal.
This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children's book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures—a perfect match for his age.
解析：根据上下文语境可知，作者是记者，生活在一个讲故事的新时代，有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说，这很正常。而在春节假期，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上看书时，尤其清楚认识到了这一点。故画线词意思是“我很清楚”。故选B。
6.利用同义关系解题
画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时我们可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。常见的表示同义关系的词或短语有and, or, like, as well, similarly, too, also, either等。
考例6（2015 四川卷 D篇44题）
44. What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 5 mean？
A. Active at night. B. Inactive at night.
C. Active during the day. D. Inactive during the day.
原文：And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal.
解析：画线单词前一句说“不是只有知更鸟在人造光下会一直醒着”，而“also（也）”表明这一句与前面表达的意思相近，即“黑鹂和海鸥也更活跃”。“nocturnal”应该是“awake”的近义词，意为“夜间活跃的”，故选A项。
7.利用生活常识解题
在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。
考例7（2020 江苏卷 C篇61题）
61. The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “ _______ ”.
A. digest the meal easily B. manage without breakfast
C. decide wisely what to eat D. eat whatever is offered
原文：For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.
解析：此题考查“stomach”的生僻意思。根据生活常识可知，有的人锻炼前不吃早饭是受不了的，所以此处意为“如果可以忍受空腹的话，在吃早饭前去锻炼比吃过早餐后去锻炼好处更多”，故选B项。
【高考真题再练】
1.（2023 新高考I卷 C篇29题）
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
2.（2023 新高考II卷 C篇30题）
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
30. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Understand. B. Paint.
C. Seize. D. Transform.
3.（2023 全国甲卷 B篇24题）
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
24. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1
A. An artist. B. A winner. C. A specialist. D. A pioneer.
4.（2023 全国乙卷 B篇24题）
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
5.（2023 浙江1月卷 B篇24题）
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
24. What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph
A. Share an apartment with you. B. Join you in what you’re doing.
C. Transform your way of living. D. Help you to make the decision.
6.（2023 浙江1月卷 B篇29题）
Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.”
29. What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to
A. Arguments. B. Doubts. C. Errors. D. Differences.
7.（2022 新高考I卷 C篇30题）
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
8.（2022 新高考II卷 C篇30题）
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
9.（2022 全国甲卷 B篇28题）
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
10.（2021 新高考I卷 C篇30题）
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph
A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
11.（2021 新高考II卷 C篇30题）
As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they'd get up to mischief. We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.
25. What do the underlined words “get up to mischief” mean in paragraph 3
A. Behave badly. B. Lose their way. C. Sleep soundly. D. Miss their mom.
12.（2021 全国甲卷 B篇29题）
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing .I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam（横杆）, I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that's what mattered —landing tricks, being a good skater.
29. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean
A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! D. Don't worry!
13.（2021 全国乙卷 B篇25题）
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones according to a survey (调查). Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Admit. B. Argue. C. Remember. D. Remark.
【名校好题强化】片段式
（23·24上·沈阳·期中）The researchers said, “The finding is not just useful for the world’s gardens, but also for farms growing vital crops like rice and wheat. Drought-resistant crops could help achieve sustainable food security, which is an issue affecting many parts of the world right now.” They added that ethanol was a useful and simple way to increase food production all over the world in times of drought. “The application of ethanol to plants would be a potent agricultural method to enhance drought resistance in different plants,” said Motoaki Seki, the study’s lead author. But, he warned that the ethanol needed to be used reasonably as higher concentration of ethanol prevented plants growing. Seki added, “We will soon begin testing ethanol on plants in real fields.”
1．What does the underlined word “potent” in the last paragraph mean
A．Effective. B．Basic. C．Fictional. D．Necessary.
（23·24上·保定·期中）Despite these examples of decline, other interactions are increasing. Watching wildlife documentaries or interacting with wild animals in videogames is, for example, more common than a few years ago. “New ways of digitally interacting with nature have certainly emerged or increased in recent years,” says Dr Gladys Barragan-Jason. “But several former studies show that these vicarious interactions have a lesser effect on our sense of connection with nature than exposure to nature, such as visiting nature parks.”
2．What does the underlined word “vicarious” in the last paragraph mean
A．Positive. B．Novel. C．Indirect. D．Complex.
（22·23上·济宁·期中）Many of the world’s aquifers already seem to be drying up. Twenty-one of the earth’s 37 biggest aquifers are becoming smaller, satellite data show. The most dried-out aquifers are near big cities, farms, or dry regions. As groundwater stores dwindle, they hold less water to refill rivers and streams, thus threatening freshwater ecosystems. In California, drying up the ground may even be causing small earthquakes.
3．What does the underlined word “dwindle” in the last paragraph mean
A．Decrease. B．Develop. C．Form. D．Cross.
（23·24上·河南·期中）Supporters of lab-grown meat say it does not require killing or hurting animals. They also say it helps diminish and ease the effects that feeding animals and animal waste have on the environment. But Martin said that if too little is produced, and only a small number of people eat it, it will have little effect on the environment.
4．What does the underlined word “diminish” in the last paragraph mean
A．Conserve. B．Anticipate. C．Tackle. D．Decrease.
（23·24上·全国·期中）Let’s fast forward a year. You have been in your position now for one year, and you are working with the same team. You are noticing that your colleagues continue asking for your help over and over again. In fact, the only time they communicate with you is when they need something. You have been so helpful to your colleagues and there has rarely been any return from them.
In a very broad sense, it is advantageous to be kind to others, and your kind acts will be appreciated and, perhaps, paid forward. However, you need to be willing to say “no”. Recognize when your plate is already too full. When people ask you a favor, assess if you have the time, energy, and attention to give to them. To truly be kind, sometimes you need to be more comfortable saying “no” to others and saying “yes” to yourself.
5．What does the underlined part in the last paragraph mean
A．When you’re too full to eat anything.
B．When your kind acts get appreciated.
C．When you should ask others a favor.
D．When you’re physically and mentally tired.
（23·24上·上海·阶段练习）The real concern, then, is not that we weight too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory.
6．What does the underlined word “vainglory” in the last paragraph mean
A．Great honour. B．Outdated concept. C．Self-reliance D．Excessive pride.
（23·24上·重庆·阶段练习）Another institution funded by the National Science Foundation will analyze hundreds of simulations (模拟) of aerosol injection, testing the effects on weather extremes around the world. One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot: the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar impacts.
7．What does the underlined words “a sweet spot” in the last paragraph mean
A．The rainfall pattern of a region. B．The modest drop in temperature.
C．The injection amount of aerosol. D．The number of extreme weather events.
（23·24上·乐山·开学考试）Albert Einstein once said, “Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.” In my case, it’s the other way around. In order to keep moving, I must keep my balance—the balance between studies and activities, efficiency and procrastination (拖延症), academics and health, passions and dislikes. The new journey is going to be a hard one, but if I set these goals, I believe I will make it through to the end.
8．What does the underlined sentence “it’s the other way around” in the last paragraph mean
A．It is the opposite. B．It is difficult.
C．It is necessary. D．It is helpful.
【名校好题强化】语篇式
（23·24上·江苏·模拟预测）On an extremely cold December night, fire trucks arrived in the sleepy little town of Manton, Michigan and shot to Chittle’s home. Was it because of a fire or a child climbing too high to a dangerous place Rather, it was for helping make a dream come true.
Outdoor activities and a slow pace of life are a mainstay in this rural town. When people were unable to leave the community, Scott Chittle decided they needed a safe place to come together and something joyful during the winter months. And what is a better outdoor activity to get people outside than ice skating
To fulfil his dream, Chittle downloaded instructions on how to build an ice rink and then ordered a 3,000 square foot waterproof cloth and some wood to create walls online. It took 12 fire trucks to get enough water to fill the plot.
It took a little time and some neighborly persuasion as Chittle went door to door to convince people to come to see his creation, and soon Chittle’s backyard ice rink became a Manton hot spot. Children were skating and shooting, a fire was burning, and hot chocolate was steaming in to-go cups. “When things were tough, it was a place,” says Chittle’s neighbor Audrey Hooker. “It was fantastic because we just came together and became calm and happy instead of concerned.”
But the goodwill didn’t stop with Chittle. When the community heard how much money he used to make this project happen, everyone stepped forward. A fundraiser brought in about $1,300, and letters flooded to Chittle’s home stuffed with cash. “Almost 30 complete strangers knocked on my door to just shake my hand and say thank you, most of them handing me money as well and three asking for a hug,” says Chittle. “This has been a community thing. It’s more than me. I want to show the rest of the world what a little effort and the best intentions can do.”
9．Why did fire trucks come to Manton
A．To deal with an emergency. B．To send water to the community.
C．To ensure people’s safety in the town. D．To help with Chittle building the ice rink.
10．What did Chittle do to carry out his project
A．Persuade his neighbors to make donations. B．Purchase a piece of land behind his house.
C．Turn to the Internet for tips and materials. D．Research the popular lifestyles in Manton.
11．How did the ice rink affect the community
A．It made the community popular in Mantan. B．It slowed down the pace of the residents’ life.
C．It offered people there comfort and company. D．It inspired the residents to do outdoor activities.
12．What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean
A．Everyone could make a difference to society. B．Chittle received acts of kindness from others.
C．The community got better due to the ice rink. D．Chittle had goodwill to the whole community.
（23·24上·长春·阶段练习）Jose Alberto Gutierrez’s life would never be the same again after finding a copy of Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy in the garbage 20 years ago. It happened while he was driving his garbage truck through wealthier neighborhoods at night and seeing deserted books. It sparked his desire to start rescuing books from the garbage. He took home between 50 and 60 books every morning after his nine-hour shift. Eventually, he turned his book collection into a community library.
Colombia’s capital city of Bogota has 13 million residents and 19 public libraries. However, these libraries tend to be far away from where rural and poorer communities live. The option of buying new books is non-existent for families struggling to make ends meet. Having access to a library of books and being taken away to another world while absorbed in a book is a luxury for the kids who visit Gutierrez’s library.
Gutierrez grew up poor, and his family could not afford to educate him beyond primary school. Nevertheless, his mother was a keen reader and read stories to him every night. Her love for books left a deep impression on Gutierrez, who never let a lack of formal education stop him from reading classics by the likes of Victor Hugo, Mario Vargas Llosa and Gabriel Garcia Marquez.
Today, his community library, called “The Strength of Words”, occupies most of his home and is piled from floor to ceiling with fiction and non-fiction titles. Everything from school textbooks to story books can be found in his collection of more than 20,000 books!
The Strength of Words library opens every weekend. It is not just school-going children who are enjoying the benefits of The Strength of Words library. Adults are also welcome to expand their horizons and develop new skills to build a better life for themselves.
Despite having done so much for his community, Gutierrez is not yet content to call it a day. He continues to search through bins for reading material and has even travelled to book fairs in Mexico and Chile to sell his idea of building library from unwanted books.
13．What inspired Gutierrez to build the community library
A．The dilemma he faced on the night shift.
B．The hobby he has started since childhood.
C．Famous novelists he liked very much.
D．Abandoned books he came across at work.
14．What can we learn about Gutierrez’s mother
A．She was born into a poor family.
B．She bought Gutierrez many books.
C．She influenced Gutierrez greatly.
D．She enjoyed reading Hugo’s works.
15．What does the underlined phrase “call it a day” in the last paragraph mean
A．Take the time.
B．Stop the work.
C．Make a change.
D．Receive a reward.
16．What does Gutierrez’s story tell us
A．A book holds a house of gold.
B．The early bird catches the worm.
C．Good things come to those who wait.
D．One man’s trash is another man’s treasure.
（22·23上·重庆·阶段练习）You’ve likely been unable to avoid talk of the metaverse (虚拟空间/元宇宙) in the past few months. The term, first coined by sci-fi author Neal Stephenson in a 1992 novel, has become a vision of the future of technology in our lives. And if that is to be believed, it’s where we’ll be living the rest of our digital lives.
“The metaverse is a further combination of our physical and digital lives,” says Cathy Hackl of Futures Intelligence Group. Put plainly, the metaverse is a 3D virtual space that can be accessed through virtual reality goggles (眼镜), adding elements of the digital on top of our day-to-day lives. You could attend concerts and conferences in the metaverse, staged in a 3D digital representation of a nightclub or conference center. Elsewhere, you’ll shop for shoes in a virtual Nike store or order food in a virtual McDonald’s and have it delivered to your real-world home.
“It’s the future of the Internet. But it’s also about further connectivity,” says Hackl. So far, most of the attention around the metaverse has been focused on the company formerly known as Facebook, which rebranded last year as Meta in an indication of how strongly it believes in the future of the metaverse. Founder Mark Zuckerberg wants a billion of us to live, work, and play in the metaverse by 2030.
But Hackl warns people not to view the social media giant as the center of the metaverse. “It’s not just one company,” she says. “No single company can build it, either.” It’s also not enabled by a single technology, even though right now the way to “enter” the metaverse is to wear a pair of virtual reality goggles. While the early running may be made by Meta, the momentum (势头) will be picked up by others. And just because we have an idea of what the metaverse will look like now, it doesn’t mean that’s what it’ll end up as, Hackl warns. “The way I explain it is we’re in a high-speed train, destination metaverse,” she says. “We don’t know the stops, but we kind of know where we’re heading.”
17．What is the metaverse according to the passage
A．It is just a word from a sci-fi novel.
B．It is a 3D virtual space that can connect future life.
C．It is where we’ll be living the rest of our digital lives.
D．It is a virtual world that interacts with the real world through VR goggles.
18．Why does the writer mention concerts and conference in paragraph 2
A．To introduce how the metaverse works.
B．To recommend a new way of enjoying life in the future.
C．To tell readers what his life will be like in the metaverse.
D．To provide examples of how physical and digital lives combine.
19．What can we know about Meta from the passage
A．It is the centre of the metaverse.
B．It is a social media giant like Facebook.
C．It seems to take a leading part in the field of the metaverse.
D．It believes all of us could live, work and play in the metaverse by 2030.
20．What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean
A．We won’t stop until we realize the metaverse.
B．It matters who will be in charge of the building of the metaverse.
C．Hackl is not familiar with the train she took but knows where to get off.
D．Though not knowing the process, Hackl is sure about the bright future of the metaverse.
（22·23·盐城·三模）In this age of screens, smartphones, virtual assistants and voice-enabled speakers, we constantly receive visual and auditory (听觉的) suggestions of things to do, products to buy, and media to consume. Yet are all these messages created equal According to a research, the answer is no.
In the spring of 2018, Mariadassou and Bechler, both graduate students of Business, were sitting in a seminar (研讨会), in which they were studying how different types of messages affect decision-making. They learned that people generally perceive someone as more intelligent when they convey spoken information rather than delivering the same message in writing.
As they chatted after class, Mariadassou recalls, “We wondered, ‘What would happen if you apply this to recommendations ’” They believed there is “a general perception that people act on auditory and visual information the same way” and wanted to explore this assumption.
Mariadassou, who is pursuing her PhD in marketing, with Bechler, now a professor at the University of Notre Dame’s Mendoza College of Business, ran a series of studies where the same information was presented to participants in different forms, including computer-generated audio that sounded like a smart speaker.
The researchers were surprised that auditory recommendations for products like beer were more influential than textual ones. “In theory, this shouldn’t produce any difference in behavior,” Mariadassou writes in an email. “Hearing that you should drink the pale beer or reading that you should drink the pale beer is really one and the same. The fact that it leads to psychologically different experiences that are significant enough to lead to a change in behavior is not something you would expect.”
The effect was small but strong enough to demonstrate a “consistent effect of auditory power”, Mariadassou says. She believes the power of auditory information has to do with itsephemeralnature —“it seems like there’s this sort of fundamental need to act on information that’s going away,” she says. Bechler agrees: “When something disappears, it creates a kind of urgency to respond.”
21．Why did Mariadassou and Bechler conduct the studies
A．To apply what they learned into real life.
B．To find out what people are more intelligent.
C．To explore the reasons behind people’s different behaviors.
D．To test if different types of messages affect recommendations.
22．What does paragraph 5 tell us
A．The findings of the research.
B．The theory behind the research.
C．The application of the research results.
D．The explanation of the research process.
23．What does the underlined word “ephemeral” in the last paragraph mean
A．Uncertain. B．Temporary. C．Selective. D．Random.
24．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Effect of Auditory Power Has Been Long Neglected
B．People Act on Auditory and Visual Information Equally
C．Effective Recommendations Are Better Heard Than Seen
D．Decision-making Has Little to Do With Types of Messages
（22·23·江西·二模）Next time you’re having trouble solving a tricky puzzle, consider asking a nearby bumblebee. A new study in the journal PLOS Biology finds that these humble insects can actually learn to solve puzzles from one another, suggesting that even some invertebrates(无脊椎动物) have a capacity for what we humans call “culture.”
“Nobody’s really thought that invertebrates like bumblebees show evidence of culture,” says Alice Bridges, an ecologist at Anglia Ruskin University. “People assume that they’re mostly driven by inborn factors.” Bridges set out to prove them wrong. To study culture in bumblebees, she first drilled some bees to solve puzzle boxes. She trained some bees to head-butt the red switch to get the sugar water and trained others to push the blue switch. Then, Bridges placed these tutor bees into different colonies, along with the puzzle boxes.
It wasn’t all fun and games: Bridges got stung multiple times and the fourth sting sent her to the hospital. Bridges persevered, however, and the experiment ultimately played itself out. In colonies where the tutor bee had learned to push the red switch, the other bees usually pushed the red switch. In colonies where the tutor bee was trained to push the blue switch, their fellow bees tended to do the same. In the control colonies where there were no tutors, the bees sometimes learned how to open the boxes, but never as efficiently or reliably.
The conclusion, Bridges and her colleagues report in their new study today, is that bumblebees can transmit certain behaviors—culturally. “Maybe culture isn’t that unusual,” she says. “Maybe it’s not some pinnacle(顶峰) of cognition that only a few species have.”
“Many of us consider ourselves special because we have culture and we can learn,” says Jessica Ware, an entomologist. “The truth is that all we have found about animal culture means that human culture, once thought unique, did not appear ‘out of the blue’ but has obviously built on deep evolutionary(进化的) foundations.”
25．How did the bumblebees get the sugar water from the puzzle boxes
A．By pressing a button. B．By solving word puzzles.
C．By bursting open the boxes. D．By turning the boxes upside down.
26．What can be inferred about the experiment
A．It contradicts the former research. B．It shows that culture is unique to humans.
C．It has received wide recognition. D．It has brought Bridges much trouble.
27．What does the underlined phrase “out of the blue” in the last paragraph mean
A．Slowly. B．Suddenly. C．Endlessly. D．Regularly.
28．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Can Insects Have Culture
B．Can New Culture Be Created
C．How Do Bumblebees Tutor Peers
D．How Will Invertebrate Study Be Expanded
（22·23下·河南·阶段练习）Michael Baker at the University of Toronto and Kevin Milligan at the University of British Columbia recently analyzed survey data of parents in three countries — the United States, Canada and Britain. They were especially interested to see how parents say they spend time with their children, and they turned up an interesting gender difference in what they called “teaching activities” such as teaching them the alphabet or numbers, reading with the children.
The finding surprised them because at least in a popular view, parents supposedly spend more time with boys than girls. And Baker says that perception does tend to hold true for older children’s fathers tend to spend more time with boys once they are older than age 4 or 5. When children are smaller, Baker says, parents spend about the same total time with boys as they do with girls.
The economists focused their analysis on first-born children in order to see the difference clearly, for it would muddy the waters to compare parents caring for an only child with parents caring for their second or third child, Baker says. But they did find that the difference also shows up clearly among twins (a boy and a girl). Here again, the parents surveyed seemed to devote more time to girls when it came to cognitive (认知的) activities.
The big question, of course, is why these differences come about. Milligan says parents may be following cultural concepts and unconscious biases (偏见) that suggest they should read with their daughters and have active play with sons.
It is also possible, Baker says, that the costs of investing in cognitive activities is different when it comes to boys and girls. As an economist, he isn’t referring to cost in the sense of cash; he means cost in the sense of effort. “It is just more costly to provide a unit of reading to a boy than to a girl because the boy doesn’t sit still, you know, doesn’t pay attention,” he says, “these sorts of thing.”
29．What did Baker and Milligan find
A．Parents spend more time with girls.
B．Fathers spend more time with boys.
C．Parents do more cognitive activities with girls.
D．Parents are supposed to read more with boys.
30．What does the underlined phrase “muddy the waters” in the third paragraph mean
A．Cause the waters to become dirty. B．Make things more complex.
C．Waste lots of time and efforts. D．Improve accuracy of the results.
31．What do paragraphs 4-5 mainly focus on
A．Passible reasons for the differences.
B．Cultural beliefs that parents often hold.
C．Activities parents have with their children.
D．Different activities with parents between boys and girls.
32．Which can be the best title for the text
A．Boys and Girls Are Quite Different
B．Parents Need to Adopt Different Teaching Methods
C．Girls May Get More Teaching Time from Parents
D．Boys May Require More Attention from Parents
（22·23下·河南·期中）A song called Lonely Warrior (《孤勇者》) is always ringing in my ears. Six years ago, after hosting an annual ceremony for my school, I found that my left leg was a little swollen, and very soon I could barely walk. In fact, the swollen part became a fist-sized meatball that was so painful that I could barely sleep. Of course, I went to a local hospital, where I was given very bleak (不乐观的) news-osteosarcoma, which means bone cancer.
I underwent chemotherapy (化疗) for the next two years, and it was the worst time of my life. Physically, I felt that the side effects of chemotherapy were killing me. I lost all of the hair on my body and I became totally bald. I could barely eat anything, even if felt hungry. I no longer needed an alarm clock to wake up in the morning. Instead, what woke me was my body telling me that I needed to vomit (呕吐).
I had no idea where all this treatment would leave me, and the dreams I had once nursed about the future were entirely wiped out. I wanted to feel the world and experience more, so I stuck to the course of treatment. As time went by, however, I became weaker and weaker. The side effects now were far worse than they had been earlier.
I eventually suggested that the leg be chopped off, and the doctor said that might be the best thing to do, as long as I could cope with the psychological and social pressures afterward. I made my decision very calmly, because I knew things could not be worse than they were at that moment, and I was determined that this was just one more battle I would win.
Now, six years later, I have weathered all these difficulties. I have been so lucky to be able to find the strength to deal with all of this, and what I have to tell anyone still struggling with difficulties is this: have faith in yourself, and do not let bad moments drag you down. Just hang on and you will come through.
33．What can we learn about the side effects of chemotherapy
A．They made the author suffer a lot.
B．They destroyed the author’s faith.
C．They were relieved after treatment.
D．They were more obvious in the daytime
34．What was the author’s decision to deal with his condition
A．Chopping off his leg.
B．Turning down the doctor’s advice.
C．Giving in to the cancer.
D．Seeking psychological assistance.
35．What does the underlined word“weathered”in the last paragraph mean
A．resisted B．survived C．escaped D．produced
36．What does the author want to convey in the text
A．A light heart lives long.
B．A good medicine tastes bitter.
C．Time works wonders.
D．One with faith braves any hardship.
（22·23下·嘉定·二模）Peter and Minke van Wingerden have created something wild: a herd of cows floating on the sea. The Dutch husband-and-wife team’s experiment on sustainable agriculture, called Floating Farm, can be found in the port of Rotterdam. The modernist structure houses 40 cows, who collectively produce some 200 gallons of milk a day. In addition to helping nourish (滋养) the local community, the waterborne farm is playing a part in the global conversation about how the climate crisis is pushing farmers to reconsider how—and where—they produce food.
Floods, extreme heating, droughts and even rising night temperatures have sent the food system off balance. The race to outsmart the constant attack of extreme weather has made the world of farming unrecognizable from what it was only decades ago. A team of scientists in Mexico is developing wheat types that can adapt themselves to different climates, while Jack’s Solar Garden in Longmont, Colorado, is a testbed for the emerging method of solar farming.
Rotterdam has already established itself as one of the most climate-adaptive places in the world. Everything from office buildings to entire neighborhoods are built on water in the city, which is 90% below sea level. The Wingerdens’ Floating Farm was a new but necessary attempt. Should a weather crisis arise, a waterborne farm isn’t necessarily stuck in place. A former property developer with a background in engineering, Peter found his inspiration for the Floating Farm in a climate disaster in New York City, where Hurricane Sandy prevented the delivery of fresh food to millions.
The Wingerdens’ model is ripe for reproduction—which is exactly what the Floating Farm’s team of 14 are working on now. Plans are under way for a floating vegetable farm to move into the space next to the current Floating Farm. Permit applications are also out for similar structures in Dubai, Singapore and the Dutch cities of Haarlem and Arnhem.
The new projects will apply lessons learned from Floating Farm. “You need to build a house in order to know how to build a house,” Peter says. The biggest obstacles he sees ahead, however, are not financial or physical, but rather political and administrative. “One of the biggest challenges we come across worldwide is regulations. Cities need to have disruptivethinking, cities need to have disruptive departments, and cities need to have areas where you can say: OK, this is the experimental zone.” Because what Peter and his team are pulling off is of a different order than the typical sustainability measures. “We are not innovative,” he says. “We are disruptive.”
37．Which of the following is TRUE about the Floating Farm
A．It is the first modern farming attempt to fight climate change.
B．It is a model of new agriculture in the age of climate crisis.
C．It has outsmarted other forms of farming like solar farming.
D．It copies a similar structure in Dubai ready for reproduction.
38．It can be inferred from the passage that ___________.
A．90% of the population in Rotterdam live below the sea level
B．The New York City is working hard to fight climate change
C．The local community will not be fed without new farming
D．Waterborne facilities are necessary to the future of Rotterdam
39．The phrase “disruptive thinking” in the last paragraph means “thinking __________”.
A．in a daring and unusual way B．in a focused and logical way
C．in a careful and detailed way D．in a rude and unpleasant way
40．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A．Is Rotterdam Built on Water
B．Can Floating Farming Survive
C．Are Cows at Sea the Future of Farming
D．Is Extreme Weather Affecting Agriculture
（22·23·重庆·阶段练习）Obsessed with Kim Kardashian Can’t get enough of Bennifer getting back together Chances are you’re an idiot——at least according to Hungarian researchers.
New research has suggested people obsessed with Hollywood gossip and A-list celebs might not be that smart―which will surely be a jarring revelation for those who love tabloids(八卦小报)magazines.
The study, published in BMC Psychology late last year, claims that “there is a direct association between celebrity worship and poorer performance on cognitive tests” measuring both literacy and numeracy(计算能力).
The study asked 1,763 Hungarian adults to undertake a 30-word vocabulary test and a math test, before completing a “Celebrity Attitude Scale” questionnaire to determine their levels of interest in famous people.
Researchers found that high scores on the Celebrity Attitude Scale correlated with lower performance on the two cognitive ability tests. Participants were also asked about their income, material wealth and levels of education in order to gain the most detailed picture possible.
However, the researchers were unable to determine whether celebrity obsessives perform poorly on cognitive tests because they used their brainpower thinking about A-listers, or whether they were obsessed with Hollywood gossip because they were already less intelligent to begin with.
In other words, it’s unclear whether celebrity worshiping is a cause or consequence of low cognitive function.
“Future studies should seek further support for our suggestion that the cognitive effort invested in maintaining the absorption in a favorite celebrity may interfere with the person’s performance in tasks that require attention and other cognitive skills,” the researchers told PsyPost in a recent interview. “Although our research does not prove that developing a powerful obsession with one’s favorite celebrity causes one to score lower on cognitive tests, it suggests that it might be wise to carefully monitor feelings for them.”
While some tabloid magazine readers may feel personally attacked by this research, folks on Twitter did not seem shocked by the findings. “I don’t think a study was needed to determine this,” wrote one Twitter user. “What worries me is that people who worship celebs are not going to read this article ever,” another added.
41．What do the underlined words “be a jarring revelation for” in the second paragraph mean
A．Come as a blow to.
B．Serve as an eye-opener for.
C．Have a negative effect on.
D．Give a good laugh to.
42．What can we learn about obsession with celebrities from the research
A．It is a sign of lower intelligence.
B．It results in poor cognitive function.
C．It has to do with levels of education.
D．It is associated with lower cognitive ability.
43．What do the researchers recommend people to do
A．Invest more effort in attention-demanding tasks.
B．Avoid developing a powerful celebrity obsession.
C．Reduce the time spent reading tabloid magazines.
D．Seek further support to address celebrity worship.
44．How do Twitter users feel about the research
A．They feel personally attacked by it.
B．They are surprised at its findings.
C．They are skeptical about its result.
D．They consider it not necessary.
（22·23下·浙江·阶段练习）For several years, “fly on the wall” was Esther Ruth Mbabazi’s approach to photography. Be invisible. Don’t influence the scene. Then,in 2019, the 28-year-old Ugandan had an opportunity to do just the opposite.
That’s when Mbabazi learned of the Gulu for Women With Disabilities Union (GUWODU), a professional and social center in a small city in Uganda’s north. There, she partnered with seven women on a portrait series that was a celebration of individuality and personal expression. “I was tired of the images I was seeing out there, especially here in Uganda, where people with disabilities are robbed of their personalities,” said Mbabazi. “They’re photographed as people who can’t do anything. I didn’t want my images to look like that.”
Over one year, she made four trips to Gulu and photographed women she met, including a land mine survivor missing a leg, a deaf mother of four, and a blind musician. They posed in custom dresses, created by a Kampala-based designer, against backdrops (背景幕布) of art and handiwork they had made. When Mbabazi asked the women how they wanted to be seen, they told her: as capable, equal, Intelligent. In other words,the dignity that Ugandans with special needs often are denied.
Joyce Auma, 25, who uses wheelchair, chose a blue patterned top and skirt that contrasted beautifully with the vibrant green and blue backdrop. Another, Laker Irene Odwar, who lost her leg in a land mine at age 16, chose a pale blue blazer and a shirt with a smart silk scarf.
On her last trip to Gulu, Mbabazi delivered large, framed copies of the portraits to those who posed for them. As Mbabazi explains, “They said, ‘This shows me as I am in my full existence, my full body, as I am.’” Mbabazi hopes the photos will be exhibited publicly, to help change how the women are seen, and treated, by others.
45．The underlined words “fly on the wall” in the first paragraph means a photographer who .
A．takes photos without being noticed
B．takes photos with careful arrangements
C．makes a great difference with photos
D．uses advanced technology in photographing
46．What do the models Mbabazi chose have in common
A．They are good at making dresses.
B．They are eager to become famous.
C．They are disabled to some degree.
D．They are into bright,vibrant color.
47．Which of the following can best describe Mbabazi’s photographs
A．Dull and conventional.
B．Distinctive and expressive.
C．Dreamlike and attractive.
D．Unrealistic and creative.
48．We can infer that the purpose of Mbabazi’s photographs is to.
A．celebrate the individuality of Uganda women
B．show the real life of women with disabilities
C．display the beauty of women in custom dresses
D．challenge the way the world sees disabled women
（23·24上·沧州·阶段练习）Magnetic fields are promising to be a useful tool in the hunt for human settlements that have been lost to the sea off the coast of the UK. An upcoming project is set to use magnetometry (磁力测定) data to seek Doggerland, the flooded land that connected Britain to mainland Europe until the end of the Ice Age, but there’s hope that this technique could be used to find long-lost civilizations all over the world.
The study comes from the University of Bradford in the UK. Their plan is to closely look at magnetometry data gathered from a portion of the North Sea and attempt to identify any strange anomalies (异常) that could suggest the presence of archaeological structures.
The team is especially keen to use these techniques to look for traces of human activities beneath the North Sea since it’s thought to have been home to some of the largest prehistoric settlements in Europe. Before it was flooded over 8,000 years ago. Doggerland was a rich and diverse habitat that likely attracted prehistoric humans and others. Despite its potential that lays beneath the North Sea, we know relatively little about the culture that once was developed here.
“As the area we are studying used to be above sea level, there’s a small chance this analysis could even reveal evidence for hunter-gatherer activity. That would be the most important part.” Ben Urmston, PhD student at the University of Bradford, said in a statement. “We might also discover the presence of middens, which are rubbish dumps that consist of animal bones, shells and other biological material. that can tell us a lot about how people lived.”
Remarkably little of the world’s oceans have been explored, let alone for the purposes of archaeology. Nevertheless, advances in technology are continuing to show that the coastlines are hiding countless traces of ancient human activities, even evidence of long-lost civilizations.
Thanks to projects like the one at the University of Bradford, as well as many others, the future of marine archaeology is looking promising. Nevertheless, we have to be patient. Just don’t expect to stumble across the sunken city of Atlantis anytime soon.
49．Why is magnetometry data used in this project
A．To trace the ice movement. B．To measure Doggerland.
C．To find a lost ancient land. D．To explore the history of Britain.
50．What do we know about Doggerland over 8,000 years ago
A．Its civilization is little known to us. B．It was a place that was often flooded.
C．It was a deserted island with few people. D．Its location has not yet been confirmed.
51．What is Ben Urmston’s attitude toward this analysis
A．Uncaring. B．Subjective. C．Shocked. D．Favourable.
52．What do the underlined words ”stumble across“in the last paragraph mean
A．Display. B．Assess. C．Restore. D．Discover.
（23·24上·达州·阶段练习）Electronic timing is older than most people imagine and was used for the first time more than a hundred years ago at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics. Initially, the well-known company Ericsson was tasked with developing the technology, but it was the Swedish inventor Ragnar Carlstedt who eventually created the final product.
At the same time, Carlstedt introduced another invention: the finish line camera. The 1, 500-meter Olympic final was extremely close with Arnold Jackson from Great Britain winning by only 0.1 seconds. But it was impossible to decide on the silver medal since the two Americans Abel Kiviat and Norman Taber finished side by side. For the first time in history, the outcome of an Olympic event had to be settled based on a photo finish when Kiviat was judged to be “slightly ahead”.
The significance of these two inventions led a major newspaper to write: “Electronic timing at the Olympic Games. Simultaneous (同时发生的) timing and photography of contestants. A brilliant idea!”
The next step in timekeeping was the photo-finish camera with a time stamp imprinted on each picture, which was introduced at the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles. The 1948 Olympics saw the introduction of another invention with the continuous slit camera (狭缝摄影机), where a film behind a narrow slit rolls (滚动) with the same speed as the runners. Four years later the clocks were connected to the slit camera giving a solution of 1/100 s. But it was not until 1972 that official times were recorded to the 100th of a second.
The next big step in the eighties was to make the camera digital to speed up the feedback (反馈). But the idea behind the slit camera was kept and is still the basis of all timing systems for athletics used today. The only difference is that now there is a very narrow sensor array ( 阵列传感器) instead of the moving film.
After a century technology has reached the point where the whole timing system can be stored in a smartphone. So in a way, the circle was closed when SprintTimer, a sports timer and photo finish app, was developed in the same place and precisely a hundred years after Ragnar Carlstedt.
53．What do we know about electronic timing
A．It was created in recent years.
B．It was first introduced at the Olympics.
C．It was developed by the well-known company Ericsson.
D．It was perfected by the Swedish inventor Ragnar Carlstedt.
54．What does paragraph 2 focus on
A．The increasing need for a finish line camera.
B．The excellent performance of Arnold Jackson.
C．The significant role of Carlstedt's another invention.
D．The intense competition of the 1,500-meter Olympic final.
55．How was the digital camera in the eighties different from the slit camera
A．It avoided the use of a moving film.
B．It rolled with the same speed as the runners.
C．It made a 100th-of-a-second record possible.
D．It adopted a new idea for all timing systems used today.
56．What does the underlined part “the circle was closed” in the last paragraph mean
A．Further improvement was discontinued.
B．The problem was back to the origin.
C．A new invention was created.
D．The issue was resolved.
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