2024年新高考英语二轮复习 【培优小题狂练】
专题13阅读理解“猜测词义2（代词指代）”题（考情+技法+真题+模拟）解析版
【近年高考考情】
1.（2022·新高考II卷·C篇）30题
2.（2020·新高考卷·C篇）29题
3.（2020·浙江卷·B篇）25题
4.（2019·全国II卷·A篇）21题
5.（2017·全国II卷·B篇）26题
6.（2017·全国I卷·C篇）29题
【实用解题妙招】
一、设问方式
1. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
2. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
二、实用妙招
在语篇中有时为了避免重复提及某一个词或者短语，常常用指代词表示，如:要求考生指出代词it，they，one等的指代对象。指代词起连接语篇的作用，它能体现出语篇中各句子之间的逻辑关系。解题时需要做到:
1.原文定位：返回原文，找出指代词。
2.左顾右盼：找与其最接近的名词，名词性词组或句子（90%以上都是往前找答案）。
3.替换验证：替换该指代词，看逻辑是否通顺，范围是否一致。
三、思维导图
【高考真题再练】
1.（2022·新高考II卷·C篇）30题
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title for the text
A. To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
【答案】28. A 29. B 30. D 31. B
【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
28. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse.”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。
29. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。
30. 词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior.”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。受到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。
31. 主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving more.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正地改变人们的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。
2.（2020·新高考卷·C篇）29题
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
28. What made Mr Bissell return to Uzbekistan
A. His friends' invitation. B. His interest in the country.
C. His love for teaching. D. His desire to regain health.
29. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A. Developing a serious mental disease.
B. Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D. Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
30. Which of the following best describes Mr Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan
A. Romantic. B. Eventful. C. Pleasant. D. Dangerous.
31. What is the purpose of this text
A. To introduce a book. B. To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C. To remember a writer. D. To recommend a travel destination.
【答案】28. B 29. D 30. B 31. A
【分析】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了Bissell写的《追逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》这本书。这本书是Bissell在乌兹别克斯坦做志愿者后写的，是对乌兹别克斯坦人生活的一个快速观察。
28. 细节理解题。根据第一段的”A few years later, still attracted to the country. he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Ara Sea”可知，几年后，Bissell仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章。因此推断出对这个国家的兴趣让Bissell先生再次返回乌兹别克斯坦。故选B。
29. 词句猜测题。划线句是第二段首句，that用来指代上文提的事情，因此推断that指代写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章这件事，根据第一段最后一句”A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea(几年后，仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章)”可知，that指代写了一篇关于死海消失的文章这件事，故选D。
30. 推理判断题。根据第三段”This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.”可知，在乌兹别克斯坦的旅途中，Mr Bissell既体会到了友善和温暖，也看到了社会的黑暗面。在撒马尔罕，Mr Bissell欣赏到了的建筑奇观。在前往布哈拉的路上，他因为被怀疑进行毒品交易，他尝到了警察的伎俩。在费尔干纳，他参加了一个山区葬礼，然后参加了一个奇怪的酒会。在卡拉卡尔帕克斯坦，他为沙尘暴、疾病和被困在数英里外的渔船而难过。由此可知，在旅途中，他经历了很多事情。结合选项，B选项(充满事件的，多事的)可以表达此意。故选B。
31. 推理判断题。文章第一段提到书的作者的乌兹别克斯坦之行，引出他写的书，接下来三段讲述了他的书《追逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》的故事内容，是乌兹别克斯坦生活的一个快速观察。因此推断本文的写作目的是介绍一本书。故选A。
3.（2020·浙江卷·B篇）25题
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.
For all of Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference. “It’s not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities,” he says.
In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.
25. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A. Increased length of green lights. B. Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C. Flexible timing of traffic signals. D. Smooth traffic flow on the road.
26. What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A. They work better on broad roads.
B. They should be used in other cities.
C. They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.
D. They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.
27. What can we learn from Bellevue’s success
A. It is rewarding to try new things. B. The old methods still work today.
C. It pays to put theory into practice. D. The simplest way is the best way.
【答案】25. C 26. D 27. A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。美国华盛顿州的Bellevue采用了能随交通状况而调节交通灯时间的适应性信号灯，大大缓解了交通压力，也表明人们对于交通阻塞问题不再只是拓宽道路，而是能够采用新方法。
25. 指代猜测题。That位于第二段句首，应是指代第一段的内容。根据第一段内容尤其是第一段最后一句“Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.(就像交通本身一样，信号灯的时间也会变化)”可知，第一段主要讲述的是信号灯的时间会灵活变化；“That is by design.”意为“那是有意为之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信号灯的灵活时间”。故选C项。
26. 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句中“adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways(但自适应信号并不是解决拥堵道路的万能药)”及第二句中“others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference(其他城市交通堵塞如此严重，只有减少道路上的车辆才能起有意义的作用) ”可推知，Kevin Balke认为适应性信号灯对于交通堵塞很严重的城市没有太大帮助。故选D项。
27. 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.(这些灯，被称为适应性信号灯，已经大大减少了通勤的麻烦和花费)”最后一段第一句“In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches.(在Bellevue，对适应性信号灯的转变是一个在欢迎新方法的价值方面的榜样)”可推知，从Bellevue的成功中可以得出，尝试新事物是值得的。故选A项。
4.（2019·全国II卷·A篇）21题
My Favourite Books
Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列) of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.
Matilda
Roald Dahl
I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl’s writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words. Matilda’s battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and frightening, but they’re also aspirational.
After Dark
Haruki Murakami
It’s about two sisters—Eri, a model who either won’t or can’t stop sleeping, and Mari, a young student. In trying to connect to her sister, Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse “night people” who are hiding secrets.
Gone Girl
Gillian Fynn
There was a bit of me that didn’t want to love this when everyone else on the planet did, but the horror story is brilliant. There’s tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust. It’s a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what’s going on is horribly enjoyable.
The Stand
Stephen King
This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around. After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world’s population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left. Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.
21. Who does “I” refer to in the text
A. Stephen King. B. Gillian Flynn.
C. Jo Usmar. D. Roald Dahl.
22. Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri
A. Cosmopolitan. B. Matilda.
C. After Dark. D. The Stand.
23. What kind of book is GoneGirl
A. A folk tale. B. A biography.
C. A love story. D. A horror story.
【答案】21. C 22. C 23. D
【分析】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了作家Jo Usmar选出的四本好书。
21. 推理判断题。根据第一段Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列) of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.可知，下文介绍作家Jo Usmar选出的最好的读物，所以下文中的“I”指的是Jo Usmar。故C选项正确。
22. 细节理解题。根据After Dark中It’s about two sister—Eri, a model who either won’t or can’t stop sleeping, and Mari, a young student.可知，故事讲的是两个姐妹——Eri是一个要么不睡，要么一觉不醒的模特，玛丽，是一个年轻学生。所以After Dark中讲述了Eri和Mari的故事。故C选项正确。
23. 细节理解题。由Gone Girl中的...but the horror story is brilliant.可知，这是一个恐怖故事。故D选项正确。
5.（2017·全国II卷·B篇）26题
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn’t want me for the film - it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me. I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.
The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft(技艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other — but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.
We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words.
24. Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first
A. Paul Newman wanted it.
B. The studio powers didn’t like his agent.
C. He wasn’t famous enough.
D. The director recommended someone else.
25. Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship
A. They were of the same age.
B. They worked in the same theater.
C. They were both good actors.
D. They han similar charactertics.
26. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Their belief.
B. Their care for children.
C. Their success.
D. Their support for each other.
27. What is the author’s purpose in writing the test
A. To show his love of films.
B. To remember a friend.
C. To introduce a new movie.
D. To share his acting experience.
【答案】24. C 25. D 26. A 27. B
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者与Paul Newman之间的深厚友情。当制片人不想让我参演电影时，Paul Newman站出来为我说话，两人因此而建立了深厚的友谊。在此后的很多年里，两人一直相互扶持，相互鼓励，因此两人的深厚友情维系了很多年。
24. 推理判断题。根据第一段的“When the studio didn’t want me for the film— it wanted somebody as well known as Paul”制片人不想要我，他想要当时比较出名的演员Paul,因此，可知作者当时还不是很有名。故选C。
25. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other— but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core （核心）of our relationship off the screen”可知，作者与Paul之间有着相似的性格特征，这让他们的友谊天长地久。故选D。
26. 词义猜测题。根据“We shared the brief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back”，我们都有这个信仰：如果你有幸获得成功，你应该有所回馈。下文“he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival”是作者举的例子，因此“sharing that brought us together.”that指代前面提到的信仰。故选A。
27. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital.He and I both knew what the deal was,and we didn’t talk about it”可知Paul已经去世了，再结合前文“I first met Paul Newman in 1968”，可推断作者写文章是为了怀念这位朋友。故选B。
6.（2017·全国I卷·C篇）29题
Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.”
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.
Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “Just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.”
28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day
A. To remember the birth of jazz.
B. To protect cultural diversity.
C. To encourage people to study music.
D. To recognize the value of jazz.
29. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Jazz becoming more accessible.
B. The production of jazz growing faster.
C. Jazz being less popular with the young.
D. The jazz audience becoming larger.
30. What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz
A. It will disappear gradually.
B. It remains black and white.
C. It should keep up with the times.
D. It changes every 50 years.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Exploring the Future of Jazz.
B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz.
C. The Story of a Jazz Musician.
D. Celebrating the Jazz Day.
【答案】28. D 29. C 30. C 31. A
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述UNESCO把4月30号定为国际爵士乐日，希望意识到爵士乐的价值，但实际收效甚微。
28. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.可知，UNESCO把4月30号定为国际爵士乐日是为了让人们重视爵士乐，意识到它的重要性以及它作为连接各文化的纽带之声的潜在功能，也就是为了让人们意识到爵士乐的价值。故选D。
29. 代词指代题。根据前文Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations可知，尽管UNESCO为爵士乐设了纪念日，但美国的爵士乐听众依然在减少，并且年龄在老化，爵士乐没能将年轻一代人连接起来。再结合It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that(是Jason Moran的工作是帮助改变那一情况)可推测，that指代的是前文中爵士乐在年轻一代人中失去吸引力的现象。故选C。
30. 细节理解题。根据第五段中的The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same可知，Moran认为现在爵士乐不能 以1908或1958年的方式来呈现，因为世界已经不同了，所以爵士乐必须不断进步，说明随着时代的 发展，爵士乐也要跟上时代才不会被年轻一代所抛弃。故选C。
31. 标题选择题。通读全文可知本文主要讲UNESCO为提高人们对爵士乐的重视而设立爵士日， 但实际收效甚微。有人认为爵士乐应随着时代的进步而进步，否则将失去对人们的吸引力，因此本文主要是探索爵士乐的未来，故选A。
【名校好题强化】
（19·20下·合肥·阶段练习）On Saturday 24 August 1918, it was raining cats and dogs and thundering over a city called Sunderland on the northeast coast of England. The storm lasted for only about ten minutes. People were surprised to see that it was not just rainwater falling from the sky. There were fish falling down, too! People came out to find out what was happening. They could not believe their own eyes. There were thousands of fish—sand eels (沙鳗)—lying on the ground. They were about seven centimeters long, and all were frozen solid (冻成硬块).
Sand eels swim together in large groups, often in sandy water, and are often found in large numbers in the North Sea, which reaches out to the east of Sunderland. How was it possible for these sand eels to fall from the sky and land on Sunderland
Scientists believed the heavy thunderstorm that afternoon may have caused a waterspout (水龙卷). Waterspouts can be formed when strong winds move quickly in a circle over water. They are so powerful that anything less than one meter in length can be taken into them and forced into the clouds. The clouds carry whatever has been taken into them for long distances —sometimes over 150 kilometers. It’s very cold up there and everything soon freezes solid.
For hundreds of years there have been reports of small animals being taken into the sky through waterspouts. In 2009, dead tadpoles rained down on the city of Nanao in Japan. In 2012, fifty kilos of prawns fell from the sky over Sri Lanka. In 2017, fish fell on the coastal city of Tampico in Mexico.
It must be a very strange experience to see fish raining down on you. It would probably hurt if one fell on your head! With climate (气候) change and many reports of terrible storms, will the time ever come when it may really begin to rain cats and dogs
1. What do we know about the sand eels that landed on Sunderland
A. They were few in number. B. They came in different sizes.
C. They were still alive when landing. D. They probably came from the North Sea.
2. What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. Clouds. B. Waterspouts. C. Strong winds. D. The waters of the sea.
3. The author mentions the fall of tadpoles in Japan in 2009 in order to show that.
A. raining sea animals is not new in history B. the environment is not pleasant in Japan
C. waterspouts can reach as far as Japan D. different animals can fall in different countries
4. In the end, what does the author probably care most about
A. Our health. B. Our environment. C. The wild animals. D. The news reports.
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一种奇特的自然现象——“动物”雨，及其形成原因。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Sand eels swim together in large groups, often in sandy water, and are often found in large numbers in the North Sea, which reaches out to the east of Sunderland.(沙鳗成群结队地游动，沙鳗成群结队地一起游泳，通常在沙质水中，在桑德兰以东的北海也经常大量出现)”可知，那些出现在桑德兰市的沙鳗最可能来自与该市东部相连的北海。故选 D。
2. 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Scientists believed the heavy thunderstorm that afternoon may have caused a waterspout (水龙卷). Waterspouts can be formed when strong winds move quickly in a circle over water.(科学家认为，当天下午的强雷暴可能导致了水龙卷。当强风在水面上快速旋转时，就会形成水龙卷)”以及划线词所在句“They are so powerful that anything less than one meter in length can be taken into them and forced into the clouds.”可知，第三段主要解释了导致 1918 年那次奇特自然现象的原因——暴风雨导致了水龙卷，而水龙卷的威力很大，沙鳗被吸进水龙卷里，并被卷进云层，随着云层移动 150 多公里远直至降落，划线词 them与其所在句中的They都指代waterspouts (水龙卷)。故选 B。
3. 推理判断题。根据第四段“For hundreds of years there have been reports of small animals being taken into the sky through waterspouts. In 2009, dead tadpoles rained down on the city of Nanao in Japan. In 2012, fifty kilos of prawns fell from the sky over Sri Lanka. In 2017, fish fell on the coastal city of Tampico in Mexico.(数百年来，一直有关于小动物通过水龙卷被带向天空的报道。2009年，死蝌蚪如雨点般落在日本七尾市。2012年，50公斤的对虾从斯里兰卡上空坠落。2017年，鱼落在了墨西哥沿海城市坦皮科)”可知，第四段为总分结构，第一句为主题句，说明了历史上有很多类似于前文提到的下雨带来动物的报道，这在历史上并不新鲜。故选A。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“It would probably hurt if one fell on your head! With climate (气候) change and many reports of terrible storms, will the time ever come when it may really begin to rain cats and dogs (如果有一颗落在你头上，可能会很疼！随着气候的变化和许多可怕风暴的报道，真的会有大雨倾盆的时候吗？)”可知，作者用与英文谚语 it was raining cats and dogs相关的表述it may really begin to rain cats and dogs，含蓄地表达了作者对目前环境的担忧。故选 B。
（23·24上·河南·阶段练习）Last Saturday, a powerful earthquake struck the Philippines. It was first reported as a magnitude (震级) of 7.2; this was later corrected to 6.8. Last Friday, a port collapsed in Gloucester Harbor in Massachusetts. It was first reported as a port belonging to Cape Ann Ice, but later identified as a port used by Channel Fish.
Corrections and retractions (撤回) are common-not only in the news, but also in science and in everyday life. The trouble is that initial beliefs are sometimes hard to remove. Dozens of studies in experimental psychology have identified a phenomenon known as the continued influence effect that even after misinformation is retracted, many people continue to treat it as true. In other words, it has a continued influence on their thinking.
Ecker and his colleagues designed an experiment in which 60 university undergraduates read a series of events that were written as pairs of news stories, half of which involved a retraction in the second story of some misinformation stated in the first story. To measure the “continued influence” of the initial misinformation, participants were asked a series of questions relevant to that aspect of the news story. The researchers found that people’s reasoning often showed an influence from the initial, retracted claim, confirming previous finds.
The study’s authors are cautious about making strong conclusions based on this single result. However, they still suggest that unnecessary repetitions of misinformation should be avoided; if someone doesn’t already believe the misinformation, repeating it could do more harm than good.
5. What is the function of the first paragraph
A. Raising the main topic. B. Overviewing the whole article.
C. Showing a problem for later solution. D. Introducing the background information.
6. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to
A. The persistent influence. B. The misinformation.
C. The information retraction. D. The psychological phenomenon.
7. What can we learn about the experiment from the last two paragraph
A. It is well designed. B. It needs to be more interesting.
C. It takes ages to see the results. D. It makes us more cautious during work.
8. What is a suitable title for the text
A. Is Misinformation Useful B. Corrections and Retractions
C. Ways to Remember True Information D. Can Repeating False Information be Helpful
【答案】5. A 6. B 7. A 8. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是更正和撤回是很常见的——不仅在新闻中，在科学和日常生活中也是如此，但是研究表明最初的错误信息是很难消除的。
5. 推理判断题。根据第一段的“Last Saturday, a powerful earthquake struck the Philippines. It was first reported as a magnitude (震级) of 7.2; this was later corrected to 6.8. Last Friday, a port collapsed in Gloucester Harbor in Massachusetts. It was first reported as a port belonging to Cape Ann Ice, but later identified as a port used by Channel Fish.(上周六，一场强烈地震袭击了菲律宾。地震最初被报道为7.2级；后来被修正为6.8。上周五，马萨诸塞州格洛斯特港的一个港口倒塌。它最初被报道为属于Cape Ann Ice的港口，但后来被确定为Channel Fish使用的港口)”和第二段的“Corrections and retractions (撤回) are common-not only in the news, but also in science and in everyday life.(更正和撤回是很常见的——不仅在新闻中，在科学和日常生活中也是如此)”可知，第一段通过实际例子说明更正和撤回很常见，因此第一段的功能是提出主题。故选A。
6. 词句猜测题。根据第二段的“Dozens of studies in experimental psychology have identified a phenomenon known as the continued influence effect that even after misinformation is retracted, many people continue to treat it as true.(实验心理学的数十项研究发现了一种被称为持续影响效应的现象，即即使在错误信息被撤回后，许多人仍然认为它是真的)”，“In other words(换句话说)”和“has a continued influence on their thinking(对他们的思维有持续的影响)”可知，此处指的是被撤回的错误信息也会持续影响人的思维，因此it指代的是“错误信息”，即The misinformation。故选B。
7. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Ecker and his colleagues designed an experiment in which 60 university undergraduates read a series of events that were written as pairs of news stories, half of which involved a retraction in the second story of some misinformation stated in the first story. To measure the “continued influence” of the initial misinformation, participants were asked a series of questions relevant to that aspect of the news story.(Ecker和他的同事们设计了一个实验，让60名大学生阅读一系列事件，这些事件被写成成对的新闻报道，其中一半涉及对第一篇报道中出现的一些错误信息的第二篇报道的撤回。为了衡量最初错误信息的“持续影响”，参与者被问及一系列与新闻故事的这一方面相关的问题)”可知，这个实验是被很好设计的。故选A。
8. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段的“However, they still suggest that unnecessary repetitions of misinformation should be avoided; if someone doesn’t already believe the misinformation, repeating it could do more harm than good.( 然而，他们仍然建议应该避免不必要的重复错误信息;如果有人不相信错误的信息，重复它可能弊大于利)”可知，本文主要讲的是更正和撤回是很常见的——不仅在新闻中，在科学和日常生活中也是如此，但是研究表明最初的错误信息是很难消除的，重复错误的信息可能弊大于利，因此最恰当的标题是D选项“Can Repeating False Information be Helpful ( 重复虚假信息有帮助吗？)”。故选D。
（23·24上·红桥·期中）On November 7, Lewis Pugh completed a one-kilometer swim in the freezing waters of King Edward Cove, off South Georgia in Antarctica. He was wearing only his swimming glasses, cap and Speedos!
Pugh is an advocate for our oceans and seas, working to protect these ecosystem with their large diversity of marine (海洋的) life. When asked why he doesn’t wear a wetsuit(防寒泳衣), Lewis says, “I ask world leaders to do everything they can to protect our oceans. Sometimes the steps they need to take are difficult and unpopular. If I’m asking them to be courageous, I must also be. Swimming in a wetsuit would not send the right message.”
It took Pugh about 19 minutes to complete the one-kilometer swim in Antarctica where the water averaged about 1. 6℃. He says that his body can only tolerate about 20 minutes in the freezing waters before it starts shutting down. As he swims, his body temperature steadily drops, which in turn causes his muscle control to drop, slowing him down. When he is done with his swim, his support team rushes him to a hot shower and it takes almost an hour for his body temperature to return to normal.
Doctors and Pugh caution that one must receive months of training to swim in such cold waters. Even expert swimmers who are unused to freezing water can drown within minutes because of the physical shock experienced by the body. Pugh says he trained for six months before this swim.
This is not the first time that Lewis has swum in dangerous conditions. In 2007, he swam one kilometer in the North Pole to draw attention to the melting Arctic ice due to climate change. In 2015, he swam in the Bay of Whales in Antarctica’s Ross Sea as part of his successful campaign to help set up a marine reserve there.
9. Why did Lewis Pugh swim without a wetsuit
A. To swim faster. B. To show his bravery.
C. To build up his body. D. To win public attention.
10. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. His body. B. The water.
C. His body temperature. D. The water temperature.
11. What’s Pugh’s advice about swimming in freezing waters
A. One must be fully prepared. B. One should be expert at swimming.
C. One should be ready to take on challenges. D. One must be used to long-distance swimming.
12. Which of the following best describes Lewis Pugh
A. Ambitious and self-centered. B. Hardworking and single-minded.
C. Optimistic and environmentally friendly. D. Determined and environmentally conscious.
13. What may be the best title for the text
A. Lewis Pugh: swimming for a cause B. How to survive a swim in cold waters
C. How to prepare for extreme swimming D. Lewis Pugh: achieving the impossible
【答案】9. B 10. A 11. A 12. D 13. A
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了刘易斯 普格为了呼吁各国领导人采取行动保护海洋，在南极冰冷的水域完成了不穿防寒泳衣游泳一公里的壮举。
9. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“When asked why he doesn’t wear a wetsuit(防寒泳衣), Lewis says, “I ask world leaders to do everything they can to protect our oceans. Sometimes the steps they need to take are difficult and unpopular. If I’m asking them to be courageous, I must also be. Swimming in a wetsuit would not send the right message.”(当被问及为什么不穿防寒泳衣时，刘易斯说：“我要求世界各国领导人尽一切努力保护我们的海洋。有时，他们需要采取的步骤是困难的和不受欢迎的。如果我要求他们勇敢，我也必须勇敢。穿着潜水服游泳不会传达正确的信息。”)”可知，普格不穿防寒泳衣在冰冷的海水中游泳是为了展示他的勇敢，故选B。
10. 词句猜测题。根据划线词前的“He says that his body can only tolerate about 20 minutes in the freezing waters”可知，他说他的身体在冰冷的水中只能忍受大约20分钟，此处承接上文，是说20分钟后他的身体就会被冻僵，动弹不得，由此可知划线词指代的就是“他的身体”，故选A。
11. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Doctors and Pugh caution that one must receive months of training to swim in such cold waters.(医生和普格警告说，要在如此寒冷的水域游泳，必须接受数月的训练)”可知，普格建议人们在冰冷的海水中游泳之前要做好充分的准备，故选A。
12. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Pugh is an advocate for our oceans and seas, working to protect these ecosystem with their large diversity of marine (海洋的) life.(皮尤是海洋的倡导者，致力于保护海洋生态系统，保护海洋生物的多样性)”以及最后一段“In 2007, he swam one kilometer in the North Pole to draw attention to the melting Arctic ice due to climate change. In 2015, he swam in the Bay of Whales in Antarctica’s Ross Sea as part of his successful campaign to help set up a marine reserve there.(2007年，他为了引起人们对气候变化导致的北极冰层融化的关注，在北极游了1公里。2015年，他在南极洲罗斯海的鲸鱼湾游泳，这是他成功帮助在那里建立海洋保护区的活动的一部分)”可推知，Lewis Pugh有环保意识且意志力坚定，故选D。
13. 主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段中的“On November 7, Lewis Pugh completed a one-kilometer swim in the freezing waters of King Edward Cove, off South Georgia in Antarctica.(11月7日，刘易斯 普格在南极洲南乔治亚州附近的爱德华王湾冰冷的海水中完成了一公里的游泳)”及第二段中的“Lewis says, “I ask world leaders to do everything they can to protect our oceans. Sometimes the steps they need to take are difficult and unpopular. If I’m asking them to be courageous, I must also be. Swimming in a wetsuit would not send the right message.”(刘易斯说：“我要求世界各国领导人尽一切努力保护我们的海洋。有时，他们需要采取的步骤是困难的和不受欢迎的。如果我要求他们勇敢，我也必须勇敢。穿着潜水服游泳不会传达正确的信息。”)”结合本文主要讲述了刘易斯 普格为了呼吁各国领导人采取行动保护海洋，在南极冰冷的水域完成了不穿防寒泳衣游泳一公里的壮举。这篇文章最好的题目是“Lewis Pugh：为了一个目标而游泳”，故选A。
（23·24上·浙江·期中）It’s well known that weightlifting can strengthen our muscles. Now, there’s increasing evidence that strengthening the muscles we use to breathe is beneficial too. New research shows that daily muscle training helps promote heart health and reduces high blood pressure.
“The muscles we use to breathe tend to shrink as we get older,” explains researcher Daniel, a physiologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. To test what happens when these muscles are given a good workout, he and his colleagues recruited healthy volunteers aged 18 to 82 to try a daily five-minute technique using a resistance-breathing training device. When people breathe into it, the device provides resistance, making it harder to breathe. “We found that doing 30 breaths per day for six weeks lowers blood pressure by about 9 mmHg,” Daniel says. According to Joyner, a physician at the Mayo Clinic who studies how the nervous system regulates blood pressure, that is the type of reduction with a blood pressure drug.
So, how exactly does breath training lower blood pressure Daniel points to the role of endothelial (内皮的) cells, which help widen our blood vessels (血管) and promote good blood flow. “What we found was that six weeks of the training will increase endothelial l function by about 45%,”Daniel explains.
The new study builds on a previous study and adds to the evidence that the training is beneficial for adults of all ages. Before the results came in, Daniel had suspected that young, health y adults might not benefit as much. “But we saw strong effects,” Daniel says, pointing to a significant decline in blood pressure for participants of all ages. He says the finding suggests the training could help healthy young people prevent heart disease and the rise in blood pressure that tends to occur with aging.
The technique is not intended to replace exercise, he cautions, or to replace medicine for people with high blood pressure. Instead, Daniel says, “it would be a good additional prevention for people who are doing other healthy lifestyle approaches already.”
14. Who was most likely to be a volunteer in the study
A. An adult working nearby. B. A pupil from a local school.
C. A senior with heart disease. D. A backpacker staying for 2 weeks.
15. The underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refers to .
A. giving the muscles a good workout. B. doing 30 breaths per day for six weeks.
C. regulating blood pressure by the nerves. D. lowering blood pressure by about 9 mmHg.
16. What can be known about the research result
A. It was far from satisfactory. B. It confirmed Daniel’s doubt.
C. It was contrary to the previous study. D. It was beyond Daniel’s expectation.
17. What does the text seem to advocate
A. Muscle training to promote our health. B. Weightlifting to strengthen our muscles.
C. Daily breath training to reduce blood pressure. D. Lifestyle approaches to preventing blood diseases.
【答案】14. A 15. D 16. D 17. C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。众所周知，举重可以增强我们的肌肉。现在，越来越多的证据表明，加强我们用于呼吸的肌肉也是有益的。新的研究表明，每天的肌肉训练有助于促进心脏健康，降低高血压。文章解释了研究开展的经过以及发现。
14. 细节理解题。根据第二段“To test what happens when these muscles are given a good workout, he and his colleagues recruited healthy volunteers aged 18 to 82 to try a daily five-minute technique using a resistance-breathing training device.(为了测试当这些肌肉得到良好锻炼时会发生什么，他和他的同事招募了年龄在18岁到82岁之间的健康志愿者，让他们使用呼吸阻力训练装置尝试每天五分钟的技术)”可知，一个在附近工作的成年人最有可能成为这项研究的志愿者。故选A。
15. 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“We found that doing 30 breaths per day for six weeks lowers blood pressure by about 9 mmHg (丹尼尔说:“我们发现，每天做30次呼吸，持续6周，血压会降低约9毫米汞柱)”可知，丹尼尔发现呼吸会让降低血压约9毫米汞柱，即“降低血压约9毫米汞柱”是一种用降压药可以降低的血压量。故划线词指的是“降低血压约9毫米汞柱”。故选D。
16. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Before the results came in, Daniel had suspected that young, health y adults might not benefit as much. “But we saw strong effects,” Daniel says, pointing to a significant decline in blood pressure for participants of all ages.(在结果出来之前，丹尼尔曾怀疑年轻健康的成年人可能不会受益这么多。“但我们看到了强烈的效果，”丹尼尔说，他指出，所有年龄段的参与者血压都显著下降)”可知，研究结果超出了丹尼尔的预料。故选D。
17. 细节理解题。根据第三段“So, how exactly does breath training lower blood pressure Daniel points to the role of endothelial (内皮的) cells, which help widen our blood vessels (血管) and promote good blood flow.(那么，呼吸训练到底是如何降低血压的呢？丹尼尔指出了内皮细胞的作用，它能帮助扩张血管，促进良好的血液流动)”以及最后一段“The technique is not intended to replace exercise, he cautions, or to replace medicine for people with high blood pressure.(对于那些已经在采取其他健康生活方式的人来说，这将是一个很好的额外预防措施)”可知，这篇文章似乎在提倡每天进行呼吸训练，降低血压。故选C。
（23·24上·济宁·期中）Nature is one of the greatest sources of inspiration for engineers and computer scientists to develop new technological tools. Over the past decade or so, roboticists have developed countless robots inspired by the behavior and biological mechanisms of snakes, fish, birds, insects and countless other animals.
Researchers at Beijing Institute of Technology recently designed a new bio-inspired robot that can maintain its balance using tail-like mechanism. The robot is made up of a main body, two wheels and the tail-inspired component, which is controlled by an adaptive controller that allows it to turn in different directions within an area parallel (平行的) to the robot’s wheels. The specific patters that are designed to increase the robot’s stability are calculated using the so-called Lyapunov stability theorem, which is a theoretical construct that describes the stability of dynamic systems.
Most existing approaches to balancing vehicles with two wheels work by collecting a vehicle’s body height data using an inertial (惯性的) measurement unit (IMU), which is an electronic device that can measure a specific force acting on a body or object. Conventional approaches process the data collected by an IMU device and then carry out balancing strategies accordingly, typically by adjusting its tilt (倾斜的) angle.
While many of these approaches achieved satisfactory results, the design put forward by this team of researchers introduces a practical alternative that does not involve adjusting the robot’s tilt angle. It is one of the few existing techniques that are inspired by the tails of animals, to enhance a wheeled robot’s balance while considering uncertainty in the environment.
The researchers evaluated the effectiveness of the tail-like robotic mechanism in a series of tests. Their findings were very promising. as when the robot lost its balance in the tested environment, the artificial “tail” was able to re-balance it within no more than 3.5 seconds.
In the future, this tail-like mechanism could be adapted to enhance the stability and balance of other existing or newly developed robots. In addition, the findings gathered as part of this study could inspire other roboticists to design similar tail-like components.
18. What’s special about the new robot
A. It is a bio-inspired robot.
B. It is identical to an insect.
C. Its “tail”promotes the stability control.
D. Its wheels are used to sustain its balance.
19. How are paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly developed
A. By giving a definition. B. By setting an example.
C. By analyzing reasons. D. By making comparisons.
20. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 5 refer to
A. The adaptive controller. B. The bio-inspired robot.
C. The tail-like component. D. The surrounding environment.
21. What does the last paragraph focus on
A. Reasons for the research. B. Potentials of the research.
C. Complexities of the research. D. Challenges of the research.
【答案】18. C 19. D 20. B 21. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了北京理工大学的研究团队开发的一种新的仿生机器人，该机器人可以用尾巴状的机制来保持平衡。
18. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Researchers at Beijing Institute of Technology recently designed a new bio-inspired robot that can maintain its balance using tail-like mechanism. The robot is made up of a main body, two wheels and the tail-inspired component, which is controlled by an adaptive controller that allows it to turn in different directions within an area parallel (平行的) to the robot’s wheels.(北京理工大学的研究人员最近设计了一种新的仿生机器人，它可以使用尾巴状的机制来保持平衡。该机器人由一个主体、两个轮子和由自适应控制器控制的尾翼组件组成，该控制器允许它在与机器人轮子平行的区域内向不同方向转动。)”可知，该机器人可以使用尾巴状的机机制来保持平衡。故选C。
19. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most existing approaches to balancing vehicles with two wheels work by collecting a vehicle’s body height data using an inertial (惯性的) measurement unit (IMU), which is an electronic device that can measure a specific force acting on a body or object. Conventional approaches process the data collected by an IMU device and then carry out balancing strategies accordingly, typically by adjusting its tilt (倾斜的) angle.(多数现有的平衡两轮车辆的方法是通过使用惯性测量单元(IMU)收集车辆的车身高度数据，这是一种可以测量作用在身体或物体上的特定力的电子设备。传统的方法是处理IMU设备收集的数据，然后相应地执行平衡策略，通常是通过调整其倾斜角度。)”以及第四段“While many of these approaches achieved satisfactory results, the design put forward by this team of researchers introduces a practical alternative that does not involve adjusting the robot’s tilt angle. It is one of the few existing techniques that are inspired by the tails of animals, to enhance a wheeled robot’s balance while considering uncertainty in the environment.(虽然许多方法都取得了令人满意的结果，但该研究小组提出的设计引入了一种实用的替代方案，不需要调整机器人的倾斜角度。这是为数不多的受动物尾巴启发的现有技术之一，可以在考虑环境不确定性的情况下增强轮式机器人的平衡性。)”可知，第三段和第四段将该机器人保持平衡的方法和现有的其他机器人保持平衡的方式进行比较。故选D。
20. 词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The researchers evaluated the effectiveness of the tail-like robotic mechanism in a series of tests. Their findings were very promising. as when the robot lost its balance in the tested environment(研究人员在一系列测试中评估了这种尾巴状机器人机制的有效性。他们的发现非常有希望。当机器人在测试环境中失去平衡时，)”以及划线单词前的“the artificial “tail” was able to re-balance(人造“尾巴”能够重新平衡……)”可知，划线单词“it”指的是机器人。故选B。
21. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“In the future, this tail-like mechanism could be adapted to enhance the stability and balance of other existing or newly developed robots. In addition, the findings gathered as part of this study could inspire other roboticists to design similar tail-like components.(在未来，这种类似尾巴的机制可以用来增强其他现有或新开发的机器人的稳定性和平衡性。此外，作为这项研究的一部分，收集到的发现可以启发其他机器人专家设计类似的尾巴状部件。)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了该研究未来的可能运用。故选B。
（23·24上·连云港·期中）Have you ever wondered about the significance of emotions in our life Emotions play a critical part in our lives and are contagious (传染的) unless you know how to actually control them. Let me give you an example here: When you are with your loved ones, your mood changes instantly, right If they feel happy then you feel happy, and if they feel angry/sad then so do you. Starting to get what I was talking about in the beginning Should you be feeling like that In certain situations yes, but every time, no!
You may find it very hard to believe but it is NOT our responsibility to bear their feelings, this is something that they have to do themselves. Apart from this, we must also learn to control our feelings, and never ever be ruled by our own feelings.
Let me give you my own example here. In the middle of a fight between your spouse (配偶) or partner, they will say, “You really hurt my feelings”. Sometimes, you might even say: “You are making me angry”. What does this imply It means that you have allowed the other person to emotionally control you. Whenever this happens, you start blaming yourself, especially for the emotions that others are feeling. This is known as emotional reflection. You must learn to control this or it will create co-dependency in relationships which is very harmful.
What should be your course of action here It might seem rude when I say this but you really need to hear it. YOU ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR HOW OTHERS FEEL! This goes sideways, others are also not responsible for how you feel and that is our goal for today.
22. What is the function of the first question in Paragraph 1
A. To introduce the topic. B. To share a hot game.
C. To entertain the readers. D. To explain the background.
23. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. Your partner makes you angry. B. You hurt your partner’s feelings.
C. Your feelings are controlled by others. D. You blame others for affecting your feelings.
24. What can we infer about emotions from Paragraph 3
A. Others can never control your emotions. B. You can’t be affected by others’ emotions.
C. Grow with different emotions D. Control Emotions in proper ways
25. What is the best title for the text
A. Let Go of Your Feelings B. Mind Your Own Feelings
C. Grow with different emotions D. Control Emotions in proper ways
【答案】22. A 23. C 24. D 25. D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了情绪在我们的生活中的重要性，以及要以恰当的方法控制情绪。
22. 推理判断题。由文章第一段中“Have you ever wondered about the significance of emotions in our life Emotions play a critical part in our lives and are contagious (传染的) unless you know how to actually control them. Let me give you an example here: When you are with your loved ones, your mood changes instantly, right If they feel happy then you feel happy, and if they feel angry/sad then so do you. Starting to get what I was talking about in the beginning Should you be feeling like that In certain situations yes, but every time, no! (你有没有想过情感在我们生活中的重要性？情绪在我们的生活中扮演着至关重要的角色，并且具有传染性，除非你知道如何控制它们。让我给你举个例子：当你和你爱的人在一起时，你的情绪会瞬间改变，对吧？如果他们感到快乐，那么你也会感到快乐，如果他们感到愤怒或悲伤，那么你也会感到愤怒或悲伤。开始明白我一开始说的了吗？你应该有这种感觉吗？在某些情况下是的，但每次都不是！)”可知，第一段的作用是引入本文的主题，情绪在我们的生活中的重要性。故选A。
23. 词句猜测题。由文章第三段中“It means that you have allowed the other person to emotionally control you. (这意味着你允许对方在情感上控制你。)”可知，这意味着你的感受是由他人控制的，this指代这句话。故选C。
24. 推理判断题。由文章第三段“Let me give you my own example here. In the middle of a fight between your spouse (配偶) or partner, they will say, “You really hurt my feelings”. Sometimes, you might even say: “You are making me angry”. What does this imply It means that you have allowed the other person to emotionally control you. Whenever this happens, you start blaming yourself, especially for the emotions that others are feeling. This is known as emotional reflection. You must learn to control this or it will create co-dependency in relationships which is very harmful. (让我给你们举个例子。当你的配偶或伴侣吵架时，他们会说:“你真的伤害了我的感情。”有时，你甚至可以说:“你让我生气了”。这意味着什么？这意味着你允许对方在情感上控制你。每当这种情况发生时，你就会开始责怪自己，尤其是别人的情绪。这就是所谓的情绪反射。你必须学会控制它，否则它会在关系中产生相互依赖，这是非常有害的。)”可知，你必须学会控制情绪。故选D。
25. 标题判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“Emotions play a critical part in our lives and are contagious(传染的)unless you know how to actually control them. (情绪在我们的生活中扮演着至关重要的角色，并且具有传染性，除非你知道如何控制它们。)”可知，文章主要介绍了情绪在我们的生活中的重要性，以及要以恰当的方法控制情绪。故选D。
（23·24上·烟台·期中）For sharks, the Mesoamerican Reef, which stretches over 600 miles, is a busy highway. Sharks use it to find their way and it provides them with food and habitat.
But as with on-land highways, this superhighway can be dangerous. Overfishing, commercial development and illegal practices are endangering the species. “We’re seeing a continued decline in shark populations. Our goal is to turn that round.” says Rachel Graham, founder of Mar Alliance, a non-profit organization focused on conserving sharks.
By monitoring sharks, Mar Alliance can collect important knowledge on the species to help inform conservation and push for political action. But rather than acting in opposition to the local fishing community, MarAlliance enlists their help.
“They are the ones who are on the sea every single day,” says Graham, “and they’re the ones who decide the species’ future.”
MarAlliance employs up to 60 fishermen across its range, mostly on a project basis, training them to collect data, record and release fish. Not only does this provide an alternative income to fishing communities, making them less dependent on natural resources, but it also teaches them about the benefits of a healthy ocean ecosystem and how to fish sustainably.
Among them, Ivan Torres, who used to catch sharks to sell locally as food, has learned how critical they’re to the whole ecosystem, saying he’d never fish sharks any more.
If this attitude change continues to spread throughout fishing communities, Graham has hope for the shark populations. “The primary threat to sharks is unquestionably overfishing,” she says, “By reforming the industry, populations can bounce back.”
In 2020, Belize outlawed the use of gillnets, large panels of netting of trapping large sealife. The ban’s impact is already noticeable with a recorded 10-fold increase in shark populations.
But such regulations need to be copied along the whole superhighway for long-lasting impact, and countries need to find a sustainable balance between fishers and the fished. “We need to find a win-win strategy between fisher livelihoods and shark survival,” Graham emphasizes. “I hope that through education and providing an economic alternative for fishing communities, MarAlliance will help ensure safe passage for sharks along the reef”.
26. Which of the following best describes the Mesoamerican Reef for sharks
A. Romantic but messy. B. Vital but insecure.
C. Adventurous but beautiful. D. Unfamiliar but reliable.
27. What does the underlined “they” in paragraph 4 refer to
A. MarAlliance. B. The fishers.
C. Monitoring authorities. D. The sharks.
28. What contributed to Ivan’s attitude shift apart from education
A. A stricter fishing ban. B. The insurance payout he earned.
C. An offer of extra work. D. The fishing communities’ intervention.
29. What is mainly stressed in the last paragraph
A. Solution to overfishing. B. Difficulties facing MarAlliance.
C. Impact of existing regulations. D. Features of international cooperation.
【答案】26. B 27. B 28. D 29. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了致力于保护鲨鱼的非营利组织“海洋联盟”对保护鲨鱼的保护措施。
26. 细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Sharks use it to find their way and it provides them with food and habitat. (鲨鱼用它来找路，它为它们提供食物和栖息地)”和第二段的“But as with on-land highways, this superhighway can be dangerous. Overfishing, commercial development and illegal practices are endangering the species. (但与陆地高速公路一样，这条超级高速公路也可能很危险。过度捕捞、商业开发和非法行为正在危及该物种)”可知，中美洲珊瑚礁对鲨鱼来说很重要但又充满危险。故选B。
27. 词句猜测题。由文章第三段中“But rather than acting in opposition to the local fishing community, MarAlliance enlists their help. (但是，“海洋联盟”并没有采取反对当地渔业社区的行动，而是寻求他们的帮助)”以及第四段中“the ones who are on the sea every single day (他们每天都在海上)”可知，每天都在海上的人是渔夫们。由此可知，划线词They指的是渔夫们。故选B。
28. 推理判断题。由文章第五段中“Not only does this provide an alternative income to fishing communities, making them less dependent on natural resources, but it also teaches them about the benefits of a healthy ocean ecosystem and how to fish sustainably. (这不仅为渔业社区提供了另一种收入来源，使他们减少对自然资源的依赖，而且还教会他们了解健康的海洋生态系统的好处以及如何可持续地捕鱼)”以及第六段中“Among them, Ivan Torres, who used to catch sharks to sell locally as food, has learned how critical they’re to the whole ecosystem, saying he’d never fish sharks any more. (其中，伊万·托雷斯曾经捕捞鲨鱼作为食物在当地出售，他已经了解到鲨鱼对整个生态系统的重要性，他说他再也不会捕捞鲨鱼了)”可推知，渔业社区的干预促成了伊万态度的转变。故选D。
29. 推理判断题。由文章最后一段“But such regulations need to be copied along the whole superhighway for long-lasting impact, and countries need to find a sustainable balance between fishers and the fished. “We need to find a win-win strategy between fisher livelihoods and shark survival,” Graham emphasizes. “I hope that through education and providing an economic alternative for fishing communities, MarAlliance will help ensure safe passage for sharks along the reef”. (但是，为了产生持久的影响，这些规定需要在整个高速公路上复制，各国需要在渔民和被捕捞者之间找到可持续的平衡。“我们需要在渔民生计和鲨鱼生存之间找到一个双赢的策略，”格雷厄姆强调说。“我希望通过教育和为渔业社区提供经济选择，海洋联盟将帮助确保鲨鱼沿着珊瑚礁的安全通道。”)”可推知，这些话强调了过度捕捞的解决方案，即需要在渔民生计和鲨鱼生存之间找到一个双赢的策略。故选A。
（22·23上·绵阳·阶段练习）People were already known to consume microplastics via food and water as well as breathing them in. In a new study, scientists analyzed blood samples from 22 healthy donators and found microplastics in 17. Half the samples contained PET plastic, which is commonly used in drinks bottles, while a third contained polystyrene, which is used for packaging food and other products. A quarter of the blood samples containcd polyethylene, from which plastic carrier bags are made.
“Previous work had shown that microplastics were 10 times higher in the faeces (粪便) of babies compared with adults and that babies fed with plastic bottles are swallowing millions of microplastic particles (微粒) a day. We also know in general that babies are more sensitive to chemical and particle exposure,” said Prof Dick Vethaak, a scientist at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.“That worries me a lot.”
The new research adapted existing techniques to detect and analyze particles as small as 0.0007mm. Some of the blood samples contained two or three types of plastic. The team used steel syr nge needles and glass tubes to avoid pollution and tested for background levels of microplastics using blank samples.
Vethaak acknowledged that the amount and type of plastic varied considerably between the blood samples.“But this is a pioneering study,”he said, with more work now necded. He said the differences might reflect short-term exposure before the blood samples were taken, such as drinking from a plastic-lined coffee cup or wearing a plastic face mask.
A recent study found that microplastics can attach to the outer membranes(膜) of red blood cells and may limit their ability to transport oxygen. The particles have also been found in the placentas of pregnant women.
“Arc the particles preserved in the body Are they transported to certain organs And are these levels sufficiently high to cause disease ” Vethaak said.“More detailed research on how microplastics affect the structures and processes of the human body, and whether and how they can transform cells and how they may cause cancer, is urgently needed. The problem is becoming more urgent each day,”Vethaak added.
30. What does the new study in Paragraph I show
A. Microplastic pollution is harmful to human health.
B. Microplastics have been detected in human blood.
C. Drinks bottles contain more microplastics than plastic carrier bags.
D. Food packag ng is the main source of microplastics in the human body.
31. What does the underlined word “That” in Paragraph 2 refer to
A. The mass production of plastic bottles.
B. The impact of microplastics on babies.
C. The undeveloped digestive system of babies.
D. The increasing amount of chemicals in food.
32. What might cause microplastics to vary between blood samples
A. Diverse sampling time.
B. Pollution of blood samples.
C. Different physical conditions of donators.
D. Short-term exposure to plastics before sampling.
33. Which is the best title of the passage
A. Studies of Plastic Products.
B. The Expectation of Microplastics.
C. Pioneering Studies of Microplastic Particles.
D. Studies of Microplastics into Human Body.
【答案】30. B 31. B 32024年新高考英语二轮复习 【培优小题狂练】
专题13阅读理解“猜测词义2（代词指代）”题（考情+技法+真题+模拟）原卷版
【近年高考考情】
1.（2022·新高考II卷·C篇）30题
2.（2020·新高考卷·C篇）29题
3.（2020·浙江卷·B篇）25题
4.（2019·全国II卷·A篇）21题
5.（2017·全国II卷·B篇）26题
6.（2017·全国I卷·C篇）29题
【实用解题妙招】
一、设问方式
1. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
2. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
二、实用妙招
在语篇中有时为了避免重复提及某一个词或者短语，常常用指代词表示，如:要求考生指出代词it，they，one等的指代对象。指代词起连接语篇的作用，它能体现出语篇中各句子之间的逻辑关系。解题时需要做到:
1.原文定位：返回原文，找出指代词。
2.左顾右盼：找与其最接近的名词，名词性词组或句子（90%以上都是往前找答案）。
3.替换验证：替换该指代词，看逻辑是否通顺，范围是否一致。
三、思维导图
【高考真题再练】
1.（2022·新高考II卷·C篇）30题
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title for the text
A. To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
2.（2020·新高考卷·C篇）29题
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
28. What made Mr Bissell return to Uzbekistan
A. His friends' invitation. B. His interest in the country.
C. His love for teaching. D. His desire to regain health.
29. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A. Developing a serious mental disease.
B. Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D. Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
30. Which of the following best describes Mr Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan
A. Romantic. B. Eventful. C. Pleasant. D. Dangerous.
31. What is the purpose of this text
A. To introduce a book. B. To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C. To remember a writer. D. To recommend a travel destination.
3.（2020·浙江卷·B篇）25题
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.
For all of Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference. “It’s not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities,” he says.
In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.
25. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A. Increased length of green lights. B. Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C. Flexible timing of traffic signals. D. Smooth traffic flow on the road.
26. What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A. They work better on broad roads.
B. They should be used in other cities.
C. They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.
D. They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.
27. What can we learn from Bellevue’s success
A. It is rewarding to try new things. B. The old methods still work today.
C. It pays to put theory into practice. D. The simplest way is the best way.
4.（2019·全国II卷·A篇）21题
My Favourite Books
Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列) of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.
Matilda
Roald Dahl
I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl’s writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words. Matilda’s battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and frightening, but they’re also aspirational.
After Dark
Haruki Murakami
It’s about two sisters—Eri, a model who either won’t or can’t stop sleeping, and Mari, a young student. In trying to connect to her sister, Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse “night people” who are hiding secrets.
Gone Girl
Gillian Fynn
There was a bit of me that didn’t want to love this when everyone else on the planet did, but the horror story is brilliant. There’s tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust. It’s a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what’s going on is horribly enjoyable.
The Stand
Stephen King
This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around. After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world’s population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left. Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.
21. Who does “I” refer to in the text
A. Stephen King. B. Gillian Flynn.
C. Jo Usmar. D. Roald Dahl.
22. Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri
A. Cosmopolitan. B. Matilda.
C. After Dark. D. The Stand.
23. What kind of book is GoneGirl
A. A folk tale. B. A biography.
C. A love story. D. A horror story.
5.（2017·全国II卷·B篇）26题
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn’t want me for the film - it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me. I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.
The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft(技艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other — but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.
We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words.
24. Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first
A. Paul Newman wanted it.
B. The studio powers didn’t like his agent.
C. He wasn’t famous enough.
D. The director recommended someone else.
25. Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship
A. They were of the same age.
B. They worked in the same theater.
C. They were both good actors.
D. They han similar charactertics.
26. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Their belief.
B. Their care for children.
C. Their success.
D. Their support for each other.
27. What is the author’s purpose in writing the test
A. To show his love of films.
B. To remember a friend.
C. To introduce a new movie.
D. To share his acting experience.
6.（2017·全国I卷·C篇）29题
Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.”
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.
Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “Just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.”
28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day
A. To remember the birth of jazz.
B. To protect cultural diversity.
C. To encourage people to study music.
D. To recognize the value of jazz.
29. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Jazz becoming more accessible.
B. The production of jazz growing faster.
C. Jazz being less popular with the young.
D. The jazz audience becoming larger.
30. What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz
A. It will disappear gradually.
B. It remains black and white.
C. It should keep up with the times.
D. It changes every 50 years.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Exploring the Future of Jazz.
B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz.
C. The Story of a Jazz Musician.
D. Celebrating the Jazz Day.
【名校好题强化】
（23·24下·合肥·阶段练习）On Saturday 24 August 1918, it was raining cats and dogs and thundering over a city called Sunderland on the northeast coast of England. The storm lasted for only about ten minutes. People were surprised to see that it was not just rainwater falling from the sky. There were fish falling down, too! People came out to find out what was happening. They could not believe their own eyes. There were thousands of fish—sand eels (沙鳗)—lying on the ground. They were about seven centimeters long, and all were frozen solid (冻成硬块).
Sand eels swim together in large groups, often in sandy water, and are often found in large numbers in the North Sea, which reaches out to the east of Sunderland. How was it possible for these sand eels to fall from the sky and land on Sunderland
Scientists believed the heavy thunderstorm that afternoon may have caused a waterspout (水龙卷). Waterspouts can be formed when strong winds move quickly in a circle over water. They are so powerful that anything less than one meter in length can be taken into them and forced into the clouds. The clouds carry whatever has been taken into them for long distances —sometimes over 150 kilometers. It’s very cold up there and everything soon freezes solid.
For hundreds of years there have been reports of small animals being taken into the sky through waterspouts. In 2009, dead tadpoles rained down on the city of Nanao in Japan. In 2012, fifty kilos of prawns fell from the sky over Sri Lanka. In 2017, fish fell on the coastal city of Tampico in Mexico.
It must be a very strange experience to see fish raining down on you. It would probably hurt if one fell on your head! With climate (气候) change and many reports of terrible storms, will the time ever come when it may really begin to rain cats and dogs
1. What do we know about the sand eels that landed on Sunderland
A. They were few in number. B. They came in different sizes.
C. They were still alive when landing. D. They probably came from the North Sea.
2. What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. Clouds. B. Waterspouts. C. Strong winds. D. The waters of the sea.
3. The author mentions the fall of tadpoles in Japan in 2009 in order to show that.
A. raining sea animals is not new in history B. the environment is not pleasant in Japan
C. waterspouts can reach as far as Japan D. different animals can fall in different countries
4. In the end, what does the author probably care most about
A. Our health. B. Our environment. C. The wild animals. D. The news reports.
（23·24上·河南·阶段练习）Last Saturday, a powerful earthquake struck the Philippines. It was first reported as a magnitude (震级) of 7.2; this was later corrected to 6.8. Last Friday, a port collapsed in Gloucester Harbor in Massachusetts. It was first reported as a port belonging to Cape Ann Ice, but later identified as a port used by Channel Fish.
Corrections and retractions (撤回) are common-not only in the news, but also in science and in everyday life. The trouble is that initial beliefs are sometimes hard to remove. Dozens of studies in experimental psychology have identified a phenomenon known as the continued influence effect that even after misinformation is retracted, many people continue to treat it as true. In other words, it has a continued influence on their thinking.
Ecker and his colleagues designed an experiment in which 60 university undergraduates read a series of events that were written as pairs of news stories, half of which involved a retraction in the second story of some misinformation stated in the first story. To measure the “continued influence” of the initial misinformation, participants were asked a series of questions relevant to that aspect of the news story. The researchers found that people’s reasoning often showed an influence from the initial, retracted claim, confirming previous finds.
The study’s authors are cautious about making strong conclusions based on this single result. However, they still suggest that unnecessary repetitions of misinformation should be avoided; if someone doesn’t already believe the misinformation, repeating it could do more harm than good.
5. What is the function of the first paragraph
A. Raising the main topic. B. Overviewing the whole article.
C. Showing a problem for later solution. D. Introducing the background information.
6. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to
A. The persistent influence. B. The misinformation.
C. The information retraction. D. The psychological phenomenon.
7. What can we learn about the experiment from the last two paragraph
A. It is well designed. B. It needs to be more interesting.
C. It takes ages to see the results. D. It makes us more cautious during work.
8. What is a suitable title for the text
A. Is Misinformation Useful B. Corrections and Retractions
C. Ways to Remember True Information D. Can Repeating False Information be Helpful
（23·24上·红桥·期中）On November 7, Lewis Pugh completed a one-kilometer swim in the freezing waters of King Edward Cove, off South Georgia in Antarctica. He was wearing only his swimming glasses, cap and Speedos!
Pugh is an advocate for our oceans and seas, working to protect these ecosystem with their large diversity of marine (海洋的) life. When asked why he doesn’t wear a wetsuit(防寒泳衣), Lewis says, “I ask world leaders to do everything they can to protect our oceans. Sometimes the steps they need to take are difficult and unpopular. If I’m asking them to be courageous, I must also be. Swimming in a wetsuit would not send the right message.”
It took Pugh about 19 minutes to complete the one-kilometer swim in Antarctica where the water averaged about 1. 6℃. He says that his body can only tolerate about 20 minutes in the freezing waters before it starts shutting down. As he swims, his body temperature steadily drops, which in turn causes his muscle control to drop, slowing him down. When he is done with his swim, his support team rushes him to a hot shower and it takes almost an hour for his body temperature to return to normal.
Doctors and Pugh caution that one must receive months of training to swim in such cold waters. Even expert swimmers who are unused to freezing water can drown within minutes because of the physical shock experienced by the body. Pugh says he trained for six months before this swim.
This is not the first time that Lewis has swum in dangerous conditions. In 2007, he swam one kilometer in the North Pole to draw attention to the melting Arctic ice due to climate change. In 2015, he swam in the Bay of Whales in Antarctica’s Ross Sea as part of his successful campaign to help set up a marine reserve there.
9. Why did Lewis Pugh swim without a wetsuit
A. To swim faster. B. To show his bravery.
C. To build up his body. D. To win public attention.
10. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. His body. B. The water.
C. His body temperature. D. The water temperature.
11. What’s Pugh’s advice about swimming in freezing waters
A. One must be fully prepared. B. One should be expert at swimming.
C. One should be ready to take on challenges. D. One must be used to long-distance swimming.
12. Which of the following best describes Lewis Pugh
A. Ambitious and self-centered. B. Hardworking and single-minded.
C. Optimistic and environmentally friendly. D. Determined and environmentally conscious.
13. What may be the best title for the text
A. Lewis Pugh: swimming for a cause B. How to survive a swim in cold waters
C. How to prepare for extreme swimming D. Lewis Pugh: achieving the impossible
（23·24上·浙江·期中）It’s well known that weightlifting can strengthen our muscles. Now, there’s increasing evidence that strengthening the muscles we use to breathe is beneficial too. New research shows that daily muscle training helps promote heart health and reduces high blood pressure.
“The muscles we use to breathe tend to shrink as we get older,” explains researcher Daniel, a physiologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. To test what happens when these muscles are given a good workout, he and his colleagues recruited healthy volunteers aged 18 to 82 to try a daily five-minute technique using a resistance-breathing training device. When people breathe into it, the device provides resistance, making it harder to breathe. “We found that doing 30 breaths per day for six weeks lowers blood pressure by about 9 mmHg,” Daniel says. According to Joyner, a physician at the Mayo Clinic who studies how the nervous system regulates blood pressure, that is the type of reduction with a blood pressure drug.
So, how exactly does breath training lower blood pressure Daniel points to the role of endothelial (内皮的) cells, which help widen our blood vessels (血管) and promote good blood flow. “What we found was that six weeks of the training will increase endothelial l function by about 45%,”Daniel explains.
The new study builds on a previous study and adds to the evidence that the training is beneficial for adults of all ages. Before the results came in, Daniel had suspected that young, health y adults might not benefit as much. “But we saw strong effects,” Daniel says, pointing to a significant decline in blood pressure for participants of all ages. He says the finding suggests the training could help healthy young people prevent heart disease and the rise in blood pressure that tends to occur with aging.
The technique is not intended to replace exercise, he cautions, or to replace medicine for people with high blood pressure. Instead, Daniel says, “it would be a good additional prevention for people who are doing other healthy lifestyle approaches already.”
14. Who was most likely to be a volunteer in the study
A. An adult working nearby. B. A pupil from a local school.
C. A senior with heart disease. D. A backpacker staying for 2 weeks.
15. The underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refers to .
A. giving the muscles a good workout. B. doing 30 breaths per day for six weeks.
C. regulating blood pressure by the nerves. D. lowering blood pressure by about 9 mmHg.
16. What can be known about the research result
A. It was far from satisfactory. B. It confirmed Daniel’s doubt.
C. It was contrary to the previous study. D. It was beyond Daniel’s expectation.
17. What does the text seem to advocate
A. Muscle training to promote our health. B. Weightlifting to strengthen our muscles.
C. Daily breath training to reduce blood pressure. D. Lifestyle approaches to preventing blood diseases.
（23·24上·济宁·期中）Nature is one of the greatest sources of inspiration for engineers and computer scientists to develop new technological tools. Over the past decade or so, roboticists have developed countless robots inspired by the behavior and biological mechanisms of snakes, fish, birds, insects and countless other animals.
Researchers at Beijing Institute of Technology recently designed a new bio-inspired robot that can maintain its balance using tail-like mechanism. The robot is made up of a main body, two wheels and the tail-inspired component, which is controlled by an adaptive controller that allows it to turn in different directions within an area parallel (平行的) to the robot’s wheels. The specific patters that are designed to increase the robot’s stability are calculated using the so-called Lyapunov stability theorem, which is a theoretical construct that describes the stability of dynamic systems.
Most existing approaches to balancing vehicles with two wheels work by collecting a vehicle’s body height data using an inertial (惯性的) measurement unit (IMU), which is an electronic device that can measure a specific force acting on a body or object. Conventional approaches process the data collected by an IMU device and then carry out balancing strategies accordingly, typically by adjusting its tilt (倾斜的) angle.
While many of these approaches achieved satisfactory results, the design put forward by this team of researchers introduces a practical alternative that does not involve adjusting the robot’s tilt angle. It is one of the few existing techniques that are inspired by the tails of animals, to enhance a wheeled robot’s balance while considering uncertainty in the environment.
The researchers evaluated the effectiveness of the tail-like robotic mechanism in a series of tests. Their findings were very promising. as when the robot lost its balance in the tested environment, the artificial “tail” was able to re-balance it within no more than 3.5 seconds.
In the future, this tail-like mechanism could be adapted to enhance the stability and balance of other existing or newly developed robots. In addition, the findings gathered as part of this study could inspire other roboticists to design similar tail-like components.
18. What’s special about the new robot
A. It is a bio-inspired robot.
B. It is identical to an insect.
C. Its “tail”promotes the stability control.
D. Its wheels are used to sustain its balance.
19. How are paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly developed
A. By giving a definition. B. By setting an example.
C. By analyzing reasons. D. By making comparisons.
20. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 5 refer to
A. The adaptive controller. B. The bio-inspired robot.
C. The tail-like component. D. The surrounding environment.
21. What does the last paragraph focus on
A. Reasons for the research. B. Potentials of the research.
C. Complexities of the research. D. Challenges of the research.
（23·24上·连云港·期中）Have you ever wondered about the significance of emotions in our life Emotions play a critical part in our lives and are contagious (传染的) unless you know how to actually control them. Let me give you an example here: When you are with your loved ones, your mood changes instantly, right If they feel happy then you feel happy, and if they feel angry/sad then so do you. Starting to get what I was talking about in the beginning Should you be feeling like that In certain situations yes, but every time, no!
You may find it very hard to believe but it is NOT our responsibility to bear their feelings, this is something that they have to do themselves. Apart from this, we must also learn to control our feelings, and never ever be ruled by our own feelings.
Let me give you my own example here. In the middle of a fight between your spouse (配偶) or partner, they will say, “You really hurt my feelings”. Sometimes, you might even say: “You are making me angry”. What does this imply It means that you have allowed the other person to emotionally control you. Whenever this happens, you start blaming yourself, especially for the emotions that others are feeling. This is known as emotional reflection. You must learn to control this or it will create co-dependency in relationships which is very harmful.
What should be your course of action here It might seem rude when I say this but you really need to hear it. YOU ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR HOW OTHERS FEEL! This goes sideways, others are also not responsible for how you feel and that is our goal for today.
22. What is the function of the first question in Paragraph 1
A. To introduce the topic. B. To share a hot game.
C. To entertain the readers. D. To explain the background.
23. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. Your partner makes you angry. B. You hurt your partner’s feelings.
C. Your feelings are controlled by others. D. You blame others for affecting your feelings.
24. What can we infer about emotions from Paragraph 3
A. Others can never control your emotions. B. You can’t be affected by others’ emotions.
C. Grow with different emotions D. Control Emotions in proper ways
25. What is the best title for the text
A. Let Go of Your Feelings B. Mind Your Own Feelings
C. Grow with different emotions D. Control Emotions in proper ways
（23·24上·烟台·期中）For sharks, the Mesoamerican Reef, which stretches over 600 miles, is a busy highway. Sharks use it to find their way and it provides them with food and habitat.
But as with on-land highways, this superhighway can be dangerous. Overfishing, commercial development and illegal practices are endangering the species. “We’re seeing a continued decline in shark populations. Our goal is to turn that round.” says Rachel Graham, founder of Mar Alliance, a non-profit organization focused on conserving sharks.
By monitoring sharks, Mar Alliance can collect important knowledge on the species to help inform conservation and push for political action. But rather than acting in opposition to the local fishing community, MarAlliance enlists their help.
“They are the ones who are on the sea every single day,” says Graham, “and they’re the ones who decide the species’ future.”
MarAlliance employs up to 60 fishermen across its range, mostly on a project basis, training them to collect data, record and release fish. Not only does this provide an alternative income to fishing communities, making them less dependent on natural resources, but it also teaches them about the benefits of a healthy ocean ecosystem and how to fish sustainably.
Among them, Ivan Torres, who used to catch sharks to sell locally as food, has learned how critical they’re to the whole ecosystem, saying he’d never fish sharks any more.
If this attitude change continues to spread throughout fishing communities, Graham has hope for the shark populations. “The primary threat to sharks is unquestionably overfishing,” she says, “By reforming the industry, populations can bounce back.”
In 2020, Belize outlawed the use of gillnets, large panels of netting of trapping large sealife. The ban’s impact is already noticeable with a recorded 10-fold increase in shark populations.
But such regulations need to be copied along the whole superhighway for long-lasting impact, and countries need to find a sustainable balance between fishers and the fished. “We need to find a win-win strategy between fisher livelihoods and shark survival,” Graham emphasizes. “I hope that through education and providing an economic alternative for fishing communities, MarAlliance will help ensure safe passage for sharks along the reef”.
26. Which of the following best describes the Mesoamerican Reef for sharks
A. Romantic but messy. B. Vital but insecure.
C. Adventurous but beautiful. D. Unfamiliar but reliable.
27. What does the underlined “they” in paragraph 4 refer to
A. MarAlliance. B. The fishers.
C. Monitoring authorities. D. The sharks.
28. What contributed to Ivan’s attitude shift apart from education
A. A stricter fishing ban. B. The insurance payout he earned.
C. An offer of extra work. D. The fishing communities’ intervention.
29. What is mainly stressed in the last paragraph
A. Solution to overfishing. B. Difficulties facing MarAlliance.
C. Impact of existing regulations. D. Features of international cooperation.
（22·23上·绵阳·阶段练习）People were already known to consume microplastics via food and water as well as breathing them in. In a new study, scientists analyzed blood samples from 22 healthy donators and found microplastics in 17. Half the samples contained PET plastic, which is commonly used in drinks bottles, while a third contained polystyrene, which is used for packaging food and other products. A quarter of the blood samples containcd polyethylene, from which plastic carrier bags are made.
“Previous work had shown that microplastics were 10 times higher in the faeces (粪便) of babies compared with adults and that babies fed with plastic bottles are swallowing millions of microplastic particles (微粒) a day. We also know in general that babies are more sensitive to chemical and particle exposure,” said Prof Dick Vethaak, a scientist at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.“That worries me a lot.”
The new research adapted existing techniques to detect and analyze particles as small as 0.0007mm. Some of the blood samples contained two or three types of plastic. The team used steel syr nge needles and glass tubes to avoid pollution and tested for background levels of microplastics using blank samples.
Vethaak acknowledged that the amount and type of plastic varied considerably between the blood samples.“But this is a pioneering study,”he said, with more work now necded. He said the differences might reflect short-term exposure before the blood samples were taken, such as drinking from a plastic-lined coffee cup or wearing a plastic face mask.
A recent study found that microplastics can attach to the outer membranes(膜) of red blood cells and may limit their ability to transport oxygen. The particles have also been found in the placentas of pregnant women.
“Arc the particles preserved in the body Are they transported to certain organs And are these levels sufficiently high to cause disease ” Vethaak said.“More detailed research on how microplastics affect the structures and processes of the human body, and whether and how they can transform cells and how they may cause cancer, is urgently needed. The problem is becoming more urgent each day,”Vethaak added.
30. What does the new study in Paragraph I show
A. Microplastic pollution is harmful to human health.
B. Microplastics have been detected in human blood.
C. Drinks bottles contain more microplastics than plastic carrier bags.
D. Food packag ng is the main source of microplastics in the human body.
31. What does the underlined word “That” in Paragraph 2 refer to
A. The mass production of plastic bottles.
B. The impact of microplastics on babies.
C. The undeveloped digestive system of babies.
D. The increasing amount of chemicals in food.
32. What might cause microplastics to vary between blood samples
A. Diverse sampling time.
B. Pollution of blood samples.
C. Different physical conditions of donators.
D. Short-term exposure to plastics before sampling.
33. Which is the best title of the passage
A. Studies of Plastic Products.
B. The Expectation of Microplastics.
C. Pioneering Studies of Microplastic Particles.
D. Studies of Microplastics into Human Body.
（23·24上·河南·期中）The dust settled earlier this week after attendees at the annual Burning Man festival were finally given the green light to leave after heavy rains turned the event grounds into a muddy pool that prevented tens of thousands of people from driving out. Festival goers were told to save food and water until the ground dried sufficiently for cars, trucks, and RVs to drive on.
For some, the uncooperative weather may remain only an unfortunate footnote in the storied history of this increasingly popular arts and music festival, which has been happening since the1980s. But for others, it is a wake-up call that such huge events cannot escape from the cruel realities of global warming.
One of Burning Man’s most well-known principles is to “leave no trace (痕迹)”, where partygoers are encouraged to pick up every bit of pieces and “matter that is out of place” in order to leave the site in a good state. However, despite attendees’ efforts to leave no trace on the site itself, local residents in the nearest town, have spoken out about how their town has become a junkyard after the event.
Then, there are the scientists who say that the site’s delicate (脆弱的) ecosystem is put under great pressure each year. Though the pale sands of the desert may seem like they don’t support much life, it’s actually an ancient, dried lakebed that reawakens under rain.
In fact, during the festival’s opening, a climate organization blocked traffic temporarily from entering the festival grounds, whose aim was to draw attention to the fact that the event produces about 100,000 tons of CO a year—90% of that coming from travel as people drive and fly to reach the festival.
Though Burning Man has taken measures to make the festival greener, some protesters (抗议者) are pointing out that it’s simply not enough. Burning Man as a phenomenon has clearly reached a crossroads. Given the real environmental impacts that it has year after year, it might be time for organizers and community members to rethink how the festival continues going forward.
34. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 probably refer to
A. The storied history. B. The bad weather.
C. The huge event. D. The global warming.
35. What can be learned from paragraph 3
A. The partygoers are not responsible at all.
B. Burning Man has set up the most famous principle.
C. Local residents often have an argument with attendees.
D. There is a gap between the organizers’ wishes and reality.
36. Why did the climate organization prevent the entry of traffic
A. To reduce the risks of car accidents.
B. To limit the number of attendees.
C. To attract people’s attention to the festival.
D. To raise people’s awareness of the carbon footprint.
37. What can be the best title for the text
A. It Is Time to Rethink Burning Man B. Burning Man Is Losing Its Appeal
C. Global Warming Is Ruining Our Life D. Burning Man Met Heavy Rain
（23·24上·岳阳·阶段练习）Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website Book turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.
Members go on the site and register (登记) the books they own and would like to share. Book Crossing provides an identification number (识别码) to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.
Bruce Pederson, the managing director of Book Crossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. Book Crossing combines both.”
Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.
People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E— mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.
Book Crossing is part of a trend (趋势) among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual (虚拟).The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty—five countries.
38. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph
A. To explain what they are. B. To introduce Book Crossing.
C. To stress the importance of reading. D. To encourage readers to share their ideas.
39. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to
A. An adventure. B. A public place.
C. The book. D. The identification number.
40. What will a Book Crosser do with a book after reading it
A. Keep it safe in his bookcase. B. Mail it back to its owner.
C. Meet other readers to discuss it. D. Pass it on to another reader.
41. What is the best title for the text
A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tour B. Electronic Books: A New Trend
C. A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D. A Website Links People through Books
（23·24上·重庆·期中）Upon discovering her grandma Georgie’s clothing sketches (草图) in 2021, Julia, a 27-year-old TikToker, barely knew how to sew clothes. Nonetheless, she decided to take it upon herself to make Grandma’s old designer dreams come alive. And it’s not surprising at all, then, that when Julia shared her hard work with her absolutely delighted Grandma, and later her followers—more than 21million viewers tuned in to see what the most adorable version of Paris Fashion Week looks like. Oh, and what a sight it is.
When Julia first came across her grandma’s fashion design sketches that were almost three times as old as she is, she was attracted by them. So were her unexpected TikTok viewers, 2.7 million of them, who shared Julia’s appreciation of these drawings, leading to her first viral video. “I knew grandma was talented, but I was like, ‘Wow, these are really much better than what I was envisioning in my head’,” she told Insider.
Using material leftover from her grandmother’s collection of outdated fabrics, Julia has sewn many of the dresses Georgie envisioned. She notes that she doesn’t always follow her “grandma sketch”, as what looks good on paper might not translate onto the body. “Grandma encourages that,” Julia explains.
This ongoing cooperation across generations has led to an extremely popular TikTok series in which Julia shows Georgie what she’s created. It’s also sparked sweet conversations between the two of them, which are shared on video. “It’s a beautiful bonding experience between us that has made Grandma happy,” she said.
“Lots of people who are older and watch my videos say they love seeing someone younger appreciate something from their generation,” she said. “And then younger people see it and maybe they lost their grandparents, and they say seeing my videos reminds them of their grandparents,” said Julia.
42. What used to be Georgie’s dream
A. To set up a fashion school. B. To become a fashion designer.
C. To attend Paris Fashion Week. D. To create a popular TikTok series.
43. What does the underlined “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. Julia’s using leftover fabrics. B. Julia’s sewing her own dresses.
C. Julia’s adjusting her grandma’s designs. D. Julia’s following her grandma’s sketches.
44. What has led to the popularity of Julia’s works on TikTok
A. It follows the latest fashion style.
B. It connects different generations.
C. It reminds its viewers of their beloved ones.
D. It encourages people to make improvements.
45. What kind of person is Julia
A. Sensitive and warm-hearted. B. Helpful and determined.
C. Ambitious and devoted. D. Caring and talented.
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