2024年新高考英语二轮复习 【培优小题狂练】
专题16阅读理解“标题概括2/说明文选标题”（考情+技法+真题+模拟）解析版
【近年高考考情】
1.（2023 全国乙卷 D篇）35题
2.（2023 北京卷 D篇）34题
3.（2023 浙江1月卷 D篇）35题
4.（2022 新高考II卷 C篇）31题
5.（2022 全国甲卷 C篇）31题
6.（2022 全国乙卷 C篇）31题
7.（2021 新高考I卷 C篇）31题
8.（2021 全国甲卷 D篇）35题
9.（2021 全国乙卷 D篇）35题
10.（2020 全国I卷 D篇）35题
11.（2020 全国III卷 D篇）35题
【实用解题妙招】
一、设问方式
1. What can be a suitable title for the text
2. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
3. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
二、说明文标题错误三大特征
1. 范围太宽泛
选项太过于宽泛，与文章内容相距甚远。
2. 范围太具体
选项死扣文章某一细节不适合用于标题。
3. 范围太偏颇
选项内容过于偏颇，明显偏离文章主旨。
三、说明文选标题三大方法
1.主题段法
标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。
2. 主题句法
解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。
2. 关键词法
任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
四、说明文选标题三大策略
1.正面肯定法
在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
2.反面否定法
撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。
3.排除干扰法
研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。
【高考真题再练】
1.（2023 全国乙卷 D篇）35题
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
32.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
33.推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
34.词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
35.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
2.（2023 北京卷 D篇）34题
What is life Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life ’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother ’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is ________.
A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful
32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged.
33. What can we learn from this passage
A. ALife holds the key to human future.
B. ALife and AI share a common feature.
C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife.
D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out
B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too
C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day
D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too
【答案】31. A32. C33. B34. D
【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。
【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life ’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother ’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦 史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。
【32题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamored)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。
【33题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。
【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。
3.（2023 浙江1月卷 D篇）35题
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32. What do solar developers often ignore
A. The decline in the demand for solar energy.
B. The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms.
D. The most recent advances in solar technology.
33. What does InSPIRE aim to do
A. Improve the productivity of local farms.
B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly.
D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4
A. To conserve pollinators. B. To restrict solar development.
C. To diversify the economy. D. To ensure the supply of energy.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development
【答案】32. B33. C34. A35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
32.推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B项。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land.(InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C项。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。
35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。
4.（2022 新高考II卷 C篇）31题
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title for the text
A. To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer.
【答案】28. A 29. B 30. D 31. B
【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
28. A。推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse.”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。
29. B。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。
30. D。词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior.”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。
31. B。主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving more.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。
5.（2022 全国甲卷 C篇）31题
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
24-27 BCDD
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
24. B。事实细节题 根据第一段中的第二句 Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. 以及该段最后两句 ... the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. 可知，凤头鹦鹉在笼子里使用工具很熟练，给它们形状不同的“钥匙”以供选择，插入正确的“钥匙”就能把盒子里的坚果取出来。
25. C。细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
26. D。推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. (根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
27. D。主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. (科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。
6.（2022 全国乙卷 C篇）31题
Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
30. What function is expected of the rail drones
A . To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
28-31 ACAD
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
28. A。细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可知使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选
29. C。词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词和 C项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。
30. A。事实细节题 根据最后一段第一句 … detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. 以及最后一句 … they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 可知，无人机在铁路出现任何安全问题之前可以检测其故障，提前 预警，以便高速行驶的火车能及时做出反应。
31. D。主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometers of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元 这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
7.（2021 新高考I卷 C篇）31题
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival.Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph
A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A. The stamp price has gone down.
B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting.
D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【答案】28-31 ACDA
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了由于栖息地减少，美国水禽骤减，因此联邦发行鸭票，狩猎者只有购买鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护水禽。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段“Millions of waterfowl were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.(数百万只水禽被市场猎人和一些野心勃勃的运动员杀死。数百万英亩的湿地被抽干，以养活和安置不断增加的人口，大大减少了水禽的栖息地)”可知，数百万英亩的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，导致水禽的栖息地减少，水禽数量下降。故选A。
29. 词句猜测题。根据第一段“Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.(美洲原住民明智地保护了这些宝贵的自然资源。不幸的是，仅仅几十年的探险家和定居者就decimate这些资源的大部分)”可知，前后句形成转折，前一句陈述美洲原住民保护这些宝贵的自然资源，所以后句表示探险家和定居者破坏了这些自然资源，推测划线单词表示“破坏”，与destroy同义。故选C。
30.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.(自1934年以来，已有超过5亿美元投入该基金，用于购买500多万英亩的栖息地)”可知，自1934年通过法案，政府获得超过5亿美元，已经筹集了很多资金，以购买水禽栖息地。故选D。
31.主旨大意题。根据第二段“Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. (根据该法案，所有16岁及以上的水禽猎人必须每年购买并携带联邦鸭章)”以及第三段“Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.(难怪联邦鸭票计划被称为有史以来最成功的保护计划之一)”可知，本文主要讲述了联邦鸭票的故事，所以“联邦鸭票的故事”可以作为文章标题。故选A。
8.（2021 全国甲卷 D篇）35题
Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us And who are they
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender (性别) are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance (毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
32. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club
A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative. C. They're objective. D. They're strict.
33. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They look up to great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
34. Why are more geniuses known to the public
A. Improved global communication.
B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D. Changes in people's social positions.
35. What is the best title for the text
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
【答案】32-35 ADAB
【导读】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
32. A。推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that history is written by victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club-women, or people of a different color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。
33. D。推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。
34. A。细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。
35. B。主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius （谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。
9.（2021 全国乙卷 D篇）35题
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源)of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明)a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒)from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling. B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art. D. To find a substitute for them.
30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers
A. Calming. B. Disturbing. C. Refreshing. D. Challenging.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
【答案】28-31 CACD
【导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作品，让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系。此外他在2018的一件作品“Truckload of Plastic”说明了每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。Von Wong通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提高人们的环保意识。
28. C。推理判断题。根据第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明 冯 王（Benjamin Von Wong）想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”可知，Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人们重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。
29. A。推理判断题。根据第三段“Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.(全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用。冯 王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料。一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才能消失。)”可知，吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了展示它们回收的困难。
30. C。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯 王(Von Wong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯 王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知，这个作品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料污染的认知，由此可推断，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋这件事“耳目一新”。
31. D。标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明 冯 王(Benjamin Von Wong)想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”和倒数第二段 (在2018年的一个作品中，冯 王(Von Wong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯 王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知艺术家本杰明 冯 王(Benjamin Von Wong)通过利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示人们重新思考与一次性塑料的关系，唤醒和提高人们循环利用的意识，促进环保的发展。由此可知，D项“海洋塑料变成雕塑”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。
10.（20210 全国I卷 D篇）35题
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光) in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源) —such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. A new study of different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces.
D. Benefits from green plants.
33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer
A. To detect plants’ lack of water.
B. To change compositions of plants.
C. To make the life of plants longer.
D. To test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future
A. They will speed up energy production.
B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.
D. They could take the place of power plants.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Can we grow more glowing plants
B. How do we live with glowing plants
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free
【答案】32-35 DACC
【导读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
32. D。主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。
33. A。细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。
34. C。细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。
35. C。主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。
11.（2020 全国III卷 D篇）35题
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea."
In201, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.
B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin.
D. Significance of food selection.
33. Where do the Bajau build their houses
A. In valleys. B. Near rivers. C. On the beach. D. Off the coast.
34. Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau
A. They could walk on stilts all day.
B. They had a superb way of fishing.
C. They could stay long underwater.
D. They lived on both land and water.
35. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea
B. Highlanders' Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research
D. The World's Best Divers
32-35 BDCA
【导读】这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
32. B。推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New knowledge of human evolution.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法。
33. D。细节理解题。根据第二段的The Bajau, as these people are known, number in hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally live on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts in coastal waters.(这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海区域。D. Off the coast.(沿海)符合以上说法。
34. C。细节理解题。根据第三段的we were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders.(我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多)可知，让Jubilado感到吃惊的是Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。C. They could stay long underwater. (他们能在水下待很长时间)符合以上说法。
35. A。主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaption-not to air or to food, but to the ocean.(周四，在《细胞》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更适应海洋生活。A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标题。
【名校好题强化】
（浙江省杭州重点中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题）On holiday, many will find themselves in places where they do not speak the language. Once upon a time, they might have carried a phrasebook. The rise of English has made that less necessary. But most people still do not speak English. That leaves options like gestures, or, increasingly, technology.
Google Translate may be the best-known name in machine translation, but it often goes wrong. Take “my wife is gluten-free,” the kind of thing you might say at a restaurant abroad. In French or Italian, Google Translate interprets this as “my wife is without gluten (谷蛋白)” — true to the words rather than the meaning.
The best tool may not be a translation app at all. ChatGPT, an AI system that generates articles according to users’ instructions, is multilingual. Users can tell ChatGPT to “write a message in Spanish to a waiter that my wife and I would like the tasting menu, but that she is gluten-free, so we would like substitutions for anything that has gluten.” And out pops a perfect paragraph, including the way Spanish-speakers actually say “my wife is gluten-free”: mi esposa es celiaca. It is more like having a native-speaking dinner companion.
Travel has long been a motivator for study — unless people start to feel AI tools offer a good-enough service. Some are concerned that apps are turning language learning into a decreasing pursuit. Douglas Hofstadter, a polyglot and polymath writer, has argued that something profound will disappear when people talk through machines. He describes giving a difficult speech in Mandarin, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of accomplishment at the end. Who would boast of taking a helicopter to the top of Mount Everest
Others are less worried. Most people do not move abroad or have lasting contact with a foreign culture that requires them to put in the work to become fluent. Nor do most people learn languages for the purpose of humanising themselves or training their brains. On their holiday, they just want a beer and the spaghetti carbonara without incident (and sometimes without gluten).
1. According to the passage, what is the advantage of ChatGPT
A. It can meet users’ specific requirements.
B. It can generate a perfect paragraph in a short time.
C. It can translate sentences word by word correctly.
D. It can provide service and companion in the restaurant.
2. What is Douglas Hofstadter’s purpose of mentioning a helicopter
A. To stress the difficulty in giving a speech.
B. To show an interesting scene of a helicopter.
C. To introduce a way to reach the top of Mount Everest.
D. To highlight a sense of achievement of language learning.
3. The tone of the passage can be best described as ________.
A. humorous B. serious C. casual D. indifferent
4. What’s the best title for the passage
A. AI tools — deepening communication among people.
B. AI tools — improving people’s life in foreign countries.
C. AI tools — making travelling easier and more convenient.
D. AI tools — lessening the necessity of learning foreign languages.
【答案】1. A 2. D 3. A 4. D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人工智能工具ChatGPT的出现可以满足用户的特定要求，但是一些人担心，应用程序正在把语言学习变成一种越来越少的追求。其他人则不那么担心。
1. 细节理解题。根据第三段“ChatGPT, an AI system that generates articles according to users’ instructions, is multilingual.(ChatGPT是一种根据用户指令生成文章的人工智能系统，它是一种多语言系统)”可知，ChatGPT的优势是满足用户的特定要求。故选A。
2. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“He describes giving a difficult speech in Mandarin, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of accomplishment at the end. Who would boast of taking a helicopter to the top of Mount Everest (他描述了用普通话发表一场困难的演讲，这需要大量的工作，但最后会给人一种成就感。谁会夸耀自己曾乘坐直升机登上珠穆朗玛峰？)”可推知，道格拉斯 霍夫施塔特提到直升机的目的是强调语言学习的成就感。故选D。
3. 推理判断题。根据第三段“It is more like having a native-speaking dinner companion.(这更像是和一个说母语的人共进晚餐)”;倒数第二段“Who would boast of taking a helicopter to the top of Mount Everest (谁会夸耀自己曾乘坐直升机登上珠穆朗玛峰？)”以及最后一段“On their holiday, they just want a beer and the spaghetti carbonara without incident (and sometimes without gluten).(在他们的假期里，他们只想要一杯啤酒和一份不出意外的意大利面条（有时不加麸质）)”可推知，文章是语气是幽默的。故选A。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“The best tool may not be a translation app at all. ChatGPT, an AI system that generates articles according to users’ instructions, is multilingual.(最好的工具可能根本不是翻译应用程序。ChatGPT是一种根据用户指令生成文章的人工智能系统，它是一种多语言系统)”结合文章主要说明了人工智能工具ChatGPT的出现可以满足用户的特定要求，但是一些人担心，应用程序正在把语言学习变成一种越来越少的追求。其他人则不那么担心。可知，D选项“人工智能工具——减少学习外语的必要性”最符合文章标题。故选D。
（2023上·四川绵阳·高三绵阳南山中学实验学校校考期中）Walking through an airport is never easy. Now imagine doing it if you were blind. That’s the problem faced by Chieko Asakawa, a computer scientist and IBM researcher. Asakawa often flies between the US and Japan, making the journey monthly. If travelling alone, she has to be helped at both ends of the flight, which sometimes involves endless waiting. Searching for a better alternative led Asakawa to invent a high-tech suitcase that helps get her to the place she wants to go safely.
“I never relax when I travel alone,” she says. “I always think about what technology will help me travel on my own more easily, quickly and comfortably.” It was this restlessness that led to the Al suitcase.
The idea has been in development since 2017 in a collaboration between IBM, other Japanese companies, and Caregie Mellon University in Pennsylvania. Asakawa says there are hopes to put the suitcase on the market and a pilot program is prepared to use it in an airport, a shopping mall and other public spaces. Though the current version is too full of tech to hold any clothes, that could change in the future, she says.
As a runner, Asakawa had Olympic dreams as a child, but a swimming accident at age 11 caused her to gradually lose her sight until, aged 14, she became totally blind. “Blind people usually use a white cane (手杖) or a guide dog. A smart suitcase will open up many doors for blind people, because we’d be able to go anywhere by ourselves. Without new technology, we cannot make our society more inclusive,” Asakawa says. “The suitcase is a great showcase for how AI and technology can change the lives of the blind.”
5. What drove Asakawa to invent the suitcase
A. The great commercial value of the suitcase.
B. The suggestion from an international airport.
C. The previous experience of helping the blind.
D. The wish to finish her trip smoothly without others’ help.
6. What can we say about the suitcase
A. It can hold a lot of clothes. B. It has yet to be widely used.
C. It’s certainly a long way for it to be on sale. D. It is ready the perfect version.
7. What does Asakawa think of the suitcase
A. It will change people’s way of travelling.
B. It will make the public care for the blind more.
C. It will encourage scientists to do more researches.
D. It will hugely offer the blind freedom of movements.
8. What is the best title for this text
A. Technology Is Changing Blind People’s Lives
B. An AI Suitcase Will Help the Blind Go Around
C. A Robot Suitcase Makes Travelling Easy and Popular
D. Travelling Alone Requires Much Courage for the Disabled
【答案】5. D 6. B 7. D 8. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了盲人Chieko Asakawa发明了一种高科技行李箱以此来帮助盲人去往任何地方。
5. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Walking through an airport is never easy. Now imagine doing it if you were blind. That’s the problem faced by Chieko Asakawa, computer scientist and IBM researcher. Asakawa often flies betwe2024年新高考英语二轮复习 【培优小题狂练】
专题16阅读理解“标题概括2/说明文选标题”（考情+技法+真题+模拟）原卷版
【近年高考考情】
1.（2023 全国乙卷 D篇）35题
2.（2023 北京卷 D篇）34题
3.（2023 浙江1月卷 D篇）35题
4.（2022 新高考II卷 C篇）31题
5.（2022 全国甲卷 C篇）31题
6.（2022 全国乙卷 C篇）31题
7.（2021 新高考I卷 C篇）31题
8.（2021 全国甲卷 D篇）35题
9.（2021 全国乙卷 D篇）35题
10.（2020 全国I卷 D篇）35题
11.（2020 全国III卷 D篇）35题
【实用解题妙招】
一、设问方式
1. What can be a suitable title for the text
2. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
3. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
二、说明文标题错误三大特征
1. 范围太宽泛
选项太过于宽泛，与文章内容相距甚远。
2. 范围太具体
选项死扣文章某一细节不适合用于标题。
3. 范围太偏颇
选项内容过于偏颇，明显偏离文章主旨。
三、说明文选标题三大方法
1.主题段法
标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。
2. 主题句法
解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。
2. 关键词法
任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
四、说明文选标题三大策略
1.正面肯定法
在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
2.反面否定法
撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。
3.排除干扰法
研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。
【高考真题再练】
1.（2023 全国乙卷 D篇）35题
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
2.（2023 北京卷 D篇）34题
What is life Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life ’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother ’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is ________.
A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful
32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged.
33. What can we learn from this passage
A. ALife holds the key to human future.
B. ALife and AI share a common feature.
C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife.
D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out
B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too
C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day
D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too
3.（2023 浙江1月卷 D篇）35题
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32. What do solar developers often ignore
A. The decline in the demand for solar energy.
B. The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms.
D. The most recent advances in solar technology.
33. What does InSPIRE aim to do
A. Improve the productivity of local farms.
B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly.
D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4
A. To conserve pollinators. B. To restrict solar development.
C. To diversify the economy. D. To ensure the supply of energy.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development
4.（2022 新高考II卷 C篇）31题
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title for the text
A. To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer.
5.（2022 全国甲卷 C篇）31题
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
6.（2022 全国乙卷 C篇）31题
Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
30. What function is expected of the rail drones
A . To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
7.（2021 新高考I卷 C篇）31题
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival.Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph
A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A. The stamp price has gone down.
B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting.
D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
8.（2021 全国甲卷 D篇）35题
Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us And who are they
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender (性别) are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance (毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
32. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club
A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative. C. They're objective. D. They're strict.
33. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They look up to great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
34. Why are more geniuses known to the public
A. Improved global communication.
B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D. Changes in people's social positions.
35. What is the best title for the text
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
9.（2021 全国乙卷 D篇）35题
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源)of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明)a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒)from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling. B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art. D. To find a substitute for them.
30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers
A. Calming. B. Disturbing. C. Refreshing. D. Challenging.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
10.（20210 全国I卷 D篇）35题
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光) in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源) —such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. A new study of different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces.
D. Benefits from green plants.
33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer
A. To detect plants’ lack of water.
B. To change compositions of plants.
C. To make the life of plants longer.
D. To test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future
A. They will speed up energy production.
B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.
D. They could take the place of power plants.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Can we grow more glowing plants
B. How do we live with glowing plants
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free
11.（2020 全国III卷 D篇）35题
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea."
In201, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.
B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin.
D. Significance of food selection.
33. Where do the Bajau build their houses
A. In valleys. B. Near rivers. C. On the beach. D. Off the coast.
34. Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau
A. They could walk on stilts all day.
B. They had a superb way of fishing.
C. They could stay long underwater.
D. They lived on both land and water.
35. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea
B. Highlanders' Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research
D. The World's Best Divers
【名校好题强化】
（浙江省杭州重点中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题）On holiday, many will find themselves in places where they do not speak the language. Once upon a time, they might have carried a phrasebook. The rise of English has made that less necessary. But most people still do not speak English. That leaves options like gestures, or, increasingly, technology.
Google Translate may be the best-known name in machine translation, but it often goes wrong. Take “my wife is gluten-free,” the kind of thing you might say at a restaurant abroad. In French or Italian, Google Translate interprets this as “my wife is without gluten (谷蛋白)” — true to the words rather than the meaning.
The best tool may not be a translation app at all. ChatGPT, an AI system that generates articles according to users’ instructions, is multilingual. Users can tell ChatGPT to “write a message in Spanish to a waiter that my wife and I would like the tasting menu, but that she is gluten-free, so we would like substitutions for anything that has gluten.” And out pops a perfect paragraph, including the way Spanish-speakers actually say “my wife is gluten-free”: mi esposa es celiaca. It is more like having a native-speaking dinner companion.
Travel has long been a motivator for study — unless people start to feel AI tools offer a good-enough service. Some are concerned that apps are turning language learning into a decreasing pursuit. Douglas Hofstadter, a polyglot and polymath writer, has argued that something profound will disappear when people talk through machines. He describes giving a difficult speech in Mandarin, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of accomplishment at the end. Who would boast of taking a helicopter to the top of Mount Everest
Others are less worried. Most people do not move abroad or have lasting contact with a foreign culture that requires them to put in the work to become fluent. Nor do most people learn languages for the purpose of humanising themselves or training their brains. On their holiday, they just want a beer and the spaghetti carbonara without incident (and sometimes without gluten).
1. According to the passage, what is the advantage of ChatGPT
A. It can meet users’ specific requirements.
B. It can generate a perfect paragraph in a short time.
C. It can translate sentences word by word correctly.
D. It can provide service and companion in the restaurant.
2. What is Douglas Hofstadter’s purpose of mentioning a helicopter
A. To stress the difficulty in giving a speech.
B. To show an interesting scene of a helicopter.
C. To introduce a way to reach the top of Mount Everest.
D. To highlight a sense of achievement of language learning.
3. The tone of the passage can be best described as ________.
A. humorous B. serious C. casual D. indifferent
4. What’s the best title for the passage
A. AI tools — deepening communication among people.
B. AI tools — improving people’s life in foreign countries.
C. AI tools — making travelling easier and more convenient.
D. AI tools — lessening the necessity of learning foreign languages.
（2023上·四川绵阳·高三绵阳南山中学实验学校校考期中）Walking through an airport is never easy. Now imagine doing it if you were blind. That’s the problem faced by Chieko Asakawa, a computer scientist and IBM researcher. Asakawa often flies between the US and Japan, making the journey monthly. If travelling alone, she has to be helped at both ends of the flight, which sometimes involves endless waiting. Searching for a better alternative led Asakawa to invent a high-tech suitcase that helps get her to the place she wants to go safely.
“I never relax when I travel alone,” she says. “I always think about what technology will help me travel on my own more easily, quickly and comfortably.” It was this restlessness that led to the Al suitcase.
The idea has been in development since 2017 in a collaboration between IBM, other Japanese companies, and Caregie Mellon University in Pennsylvania. Asakawa says there are hopes to put the suitcase on the market and a pilot program is prepared to use it in an airport, a shopping mall and other public spaces. Though the current version is too full of tech to hold any clothes, that could change in the future, she says.
As a runner, Asakawa had Olympic dreams as a child, but a swimming accident at age 11 caused her to gradually lose her sight until, aged 14, she became totally blind. “Blind people usually use a white cane (手杖) or a guide dog. A smart suitcase will open up many doors for blind people, because we’d be able to go anywhere by ourselves. Without new technology, we cannot make our society more inclusive,” Asakawa says. “The suitcase is a great showcase for how AI and technology can change the lives of the blind.”
5. What drove Asakawa to invent the suitcase
A. The great commercial value of the suitcase.
B. The suggestion from an international airport.
C. The previous experience of helping the blind.
D. The wish to finish her trip smoothly without others’ help.
6. What can we say about the suitcase
A. It can hold a lot of clothes. B. It has yet to be widely used.
C. It’s certainly a long way for it to be on sale. D. It is ready the perfect version.
7. What does Asakawa think of the suitcase
A. It will change people’s way of travelling.
B. It will make the public care for the blind more.
C. It will encourage scientists to do more researches.
D. It will hugely offer the blind freedom of movements.
8. What is the best title for this text
A. Technology Is Changing Blind People’s Lives
B. An AI Suitcase Will Help the Blind Go Around
C. A Robot Suitcase Makes Travelling Easy and Popular
D. Travelling Alone Requires Much Courage for the Disabled
（山东省烟台市2023-2024学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题）Imagine taking a flying taxi to the airport, or crossing crowded city streets at rush hour, getting where you want to go far faster than you could in a car. Believe it or not, you might be able to do these things in an electric air taxi sooner than you think.
An air taxi is a small aircraft—something like a mix between a helicopter(直升飞机) and a drone(无人机)—that, can carry people from place to place. Air taxis don’t need a long runway like planes do. They can go straight up and down, like a helicopter.
A company called Joby has been making and testing flying taxis since 2017. By 2025, Joby hopes to start carrying passengers for money. They’ve teamed up with Delta Air Lines to create a program to fly people from their homes to the airport. Joby also expects their air taxis to provide a ride-sharing service. Just like you might order a car to pick you up, you could use an app to order an air taxi. Joby’s air taxis will be flown by a pilot, and can carry four other passengers. They can fly as fast as 200 KPH and go around 100 miles before the electric batteries need to be recharged.
Joby claims their taxis are both quieter and cheaper than helicopters. The company expects to charge about $3 a mile at first. But over time, they hope to bring the price down to less than $1 per mile.
Exciting as the idea of flying taxis is, some people have concerns about them. The taxis may be quieter than helicopters, but they’ll still add noise and traffic to our skies and endanger public safety when passengers are flying through the air.
Still, it seems likely that air taxis will be part of the future of travel. The U.S. government says, “We could see air taxis in the skies by 2024 or 2025.”
9. What are the main features of the air taxi
A. Traditional and expensive. B. Convenient and economical.
C. Advanced but space-taking. D. Safe but energy-consuming.
10. Why are helicopters mentioned in the text
A. To give a guess. B. To present an argument.
C. To make a comparison. D. To introduce a phenomenon.
11. What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us concerning the flying taxi
A. Its market risks. B. Its promising future.
C. Its wide recognition. D. Its possible weaknesses.
12. What can be the best title for the text
A. Flying Taxis Are Starting to Take Off
B. Joby Has Already Mass-produced Air Taxis
C. A Solution Is Used to Solve Traffic Problems
D. America Has Improved Ride-sharing Services
【答案】9. B 10. C 11. D 12. A
（浙江省湖州中学、嘉兴中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中联考英语试题）In the digital age, it has become easy for students to find and copy published material. Copying another person’s writing without giving them credit is called plagiarism. Universities in the U.S. have rules for avoiding plagiarism. But learning to correctly follow these rules can be difficult for some international students.
Copyright law protects original works of authorship including books, movies, images and artworks. However, the law permits the unlicensed use for activities including comment, education and research. Therefore, students can include a small part of copyrighted works in their writing and research if they provide credit, or citation (引文), to the creators of the works. Many universities even urge students to give credit to what they get from conversations with professors or other students. Harvard even warns students about copying themselves. That is, they cannot hand in the same work for more than one class without the permission of their instructors.
It is easy for professors to know whether a student has plagiarized. First, there are computer programs that compare students’ papers to large databases of published writing. The programs can identify whether students have copied published writing. Second, if English is not a student’s first language, a professor might recognize a change in vocabulary and writing style. The punishment for plagiarism can vary. Professors could simply warn a student not to do it again, lower their grade, or they may fail the student in that class. In more extreme cases, a student may be temporarily banned from school.
There are free tools students can use. Zotero is a free, open-source program that helps organize all the research a student may use. For example, it can automatically create citations and combine them into a list. The Purdue OWL is another free resource. Many universities also have writing centers where students can learn the citation rules. And another way is to read published papers and pay attention to how information is presented. Students should observe when and how citations are used, which can help them learn the rules of citations.
13. What must students do when using a small part of copyrighted works
A. Have a conversation with professors. B. Ask for permission from the authors.
C. Offer credit to the original creators. D. Explain the purpose of using them.
14. How can professors know if their students are plagiarizing
A. By making a specific comparison. B. By recording the students’ learning experience.
C. By learning the students’ first language. D. By researching into the database of writing.
15. What does the author want to stress in the last paragraph
A. The tips on when citations are used. B. The ways of making a citation safe.
C. The rules of using free resource. D. The free resources on the website.
16. What is the best title of this text
A. Learning Plagiarism in the Digital Age B. Commenting on copyrighted works
C. Realizing the Influence of Plagiarism D. Following Rules to Avoid Plagiarism
（2023上·山东济宁·高三校考期中）From rolling hills to mountain ranges, views make any road trip memorable, but for blind passenger this is part of the experience they miss. Motor company Ford tries to change that. It teamed up with GTB Roma and Ae do Project to develop a technology that will give those unfortunate passengers a way to feel nature’s beauty through their car windows.
The prototype (原型) of the smart car window has a device with an outside-facing camera. With just a press of a button, the system takes a picture of the current view. The colorful picture is then turned into an image with different shades of grey through LED lights, which vibrates (震动) differently. As the finger passes over different regions of the image, its shaking movements provide feedback through the sense of touch to the person using it. The smart window also comes with a voice assistant that uses Al to identify the scene and help the passengers get information on what they’re seeing.
“As the prototype started taking shape, we realized we were giving birth to a completely new language that would give blind people a new chance to visualize and experience traveling,” Federico Russo, one director of GTB Roma, said. “When the idea was at its first stage, we looked for suppliers all around the world to make it come to life.“ He believes the technology can be employed not just in cars. “It could be introduced into schools and institutions for blind people as a tool that could be used in multiple ways.”
The technology may show up in a Ford autonomous vehicle. It’s known that the company is testing their technology and future business model and struggling to figure out how an autonomous vehicle gives different passengers the details needed to get from one destination to another. It’s unclear when this technology will be made available. However, the idea of building something for the less advantaged is indeed a kind and influential action.
17. How does the smart car window work
A. By reacting to changing colors.
B. By translating scenery into vibrations.
C. By controlling shaking movements with voice.
D. By searching for the previously stored pictures.
18. What does Federico Russo say about the technology
A. It will have a wide application.
B. It will make language learning easy.
C. It will soon be tested across the world.
D. It will change traditional way of travelling.
19. What is the problem the Ford company is struggling to solve now
A. Developing autonomous cars.
B. Enabling the disabled to drive cars.
C. Replacing the traditional business model.
D. Providing personalized route information.
20. Which can be the best title for the text
A. AI-based Window Adds Fun to Road Trips
B. Technology Makes People’s Life Enjoyable
C. Ford Plans to Launch a Smart Car for the Blind
D. Smart Window Lets Blind Passengers Feel Views
（2023上·河南·高三安阳一中校联考阶段练习）When rains fell in the Atacama Desert for the first time in centuries, scientists had expected to see life blossom (繁盛). Instead, almost everything died. The shocking discovery was published in the journal Scientific Reports. Found in northern Chile, the dry core of the Atacama Desert hadn’t experienced rain for the past 500 years. But three years ago, rain started to fall once again in the region.
A changing climate in the Pacific Ocean resulted in the desert’s dry core experiencing rain on March 25 and August 9, 2015, and it rained again on June 7, 2017. There was no evidence of rain in this region for the past 500 years, although climate models suggested it should occur every century.
The international team of scientists who studied the region were hoping for deserts springing to life. “Instead, we learned the contrary, as we found that rain in the dry core of the Atacama Desert caused a massive extinction of most native microbe (微生物) species there, ”said study co-author Alberto Fairén.
Before the rain fell, this region of the Atacama had been home to 16 different ancient microbe species. But after the rain fell, just two to four species were still found to be surviving in the resultant pool of water. The cause of the extinction event, believed to have been about 85 percent of life in the soil, was caused by the sudden influx of water. In particular, these microbes were adapted to survive in extreme dryness. They were unable to adapt quickly enough to the unexpected rainfall.
But it’s not all bad news. The team also found nitrates (硝酸盐) in the Atacama Desert that were indicative of a lengthy dry period, while also acting as food for the microbes. And we’ve recently found nitrates on Mars, which could be indicating a similar process there.
21. How did the scientists find their discovery according to Alberto Fairén
A. Satisfying. B. Astonishing. C. Amusing. D. Comforting.
22. What does the underlined word“influx”in paragraph 4 mean
A. Shortage. B. Need. C. Arrival. D. Test.
23. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. The resultant pool of water was a wildlife habitat.
B. The team plans to turn the desert into a green land.
C. Scientists have observed lots of microbes on Mars.
D. The finding brought some hope to relevant studies.
24. Which is the most suitable title for the text
A. Unexpected Rainfalls Hit a Desert Badly
B. A Science Magazine Increased in Popularity
C. Scientists Unlocked the Secret behind Drought
D. A Breakthrough Occurred in Space Exploration
（2023上·辽宁·高三凤城市第一中学校联考期中）An important lesson in the moral education of children could be as close as the book in their hands. Stories matter. And they can play a role in changing the importance of particular moral values in young audiences, according to the results of a new study.
Lindsay Hahn, an assistant professor of communication in the University at Buffalo College of Arts and Sciences, is the first author of the new study. The new study adds important nuance (细微差别) to a body of literature that explores how media content affects children. Hahn’s study looks at how exposure to content featuring specific moral values (care, fairness, loyalty, and authority) might influence how much importance kids place on those values.
Do children reading about particular moral characteristics absorb those moral values as a building block for their own morality The findings show that they do, and further support how this indirect approach to influencing children’s morality can add to the direct teaching of moral principles kids might receive through formal instruction.
“Parents, caregivers, and teachers are often wondering how media can be used for good,” says Hahn. “How can it be used for good things How can it discourage bad habits How can it be educational ”
“When parents are considering what media they might want to select for their children, they can take into account what particular moral value is being emphasized by the main character,” she says.
For the study, Hahn and her colleagues took the main character from a young adult novel and edited the content to reflect in each version the study’s focus on one of four morl values. Those narratives were shared with roughly 200 participants between the ages of 10 and 14.
This is a favorable range for media research because it’s more difficult to introduce narrative comprehension in younger kids, while equally challenging to hold the attention of older adolescents, who become bored with basic storylines, according to Hahn. The team then created a scale designed to measure the importance kids place on moral values to determine how participants might be influenced by specific narratives.
25. What does the author mean by the underlined words
A. Stories are necessary for education.
B. Reading stories to children means a lot.
C. Stories are important to children’s morals.
D. Reading stories in books is the right method.
26. What are many parents concerned about, according to Lindsay Hahn
A. How to make good use of media.
B. How to replace media with books.
C. How to limit their children’s use of media.
D. How to monitor their children’s media use.
27. Why did the researchers choose participants aged from 10 to 14
A. They cannot be easily influenced by specific narratives.
B. It is challenging to hold the attention of younger children.
C. They are old enough and are less likely to be bored by stories.
D. It is harder to introduce narrative comprehension to older adolescents.
28. What might be the best title for the text
A. The Influence of Media Use on Children
B. Moral Values Need to Be Taught Early
C. The Importance of Moral Education in School
D. Morals in Stories Play a Positive Role in Teens
（2023上·甘肃天水·高三校考阶段练习）Someday, you may no longer need to brush your teeth by hand. Instead, a group of billions of nanoparticles (纳米粒子) could automatically do all that work for you. It would be especially life-changing for people who find it difficult or impossible to hold and move a toothbrush.
Steager, an engineer at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) in Philadelphia and Hyun Koo, an inventor and dental researcher there, found a way to form the nanoparticles into long, skinny bristles (刷毛), a lot like the ones on a toothbrush. But these bristles shape-shift to fit whatever surface they encounter.
The tooth-cleaning robot works thanks to two magnets (磁铁). One goes each side of the teeth. The nanoparticles sit in a liquid between the magnets. When the magnets are turned off, the nanoparticles move randomly in the liquid. As soon as one magnet gets turned on, the nanoparticles gather together near its center. When the researchers turn on the other magnet and turn off the first one, the nanoparticles extend outward in long, skinny bristles When there’s a tooth in the way, these bristles can’t stretch out as far as they want. So they push against the tooth’s surface. If there’s a gap between teeth, they push into the gap. Moving the magnets makes the bristles move against and between teeth. All that motion cleans the teeth. As a bonus, the nanoparticles also have strong power to kill viruses.
The new device is just a proof of concept The researchers still need to turn it into a product that people will want to use. “There’s a lot of engineering to get from here to there, but every good idea needs to have a start.” says Steager.
29. What is special about the tooth cleaner
A. It’s water-proof. B. It’s transformable.
C. It looks like a toothbrush. D. It contains skinny bristles.
30. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A. The working principle. B. The magnets motion.
C. The virus-killing process. D. The bristles formation.
31. How does Steager feel about the future of the device
A. Uncertain B. Confident C. Concerned D. Surprised.
32. Which of the following would be the best title
A. A Tooth-Cleaner Fighting Bacteria B. A Breakthrough in Medicine
C. A Shape-Shifting Robotic Tooth-Cleaner D. A New Concept for a New Start
（2023上·湖北·高三华中师大一附中校考期中）In 2022, campaign group Fashion Revolution Chelsea dye garden for its Chelsea Flower Show presentation. An ancient craft, natural dyeing is a practice whose time has come again, with hand tie-dyed fashion also making a comeback in recent years.
The revival has been encouraged by Covid lockdowns, “which allowed people to explore the craft at home,” says natural-dyeing enthusiast and teacher Susan Dye. It’s unlikely, though, that the practice would have caught on in quite the same way if not for a continually growing discomfort about fashion’s heavy footprint. From carbon emissions to animal cruelty, fashion is under considerable inspection. “Put it this way, 97% of dyes used in the industry are petrochemically (石油化学产品) based,” says sustainable fashion consultant Jackie Andrews, who helped advise the UN Ethical Fashion Initiative. “We’ve got net zero targets which mean we’re going to have to remove all those petrochemicals from the manufacturing cycle.”
Fashion is a huge polluter. According to the UN Environment Program, the industry is responsible for up to one-fifth of all industrial water pollution — due to the fact that most clothes today are produced in poorer countries where regulation is weak and enforcement weaker still. Waste water is dumped directly into rivers and streams, poisoning the land as well as the water sources of people and animals who rely on them.
It’s easy to see why someone who cares about people, planet and animals, as well as clothes, might turn to natural plant dyeing. From the beauty of the raw materials-often wild plants-to the property of only bonding with natural fiber like cotton and linen, from the minor footprint of upclycling old clothing that has grayed or faded over time to the vibrant and long-lasting dyeing results, plant dyeing feels like a quiet act of rebellion. This is why, while beginners start with simply changing their clothes’ color, new worlds open. Many of today’s natural dyers grow their own dye plants, run local community workshops, and advocate for change in industrialized fashion systems and beyond.
33. What is the main reason for the growing discomfort mentioned in paragraph 2
A. The adoption of petrochemical-based dyes.
B. The challenging net zero targets to be achieved.
C. The fashion industry’s focus on luxurious designs.
D. The disturbing consequences of the fashion industry.
34. The author illustrates “Fashion is a huge polluter” by ______.
A. making a comparison B. giving examples
C. listing numbers D. introducing a new topic
35. What does the underlined phrase “a quiet act of rebellion” in paragraph 4 refer to
A. A protest against turning to natural fiber.
B. An objection to upcycling old clothing.
C. A struggle for a sustainable fashion industry.
D. A resistance to vibrant colors in natural dyeing.
36. What would be the most suitable title for the passage
A. The Environmental Impact of Natural Dyeing
B. Fashion Revolution’s Dye Garden Presentation
C. The Return of Natural Dyeing with Ethical Appeal
D. The Petrochemical Dye Industry and Its Challenges
（2024·江西景德镇·统考一模）The PAL-V Liberty is a revolutionary vehicle that can travel on both land and air. It is the world’s first commercial flying car, and it is now available for pre-order. The PAL-V Liberty is developed by a Dutch company called PAL-V International B. V., which stands for Personal Air and Land Vehicle. The company has been working on the project since 2001, and has successfully tested the prototype in 2012.
The PAL-V Liberty is a two-seater hybrid car and gyroplane, which means it has a three-wheeled chassis and a foldable rotor on top. It can switch between driving mode and flying mode in about 10 minutes, with the help of a semi-automatic system. It has a top speed of 160 km/h on the road and 180 km/h in the air, and can fly up to 500 km on a single tank of fuel. It uses regular gasoline, and can be refueled at any gas station.
The PAL-V Liberty is expected to be delivered to customers in 2023, alter obtaining the necessary certifications from aviation authorities. The company claims that the vehicle meets the existing regulations of both cars and aircrafts, and that it is safe and easy to operate. However, the PAL-V Liberty is not a cheap vehicle, nor is it accessible to everyone. It costs599,000 euros (about 4.7 million yuan) for the Pioneer Edition, which includes flight training courses, power heating and personalization options. There is also a cheaper Sport Edition, which costs 299,000 euros (about 2.3 million yuan), but it has less features and requires the buy er to pay an additional 10,000 euros(about 78,000 yuan) for flight training.
To drive the PAL-V Liberty, one needs both a driving license and a pilot license. The vehicle also requires a runway or airstrip to take off and land, as it cannot do so vertically like a helicopter. The company says it has received 70 orders for the vehicle so far, mostly from customers in Europe and North America. The PAL-V Liberty is a groundbreaking innovation that could change the future of transportation, but it also faces many challenges and limitations.
37. What’s the limitation of the Pioneer Edition of the PAL-V Liberty
A. Lack of customized selection. B. Failure to land and take off vertically
C. Extra money to be paid for flight training. D. Disagreement with the existing traffic rules.
38. What can we infer about from the passage
A. The PAL-V Liberty has been used in our daily life.
B. If you have a pilot license, you can drive the PAL-V Liberty.
C. It can switch between driving and flying mode in a short time
D. The Sport Edition is more attractive features than the Pioneer Edition.
39. What's the author’s attitude towards the PAL-V Liberty
A. favorable B. skeptical C. objective D. indifference
40. What is the best title for the article
A. The Dutch Innovation B. The Future of Transportation
C. The Hybrid Car and the Gyroplane D. The World’s First Commercial Flying Car
（2023上·广东清远·高三校联考期中）Cars could soon be communicating with each other using 5G to make drivers aware of upcoming hazards (危险), scientists say. The extremely fast mobile internet would allow for rapid information transmission and could make drivers aware of black ice, pot holes or other dangers up ahead.
Several car manufacturers (制造商) are already using 5G in their vehicles, including as a tool to help serve in the generation of self-driving vehicles.
Experts at Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU) believe the high-speed connection will also improve the reliability and capability of automated vehicles to the point where they will be safer than the manual cars being driven today. They predict the number of road traffic accidents, which according to the World Health Organization account for more than 1.3 million deaths and up to 50 million people injured worldwide every year, will drop really as a result.
Dr Dimitrios Liarokapis, a member of the research group, said, “To have a better idea of what the future will look like, think of having such cars that not only use sensors to scan what’s around them, they can also talk to each other and exchange safety-related information about their surroundings over an area that covers several square miles. With the help of 5G, a vehicle-generated early warning system that reminds drivers is possible within the next few years. Cars that are close enough to the danger area will transmit warning messages to other cars around them using short-range communication technologies, but also to cars further away using 5G, fast and reliably.”
A few manufacturers are already working on connected cars. Of them, Ford told its intention to fit 80 percent of its future vehicles with technology that warns drivers about upcoming road accidents, bad weather and traffic jams.
41. What is the benefit of 5G mentioned in the text
A. It can improve the safety of automated vehicles.
B. It can help drivers communicate with each other.
C. It can effectively wipe out road traffic accidents.
D. It can help make more profits for the manufacturers.
42. What can we know about the vehicle-generated early warning system
A. It can get information several miles ahead.
B. It is under research and development at present.
C. It has been proved extremely helpful for driving.
D. It will send messages to drivers a few days earlier.
43. What will be probably continued with the text
A. Some car manufacturers. B. The advantages when using 5G.
C. Some safety rules when using 5G. D. The sales information of cars with 5G.
44. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. 5G Leaves Drivers Free When They Are Driving
B. 5G Is to Bring Great Convenience to Our Daily Life
C. 5G Has Been Popular with Drivers Around the World
D. 5G Is on the Way to Making “Dialogue” Between Cars
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