非谓语动词考点聚焦和精讲
不充当句子谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词。它们不受主语限制，无时态与语态变化，又称非限定性动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。
1、动词不定式
动词不定式的基本形式为：“to+动词原形”，有些动词可以不用to，这里的to为不定式符号，本身无词义；不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能作谓语，但能保持动词的特点。动词不定式可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语，初中阶段应该掌握的是不定式作宾语、宾语补足语及目的状语的用法。
（1）动词不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语置于句末，这样可使主语不至显得太长，避免头重脚轻的现象。动词不定式作主语的基本结构是：It+be+形容词(+for/of sb)+to do sth..
To learn English well is not easy.=It is not easy to learn English well. 学好英语不容易。
▲for sb.句型前常用表示事物的特征、特点、客观形式的形容词。如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等。
1.It’s easy (for me) that. 我做这事太容易了。
2.It’s difficult for Jim Chinese well. 对于吉姆来说学好中文是困难的。
3.It’s important for us the environment. 保护环境对于我们来说是重要的。
▲of sb.句型前常用表示人物的性格、品德、主观感情、态度、赞扬或批评的形容词。如：careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise, rude, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), selfish(自私的)等。
1.It’s very kind him to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
2.It’s very nice you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
动词不定式在句中做主语时，常用于下列句式中。
① It+be+名词+to do sth.
② It takes sb+some time+to do sth.
③ It seems(appears)+形容词+to do.
④ It+动词+宾语+ to do sth.
1.It’s our duty good care of the old.
2.It took me half an hour there. 我走到那儿花了半小时的时间。
3.It seemed impossible money. 节约钱似乎是不可能的。
4.It cost a lot of money this museum. 建造这座博物馆花了许多钱。
【注意】动词不定式做主语时，谓语动词常常用单数。
1. after dinner is my hobby. 饭后散步是我的爱好。
a scientist is my dream. 当一名科学家是我的梦想。
3. is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
4.To sweep the floor my duty every day. 每天打扫地板是我的责任。
（2）动词不定式作宾语
① 只能接动词不定式作宾语的动词，初中阶段常见的有：ask, choose, agree, expect, hope, decide, learn, prefer, pretend, know, wish, want, would like, love, afford, dare, fail, manage, need, plan, promise, refuse, seem等。
1.He can’t afford abroad. 他负担不起出国的费用。
2.We hope there before dark.我们希望天黑以前到那儿。
3.They didn’t agree that. 他们不同意那样做。
4.The girl decided it herself. 那个姑娘决定自己做那件事。
② 动词feel, find, make, think等后面接不定式作宾语时，如带有宾语补足语，则要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式宾语，构成“主语+ feel/find/make/think+it+宾补(形容词/名词)+不定式”结构。
1.He found it very difficult to sleep. 他发现很难入睡。
2.I find it useful English well. 我发现学好英语很有用。
3.We thought it wrong her. 我们认为不告诉她是错误的。
（3）动词不定式作补语
动词不定式作补语时，在主动语态中作宾语补足语，在被动语态中作主语补足语，句子的宾语或主语是不定式动作的逻辑执行者。如果不定式是to be done，句子的宾语或主语就是逻辑承受者。
英语中许多动词可跟一个“名词（代词）+不定式”构成的复合宾语，这里的动词不定式就作宾语补足语。常见的这类动词有：ask, allow, permit, advise, expect, suppose, invite, encourage, teach, tell, want, wait for, wish, would like/love等。
1.I’d invite her dinner at my house.
2.Email English is supposed used on mobile phones.
3.Teenagers should be allowed their own clothes.
英语中有些动词要求不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，这些动词有：四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch；三“让”：have, let, make；二“听”：hear, listen to；一“感觉”：feel；一“注意”：notice等。help后不定式的to可以省略，也可以保留。
1.Can you help me learn English
2.They were made work day and night.
3.She was heard sing in the room.
4.This picture makes me feel tense!
5.Of course we want see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.
（4）动词不定式作状语
① 动词不定式作目的状语：在强调这种目的状语时，不定式前可加in order或so as
1.He went to Paris learn French. 他去巴黎学法语。
2.I come here only say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
3.A group of young people got together (in order/so as) discuss this question. 一群年轻人聚在一群目的是讨论这个问题。
②动词不定式作原因状语：不定式常跟在表示情感的形容词后，修饰形容词，作原因状语，不定式作原因状语的基本结构是：“sb.+be+adj.+to do sth.”。能用于该结构的形容词有：angry, clever, careful, happy, lucky, nice, pleased, right, sorry, slow等。
I’m very glad see you again. 我很高兴又见到你。
③ 动词不定式作结果状语，多见于“too+形容词+to do sth.”结构句中。
The T-shirt is too big for me wear. 这件T恤对于我来说太大了而不能穿。
④ 动词不定式作程度状语，多见于 “形容词/副词+enough+to do sth.”结构句中。
1.The boy is old enough go to school.
2.Jack ran fast enough catch the bus.
（5）动词不定式作定语(须后置)
① 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，它与其他修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上可能是主谓关系。
I can’t think of any good advice to give her.
I have nothing to say on this question.
He needs time to do homework.
Is that a good place to hang out
You want to know the best way to get around the city.
② 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要有相应的介词。但当名词是time, place或way时，不定式后的介词可以省略。
1.I need a pen write . 我需要一支笔写字。
2.I have a comfortable house . 我有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。
3.Tom had no money and no place . 汤姆没有钱，也没有地方居住。
（6）动词不定式作表语
动词不定式往往放在系动词be（become, sound, taste 等系动词后面一般不接不定式）的后面作表语，表示将来的情况，说明主语的内容。
1.My wish is a teacher. 我的愿望是当一名教师。
2.Your job today is the playground. 你今天的工作是打扫操场。
3.Their duty is the animals. 他们的职责是照看动物。
（7）动词不定式的特殊结构
①“疑问词＋不定式”结构：动词不定式前面可与疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where等连用，构成不定式短语，相当于一个宾语从句，在句子里用作主语、宾语、表语、宾补等，或者单独使用。动词decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell等常与疑问词连用。“疑问词＋不定式”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
I can’t decide where to go. (作宾语)
Where to go is not decided yet. (作主语)
The question is how to put it into practice. (作表语)
Can you tell me how to get to Guilin Middle School (作宾补)
单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。如：
What to do next (=What will we/you do next ) // Why go there (=Why do we/you go there )
②动词不定式的否定形式：“not/never+to+动词原形”，有些动词可以不用to。
1.My mother let me it by myself. 妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。
2.Zhang Ming asked me at home all day. 张明要我不要整天呆在家里。
3.His parents tell him never after drinking. 他的父母亲告诉他决不要在酒后开车。
③ 动词不定式的省略：在“You’d+动词原形”、“Why not+动词原形” 、“Why don’t you+动词原形 ”、“would rather+动词原形”、“Will/Would /Could you please(not)+动词原形 ”句型中，动词不定式符号to常常省略。
1.You’d better up early.
2.Why not a picnic in the countryside this Sunday
3.Will/Would /Could you please not the window It’s too cold outside.
4.I would rather at home.
④ 有时为了避免重复，在动词except, hope, wish, forget, want, try等，短语be glad/happy, would like, would love, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等出现与上下文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而把其他部分省略。
---- I heard that you would go to Kunming for you summer vacation.
---- I planned to, but I have something important to do. (planned to后省略了go)
---- Would you like to come to my birthday party ---- Yes, I’d love to. (I’d love to后省略了come)
2、动名词
动名词由“动词原形+ing”构成，与现在分词的形式相同，动名词具有名词的特征，也有动词的特征，它可以有宾语，也可用状语来修饰。在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
（1）动名词作主语：动名词作主语时，谓语要用动词用第三人称单数形式。
Playing computer games too much bad for your eyes. 过度地玩电脑游戏对你的眼睛有害。
（2）动名词作宾语：动名词可用作动词或介词的宾语，表示一般的习惯、抽象的行为或经常性的动作。常接动名词作宾语的动词或短语有：enjoy, finish, consider, miss, keep, mind, practise, suggest, excuse, face, forgive, imagine, include, be busy, feel like, give up, can’t help, look forward to等。
Have you finished the book 你读完这本书了吗？
Foreign visitors are looking forward to Guilin. 外国游客期待参观桂林。
（3）动名词作表语：多数情况下动名词作表语可以转换成作主语。
One of my duties is typing letters.= letters is one of my duties. 我的职责之一是打信件。
（4）动名词作定语：只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。置于所修饰词之前。
Lucy is in the hall. 露西在餐厅里。
We should improve our method. 我们应该改进学习方法。
（5）动词不定式与动名词的用法比较
① 动词hate, like, love, prefer等接不定式时，通常表示一次性或具体动作；接动词-ing 形式做宾语时，通常表示一般性或习惯性的动作。但在现代英语中，通常不加区别地混用。
I don’t like to do swim today. (一次具体动作)
I like swimming. (习惯或爱好)
I hate to go boating today. 今天我不想去划船。
I hate going boating. 我讨厌划船。
② 动词attempt, begin, continue, intend, start等接不定式或动词名词做宾语意义不变。
We began English when we came to junior middle school. 我们来初中学习时才开始学习英语。
③ 有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，意思差别较大的动词有forget, remember, regret等，后接不定式作宾语，表动作尚未发生；后接v-ing形式作宾语，表动作已发生。
remember to do sth. 记住要做某事(未做)； remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事(已做)；
forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事(未做)； forget doing sth. 忘记曾经做过某事(已做)；
regret to do sth. 对要做的事遗憾、后悔(未做)； regret doing sth. 对做过的事遗憾、后悔 (已做)；
1.I remember you somewhere before. 我记得以前在哪儿见过你。
2.Please remember the light when you leave. 离开时请记得关好灯。
④ 动词mean接不定式作宾语时，表示一种意图，意思是“打算做，想要做”；接动名词形式做宾语时，表示解释，意思是“意味着，意思是”。
1.I didn’t mean you. 我本不想打扰你。
2.What he said means there by air. 他说话的意思是坐飞机去那儿。
⑤ try接不定式作宾语时，表示一种决心，意思是“设法做，尽力做”；接动名词形式做宾语时，表示没有把握，意思是“试着做”。
try to do sth. 尽力/努力/企图做某事； try doing sth. 试验/试着做某事；
1.I’ll try to up with my class this term. 这一学期我将尽力赶上同学们。
2.I tried the text without consulting my dictionary. 我试着不查词典来阅读课文。
⑥ 动词go on, stop等接不定式时，表示一种目的，意思是“继续或停下来的目的是要去干另一件事”；接动名词形式做宾语时，表示继续或停止所做的事情，意思是“继续或停止做”。
go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事； go on doing sth. 继续做原来在做的事；
stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事； stop doing sth. 停止做某事；
Now stop me, please. 现在停下来听我讲。
Now stop , please. 现在停止写字。
3、分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由“动词原形+ing”构成，有主动、正在进行之意，所修饰的人或物是动作的执行者；过去分词由“动词原形+ed”构成，有被动、完成之意，所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者。现在分词和过去分词都具有形容词、副词的特征，在句中可作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词；过去分词作定语，表示动作已经完成，其逻辑宾语是它所修饰的词。单个分词作定语时常放在被修饰词的前面，分词短语作定语时要放在被修饰词的后面，相当于定语从句。
China is a country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
America is a country. 美国是一个发达国家。
Who is the woman Jim 在和吉姆交谈的那个妇女是谁？
（2）作表语：现在分词作表语表示主动，表示主语的性质、特征；过去分词作表语表示被动，表示某种状态。
1.The book is . 这本书很有趣。(书本身有趣)
2.I’m in the book.我对它很感兴趣。(我被这本书激起兴趣)
（3）作宾语补足语
① 现在分词常用在see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, have 等动词后面，作宾语补足语。
② 现在分词与不定式作感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等的宾语补足语时的区别：用现在分词作宾语补足语时，表示动作正在发生或进行；用不定式作宾语补足语时，表示动作已经发生，动作的过程已经结束。
They kept me for a long time. 他们让我等了很久。
I saw him upstairs. 我看见他上楼了。(看见他上楼的整个过程)
I saw him upstairs. 我看见他正在上楼。(看见他正在向楼上走去)
（4）作状语
① 分词作状语时可以表示时间（相当于一个时间状语从句）、原因（相当于一个原因状语从句）或表示动作发生的方式及作为陪衬的另一动作。如：Being sick, I stayed at home.
② 分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。如：Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
题组1 非谓语动词
1.For Japanese, eating out was their favourite activity in their free time. And they also like (驾驶) around.
2.They plan (walk) around the whole Britain, singing for dinner and sleeping anywhere like fields.
3.There are fewer plants and animals there, and it's more difficult for people (live).
4.He used his $500 prize (collect) 619 toys for a local children's hospital.
5.Actually, she hated it so she was always refusing (use) it.
6.Jack enjoys (游泳) and sunbathing with his friends.
7.Don't get on the bus before (清点) the total number of your team members.
8.Mom gave us a big smile and told us (sit)down for the breakfast.
9.They look forward to (spend)time there with friends.
10.So, does Beth enjoy (be)famous now
11.It can help you keep your weight under control and (赢)self-confidence at the same time.
12.I can't wait (see) the Alhambra Palace and other places of interest.
13.The hen agreed (do) so, and the eagle flew away.
14.Before that, pubs were filled with smoke which made you cough and made your hair and clothes (发出气味).
15.He is thinking about how (spend)his money during the winter vacation.
题组2 非谓语动词选择题
1．（2023·江苏徐州·中考真题）I have decided to go to Beijing and ________ one of my old friends there.
A．visiting B．visited C．visits D．visit
2．（2023·黑龙江牡丹江·统考中考真题）________ down air pollution, we should walk or take the bus instead of driving.
A．Cut B．To cut C．Cutting
3．（2023·吉林·统考中考真题）We hope ________ a beautiful home by living a low-carbon life (低碳生活).
A．build B．building C．to build
4．（2023·黑龙江·统考中考真题）—Shall we go swimming this afternoon
—I would rather ________ at home than ________ swimming.
A．stay; going B．stay; go C．to stay; to go
5．（2023·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题）I saw Lily ________ when I passed her room.
A．dance B．dancing C．to dance
6．（2023·湖南株洲·统考中考真题）Today, we must continue working ________ our skies blue, waters clean and lands clear.
A．keep B．to keep C．keeping
7．（2023·湖南郴州·统考中考真题）—Are you going to read the book Journey to the West
—Yes. Our teacher expects us ________ such traditional Chinese books.
A．read B．reading C．to read
8．（2023·福建·统考中考真题）It’s reported that China plans ________ astronauts to the moon before 2030.
A．send B．sending C．to send
9．（2023·江苏宿迁·统考中考真题）—Our school will invite Mr. Wang ________ us a talk on environmental protection next week.
—That’s wonderful!
A．give B．to give C．giving D．gave
10．（2023·吉林长春·统考中考真题）We expect the world _______ China better after the 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou.
A．understanding B．to understand C．understood D．understand
11．（2023·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题）Boys and girls, good luck and wish you ________ good grades in a new year.
A．get B．getting C．to get
12．（2023·黑龙江·统考中考真题）We should avoid ________ a noise in the library.
A．make B．to make C．making
题组3 语法选择
Many of us have feelings of loneliness as we grow up. As a teenager, just 1 alone in the cafeteria can be unbearable, and girls even go to the restroom hand in hand. They fear 2 a “loner”. In these cases, we might use the word “loner” in a disapproving way. However, it can actually have a positive meaning as well.
It all depends on our attitudes towards being alone. If we see 3 alone as something negative, we will resist (抵制) it. But if we understand that it's an everyday part of life, we'll be able 4 it.
In some countries, more young people are choosing 5 loners. In South Korea, “honjok” has become a popular lifestyle. The term comes from “hon” (alone) and “jok” (tribe). These people eat alone, travel alone, and enjoy 6 alone.
“I hope it grows into a self-supporting culture of happiness,” said Jang Jae Young, a South Korean who runs a website about this solo lifestyle 7 honjok.me.
In Japan, people have developed a strong “loner culture” and even a “loner economy”. There are many solo karaoke bars and solo cafes. Even some restaurants are specially designed for solo diners. Clapboards (隔板) separate each seat. They fill out a form 8 an order, and then press a button to call the waiter. So they don't have to see the faces of other customers or waiters.
People are becoming more experienced in and comfortable about 9 solitude (独处). This doesn't mean we should totally shut ourselves from the outside world, of course. But it doesn't hurt 10 some “me time” once in a while.
1.A.eat B.to eat C.eating D.eaten
2.A.be called B.to be called C.be calling D.being called
3.A.is B.are C.be D.being
4.A.hug B.to hug C.hugging D.hugged
5.A.to be B.be C.being D.been
6.A.be B.to be C.being D.been
7.A.call B.to call C.calling D.called
8.A.place B.to place C.placing D.placed
9.A.embrace B.to embrace C.embracing D.embraced
10.A.have B.to have C.having D.had
题组4 语法填空
Most people today are only worried about 1 (get)good jobs to make lots of money. In their free time, they think about what 2 (do) for fun. However, few people think about what they can do 3 (help) others.
There are many people who are less lucky than us. 4 (volunteer) our time to help these people is a good way to spend our free time. For example, we can make plans to visit sick children in the hospital or raise money for homeless people. Some people even stop 5 (do) their jobs for a few months to move to another place, like one of the countries in Africa, and help people there.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1非谓语动词考点聚焦和精讲
不充当句子谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词。它们不受主语限制，无时态与语态变化，又称非限定性动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。
1、动词不定式
动词不定式的基本形式为：“to+动词原形”，有些动词可以不用to，这里的to为不定式符号，本身无词义；不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能作谓语，但能保持动词的特点。动词不定式可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语，初中阶段应该掌握的是不定式作宾语、宾语补足语及目的状语的用法。
（1）动词不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语置于句末，这样可使主语不至显得太长，避免头重脚轻的现象。动词不定式作主语的基本结构是：It+be+形容词(+for/of sb)+to do sth..
To learn English well is not easy.=It is not easy to learn English well. 学好英语不容易。
▲for sb.句型前常用表示事物的特征、特点、客观形式的形容词。如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等。
1.It’s easy (for me) to do that. 我做这事太容易了。
2.It’s difficult for Jim to learn Chinese well. 对于吉姆来说学好中文是困难的。
3.It’s important for us to protect the environment. 保护环境对于我们来说是重要的。
▲of sb.句型前常用表示人物的性格、品德、主观感情、态度、赞扬或批评的形容词。如：careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise, rude, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), selfish(自私的)等。
1.It’s very kind of him to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
2.It’s very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
动词不定式在句中做主语时，常用于下列句式中。
① It+be+名词+to do sth.
② It takes sb+some time+to do sth.
③ It seems(appears)+形容词+to do.
④ It+动词+宾语+ to do sth.
1.It’s our duty to take good care of the old.
2.It took me half an hour to walk there. 我走到那儿花了半小时的时间。
3.It seemed impossible to save money. 节约钱似乎是不可能的。
4.It cost a lot of money to build this museum. 建造这座博物馆花了许多钱。
【注意】动词不定式做主语时，谓语动词常常用单数。
1.To walk after dinner is my hobby. 饭后散步是我的爱好。
2.( \8 n9 b) ^) ^# S, }9 _5 ^; YTo be a scientist is my dream. 当一名科学家是我的梦想。
3.To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
4.To sweep the floor is my duty every day. 每天打扫地板是我的责任。
（2）动词不定式作宾语
① 只能接动词不定式作宾语的动词，初中阶段常见的有：ask, choose, agree, expect, hope, decide, learn, prefer, pretend, know, wish, want, would like, love, afford, dare, fail, manage, need, plan, promise, refuse, seem等。
1.He can’t afford to go abroad. 他负担不起出国的费用。
2.We hope to get there before dark.我们希望天黑以前到那儿。
3.They didn’t agree to do that. 他们不同意那样做。
4.The girl decided to do it herself. 那个姑娘决定自己做那件事。
② 动词feel, find, make, think等后面接不定式作宾语时，如带有宾语补足语，则要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式宾语，构成“主语+ feel/find/make/think+it+宾补(形容词/名词)+不定式”结构。
1.He found it very difficult to get to sleep. 他发现很难入睡。
2.I find it useful to learn English well. 我发现学好英语很有用。
3.We thought it wrong not to tell her. 我们认为不告诉她是错误的。
（3）动词不定式作补语
动词不定式作补语时，在主动语态中作宾语补足语，在被动语态中作主语补足语，句子的宾语或主语是不定式动作的逻辑执行者。如果不定式是to be done，句子的宾语或主语就是逻辑承受者。
英语中许多动词可跟一个“名词（代词）+不定式”构成的复合宾语，这里的动词不定式就作宾语补足语。常见的这类动词有：ask, allow, permit, advise, expect, suppose, invite, encourage, teach, tell, want, wait for, wish, would like/love等。
1.I’d invite her to have dinner at my house.
2.Email English is supposed to be used on mobile phones.
3.Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.
英语中有些动词要求不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，这些动词有：四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch；三“让”：have, let, make；二“听”：hear, listen to；一“感觉”：feel；一“注意”：notice等。help后不定式的to可以省略，也可以保留。
1.Can you help me (to) learn English
2.They were made to work day and night.
3.She was heard to sing in the room.
4.This picture makes me feel tense!
5.Of course we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.
（4）动词不定式作状语
① 动词不定式作目的状语：在强调这种目的状语时，不定式前可加in order或so as
1.He went to Paris to learn French. 他去巴黎学法语。
2.I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
3.A group of young people got together (in order/so as) to discuss this question. 一群年轻人聚在一群目的是讨论这个问题。
②动词不定式作原因状语：不定式常跟在表示情感的形容词后，修饰形容词，作原因状语，不定式作原因状语的基本结构是：“sb.+be+adj.+to do sth.”。能用于该结构的形容词有：angry, clever, careful, happy, lucky, nice, pleased, right, sorry, slow等。
I’m very glad to see you again. 我很高兴又见到你。
③ 动词不定式作结果状语，多见于“too+形容词+to do sth.”结构句中。
The T-shirt is too big for me to wear. 这件T恤对于我来说太大了而不能穿。
④ 动词不定式作程度状语，多见于 “形容词/副词+enough+to do sth.”结构句中。
1.The boy is old enough to go to school.
2.Jack ran fast enough to catch the bus.
（5）动词不定式作定语(须后置)
① 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，它与其他修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上可能是主谓关系。
I can’t think of any good advice to give her.
I have nothing to say on this question.
He needs time to do homework.
Is that a good place to hang out
You want to know the best way to get around the city.
② 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要有相应的介词。但当名词是time, place或way时，不定式后的介词可以省略。
1.I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支笔写字。
2.I have a comfortable house to live in. 我有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。
3.Tom had no money and no place to live (in). 汤姆没有钱，也没有地方居住。
（6）动词不定式作表语
动词不定式往往放在系动词be（become, sound, taste 等系动词后面一般不接不定式）的后面作表语，表示将来的情况，说明主语的内容。
1.My wish is to become a teacher. 我的愿望是当一名教师。
2.Your job today is to clean the playground. 你今天的工作是打扫操场。
3.Their duty is to look after the animals. 他们的职责是照看动物。
（7）动词不定式的特殊结构
①“疑问词＋不定式”结构：动词不定式前面可与疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where等连用，构成不定式短语，相当于一个宾语从句，在句子里用作主语、宾语、表语、宾补等，或者单独使用。动词decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell等常与疑问词连用。“疑问词＋不定式”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
I can’t decide where to go. (作宾语)
Where to go is not decided yet. (作主语)
The question is how to put it into practice. (作表语)
Can you tell me how to get to Guilin Middle School (作宾补)
单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。如：
What to do next (=What will we/you do next ) // Why go there (=Why do we/you go there )
②动词不定式的否定形式：“not/never+to+动词原形”，有些动词可以不用to。
1.My mother let me not do it by myself. 妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。
2.Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 张明要我不要整天呆在家里。
3.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking. 他的父母亲告诉他决不要在酒后开车。
③ 动词不定式的省略：在“You’d+动词原形”、“Why not+动词原形” 、“Why don’t you+动词原形 ”、“would rather+动词原形”、“Will/Would /Could you please(not)+动词原形 ”句型中，动词不定式符号to常常省略。
1.You’d better get up early.
2.Why not have a picnic in the countryside this Sunday
3.Will/Would /Could you please not open the window It’s too cold outside.
4.I would rather stay at home.
④ 有时为了避免重复，在动词except, hope, wish, forget, want, try等，短语be glad/happy, would like, would love, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等出现与上下文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而把其他部分省略。
---- I heard that you would go to Kunming for you summer vacation.
---- I planned to, but I have something important to do. (planned to后省略了go)
---- Would you like to come to my birthday party ---- Yes, I’d love to. (I’d love to后省略了come)
2、动名词
动名词由“动词原形+ing”构成，与现在分词的形式相同，动名词具有名词的特征，也有动词的特征，它可以有宾语，也可用状语来修饰。在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
（1）动名词作主语：动名词作主语时，谓语要用动词用第三人称单数形式。
Playing computer games too much is bad for your eyes. 过度地玩电脑游戏对你的眼睛有害。
（2）动名词作宾语：动名词可用作动词或介词的宾语，表示一般的习惯、抽象的行为或经常性的动作。常接动名词作宾语的动词或短语有：enjoy, finish, consider, miss, keep, mind, practise, suggest, excuse, face, forgive, imagine, include, be busy, feel like, give up, can’t help, look forward to等。
Have you finished reading the book 你读完这本书了吗？
Foreign visitors are looking forward to visiting Guilin. 外国游客期待参观桂林。
（3）动名词作表语：多数情况下动名词作表语可以转换成作主语。
One of my duties is typing letters.= Typing letters is one of my duties. 我的职责之一是打信件。
（4）动名词作定语：只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。置于所修饰词之前。
Lucy is in the dining hall. 露西在餐厅里。
We should improve our learning method. 我们应该改进学习方法。
（5）动词不定式与动名词的用法比较
① 动词hate, like, love, prefer等接不定式时，通常表示一次性或具体动作；接动词-ing 形式做宾语时，通常表示一般性或习惯性的动作。但在现代英语中，通常不加区别地混用。
I don’t like to do swim today. (一次具体动作)
I like swimming. (习惯或爱好)
I hate to go boating today. 今天我不想去划船。
I hate going boating. 我讨厌划船。
② 动词attempt, begin, continue, intend, start等接不定式或动词名词做宾语意义不变。
We began learning/to learn English when we came to junior middle school. 我们来初中学习时才开始学习英语。
③ 有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，意思差别较大的动词有forget, remember, regret等，后接不定式作宾语，表动作尚未发生；后接v-ing形式作宾语，表动作已发生。
remember to do sth. 记住要做某事(未做)； remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事(已做)；
forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事(未做)； forget doing sth. 忘记曾经做过某事(已做)；
regret to do sth. 对要做的事遗憾、后悔(未做)； regret doing sth. 对做过的事遗憾、后悔 (已做)；
1.I remember seeing you somewhere before. 我记得以前在哪儿见过你。
2.Please remember to turn off the light when you leave. 离开时请记得关好灯。
④ 动词mean接不定式作宾语时，表示一种意图，意思是“打算做，想要做”；接动名词形式做宾语时，表示解释，意思是“意味着，意思是”。
1.I didn’t mean to bother you. 我本不想打扰你。
2.What he said means going there by air. 他说话的意思是坐飞机去那儿。
⑤ try接不定式作宾语时，表示一种决心，意思是“设法做，尽力做”；接动名词形式做宾语时，表示没有把握，意思是“试着做”。
try to do sth. 尽力/努力/企图做某事； try doing sth. 试验/试着做某事；
1.I’ll try to catch up with my class this term. 这一学期我将尽力赶上同学们。
2.I tried reading the text without consulting my dictionary. 我试着不查词典来阅读课文。
⑥ 动词go on, stop等接不定式时，表示一种目的，意思是“继续或停下来的目的是要去干另一件事”；接动名词形式做宾语时，表示继续或停止所做的事情，意思是“继续或停止做”。
go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事； go on doing sth. 继续做原来在做的事；
stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事； stop doing sth. 停止做某事；
Now stop to listen me, please. 现在停下来听我讲。
Now stop writing, please. 现在停止写字。
3、分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由“动词原形+ing”构成，有主动、正在进行之意，所修饰的人或物是动作的执行者；过去分词由“动词原形+ed”构成，有被动、完成之意，所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者。现在分词和过去分词都具有形容词、副词的特征，在句中可作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词；过去分词作定语，表示动作已经完成，其逻辑宾语是它所修饰的词。单个分词作定语时常放在被修饰词的前面，分词短语作定语时要放在被修饰词的后面，相当于定语从句。
China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
America is a developed country. 美国是一个发达国家。
Who is the woman talking (=who is talking) to Jim 在和吉姆交谈的那个妇女是谁？
（2）作表语：现在分词作表语表示主动，表示主语的性质、特征；过去分词作表语表示被动，表示某种状态。
1.The book is interesting. 这本书很有趣。(书本身有趣)
2.I’m interested in the book.我对它很感兴趣。(我被这本书激起兴趣)
（3）作宾语补足语
① 现在分词常用在see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, have 等动词后面，作宾语补足语。
② 现在分词与不定式作感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等的宾语补足语时的区别：用现在分词作宾语补足语时，表示动作正在发生或进行；用不定式作宾语补足语时，表示动作已经发生，动作的过程已经结束。
They kept me waiting for a long time. 他们让我等了很久。
I saw him go upstairs. 我看见他上楼了。(看见他上楼的整个过程)
I saw him going upstairs. 我看见他正在上楼。(看见他正在向楼上走去)
（4）作状语
① 分词作状语时可以表示时间（相当于一个时间状语从句）、原因（相当于一个原因状语从句）或表示动作发生的方式及作为陪衬的另一动作。如：Being sick, I stayed at home.
② 分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。如：Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
题组1 非谓语动词
1.For Japanese, eating out was their favourite activity in their free time. And they also like (驾驶) around.
答案 driving/to drive 本题考查非谓语动词。like后跟动名词或动词不定式,故填driving/to drive。
2.They plan (walk) around the whole Britain, singing for dinner and sleeping anywhere like fields.
答案 to walk plan to do sth.计划做某事,因此答案是to walk。
3.There are fewer plants and animals there, and it's more difficult for people (live).
答案 to live 本题考查非谓语动词。It's+adj.+for sb. to do sth.对某人来说做某事是……的。
4.He used his $500 prize (collect) 619 toys for a local children's hospital.
答案 to collect 本题考查非谓语动词。use sth. to do sth.使用某物去做某事,故填to collect。
5.Actually, she hated it so she was always refusing (use) it.
答案 to use 本题考查非谓语动词。refuse to do sth.拒绝做某事,故填to use。
6.Jack enjoys (游泳) and sunbathing with his friends.
答案 swimming enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事。故答案为 swimming。
7.Don't get on the bus before (清点) the total number of your team members.
答案 counting “清点”即“数数”,用count来表示,介词before后用v.-ing形式,故填counting。
8.Mom gave us a big smile and told us (sit)down for the breakfast.
答案 to sit 设空句的谓语动词是gave和told,设空处为非谓语动词,根据tell sb. to do sth.可知填to sit。
9.They look forward to (spend)time there with friends.
答案 spending look forward to中的to为介词,因此设空处应使用动名词形式。
10.So, does Beth enjoy (be)famous now
答案 being 题干中出现谓语动词enjoy,设空处为非谓语动词,根据enjoy doing sth.可知填being。
11.It can help you keep your weight under control and (赢)self-confidence at the same time.
答案 win 句意:这能帮助你控制体重,并且同时赢得自信。此处为help sb. do sth.结构, 设空处与keep是并列成分,故填win。
12.I can't wait (see) the Alhambra Palace and other places of interest.
答案 to see 句意:我迫不及待地去看阿尔汉布拉宫和其他名胜古迹。本题考查非谓语动词。can't wait to do sth.迫不及待地做某事。
13.The hen agreed (do) so, and the eagle flew away.
答案 to do 句意:母鸡同意这样做,于是雕就飞走了。本题考查非谓语动词。设空处为非谓语动词,其结构是agree to do sth.。
14.Before that, pubs were filled with smoke which made you cough and made your hair and clothes (发出气味).
答案 smell 句意:在那以前,酒馆弥漫了让你咳嗽、使你的头发和衣服都有味道的烟味。本题考查非谓语动词。本句是主从复合句, which引导定语从句,在从句中作主语,made在从句中作谓语动词,因此设空处是非谓语动词,其结构是make sb./sth. do sth.。
15.He is thinking about how (spend)his money during the winter vacation.
答案 to spend 句意:他在考虑怎样在寒假期间花他的钱。本题考查非谓语动词。“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语。
题组2 非谓语动词选择题
1．（2023·江苏徐州·中考真题）I have decided to go to Beijing and ________ one of my old friends there.
A．visiting B．visited C．visits D．visit
【答案】D
【详解】句意：我决定去北京看望我在那里的一位老朋友。
考查非谓语动词。decide to do sth.“决定做某事”，空格处应为动词原形，省略了动词不定式符号to，故选D。
2．（2023·黑龙江牡丹江·统考中考真题）________ down air pollution, we should walk or take the bus instead of driving.
A．Cut B．To cut C．Cutting
【答案】B
【详解】句意：为了减少空气污染，我们应该步行或乘公共汽车而不是开车。
考查动词形式。根据“we should walk or take the bus instead of driving.”可知，减少空气污染是目的，用动词不定式表目的。故选B。
3．（2023·吉林·统考中考真题）We hope ________ a beautiful home by living a low-carbon life (低碳生活).
A．build B．building C．to build
【答案】C
【详解】句意：我们希望通过低碳生活来建设一个美丽的家园。
考查非谓语动词。hope to do sth“希望做某事”，动词不定式作宾语，故选C。
4．（2023·黑龙江·统考中考真题）—Shall we go swimming this afternoon
—I would rather ________ at home than ________ swimming.
A．stay; going B．stay; go C．to stay; to go
【答案】B
【详解】句意：——今天下午我们去游泳好吗？——我宁愿待在家里也不愿意去游泳。
考查非谓语。would rather do sth than do sth“宁愿做某事而不愿做某事”，即两空都用动词原形。故选B。
5．（2023·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题）I saw Lily ________ when I passed her room.
A．dance B．dancing C．to dance
【答案】B
【详解】句意：当我经过她的房间时，我看到莉莉在跳舞。
考查非谓语动词。see sb. do sth.“看见某人做了某事”；see sb. doing sth.“看见某人正在做某事”。根据“when I passed her room.”可知，此处是指看到莉莉正在跳舞。故选B。
6．（2023·湖南株洲·统考中考真题）Today, we must continue working ________ our skies blue, waters clean and lands clear.
A．keep B．to keep C．keeping
【答案】B
【详解】句意：今天，我们必须继续打好蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战。
考查非谓语动词。根据“our skies blue, waters clean and lands clear”可知蓝天、碧水、净土是继续工作的目的，空格处应用动词不定式表目的。故选B。
7．（2023·湖南郴州·统考中考真题）—Are you going to read the book Journey to the West
—Yes. Our teacher expects us ________ such traditional Chinese books.
A．read B．reading C．to read
【答案】C
【详解】句意：——你打算读《西游记》吗？——是的。我们老师希望我们读这样的中国传统书籍。
考查非谓语动词。expect sb to do sth“期待某人做某事”，所以此处使用动词不定式，故选C。
8．（2023·福建·统考中考真题）It’s reported that China plans ________ astronauts to the moon before 2030.
A．send B．sending C．to send
【答案】C
【详解】句意：据报道，中国计划在2030年前将宇航员送上月球。
考查非谓语动词。plan to do sth“计划做某事”，为固定短语，故选C。
9．（2023·江苏宿迁·统考中考真题）—Our school will invite Mr. Wang ________ us a talk on environmental protection next week.
—That’s wonderful!
A．give B．to give C．giving D．gave
【答案】B
【详解】句意：——下周我们学校将邀请王先生给我们做一个关于环境保护的演讲。——那是精彩的！
考查非谓语动词。invite sb. to do sth.“邀请某人做某事”。故选B。
10．（2023·吉林长春·统考中考真题）We expect the world _______ China better after the 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou.
A．understanding B．to understand C．understood D．understand
【答案】B
【详解】句意：我们期待第19届杭州亚运会后，世界更好地了解中国。
考查非谓语动词。expect sb to do sth“期待某人做某事”，此空应填不定式，故选B。
11．（2023·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题）Boys and girls, good luck and wish you ________ good grades in a new year.
A．get B．getting C．to get
【答案】C
【详解】句意：同学们，祝你们好运，并祝你们在新的一年里取得好成绩。
考查非谓语动词。wish sb. to do sth.“希望某人做某事”，动词不定式作宾语补足语。故选C。
12．（2023·黑龙江·统考中考真题）We should avoid ________ a noise in the library.
A．make B．to make C．making
【答案】C
【详解】句意：我们应该避免在图书馆里制造噪音。
考查动名词作宾语。根据“avoid”可知此处应用动词短语avoid doing sth表示“避免做某事”，因此应用动名词making作宾语。故选C。
题组3 语法选择
Many of us have feelings of loneliness as we grow up. As a teenager, just 1 alone in the cafeteria can be unbearable, and girls even go to the restroom hand in hand. They fear 2 a “loner”. In these cases, we might use the word “loner” in a disapproving way. However, it can actually have a positive meaning as well.
It all depends on our attitudes towards being alone. If we see 3 alone as something negative, we will resist (抵制) it. But if we understand that it's an everyday part of life, we'll be able 4 it.
In some countries, more young people are choosing 5 loners. In South Korea, “honjok” has become a popular lifestyle. The term comes from “hon” (alone) and “jok” (tribe). These people eat alone, travel alone, and enjoy 6 alone.
“I hope it grows into a self-supporting culture of happiness,” said Jang Jae Young, a South Korean who runs a website about this solo lifestyle 7 honjok.me.
In Japan, people have developed a strong “loner culture” and even a “loner economy”. There are many solo karaoke bars and solo cafes. Even some restaurants are specially designed for solo diners. Clapboards (隔板) separate each seat. They fill out a form 8 an order, and then press a button to call the waiter. So they don't have to see the faces of other customers or waiters.
People are becoming more experienced in and comfortable about 9 solitude (独处). This doesn't mean we should totally shut ourselves from the outside world, of course. But it doesn't hurt 10 some “me time” once in a while.
1.A.eat B.to eat C.eating D.eaten
2.A.be called B.to be called C.be calling D.being called
3.A.is B.are C.be D.being
4.A.hug B.to hug C.hugging D.hugged
5.A.to be B.be C.being D.been
6.A.be B.to be C.being D.been
7.A.call B.to call C.calling D.called
8.A.place B.to place C.placing D.placed
9.A.embrace B.to embrace C.embracing D.embraced
10.A.have B.to have C.having D.had
文章介绍了独处正在成为一种流行的生活方式,而并非人们传统上认为的消极处事态度。
1.C 本题考查非谓语动词。在本句中,动名词短语充当句子的主语。故选C。
2.D 本题考查非谓语动词。fear doing sth.害怕做某事,且此处是“害怕被称作”,所以选D。
3.D 本题考查非谓语动词。用v.-ing形式作see的宾语,故选D。
4.B 本题考查非谓语动词。be able to do sth.能够做某事。故选B。
5.A 本题考查非谓语动词。choose to do sth.选择做某事。故选A。
6.C 本题考查非谓语动词。enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事。故选C。
7.D 本题考查非谓语动词。过去分词短语作后置定语。故选D。
8.B 本题考查非谓语动词。此处用不定式表目的。故选B。
9.C 本题考查非谓语动词。embrace拥抱。空前的介词about后应用动名词形式。故选C。
10.B 本题考查非谓语动词。动词不定式短语to have some “me time” once in a while是本句真正的主语,it在本句中充当形式主语。故选B。
题组4 语法填空
Most people today are only worried about 1 (get)good jobs to make lots of money. In their free time, they think about what 2 (do) for fun. However, few people think about what they can do 3 (help) others.
There are many people who are less lucky than us. 4 (volunteer) our time to help these people is a good way to spend our free time. For example, we can make plans to visit sick children in the hospital or raise money for homeless people. Some people even stop 5 (do) their jobs for a few months to move to another place, like one of the countries in Africa, and help people there.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
本文是一篇有关志愿工作的文章。
1.getting 本题考查非谓语动词。be worried about 担心,about为介词,后面应该用v.-ing形式,故填getting。
2.to do 本题考查非谓语动词。what to do 做什么,在本句中作动词短语think about的宾语。
3.to help 本题考查非谓语动词。动词不定式表目的。
4.Volunteering 本题考查非谓语动词。在本句中,设空处充当主语,所以要用volunteer的动名词形式,故填Volunteering。
5.doing 本题考查非谓语动词。stop doing sth.停止做某事。stop后也可以接动词不定式,stop to do sth.停下来去做某事。
1
