2024届高考英语复习之阅读理解主旨大意题课件（共53张PPT)

(共53张PPT)
英语阅读理解主旨大意题
01
真题品阅
[2022·全国乙卷·C]
主题语境：人与社会　语篇类型：说明文
Can a small group of drones(无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B.Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C.The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D.Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
29.What does “maintenance” underlined in Paragraph 3 refer to
A.Personnel safety.
B.Assistance from drones.
C.Inspection and repair.
D.Construction of infrastructure.
30.What function is expected of the rail drones
A.To provide early warning.
B.To make trains run automatically.
C.To earn profits for the crews.
D.To accelerate transportation.
31.Which is the most suitable title for the text
A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways　
图解语篇
解题攻略
28.题干定向：题干中的关键词drones to rail lines→定位到第二段
对号入座：Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. 无人机在检查电力线路方面的应用使无人机在铁路线路上的应用成为可能→A。
29.题干定向：题干中的关键词“maintenance” in Paragraph 3→定位到第三段
词义转换：根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.”可知，花在maintenance上的费用都用来“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure(检查和维修铁路基础设施)”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员的安全→C。
30.题干定向：题干中的关键词function is expected of the rail drones→定位到最后一段
对号入座：根据文章最后一句“With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
(凭借它们的前瞻能力，它们可以发出任何问题的信号，以便快速行驶的火车能够及时做出反应)”→轨道无人机有望提供预先警报→A。
31.题干定向：题干中的关键词the most suitable title for the text→定位到全篇
信息整合：第一段讲到了无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元 这很可能是应用当今“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行
第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能
第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员的安全
第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值→文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来→D。
02
技法精讲
考点一
考点二
考点三
考点一　标题归纳题
阅读理解中标题归纳题属于高考必考题型之一，属于一种难度较大的试题类型。
在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过已知的信息概括出文章的中心思想，而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼，拟定文章的标题，在有限的时间内能够迅速、准确地选对标题。
文章的标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，领会文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。标题的特点：短小精悍，多为短语；涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意；归纳、概括的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
常见设题形式
1.What can be a suitable title for the text
2.What is the best title for the text
3.What could be the best title of the passage
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text 　
解题攻略
典例示范
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装) has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbours,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment (InSPIRE) project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organisations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
[2023·浙江1月卷·D篇节选]
35.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay
B.Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C.InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture
D.Solar Farms: A New Development
思维路径
题干 定向 the best title for the text→定位到全文
篇章 结构

续表
比对 选项 A项 Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay传粉昆虫：是去还是留 以偏
概全
B项 Solar Energy: Hope for the Future太阳能：未来的希望 以偏
概全
C项 InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture InSPIRE工程：农业的领导者 以偏
概全
D项 Solar Farms: A New Development太阳能农场：新发展趋势 概括
主题
详解 根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉昆虫的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。
考点二　段落大意题
该题型要求学生对某一段或几段的主题进行提炼。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻找或总结。
常见设题形式
1.What does the second paragraph mainly talk about
2.What is the second paragraph mainly about
3.What is focused on in the… paragraph
4.What is discussed in Paragraph…
解题攻略
典例示范
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·D篇节选]
32.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
思维路径
题干 定向 Paragraph 2→定位到第二段 寻迹 觅踪 信息1 This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. 这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，有些人会低估。
寻迹 觅踪 信息2 When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out.当这些误差中有足够多的误差被一起平均时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误就不会相互抵消。
信息3 In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. 用更专业的术语来说，群体智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。不论出于任何原因，如果人们的错误变得相关或受他人影响，估计的准确性就会下降。
续表
比对 选项 A项 The methods of estimation. 估计的方法。 偏离
主题
B项 The underlying logic of the effect.这一效应的基本逻辑。 概括
主题
C项 The causes of people’s errors. 人们犯错误的原因。 偏离
主题
D项 The design of Galton’s experiment. Galton的实验设计。 偏离
主题
详解 本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，也讨论了群体智慧要求人们的估计是独立的，如果人们的错误变得相关或受他人影响，估计的准确性就会下降。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B项。 考点三　主旨大意题
高考阅读理解中的主旨大意题旨在考查考生在对原文快速浏览后正确获取语篇大意，对文章的主题、中心思想加以理解归纳以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的故事情节，体会作者的写作意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，从字里行间获知最具代表性的观点。
常见设题形式
1.What is the text mainly about
2.What is the topic of the text
3.The main topic/subject of the passage is __________.　
4.The main idea/general idea/main theme of this passage is __________.
5.What is mainly discussed in the text
6.What is the main idea of the passage
7.Which of the following best summarises the passage
8.The passage mainly focuses on __________.
解题攻略
典例示范
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
[2023·浙江1月卷·B篇]
27.What is the text mainly about
A.How to get on well with other family members.
B.How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C.How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D.How to control the budget when buying groceries.
思维路径
题干 定向 由题干中的the text mainly about→定位到全文
篇章 结构

比对 选项 A项 How to get on well with other family members.如何与家庭中的其他成员友好相处。 曲解
文意
B项 How to have one’s own personal space at home.如何在家中拥有自己的私人空间。 曲解
文意
C项 How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。 概括文
章大意
D项 How to control the budget when buying groceries.买东西时如何控制预算。 曲解
文意
详解 根据第一段中的“Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.(如果你想过一种更加可持续的生活方式，可能并不是你周围的每个人都准备好跟上这股潮流。)”和第二段中的“I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.(在这个过程中，我学到了一些东西，如果你正在尽最大努力想办法在一个并不总是支持你的家庭中做出改变，我希望你能从中得到鼓舞。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。故选C项。
03
巩固自评
A study of 8 different experiments showed that our brains tend to prefer addition rather than subtraction when it comes to finding solutions—in many cases, it seems we just don’t consider the strategy of taking something away at all.
The researchers found that this preference for adding was noticeable in three situations in particular: when people were under higher cognitive(认知的) load, when there was less time to consider the other options, and when volunteers didn’t get a specific reminder that subtracting was an option. In one of the experiments, participants were asked to strengthen a Lego structure so that it was able to take more weight. Half the volunteers were reminded that they could take away bricks as well as add them, and half weren’t. In the group that got the reminder, 61 percent solved the problem by taking away a brick, which was a much faster and more efficient way of making the structure stable. In the group that didn’t get the reminder, only 41 percent went for removing bricks.
“Additive ideas come to mind quickly and easily, but subtractive ideas require more cognitive effort,” says psychologist Benjamin Converse, from the University of Virginia. “Because people are often moving fast and working with the first ideas that come to mind, they end up accepting additive solutions without considering subtraction at all.”
The researchers have a few ideas about what might be going on. Our brains might find additive changes easier to process perhaps, or we might be associating adding with ideas of something that’s bigger and therefore better in our subconscious. There might also be associations in our minds with the current status being something that needs to be maintained as much as possible—and taking something away is arguably more destructive to the current status than adding something new.
The researchers say their work is important in a much broader sense: for institutions looking to streamline(简化), for example, and even for the human race looking for ways to better manage the planet’s resources.
语篇 导读 语篇类型：说明文
主题语境：人与自我
内容概要：研究表明，在寻找解决方案时，我们的大脑更倾向于选择增加而不是减掉
选材意义：介绍最新科研成果，促进自我完善
1.What does the underlined word “subtraction” in Paragraph 1 refer to ( )
A.Removal. B.Preference.
C.Refusal. D.Solution.
A
词义猜测题。根据画线词上文A study of 8 different experiments showed that our brains tend to prefer addition 以及下文when it comes to finding solutions—in many cases, it seems we just don’t consider the strategy of taking something away at all 可知，在寻找解决方案时，人们的大脑没有考虑减掉某些东西的策略，从而推知画线词应为“减掉”的意思。removal去掉；preference偏爱；refusal拒绝；solution解决方法。故选A项。
2.In which situation do people prefer adding ( )
A.When they are under high pressure.
B.When they lack cognitive ability.
C.When they are specially reminded.
D.When they are hurried to decide.
D
细节理解题。根据第二段中的when there was less time to consider the other options可知，当人们没有时间考虑其他选择，需要匆忙做决定时，人们更喜欢增加。故选D项。
3.What were participants required to do in the experiment ( )
A.Re-shape Lego bricks.
B.Take Lego bricks away.
C.Move the Lego structure.
D.Stabilise the Lego structure.
D
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In one of the experiments, participants were asked to strengthen a Lego structure so that it was able to take more weight.”可知，实验要求参与者稳定乐高积木结构。故选D项。
4.What is Paragraph 4 mainly about ( )
A.The ways to make additive changes.
B.The effects of taking something away.
C.The reasons for brains preferring addition.
D.The importance of maintaining current status.
C
主旨大意题。根据第四段内容可知，我们的大脑可能会发现新增的变动更容易处理，或者我们可能会在潜意识中将增加与更大、更好的想法联系起来。在我们的脑海中可能还会有这样的联想：当前的状态是需要尽可能多地保持的，而拿走一些东西可能比增加一些新东西对当前的状态更具破坏性。由此可知，本段主要讲了大脑喜欢新增变动的原因。故选C项。