02 阅读理解推理判断题
命题趋势简析
英语阅读能力的考查不但要求理解具体事实细节,也要求理解抽象的含义,既要求理解字面意思,又要求理解其深层含义,包括作者的态度、观点、意图等;既要求理解文章中某句、某段的含义及全文的逻辑关系,又要求根据其含义及逻辑关系进行推理和判断。
英语推理判断题常用infer, imply,suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose等词提问,或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如: can, could, might, would 等何其他表示可能性的副词或词组,如probably, most likely等。
推理判断题考查的趋势分析:
(1)对特定的信息进行逆向或正向推理:做此类试题时,要善于某一段话中的'关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理判断,利用逆向思维或正向推理,从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
⑵整合全文(段)信息进行的推断:做推理题时,有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来进行推理判断,确定最佳结论。
(3)利用语境的褒贬性进行的信息推断:几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态以及作者的写作意图,因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨大意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子,对我们掌握文章主旨大意,了解主人公的心理特点几发展变化,从而进行正确的逻辑判断很有好处。
(4)根据文章的结论推断作者的态度:作者的态度、倾向是作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定,对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此,在推断过程中,应特别注意文章中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感彩的形容词。
(5)根据上下文的逻辑关系得出结论:逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论,而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时,应把握作者的写作思路,预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可按照事件发展的经过描写,也可按因果关系、对比关系来描写。
(6)结合自己已有的知识进行推断:知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节,运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲,从而得出符合文章意思的结论的的一种推断方法。知识推断题一般都是针对细节。解答此类题不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识,而且还需要对细节以及有关背景知识有充分的理解。
题型特征总览
推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题, 一般在理解原文字面意义的基础上, 通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。
(一)命题方式
(1)We can infer from the(first/last)paragraph that ______.
(2)The passage/author implies/suggests that ______.
(3)It can be concluded from the passage that ______.
(4)What can we infer/learn from the story
(5)The main purpose of the passage is______.
(6)Where does this passage probably come from
(7)What’s the author’s attitude towards. . .
(二)选项特征
1. 正确选项的特征
(1)一般根据原文内容, 一步即可推断出结果
(2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念, 如only, never, all, absolutely等。正确答案一般比较模糊, 如often, usually, might, possibly等
2. 干扰选项的特征
张冠李戴 把作者的观点与其他人的观点混在一起
无中生有 符合常识, 但不是文章的内容
曲解文意 利用原文的内容进行设计, 借题发挥, 曲解原文意思
扩缩范围 通过改变或去掉文章中的限制性词语, 将信息改变, 造成干扰
题型突破攻略
一、隐含推断题
隐含推断题主要考查考生对特定信息、全篇、全段或上下文逻辑关系,结合相关信息的暗示,准确理解文章寓意或隐含的深层意义的能力。在解答这类题时,可采用“一步推导”法。即推理判断题的最近答案原则:推的近的要比推的远的好,直接推出的要比间接推出的好。推理判断题不是考查我们的想象力,它实际是考查我们原文中的某一个点或几个点所涉及的问题读透了没有。因此做题时不能想得太多,推得过远,是否把原文读懂才是关键。此类题目的题干一般包括以下五个动词:infer(推断);conclude(推断,得出结论);indicate(暗示);imply (暗示);suggest(暗示)。
【典型例题】 (2020·全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions.Model Paige Morgan says,“To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that’s going to be a massive thing,at least here in New York.”Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable.She’s trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
31.What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan
A.It’s formal. B.It’s risky.
C.It’s harmful. D.It’s traditional.
【分析】
·第一步 通读题目找出题干关键词:infer about wearing fur
·第二步 定位到原文,寻找相关信息:To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that’s going to be a massive thing,at least here in New York.
·第三步 仔细比对选项:Morgan觉得在纽约,给予人们一种没有负罪感的选择,他们可以穿海狸鼠皮做的衣服而不被人泼颜料——我认为是一件大事, 由此可推断出穿皮草具有风险性。
二、观点态度题
观点态度题是高考英语阅读理解常考的一种题型,也是考生很容易失分的一种题型。文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的情感、观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。常见的设问方式有:
·How does the author feel about...
·What does the author think of...
·What is the author’s attitude towards/to...
·The author’s attitude towards...can be described as ________.
注意:
(1)关注首段首尾句,确定文章主题,判断作者的观点态度。
(2)关注but后表示观点态度的语句来判断作者或文中人物的观点。
(3)关注作者所举的例子或者所引用的话语,来判断文章作者或文中人物的态度倾向。
(4)关注文章语言的褒贬去判断作者的态度。
(5)不要将个人的好恶态度糅进题中,要学会分清作者本人的态度和作者引用观点的态度。
选项常用词汇
肯定 positive积极乐观的;optimistic乐观的;supportive支持的;hopeful有希望的;promising有前途的;favourable赞许的
否定 negative否定的,消极的;disapproving 不赞成的;critical 批评的;unfavourable不赞同的
怀疑 suspicious可疑的,怀疑的;doubtful可疑的
客观 objective客观的;neutral中立的;skeptical怀疑的
注意:以下选项一般不是答案
(1)subjective主观的,一般说明性的文章一定是客观叙述的;
(2)indifferent漠不关心的,作者既然写文章描述,就一定不会漠不关心。
【典型例题】 (2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C)
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house,”says Kathryn Whitehead.Rita cuts in:“We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”
And what does Nick think?“From my standpoint,it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it?Yes,I think I would.”
29.What is Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in-law
A.Positive. B.Carefree.
C.Tolerant. D.Unwilling.
【分析】
·第一步 通读题目找出题干关键词:Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in-law
·第二步 定位到原文,寻找相关信息:“From my standpoint,it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it Yes,I think I would.”
·第三步 仔细比对选项:尼克对于与岳母住在一起持积极的态度。
三、写作意图题
通常情况下,作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图,而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以,这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力,是阅读理解题中较高层次的题目,它与文章主题不同,但又关系密切,所以可以算作主旨大意题的一种变体。
1.从写作手法推断写作目的
2.从字里行间推断写作目的
在阅读中,有时作者并未把写作意图说出来,需要阅读者在阅读、理解整体语篇的基础上,根据字面意思,通过全篇逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的写作意图。
【典型例题】 (2020·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读C)
In the mid-1990s,Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven months,physically broken and having lost his mind.A few years later,still attracted to the country,he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit,however,ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book,Chasing the Sea:Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia,which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan,where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea.It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land,and of the people he meets on his way:Rustam,his translator,a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California,Oleg and Natasha,his hosts in Tashkent,and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan,made of friendliness and warmth,but also its darker side of society.In Samarkand,Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders,while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing.In Ferghana,he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼) followed by a strange drinking party.And in Karakalpakstan,he is saddened by the dust storms,diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references,making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan,seen from Western eyes.His judgment and references are decidedly American,as well as his delicate stomach.As the author explains,this is neither a travel nor a history book,or even a piece of reportage.Whatever it is,the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
11.What is the purpose of this text
A.To introduce a book.
B.To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C.To remember a writer.
D.To recommend a travel destination.
【分析】
·第一步 审读题目找出题干关键词:the purpose of this text
·第二步 从字里行间推断写作目的:迅速读懂原文理清文章脉络:文章开头引出汤姆·比塞尔写书的背景,从第二段到最后一段分别介绍了这本书的概要、主要内容和对这本书的评价。
·第三步 仔细比对选项:全文围绕着这本书展开,目的就是向读者介绍并推荐这本书。
四、文章出处/读者对象题
文章出处要从文章结构、语言特色和标志信息着手,结合文章的具体内容来断定。确定读者对象要从文章内容和文章措辞来判断。
1.熟知文体判文章出处
2.确定读者对象
【典型例题】 (2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common,the market is growing for biometric (生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces.At present,these technologies are still expensive,though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device (装置) that gets around this problem:a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus,the keyboard can determine people’s identities,and by extension,whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
31.Where is this text most likely from
A.A diary. B.A guidebook.
C.A novel. D.A magazine.
【分析】
·第一步 确定题干中的关键信息:this text most likely from
·第二步 定位到原文,寻找相关信息:根据本文的话题“智能键盘”以及第二段中的“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device...”,尤其是其中的关键词researchers,low-cost device等来推断,这篇文章是一篇科研报道。
·第三步 结合文章的具体内容合理推断得出答案:科研报道最有可能出现在杂志上。
名校资源学练
1
(2023春·广东深圳·高三深圳市福田区福田中学校考阶段练习)When you hear the beginning of your favorite song from the radio, suddenly your neck is covered in goose bumps.
It's such a thing that a group of scientists call “skin excitement”—a feeling of cold caused not by a drop in temperature or sudden scare, but by the sense of beauty. “Skin excitement” can come from a song, a painting, a moving movie scene, or even a beloved memory-pretty much anything that causes the giving out of pleasure-soaked dopamine in your brain. But it does not come for all of us.
Your favorite music uncovers a lot about your personality,and so does how you respond to that music. Studies suppose that as few as 55 percent of people experience “skin excitement” when listening to music. And if you count yourself among this group, the goose bumps on your skin aren't the only giveaway—scientists can read it in your brain, too. In a new study published in the journal Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Harvard researchers performed brain scans on 10 students who said they reliably got cold when listening to music, and 10 students who didn't. They found that the cold-prone brains may really be excited by stronger emotions.
Cold-prone brains are generally more likely to show stronger emotional intelligence than no-cold brains. Cold-prone minds tend to have unusual active imagination, reflect more deeply on their emotions, and appreciate nature and the beauty of music and art to a stronger degree than no-cold brains.
So, what type of music causes the chills It seems that the type is not so important; participants in the new study reported getting cold from songs of every kind. And any song connected with a strong emotional memory of the listener can produce the most reliable results. For me, that's the song Sailing to Philadelphia by Mark Knopfler, which I listened to as a kid in the car with my dad, on the way to the summer camp.
1. What can we learn about “skin excitement” in the text
A. It helps to produce doparmine.
B. It is caused by the pain in the skin.
C. It can be experienced by every music listener.
D. It is the human body's reaction to something nice.
2. What does the new study by Harvard researchers mainly find
A. The percentage of music lovers in students.
B. The solutions to the goose bumps on one's skin.
C. The differences between cold-prone and no-cold brains.
D. The relationship between one's music preference and personality.
3. What are people with cold-prone brains like
A. Beautiful and intelligent. B. Emotional and dishonest.
C. Imaginative and sensitive. D. Brave and strong-minded.
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Responses to Music Vary among People
B. A Feeling of Cold Is Caused by Horrible Music
C. Your Favorite Music Reveals Your Personality
D. Favorite Music May Bring Forth Goose Bumps
2
(2023秋·黑龙江哈尔滨·高三哈师大附中校考期末)When you think of the Himalayas, you may picture tall, rocky, snow-covered peaks. But that’s not true.
The subnival (亚冰雪的) region is the zone between the treeline and the snowline. It is 5 to 5 times as large as the areas of glaciers and permanent snow, which means studying it is vital to understanding the Himalayas as a whole.
The treeline is the edge of an ecosystem where trees are able to grow, and beyond the treeline environmental conditions become too tough to allow tree growth. Meanwhile, snowlines are the boundaries on mountains that separate areas with permanent snow (where snow is present for the majority of the year) from areas with seasonal or no snow.
Researchers used satellite data from 1993 to 2018 to measure plant cover between 4,150 meters and 6,000 meters above sea level. The scientists discovered that the greatest increase in plant cover was between an altitude of 5,000 meters and 5,500 meters. Subnival plants mostly include small shrubs and grasses.
Even areas once completely occupied by glaciers now hold rocks covered with mosses, lichen, and sometimes even flowers. In addition, the snowline seems to be retreating, while the treeline is expanding. This shows that the region is becoming warmer, causing more melting of snow and allowing vegetation to move up in height.
In the past 40 years, 25% of all Himalayan ice has been lost due to global warming. Himalayan glaciers are reducing by about 0.5 meters each year. The rate of glacier melting has doubled in this decade. The melting of glaciers increases water in the region, making it wetter. Receding snow also forces the snowline to move up, providing a greater amount of area for the warm and moist conditions, which are perfect for vegetation growth.
As of now, we do not know whether vegetation will accelerate or slow down the rate of glacier melting.
5. How does the writer develop the third paragraph
A. By explaining concepts. B. By providing some examples.
C. By analyzing causes and effects. D. By listing specific data.
6. What does the underlined word “retreating” mean in Paragraph 5
A. Disappearing. B. Lengthening. C. Withdrawing. D. Widening.
7. What is the direct effect of global warming on the Himalayas
A. The snowline moves up. B. Glaciers are melting faster.
C. The subnival area is wetter. D. Plants grow much better.
8. What does the passage mainly talk about
A. The climate of the Himalayas is changing.
B. Icebergs in the Himalayas have disappeared.
C. Plants are diverse in the Himalayas.
D. Plant life spreads in the Himalayas.
3
(2023·江苏盐城·盐城中学校考三模)Humans are not the only ones who underwent self-domestication. So did our close relatives, the bonobos, and the species we call our best friend. A tiny proportion of the genome differentiates dogs from wolves, and yet millions of dogs are comfortably curled up in our homes, while wolves move around at the edge of extinction.
When our research group began its work almost 20 years ago, we discovered that dogs also have extraordinary intelligence: they can read our gestures better than any other species. Wolves, in contrast, are mysterious and unpredictable. Their home is the wilderness, and that wilderness is shrinking.
But not so long ago the evolutionary race between dogs and wolves was so close, it was unclear who would win. Dogs, in fact, did not descend from wolves. Instead, dogs and wolves shared a wolflike ancestor.
Folklore supposes that humans brought wolf puppies into camp and domesticated them. Or as wolf expert David Mech wrote in 1974, “Evidently early humans tamed wolves and domesticated them, eventually selectively breeding them and finally developing the domestic dog from them.” But this story has not held up. Taming an animal occurs during its lifetime. Domestication happens over generations and involves changes to the genome.
So how did wolves turn into dogs Back in the Ice Age, as our human populations grew more sedentary, we probably created more rubbish, which we then dumped outside our camps. These leavings would have included tempting pieces of food for hungry wolves. Not every wolf would have been able to scavenge, however. These animals would have had to be unafraid of humans, and if they displayed any aggression toward us, they would have been killed. After generations of selection for friendliness without intentional selection by humans, this special population of wolves would have begun to take on a different appearance. Coat color, ears, tails: all probably started to change.
Animals that could respond to our gestures and voices would be extremely useful as hunting partners and guards. They would have been valuable as well for their warmth and companionship, and slowly we would have allowed them to move from outside our camps to our firesides. We did not domesticate dogs. The friendliest wolves domesticated themselves.
9. What can be summarized about wolves and dogs from the first three paragraphs
A. Wolves are smarter than dogs.
B. They are very much racially divided.
C. They are close relatives but dogs seem to be on the winning side.
D. Dogs have made their ways to indoor life while wolves to the wild.
10. What is the meaning of the underlined word “sedentary” in paragraph 5
A. diverse B. limited
C. living in the same place D. involving regular migration
11. What does the author conclude from the history of dogs and wolves
A. Dogs evolved from wolves.
B. Selective breeding developed domestic dogs.
C. Taming and domesticating an animal are the same thing.
D. Friendliness as a quality translates into an evolutionary strategy.
12. Which of the following is suitable for a title
A. From Wolf to Dog
B. Dog: Our Favorite Pet
C. An Intentional Domestication
D. A Competition Story between Wolf and Dog
4
(2023春·重庆·高三开学考试)Remember when your mom told you not to eat too many candy bars or sweets because they can cause tooth decay (蛀牙) However, it turns out that chocolate can be more salutary to your teeth than you might expect. Recent studies show that chocolate can effectively fight against tooth decay, as if we need another excuse to eat chocolate.
Chocolate offers protection like fluoride, a main ingredient in most household toothpastes. Not only does chocolate protect our teeth, but it can do so very effectively. Studies show that chocolate has compounds that provide strong protection for teeth. One of the compounds in chocolate, CBH, is shown to protect even more effectively than fluoride.
Tooth decay happens when bacteria work to turn sugar into acids in our mouth. This is why eating foods with high sugar content can lead to more tooth decay. The compounds in chocolate, however, are anti-bacteria and can fight against bacteria in your mouth. The CBH compound in particular also works to strengthen tooth enamel (牙釉质), and protects against tooth decay.
Does this mean you can cat as much chocolate as you want without worrying about your teeth It depends on the types of chocolate that you like. The protective effect of chocolate is most effective when you chew on cocoa beans. Of course, this option is not very appealing to; most people. A more tasty option is to choose dark chocolate with little sugar content, ideally no more than 6 to 8 grams per serving. For other types of chocolate with higher sugar content, the effect will be lessened. However, because of the protective compounds, it is still better for your teeth than other sweets and desserts containing the same amount of sugar.
13. The word “salutary” in paragraph 1 means
A. Beneficial. B. Harmful. C. Familiar. D. Useless.
14. What can we know about the compound CBH in chocolate
A. It can help chocolate cure tooth decay.
B. It can effectively stop teeth from decaying.
C. It may protect teeth better than toothpastes do.
D. It may soon replace most household toothpastes.
15. How does chocolate fight tooth decay
A. By breaking down acids. B. By building up compounds.
C. By fixing up tooth enamel. D. By fighting against bacteria.
16. What's the main idea of the text
A. Chocolate plays the role of toothpaste.
B. Chocolate protects against tooth decay.
C. Chocolate is the best choice for teeth protection.
D. Chocolate is healthier to teeth than other sweets.
5
(2023·广东深圳·深圳市建文外国语学校校考一模)With over 4. 1 billion people, or around 55 percent of the world’s population, living in urban areas, cities and towns worldwide are getting increasingly congested. In addition to spending many hours stuck in traffic, residents are also exposed to high air pollution levels caused by transportation emissions. Now, Saudi Arabia hopes to revolutionize urban living with “The Line”— a city designed around nature, without cars and roads!
“The Line” is designed by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS). Located in NEOM — a 10,000-square-mile high-tech planned development on the Red Sea coast in the northwestern Saudi province of Tabu — The Line will be the cornerstone of MBS s Saudi Vision 2030. The plan aims to diversify Saudi Arabia’s oil-dependent economy into other sectors, like tourism, and create exciting job opportunities for its citizens.
The 105-mile-long city, expected to cost between $100 billion and $200 billion, will be built along a straight line and is made up of several self-sustaining communities. To ensure all services are within a short, five-minute walk, each community will feature a three-layer infrastructure (基础设施).
The top “pedestrian layer” will be void of cars and roads, allowing residents to freely walk and bike in the surrounding green spaces. The second “service layer”, will include all essential daily services, such as schools, leisure facilities and grocery stores. The third “spine layer” will house high-speed subway and autonomous vehicles capable of transporting residents across communities in less than 20 minutes. The entire city will be powered with renewable clean energy sources such as solar and wind, and possibly even hydrogen.
If all goes according to plan t construction of this complex project will start before the 1st quarter of 2021. In addition to providing up to a million residents with a clean and stress-free living environment, The Line is expected to create 380,000 new jobs, start economic diversification, and contribute an astounding $ 48 billion to Saudi Arabia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2030. More importantly, MBS believes it will provide governments worldwide a “blueprint for how people and planet can co-exist in harmony.”
17. We can infer that “The Line” will be_________.
A. temporary B. primitive C. eco-friendly D. conventional
18. What is The Line meant to result in
A. Low crime rates. B. High unemployment.
C. Super communities. D. Diverse economic sectors.
19. What can be found on the second layer
A. Medical clinics. B. Bus stops.
C. Underground trains. D. Cycling lanes.
20. Which of the following is the best title
A. Saudi Arabia Has Created A Green City With No Cars Or Streets
B. “The Line” Will Be The Cornerstone Of MBS's Saudi Vision 2030
C. “The Line”— Blueprint Of People And Animals Co-existing In Harmony
D. Saudi Arabia Announces “The Line”— A Low Carbon City Without Cars
6
(2023·天津南开·南开中学校考模拟预测)Last year, a popular restaurant released a live stream of a family dining in it, without asking their permission. After finding out what the restaurant was doing, the family showed their objection, but the restaurant ignored it and insisted that they had the right to do it. Moreover, they tried to silence the family, saying that their behavior was damaging the restaurant's image. This event has caused a debate on the violation of privacy and portrait rights by webcasts.
It doesn't bother some people when their images are unconsciously recorded by cameras and shown through live streams on different online platforms. They may even enjoy appearing on screens and cooperate with some businesses. In that way, the restaurant can have more public exposure and thus attract more customers, which is their purpose of webcasting. However, others including the family mentioned above, are against it. The family thought that their portrait rights were violated, considering no one had asked if it was okay to use the images of them. They found intolerable that their actions captured by the camera were webcast live to millions of viewers, not to mention the fact that some of them were not so decent. Thus they demanded an apology from restaurant.
People may behave in a relaxed way when eating or resting, and they don't want others to see them in this way. Thus, from a legal perspective, if businesses webcast their customers for commercial reasons, they have violated customers portrait rights.
Webcasting someone without his or her consent amounts to a violation of portrait rights, which is getting increasingly common these days as cellphone webcasting is growing in popularity for technical convenience, However, public awareness of privacy protection is still falling behind. More should be done to make sure webcasting is developing sustainably, without violating people's legal rights.
21. What is the major issue argued in the passage
A. A famous restaurant published a live stream of a family dining in it.
B. The family showed their objection to the famous restaurant's webcast.
C. The restaurant ignored the objection and insisted they had the right to do it.
D. The restaurant claimed that the family was damaging the restaurant's image.
22. What does the underlined word "that" in Paragraph 2 refer to
A. Customers enjoy appearing on screens.
B. Customers cooperate with some businesses.
C. Customers are shown through live streams online.
D. Customers are unconsciously recorded by cameras.
23. Which of the following behaviors may violate customers' privacy and portrait rights
A. Businesses webcast customers live according to their agreement.
B. Businesses webcast customers for commercial reasons and pay them.
C. Businesses webcast customers improper actions with their permission.
D. Businesses webcast customers behaving in a relaxed way without informing them.
24. What is the best title for the passage
A. Public awareness of privacy protection is increasing
B. A famous restaurant released a live stream of a family
C. How can people behave in a relaxed way when having a rest
D. A debate on whether webcasts violate privacy and portrait rights
25. What is the author's attitude toward webcasts
A. Objective. B. Negative. C. Positive. D. Subjective.
7
(2023·广西贵港·统考三模)Cory, aged 30, was diagnosed with spinal muscular atrophy (脊髓性肌萎缩症)at a very young age. Because of his condition, he began using a wheelchair at age 4. His mother, Sandy Gilbreath, raised him as a single parent. Although taking care of a child with a disability was challenging, she ensured that Cory didn't miss out on the fun things in life. Sandy took him on road trips during summer breaks throughout his childhood. The exciting experiences of exploring new places inspired him to set a lifelong goal of visiting all seven continents.
Fortunately, Cory was able to do that just before the COVID-19 started. He and his mother traveled to Antarctica in February, just before the borders closed. It was the seventh and final continent off his list. He became the first-ever wheelchair user to visit all the seven continents!
According to Cory, traveling in a wheelchair requires a wide range of planning and research. He starts his research six to twelve months before each trip, making sure that there are accessible transportation options in the location. He would also call up hotels or rental homes to confirm if they are truly as accessible as they claim to be.
When Cory started going on adventures, there weren't many online resources discussing accessible travel. To help other travelers with disabilities explore the world as he does, he decided to share his knowledge in his blog. Aiming to promote representation of the wheelchair-using community, Cory and his mother wrote a children's book, titled Let's Explore with Cor Cor, which is about a boy who travels around the world in his powered wheelchair.
Traveling to all seven continents wasn't something I was sure was going to be possible," he said. "But if you stay determined and keep a positive attitude, the opportunities are limitless."
26. What made Cory Lee decide to visit all seven continents
A. His mother's expectation.
B. His travelling experiences.
C. His dream of helping others.
D. His objective of making a history.
27. What worries Cory most about a trip
A. Rental fees.
B. Local attractions.
C. Accommodation.
D. Transportation.
28. Why did Cory and his mother write the book
A. To enrich online resources.
B. To record travelling events.
C. To help people with special needs.
D. To introduce wheelchair adventures.
29. What can we learn from Cory's story
A. Nothing can prevent a determined heart.
B. Disability can turn into an opportunity,
C. Travelling shapes a positive attitude.
D. Mom is the creator of children's dreams.
8
(2023秋·广东深圳·高三统考期末)Boston wants to be smarter. The city has taken advantage of technologies to become more responsive to its residents' needs. But technology alone is not sufficient to make today's cities liveable. Boston has discovered that it also needs to reach the old-fashioned low-tech community and integrate that technology with city life.
Kris Carter rolled out Boston's smart city program in 2014. It started with an App that residents could download to report locations where sidewalks needed repair. The city sorted out those reports and ranked them in a database, which repair crews used to prioritize their work.
The system worked beautifully, except for one problem: most of the alerts(警报) came from wealthier neighborhoods, where the concentration of smartphone - equipped residents was highest. "The complaints from the App didn't always correlate with the greatest community need for repairs, " explains Carter.
Carter's group has moved away from the model common to many smart city initiatives of letting tech-savvy(精通技术的)residents drive the process. Instead, they run meetings to find out what problems people in different neighborhoods care about solving. When it came to sidewalks, Boston introduced a second method of collecting repair tips, hiring people to get out and walk the city's 1,700 miles of sidewalks to take notes on their condition.
Whether using low-tech or high-tech approaches, says Carter, to stay smart, a city needs to continually reassess its options to spot opportunities to improve residents' lives. Take the sidewalk repair program, walking on the streets was proved a useful, if inefficient way to prioritize repair needs. But last year the group found that walkers' mobile phones could be tracked as they moved along the streets, and that data could be analyzed to identify sidewalk routes which are most often used by neighborhoods.
“Combined with our other sidewalk information, that gave us an even better way to predict where faster repairs would do the most good," says Carter,"We're really always looking for whatever mix of approaches best solves the problem."
30. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. The citizens' life. B. The city's reputation.
C. The city's management. D. The benefits of technology.
31. What problem did Kris Carter's team meet when carrying out their program
A. They faced many technical obstacles.
B. They couldn't serve all residents well.
C. They were not supported by residents.
D. They were annoyed by being short-staffed.
32. Which of the following might Kris Carter most agree with
A. Maximizing the benefits of technology.
B. Mixing approaches for solving problems.
C. Giving full play to the power of residents.
D. Letting tech companies be a leading role.
33. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. A Smart City: More Than Just Tech
B. A City with Intelligent Facilities
C. Joint-effort in City Construction
D. The Modernization of a City
9
(2023·北京·北京交通大学附属中学校考三模)To increase your chances of landing an assignment for a travel guidebook, you need to find out what the publishers are looking for. Here are links to their submission guidelines with a few special requirements and tips.
Fonor's
Fonor's is a publishing company of both travel guidebooks and online content covering thousands of destinations worldwide. Visit /about-us, and near the bottom of the page you'll find "Write for Us" with information for submitting articles. Do remember to attach a copy of one of your other works when contributing.
☆TIP: Fonor's always hires writers who live in the destinations they cover. So, it's good to remember: While you may want to write about a foreign destination, more than likely you're closer to being an expert about the place where you live.
Workman
Workman publishes unique and unexpected travel guides such as 1, 000 Places to See Before You Die, and The Food Lover's Guide to Paris. Consider them if you're interested in writing a nontraditional travel guide. You can find their submission guidelines at workman. com/work-with-us. They require a typical nonfiction book proposal with a suggested table of contents and author information. A chapter of your other books is also required. Send your submissions to submissions@workman.com.
☆TIP: If they don't accept your article, you might be lucky enough to get feedback about why.
Lonely Planet
Writers can get in touch with Lonely Planet by visiting their "Become a Contributor" page at /contribute. At that page you'll find a form asking for a resume(简历)and links to your other writing, but there's also space for more travel-related information such as geographical knowledge and level of fluency in relevant languages.
☆TIP: You'll find they also accept articles for "Travel News". If they say yes, you may get another chance for a bigger job such as a guidebook.
For more information on publishers, please visit .
34. This passage is mainly for _______________.
A. guides B. writers
C. travelers D. publishers
35. Who may provide advice on how to improve articles
A. Fonor's. B. Workman.
C. Lonely Planet. D. Contributor's Digest.
36. What is required by all the companies
A. Geographical knowledge. B. Nontraditional ideas.
C. Overseas experience. D. Previous writing.
10
(2023春·重庆·高三重庆八中校考开学考试)When Simon Cane was in the second grade, he began learning about all the ways humans have an impact on the environment and really took those classroom lessons to heart in a way that set him apart from his schoolmates at his elementary school, P. S. 81, in the Bronx. “He told me we drove too much and made too much pollution,” his dad, Jonathan Cane, told Runner’s World. So Simon convinced his parents to start hanging their clothes to dry, taking the stairs instead of elevators, and other “green” measures.
“For much of kindergarten and first grade I rode my bike to Simon’s school with him on the back,” Jonathan said. “We had a lot of fun being outdoors. We’d stop to give our dog treats and generally enjoyed it.” As Simon got bigger, though, it wasn’t practical for him to ride on his father’s back, but it also didn’t make sense to ride together — both because of safety concerns and because there was no place to put away Simon’s bike. So, most of the time they drove the 1. 5 miles to school.
But in 2019, when Simon was going into third grade, the 8-year-old came up with a new way to help the planet: running the 1. 5 miles to P. S. 81. And Jonathan promised his son he’d join him for as long as he wanted.
“We did a test run one day in August, and decided to give it a go. To be honest, I thought he’d blink (眨眼)after it got really cold or rainy, but he never did,” Jonathan said. He recalled one day when the weather was particularly bad. “It’s really raining out there today,” he told Simon. “And Simon said, ‘Well then we’re going to get wet!’ He took pride in toughing it out, and it became a really fun family routine.”
Since the start, Simon has run with his dad and their black dog, Lola, and has even inspired his mom, Nicole Sin Quee, to join in. They soon became known as “the family that runs to school”.
37. What makes Simon different from his classmates
A. Washing his clothes by himself. B. Taking many classes after school.
C. Raising strange questions in class. D. Taking green measures to protect the environment.
38. How did Simon usually go to school in second grade
A. By car. B. By cycling. C. By running. D. By school bus.
39. What can be inferred from paragraph 4
A. Simon has trouble with his eyesight. B. Simon is really stubborn and inflexible.
C. Simon is much tougher than expected. D. Simon didn’t get support from his father.
40. What can be the best title for the text
A. The Best Way to Go to School
B. Father and Son Run for the Environment
C. A Teenager Keeps Running to Inspire Father
D. Three Inspiring Running Athletes to Protect the Environment
11
(2023春·山东·高三山东省实验中学校考开学考试)One dilemma that the super famous face is balancing the needs of privacy and recognition.
For some stars privacy is an overvalued thing. In 1919, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford went on their European honeymoon. The two international idols had divorced their previous spouses (配偶)and were concerned about how they would be greeted. They needn’t have worried. In London their car was surrounded by admiring women who pulled Mary out of the car to shake her hand, still grateful after two years for her efforts selling war bonds. In Paris they couldn’t get any sleep with crowds gathering below their hotel room to sing and play for them. In Amsterdam they attended a party and were mobbed (包围)by other guests who wanted to get close to them. The athletic Fairbanks placed his wife on his shoulder and escaped through the window. Finally, they found privacy in Hamburg, where their movies were not shown because of World War I. For an hour the famous newly-married couple walked the streets unnoticed until the bored Mary turned to her husband and said, “Doug, I’m sick of this. Let’s go back to one of those countries where they mob us.”
Joan Crawford had similar feelings. Once in the 1930s she was staying in New York getting over her breakup with Clark Gable. Tired of staying around her hotel feeling so down she told her entourage (随从) they should go out and get some fresh air. The entourage, who had trouble keeping up with the star’s quick pace, were shocked when she walked away from their planned road. "Oh my God. She’s going into Grand Central Station!" Someone shouted, “Look, it’s Joan Crawford! And she was mobbed. It took them thirty minutes to escape the crowd and get back to their hotel suite. Her hair disheveled (凌乱),her dress tom and her face scratched, Crawford leaned against the door out of breath. "Oh.,. oh my. That was wonderful. Let’s do it again!”
41. What did Douglas and Mary worry about before going to Europe
A. Nobody would greet them.
B. They wouldn’t be welcomed.
C. Their war bonds wouldn’t sell well.
D. Their schedule would be made public.
42. What does Mary’s words in the second paragraph suggest
A. Hamburg was too quiet a place for her.
B. Her movies weren’t shown in Hamburg.
C. She fell ill after arriving in a new place.
D. She didn’t really enjoy privacy so much.
43. What did Joan Crawford think of her being mobbed in New York
A. Amusing. B. Enjoyable. C. Dangerous. D. Embarrassing.
44. The author tells stories about the movie stars to show that______.
A. they may feel down from time to time
B. they deserve people’s love and respect
C. they need both privacy and public attention
D. they are not always popular around the world
12
(2023秋·陕西西安·高三西安市铁一中学校考期末)Energy independence. It has a nice ring to it. Doesn't it?If you think so,you're not alone,because energy independence has been the dream of American president for decades,and never more so than in the past few years,when the most recent oil price shock has been partly responsible for kicking off the great recession.
"Energy independence" and its rhetorical (修辞的) companion "energy security" are,however,slippery concepts that are rarely though through. What is it we want independence from,exactly?
Most people would probably say that they want to be independent from imported oil. But there are reasons that we buy all that old from elsewhere.
The first reason is that we need it to keep our economy running. Yes,there is a trickle(涓涓细流)of biofuels available,and more may become available,but most biofuels cause economic waste and environmental destruction.
Second,Americans have basically decided that they don't really want to produce all their own oil. They value the environmental quality they preserve over their oil imports from abroad. Vast areas of the United States are off-limits to oil exploration and production in the name of environmental protection. To what degree are Americans really willing to endure the environmental impacts of domestic energy production in order to cut back imports?
Third,there are benefits to trade. It allows for economic efficiency,and when we buy things from places that have lower production costs than we do,we benefit. And although you don't read about this much,the United States is also a large exporter of oil products,selling about 2million barrels of petroleum products per day to about 90countries.
There is no question that the United States imports a great deal of energy and,in fact,relies on that steady flow to maintain its economy. When that flow is interrupted,we feel the pain in short supplies and higher prices.At the same time,we get massive economic benefits when we buy the most affordable energy on the world market and when we engage in energy trade around the world.
45. What does the author say about energy independence for America?
A. It sounds very attractive.
B. It ensures national security.
C. It will bring oil prices down.
D. It has long been everyone's dream. .
46. Why does America rely heavily on oil imports?
A. It wants to expand its storage of crude oil.
B. Its own oil reserves are quickly running out.
C. Its own oil production falls short of demand.
D. It wants to keep its own environment undamaged.
47. What does the author say about oil trade?
A. It proves profitable to both sides.
B. It improves economic efficiency.
C. It makes for economic development.
D. It saves the cost of oil exploration.
48. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage
A. To justify America’s dependence on oil imports.
B. To arouse Americans’ awareness of the energy crisis.
C. To stress the importance of energy conservation.
D. To explain the increase of international oil trade.
13
(2023春·四川成都·高三树德中学校考开学考试)Success and Risk in Extreme Sports
What is it that drives some to take extreme risks, while the rest of us hurry for the safety of the sidelines
Lester Keller, sports-psychology expert, says that not everyone has the mental makeup to do well in extreme sports. He notes that most of us hit a natural ceiling that limits our appetite for extreme risk in tricky conditions. But others have a much higher tolerance for risk. Keller points to a top ski racer. He told Keller that “the high element of risk makes you feel alive, tests what you are made of and how far you can take yourself”. He said he would get nervous on some of the courses, but that this would just make him fight more.
Psychologists note that some people seem to have a strong desire for adrenaline (肾上腺素) rushes as a behavior seeking excited feelings. Like many extreme athletes, Emily Cook’s appetite for risk appeared at a young age. “I was a gymnast,” she said. “I was one of those kids who enjoyed and did well at anything where you were upside down.” As she started doing harder tricks, she was drawn to the challenge. “There are moments when you’re up there doing a new trick and it seems like an impossible thing. But overcoming that is just the coolest feeling in the world.”
Shane Murphy, sports professor, has worked with groups climbing Everest. “To me, that just seems like the height of risk,” he said. “But to them it was the next step in an activity that they’ve prepared for years.” Murphy said the view of extreme athletes is different from our own. “We look at a risky situation and know that if we were in that situation we would be out of control. But from the athletes’ view, they have a lot of control, and there are many things that they do to minimize risk.”
Another aspect of risk perception (认知) may be something referred to as “the flow”, a state in which many athletes become absorbed in the acts that focus the mind completely on the present. “Something that makes you try doing a tougher climb than usual, perhaps, is that your adrenaline flows and you become very concentrated on what you’re doing,” Murphy says. “After it’s over, there’s great excitement.”
People of different skill levels experience the flow at different times. Some may always be driven to adventures that others consider extreme. “I can enjoy hitting a tennis ball around, because that’s my skill level,” Murphy says. “But others might need the challenge of Olympic competition.”
49. By using the term “natural ceiling” in Paragraph 2, Lester Keller points out that ______.
A. extreme athletes must learn special skills
B. extreme athletes have chances to take risks
C. many people don’t want to do extreme sports
D. many people can’t limit desire for extreme sports
50. What does Shane Murphy think about the mountain climbers he mentions
A. They put in lots of preparation for challenges.
B. They are more fortunate than other sportspeople.
C. They carry little risk when facing big challenges.
D. They have special reasons that others can’t easily understand.
51. What main point is made in Paragraph 5
A. Extreme athletes use techniques other people don’t use.
B. Non-athletes are probably wise not to try extreme sports.
C. Most people lack the focus required to take bigger risks.
D. A certain state of mind makes attempting an activity more likely.
52. We can learn from the passage that ______.
A. risk-taking is something you either naturally do or avoid
B. those who take risks are more likely to be successful in life
C. extreme athletes are driven by a need to be better than others
D. taking part in extreme sports is not as difficult as people think
14
(2023秋·广东梅州·高三大埔县虎山中学校考期末)I've been writing since before I could write. As a kid, I dictated stories to my parents.About 12 years ago,I was living in New York City and pursuing a master in creative writing. For years I'd been suffering vision disorder,but in New York my symptoms worsened. I became unable to read or write for any considerable length of time. I tried vision therapy(疗法),an overhead projector,a special pair of glasses-all in vain.
Eventually,I discovered a computer program for the visually challenged. As I typed,my words were read aloud by an automated voice. With my screen dimmed to black,I relied entirely on audio feedback to know what I had written.
Facing the blank page is worrying,but facing the black page is worse. The dark screen is a sinkhole that swallows creative hope. Sentences disappear into it like an astronaut into a black hole. I managed to complete my master degree, but it took me years to adapt to my new reality. The greatest barrier seemed to be the automated voice, which was like a robot parrot on my shoulder, and I wanted nothing more than to drive it away. If a pianist were forced to practice on an untuned piano,would it corrupt his ear over time
Of course,I could have quit writing and stopped making myself suffer.But it honestly never occurred to me-and I'm glad it didn't. Last year, after I told my story on the radio,I was contacted by VocaliD,a Massachusetts-based company that created a voice modeled on my own.
The first time I heard the voice they created, it is so close to my own that the two are nearly indistinguishable. I've only just begun using this new voice. My hope is that this will restore a sense of solitude(孤独) to my writing process,allowing me easier access to that inner space where the imagination can take over, and I can forget myself, and the real work can begin.
The black screen still exists-it always will-but the robot parrot has taken wing.
53. What happened to the author when pursuing a master degree in New York
A. His sight started to fail due to much reading.
B. His eyes couldn't sustain long hours of reading.
C. He had to drop out due to his vision disorder.
D. He successfully overcame his vision problem.
54. What still bothered the author after he got his master degree
A. The untuned automated voice.
B. The pet parrot on his shoulder.
C. The computer with a dark screen.
D. The noise from a neighboring pianist.
55. How did the author feel when first hearing the voice created by VocaliD
A. Excited. B. Annoyed.
C. Unmoved. D. Relaxed.
56. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. The automated voice is too annoying to bear.
B. The author can restore his sight to normal.
C. The author starts to enjoy his writing again.
D. It is likely that the technology will improve.
15
(2023春·重庆江北·高三重庆十八中校考开学考试)Do you still remember the scene in the famous movie Titanic, directed by Cameron, where Jack was frozen to death in the icy cold water so that Rose could survive on the floating door alone It broke many people’s heart.
Two decades later, people are still asking the question, “wasn’t there enough room on the door for both of them ”
Cameron once responded by saying it wasn’t a question of room, but buoyancy—if both of them had tried to stay on the raft, he argued, the whole thing would sink.
But several guys from “My thbusters”, an Australian-American science entertainment television program, decided to test the theory themselves. They discovered that if Rose had took off her life jacket to the bottom of the raft, there would have been enough buoyancy to keep both of them afloat.
When they presented their findings to Cameron, the director insisted that Jack couldn’t be saved.
“The answer is very simple,” Cameron said. “Because it says on page 147 of the script that Jack dies. To Cameron, it was an artistic choice to have the beloved character of millions, Jack drown into the cold sea. Jack had to die because Cameron thought it would be best if we did.
“It was an artistic choice, the thing was just big enough to hold her, and not big enough to hold him,” Cameron said. “I think it’s all kind of silly, really, that we’re having this discussion 20 years later. But it does show that the film was effective in making Jack so endearing to the audience that it hurts them to see him die. The film is about death and separation; he had to die.”
Since Jack was doomed to die, Cameron said, it could have happened in a variety of different ways. It’s not about the door not being big enough: that’s just a practical method for his death. “Whether it was that, or whether a chimney fell on him, he was going down,” Cameron said. “It’s called art: things happen for artistic reasons, not for physics reasons.”
57. What do we know about the character Jack according to the text
A. He intended to kill himself. B. He sacrificed himself to save Rose.
C. He didn’t have money to buy ticket. D. He lacked basic knowledge of physics.
58. According to Cameron, why did the audience argue about Jack’s death for 20 years
A. They are fragile people. B. They don’t like the movie.
C. They love the character Jack. D. They are crazy about physics.
59. Why was a chimney mentioned in the last paragraph
A. To introduce the structure of the ship. B. To show the original plan of the movie.
C. To present the missing part of the movie. D. To explain the unchangeable fate of Jack.
60. What is best title of the text
A. Jack in Titanic Must Die. B. Big Enough for Both.
C. Cameron is Wrong. D. Jack could Survive.
16
(2023秋·广东深圳·高三深圳市高级中学校考期末)The other day, I bought an expensive anti-aging cream that promised to make my face look several years younger than other women by fighting free radicals(自由基). It made me curious about what free radicals are. Is the anti-aging cream the only way I need to protect myself
“As a scientific term, free radicals are essentially unstable atoms, ” says Arizona-based doctor, Natasha Bhuyan, M. D. “In medicine, they cause cells to break down over time and are linked to aging. ”
A super simple chemistry review for you:Atoms from different elements are the building blocks that make up water, nitrogen and more. Electron(电子) are the negatively charged atoms, and they like to be in pairs. When an electron loses its partner, it creates a free radical, which is usually unstable and highly reactive. Free radicals typically go through the body to seek out a replacement for their missing electron, and that can result in damage to cells, proteins and DNA.
So how do free radicals form and why do they happen Bhuyan says, “Scientifically, free radicals are unpaired electrons that are seeking a mate to bond with. The theory behind free radicals is that they can lead to the imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants(抗氧化剂). ” Another mini-science lesson for you:Antioxidants are natural or man-made matters that can help delay or prevent some types of cell damage. They’re often found in fruits and vegetables.
A lot of the aspects of modern life--our diet, lifestyle and environmental factors like pollution, can cause oxidative(氧化的) stress. Over time, oxidative stress weakens cells and tissues and can leave you more easily exposed to certain health issues, including cancer. And, as beauty marketers are keenly aware, oxidative stress can also speed up the aging process. Now that you know free radicals can weak on your health, you’re probably wondering if there are any ways to prevent them from forming or at least to minimize their negative effects.
61. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 1
A. Explain the process of aging. B. State the formation of free radicals.
C. Introduce the topic of free radicals. D. Describe the harm of anti-aging cream.
62. Which of the following do free radicals refer to
A. Unpaired electrons. B. Steady atoms.
C. Replacements of atoms. D. Functions of electrons.
63. What can we learn about antioxidants from the text
A. They have never been found in nature.
B. They do harm to cells proteins and DNA.
C. They can slow down the damage of some cells.
D. They always keep balance with free radicals.
64. What will the author probably tell us next
A. What exactly oxidative stress is. B. How beauty marketers promote sales.
C. Where a variety of diseases come from. D. How free radicals can be prevented.
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(2023春·四川泸州·高三四川省泸县第一中学校考开学考试)In 1848 gold was found in California. Thousands of people rushed there to get some. Many people liked living there. But there wasn’t a whole lot between California (CA) and Missouri (MO), where the nearest trains ran. The train line to California wasn’t finished until 1869.
In I860 and 1861, the Pony Express was the fastest way to get news to and from the West. The trail that they rode was around 2000 miles long. It took most people weeks or months to ride that far. The Pony Express could make the trip in just ten days. Those speeds were unheard of at the time. So how did they do it Well, they had a good system.
The Pony Express had 184 stations along the trail. The stations were around ten miles apart. This is about how far a horse could run at a gallop (疾驰) before tiring. The rider would switch to a new horse at each station. He would only take his mail pouch (邮袋) with him. Every 75-100 miles, the rider would get to a home station. At each home station, riders would rest. The mail never stopped moving, even while the horses and riders rested.
It was tough to ride for the Pony Express. Each rider had to weigh less than 125 pounds. Speed was the key. Most of the riders were teenage boys. They rode at a fast pace for up to 100 miles a day. If there were an emergency, one might have to ride 200 miles in a day.
The Pony Express filled an important role for a time, but it did not last. The Civil War started in April of 1861. On October 24th, 1861, the first telegraph line to California was finished. This linked them to the rest of the country. People could send messages in an instant. Two days later the Pony Express closed.
65. Which happened first
A. The Pony Express was started. B. The American Civil War broke out.
C. The train line to California was finished. D. Settlers rushed to California to find gold.
66. How long did it take the Pony Express to send mail from CA to MO
A. About 24 hours. B. About ten days.
C. About twenty days. D. About one month.
67. What would a rider do at the home station
A. Give his mail to a new rider. B. Rest a while and go on riding.
C. Collect new mail for customers. D. Feed the horse and check the mail.
68. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A. To prove communication industry develops rapidly.
B. To explain why horses were used to deliver mail.
C. To describe the I860 - 1861E Fastest Mail Service.
D. To tell the brave stories of the Pony Express.
参考答案
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1. D 2. C 3. C 4. D
【解析】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于听到最喜爱的音乐会让人“皮肤兴奋”并产生寒意的相关研究,解释了这背后的原因以及对音乐有不同反应可以反应人的性格特点。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“It's such a thing that a group of scientists call “skin excitement”—a feeling of cold caused not by a drop in temperature or sudden scare, but by the sense of beauty. “Skin excitement” can come from a song, a painting, a moving movie scene, or even a beloved memory-pretty much anything that causes the giving out of pleasure-soaked dopamine in your brain.(一组科学家称这种现象为“皮肤兴奋”——不是因为温度下降或突然的恐惧而产生的寒冷感觉,而是因为美好。“皮肤兴奋”可以来自一首歌、一幅画、一个感人的电影场景,甚至是一段心爱的回忆——几乎任何能让你大脑中充满愉悦的多巴胺释放出来的东西)”可知,“皮肤兴奋”在本文中是指人体对美好事物的一种反应。故选D。
2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“In a new study published in the journal Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Harvard researchers performed brain scans on 10 students who said they reliably got cold when listening to music, and 10 students who didn't. They found that the cold-prone brains may really be excited by stronger emotions.(在一项发表在《社会认知与情感神经科学》杂志上的新研究中,哈佛大学的研究人员对10名学生进行了脑部扫描,这些学生说他们在听音乐时确实感到寒冷,而另外10名学生没有。他们发现,容易发冷的大脑可能真的会被更强烈的情绪激发)”可知,这项新研究的成果主要是发现了容易发冷的大脑和不发冷大脑的区别。故选C。
3. 推理判断题。根据第四段“Cold-prone brains are generally more likely to show stronger emotional intelligence than no-cold brains. Cold-prone minds tend to have unusual active imagination, reflect more deeply on their emotions, and appreciate nature and the beauty of music and art to a stronger degree than no-cold brains. (容易发冷的大脑通常比不感冒的大脑更有可能表现出更强的情商。与不发冷的大脑相比,容易发冷的大脑往往具有异常活跃的想象力,对情感的反思更深刻,对自然、音乐和艺术的欣赏程度更强)”可推断,大脑容易发冷的人情商较高,善解人意,且想象力丰富,对自然、音乐和艺术美的感觉是敏锐的。故选C。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“When you hear the beginning of your favorite song from the radio, suddenly your neck is covered in goose bumps.(当你从收音机里听到你最喜欢的歌曲开始时,你的脖子突然起了鸡皮疙瘩)”结合文章主要介绍了一项关于听到最喜爱的音乐会让人“皮肤兴奋”并产生寒意的相关研究,解释了这背后的原因以及对音乐有不同反应可以反应人的性格特点。故D选项“最喜欢的音乐会让你起鸡皮疙瘩”最符合文章标题。故选D。
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5. A 6. C 7. B 8. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员们发现随着全球气候变化,喜马拉雅山区的植被都在增加等情况。
5. 推理判断题。根据第三段“The treeline is the edge of an ecosystem where trees are able to grow, and beyond the treeline environmental conditions become too tough to allow tree growth. Meanwhile, snowlines are the boundaries on mountains that separate areas with permanent snow (where snow is present for the majority of the year) from areas with seasonal or no snow.(树木生长线是树木能够生长的生态系统的边缘,在树木生长线之外的环境条件过于艰难,无法让树木生长。同时,雪线是山上的边界,将长期降雪的地区(全年大部分时间有降雪)与季节性或无降雪地区分开)”可推知,本段介绍了林木线以及雪线,并分别进行了解释,因此是通过做解释展开第三段内容的。故选A。
6. 词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“In addition, the snowline seems to be”以及后文“while the treeline is expanding(树木生长线正在扩大)”可知,这里的while表示对比,因此说明前面的雪线正在后退。故画线词意思是“后退”。A. Disappearing.消失;B. Lengthening.加长;C. Withdrawing.后退;D. Widening.变宽。故选C。
7. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In the past 40 years, 25% of all Himalayan ice has been lost due to global warming. Himalayan glaciers are reducing by about 0.5 meters each year. The rate of glacier melting has doubled in this decade.(在过去的40年里,由于全球变暖,25%的喜马拉雅冰川已经消失。 喜马拉雅冰川每年减少约0.5米。 冰川融化的速度在这十年里翻了一番)”可知,气候变暖直接导致喜马拉雅山冰川融化加快。故选B。
8. 主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Researchers used satellite data from 1993 to 2018 to measure plant cover between 4,150 meters and 6,000 meters above sea level. The scientists discovered that the greatest increase in plant cover was between an altitude of 5,000 meters and 5,500 meters.(研究人员利用1993年至2018年的卫星数据,测量了海拔4150米至6000米之间的植物覆盖面积。科学家们发现,海拔5000米到5500米之间的植被覆盖增加最多)”结合文章主要介绍了研究人员们发现随着全球气候变化,喜马拉雅山区的植被都在增加等情况。故D选项“植物在喜马拉雅山蔓延”最适合作本文标题。故选D。
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9. C 10. C 11. D 12. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了狼和狗是近亲,但是狗却成了人类的好友。文章分析了狼进化成狗过程和原因。
9. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“A tiny proportion of the genome differentiates dogs from wolves, and yet millions of dogs are comfortably curled up in our homes, while wolves move around at the edge of extinction.(狗和狼的基因差异很小,但数百万只狗舒适地蜷缩在我们的家里,而狼则在灭绝的边缘徘徊)”以及第三段中“Dogs, in fact, did not descend from wolves. Instead, dogs and wolves shared a wolflike ancestor. (事实上,狗并不是狼的后代。相反,狗和狼有着共同的类狼祖先)”可推知,从前三段可以总结出狼和狗是近亲,但狗似乎是赢家。故选C。
10. 词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“we probably created more rubbish, which we then dumped outside our camps.”可知,冰河时代,人类开始在同一个地方制造了更多的垃圾,然后把垃圾倒在营地外面,说明人类越来越多地选择住在同一个地方,垃圾才能堆积起来。画线词意思是“住在同一个地方”。故选C。
11. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“After generations of selection for friendliness without intentional selection by humans, this special population of wolves would have begun to take on a different appearance.(经过几代人的友好选择,而不是人类的有意选择,这一特殊的狼群种群将开始呈现不同的外观)”以及最后一段中“We did not domesticate dogs. The friendliest wolves domesticated themselves. (我们没有驯养狗。最友善的狼驯化了自己)”可推知,作者从狗和狼的历史中得出的结论是:作为一种品质的友善可以转化为一种