(共30张PPT)
英语概要写作
01
题型特点·应明了
02
解题技巧·须掌握
题型特点·应明了
探究高考寻规律
概要写作要求学生基于所提供的短文写一篇60词左右的内容概要。所提供短文词数在350左右;所选材料体裁以议论文、说明文为主。解答此类题型学生应注意以下几点:
1.简洁性:用尽量少的语言对较长的原文进行简洁的重述。
2.自主性:用自己的话语进行概写,避免对原文进行抄袭照搬。
3.理解性:表现作者对原文本的精准理解。需要注意的是,不能对原文进行解释和评论,也不能掺杂任何个人想法或做出任何评判,因此不能出现“I believe” “I think”等词句。
4.忠实性:概写内容和中心思想必须忠于原文主旨,不可偏离主题、肆意篡改。
5.连贯性:概要写作并非简单罗列要点,各个要点之间要有恰当的衔接,使概要衔接紧密、脉络清晰。写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。
下面仅以高考中已考查过此题型的浙江卷为例。
试卷名称 考试年份 语篇类型 主题语境 素养话题
浙江高考 2019·6 议论文 人与社会 如何有效表扬孩子
2018·11 说明文 人与自我 建议申请者参观即将就读的大学
命题预测 说明文 1.事物描述类:对象+结构/性质+功用; 2.问题解决类:问题+(解决的)方法或措施; 3.社会现象类:现象+原因+后果(+措施 或建议) 议论文 论点+论据: 其关键在于找出主题句或结论句,若文中有一分为二的观点,不可漏掉其中任何一方 一、评分原则
1.概要写作总分为25分,按5个档次给分。
2.评分时,先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次,最后给分。
3.词数少于40和多于80的,从总分中减去2分。
4.评分时,应主要从以下四个方面考虑:
(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;
(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;
(3)上下文的连贯性;
(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
5.拼写与标点符号是写作规范的重要方面,评分时,应视其对情境交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6.如书写较差以致影响阅卷的,可将分数降低一个档次。
二、各档次的给分范围和要求
档次 描述
第五档(21~ 25分) (1)理解准确,涵盖全部要点。
(2)能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。
(3)有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要结构紧凑。
(4)完全使用自己的语言。
第四档(16~20分) (1)理解准确,涵盖绝大部分要点。
(2)所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误,但完全不影响意义表达。
(3)比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要结构紧凑。
(4)有个别整句抄自原文。
档次 描述
第三档(11~15分) (1)理解较为准确,涵盖大部分要点。
(2)所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误,但不影响意义表达。
(3)应用简单的语句间连接成分使上下文内容连贯。
(4)出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象。
第二档(6~10分) (1)理解有误差,仅涵盖半数要点。
(2)有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误,影响了意义的表达。
(3)较少使用语句间的连接成分,全文内容缺少连贯性。
(4)出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象。
档次 描述
第一档 (1~5分) (1)没有理解原文,造成概要内容与原文主题不符。
(2)有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误,严重影响了意义的
表达。
(3)缺乏语句间的连接成分,全文内容不连贯。
(4)多个句子抄自原文。
零档(0分) 白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。
解题技巧·须掌握
洞悉题型找技巧
4步精准“概要”
读懂原文,明确篇章结构
写概要之前,一定要先通读原文,确定文章的体裁和主题,明确文章结构,根据文章的体裁特点来决定内容的取舍。内容的取舍应注意以下几个方面的内容:
议论文的概要写作 (A summary of an argumentation) Argument 1/Supporting detail 1
Argument 2/Supporting detail 2
Conclusion
说明文的概要写作 (A summary of a phenomenon/an exposition) The topic — what
The reason — why
The effects — how
The solution/conclusion
记叙文的概要写作 (A summary of a story) Who What When
Where Why How
The result
The writer's point
1.明确全文的篇章结构后,就要处理原文的内容,目的是保留主要内容,删除次要内容。
2.先找出主题句,同时标注与主题相关的关键词,最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。
3.原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息,如列举数字和列举的事例等,无须在概要中一一列出。例如:
去次留精,提炼关键信息
Don't forget the clock — or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you're at it, actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down, turn relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.(加蓝部分为与主题相关的部分)
本段落主要内容为通过吃饭慢来减少对热量的摄入,因此要将用餐时间延长至至少三十分钟。用自己的语言将画线部分重组后,关键信息如下:
Record the time and set dinner time for half an hour as eating slowly helps take in less calories.
明确每个意义段的关键信息后,接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。为避免和原文的句子重复,可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种方式归纳要点。各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定,分清主次。转换表达注意遵循下面两个原则:
(1)不增不减不改:客观精准地表述原文要点,不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。
归纳要点,合理转换表达
(2)不繁:在正确理解原文的前提下,用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。例如:
Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.(画线句为主题句)
主题句关键词如蓝色部分所示:The way you design your home may have an effect on your figure.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
转换表达时可利用同义替换将ways改为tips; The way you design your home改为How to have your home designed。主题句转换为:
How to have your home designed affects your figure.Below are tips to design your home to help diet.
在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样,但句子结构不可过长,也不要用太复杂的句子结构。同时选用适当的过渡衔接词连接上下文,保证概要部分内容的连贯性。
句式多样,注意过渡衔接
【典例】 阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Bees are very strange creatures.They have their own way of telling each other that they have found a new flower.They bring some of its nectar (花蜜) back home and then do a little dance that shows where the flower is and how far away it is.
In autumn the worker bees go out and collect as much nectar and pollen (花粉) as they can carry.Then they return to make honey and store it for the long cold winter.
Bees build their own houses but they do not always have round tops like people draw them in storybooks.They are usually five storeys high. The queen bee always has the bottom storey.In between the bottom storey and all the rest there are bars only just wide enough for the workers to pass through.The queen bee can never go up to the other floors because she is bigger than all the other bees.The storeys the queen can't enter are where the store rooms are.There are rooms for pollen, nectar and royal jellies (蜂王浆).If there is a fire the workers have to cover the walls and entrance of the rooms.They have to move the honey and the nectar and pollen away from the hot walls of the room.
The queen is the only that can lay eggs.She mates with a male bee called a drone (雄蜂).Once the queen has laid the eggs she throws the drone out because a drone just sits around eating honey and nectar.He cannot go out and collect pollen because drones do not have pollen-carrying things on their legs like the workers have.
Young bees are called nurses because they have to nurse the new-born bees whether they like it or not.What a bee ends up being when it grows up depends on what it eats.If it is to be a queen it must feed on royal jellies and it must never, ever set eyes on another queen.If it does they must fight till only one of them is still alive.
第一步:读懂原文,明确篇章结构
本文的篇章结构为“总—分”式。第1段内容为主题段,引入主题,对蜜蜂进行总括介绍;第2段介绍工蜂的职能;第3段介绍蜂王的住所;第4段介绍雄蜂;第5段介绍幼蜂的职责及命运。
第二步:去次留精,提炼关键信息
段落 主旨 关键词
1 Topic: bees ①______________________
2 worker bees: collect nectar and pollen ②_______________________
3 queen bee:queen bee's living space ③_______________________
4 drones:duty and destiny ④_________________
5 young bees:responsibilities and future ⑤_____________________
strange, nectar, flower
nectar, pollen, honey, store
bottom storey, store rooms
mate, sit around
nurses, grow up, queen
第三步:归纳要点,合理转换表达
段落 要点内容合并
1 利用词语替换法将strange改为unusual, creatures改为animals,第二、三句说的是一种特殊交流方式。第一段可概括为:Bees are unusual animals and have a unique way to communicate with one another.
2 第二段主要说明工蜂努力工作以采集储存花粉与花蜜,这两项可以归类成“食物”。这段可概括为:Worker bees work tirelessly to store food.
段落 要点内容合并
3 利用词语替换法将第三句中的has改为短语takes up,这一段可概括为:The relaxing queen bee takes up the bottom storey of the five-storey house.
4 蜂王与雄蜂交配后会将其逐出蜂房,可以抽象表达为蜂王利用完雄蜂后将其抛弃。这一段可概括为:The queen bee even deserts the drone after she finishes using him.
5 利用词语替换法将nurse改为短语care for,这一段可概括为:Young bees need to work to care for new-born bees, but they can only leave their futures to what they eat.
第四步:句式多样,注意过渡衔接
本文作者介绍了蜂群中不同类型蜜蜂的特点,工蜂工作勤奋努力,蜂王靠着其权威过着轻松的生活,两者形成对比,所以用Unlike worker bees连接两个句子。第四段依然由蜂王引出雄蜂,所以用代词She代替queen bee。最后一段中幼蜂需要与工蜂一样努力工作,所以加Same as worker bees将二者联系起来。
Bees are unusual animals and have a unique way to communicate with one another.(要点1) Worker bees work tirelessly to store food.(要点2) Unlike worker bees, the relaxing queen bee takes up the bottom storey of the five-storey house.(要点3) She even deserts the drone after she finishes using him.(要点4) Same as worker bees, young bees need to work to care for new-born bees, but they can only leave their futures to what they eat. (要点5)