人教版（2019）必修 第一册Unit 4 Natural disasters Discovering useful structures 定语从句课件(共22张PPT)
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| 更新时间 | 2024-02-27 20:55:17 | ||
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(共22张PPT)
Relative Clause
3. 复杂句（简称复句）Complex Sentence
一个句子中有其他句子在该句中充当成分，则整个句子为复杂句，即句子中有句子
What he said is not true.
The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard.
语法系统构建
1. 简单句 Simple Sentence
指只包含一个主谓结构的句子
The students have made better grades in the past few years.
英语中有四种句子
2. 并列句 Compound Sentence
指两个及两个以上简单句由并列连词and, or, but，so等并列连词构成的句子
The students studied hard and they made better grades.
4. 并列复杂句 Compound-complex Sentence
并列句+复杂句
They watched television and enjoyed themselves, but we couldn’t see the program because our television was broken.
目录
CONTENTS
1
2
3
4
什么是定语从句/关系从句/形容词从句
关系从句的分类
关系从句的书写
重难点
What
What
How
Difficult and key points
复杂句（简称复句）Complex Sentence
一个句子中有其他句子在该句中充当成分，则整个句子为复杂句，即句子中有句子
如果将一个句子改造成名词、形容词或副词类，放到另一句中使用，就称为从属从句，另一句则为主要从句
Relative clause
有关系的
从句
主句和从句是相对的概念；主句就是一个复杂句中主要的部分；从句就是从属于主句的部分，也就是次要的部分
复杂句=主句+从句
一个从句在整个句子中充当名词，则该从句为名词从句
一个从句在整个句子中充当形容词，则该从句为形容词从句，也就是关系从句
一个从句在整个句子中充当副词，则该从句为副词从句，也就是状语从句
一. What is relative clause
Drill
判断一下哪些句子中有形容词从句(定语从句/关系从句)
We’ll build a power station where water resources are plentiful.
As it is raining, you have to take a taxi.
Anybody can explain this who knows English grammar.
He listening attentively so that he might not miss a single word.
My uncle is a man who believes in discipline(守纪).
This is the reason why he was late.
John is not the man that he used to be.
Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference.
I know that you are right.
名词从句
名词从句
副词从句/状语从句
副词从句/状语从句
形容词从句/关系从句？
副词从句/状语从句？
形容词从句/关系从句
形容词从句/关系从句
形容词从句/关系从句
形容词从句/关系从句
一. What is relative clause
Relative clause
有关系的
从句
Functions
补充解释说明
指示指代
揭露某种关系？
二. How to classify(分类) relative clause
分类需要标准
Definition：关系从句是由关系词引导的从句叫关系从句
关系代词：who, whom, which, whose, that, as
①关系代词
②关系副词
关系副词：when, where, why
关系代词的关系副词间有什么区别？
关系代词间又还有什么区别？
三. How to write a relative clause
书写关系从句的三个步骤：
两个句子要有overlap
把交叉点改写为关系词的拼法(wh-)，放置句首让它产生连接词的功能
将关系从句附于主要从句的交叉点后来修饰它(当形容词使用)
The man is my uncle.
He was here just now.
overlap
代名词 关系代名词
he (she, they) Who
him (her, them) Whom
it (they) Which
his (her, their, its) whose
who
The man who was here just now is my uncle.
有关关系代词的关系从句书写
Drill
将下列句子改写为关系从句
This man is my uncle.
You saw him just now.
The bus was the last one today.
The bus has just left.
The room is mine.
The window of the room faces south.
Beijing is also a place
Beijing welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life.
In ancient China lived an artist
The artist’s paintings were almost lifelike.
The man (whom you saw just now) is my uncle
The bus (which has just left) was the last one today.
(The room’s window faces south.)
The room (whose window faces south) is mine.
Beijing is also a place (which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life).
In ancient China lived an artist (whose paintings were almost lifelike).
三. How to write a relative clause
关系代词间的区别+两种特殊的关系代词
who, whom, which, whose + that, as
Who——指人 替代从句中的主语或主语
Whom——指人 替代从句中的宾语
Whose——指人和物 所有格，xxx的，= xxx’s
which——指物 替代主语或宾语
that——指人和物 常与who或which互换，注意点较多
as 常见于词组和开头
Anybody can explain this who knows English.
I have three sisters, all of whom are doctors.
将下列复杂句拆分为两个简单句
Dr. Brown is a senior professor, whose views are widely respected.
详细见难点
As you can see, ……
As somebody said, ……
such as
the same as
三. How to write a relative clause
书写关系从句的三个步骤：
两个句子要有overlap
把交叉点改写为关系词的拼法(wh-)，放置句首让它产生连接词的功能
将关系从句附于主要从句的交叉点后来修饰它(当形容词使用)
I will never forget the time.
We visited Xi’an then.
overlap
when
I will never forget the time when we visited Xi’an.
副词 关系副词
then when
there where
for a reason why
请思考另一种改法！
I will never forget the time.
We visited Xi’an at that time.
which
I will never forget the time at which we visited Xi’an.
有关关系副词的关系从句书写
将下列句子改写为关系从句(两种改法)
He was born in June.
His father died in June.
He was born in June (in which/when his father died).
I went back to the town.
My father was born there.
I went back to the town (where my father was born).
I have forgotten the reason.
I called you for a reason.
I have forgotten the reason (why I called you).
We’ll build a power station
Water resources are plentiful there.
We’ll build a power station (where water resources are plentiful).
China first had to put a satellite(卫星) in orbit above the moon in a spot.
It could send signals to the spacecraft(太空船) and to Earth.
China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot where it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
Drill
and可以吗
三. How to write a relative clause
关系副词的延伸
We have reached a point _______ a change is needed
There are some cases _______ the word “mighty” is used as an adverb.
He got into a situation _______ it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.
She wants a job _______ her management skills can be put to good use.
This is not an occasion for laughter, _______ you must take things seriously.
副词 关系副词
then when
there where
for a reason why
补充：先行词为case，condition，situation，position，point，stage，occasion等表示情况、方面、处境等抽象地点名词时，关系副词用where
where
where
where
where
where
难点一，关系代词和关系副词的选择
四. Key and difficult points
Review 语法回顾
英语五种基本句式结构
主+动
主+动+宾
主+动+补(主+系+表)
主+动+宾+补
主+动+宾+宾
关系从句中，除去关系词，剩下部分缺少以上句式结构成分，那么可以说这不是一个完整的句子。在关系从句中，往往是主语或者宾语(少数情况是补语)缺少，这种情况下则需要关系代词；若不缺少成为则需要关系副词
句子中有关系从句
关系从句是否为完整的句子
输出关系代词
输出关系副词
否
是
who
whom
that
which
that
whose
as
人，物，所有格
why
where
when
原因，地 点，时间
关键在于关系从句中是否为完整的句子。若不是，则用关系代词；若是，则用关系副词
什么是完整的句子？
难点二，that 和 which 的选择
四. Key and difficult points
What are the functions of relative clauses
Man is an animal that is capable of reason.
Man is an animal which is capable of reason.
人类是一个动物，这种动物具有理性思考的能力。
人类是具有理性思考能力的动物
人类是一个动物。怎么样的动物呢？噢！是一个有理性思考能力的动物。
Which one is better
主句中的先行词an animal本来可以代表任何一种动物，范围极大。后面加上一个条件：the animal is capable of reason(有理性能力的那种)，明确指出哪种动物才能算人，具有指示的功能。所以关系词可以选择不用which而借用that。
A relative clause is a clause that is guided by a relative word.
that与which毫无二致吗？
which
that
Functions
补充解释说明
指示指代
that原意就是“那个”的意思，所以that偏向“指示功能”也是很好理解的
Is there anything _____ I can do for you.
All _____ I want is peace and quiet.
He is the cleverest man _____ ever taught in our school.
Newton was one of the greatest men _____ ever lived.
Any boy _____ wants to succeed must work hard.
Ask Mr. green, or any other person _____ is likely to know.
He talked about the man and the books _____ interested him.
He is not the man _____ he used to be.
四. Key and difficult points
只用that不用which的情况
难点二，that 和 which 的选择
1.有不定代词(something, anything, all…)
2.有最高级
3.有only, all, any, very等限定词
4.先行词为人和物
5.先行词作表语
that
that
that
that
that
that
that
that
四. Key and difficult points
难点二，that 和 which 的选择
主要区别在于，前者不能用逗号隔开，后者可以用逗号隔开。
实质上区别在于先行词与关系从句间的松散关系的程度。先行词与限制性关系从句间的关系较为紧密，先行词与非限制性关系从句间的关系较为松散。
非限制性关系从句
关系松散
往往用逗号来停顿，为“补充解释说明”做准备
which, who……
Definition: A relative clause is a clause that is guided by a relative word.
关系代词引导的关系从句
关系副词引导的关系从句
Review 语法回顾
为什么总说逗号后不能用that，往往用which；或者说非限制性关系从句有逗号？
Another classification:
限制性关系从句
非限制性关系从句
请大家在思考一下，用that引导和用which引导相比，哪一个关系代词更能够体现先行词与关系从句间紧密联系呢？
限制性关系从句
that的指示功能更能够体现“关系紧密”
that
关系紧密
四. Key and difficult points
关系代词在从句中做宾语或补语时，可以省略
关系副词when, where, why可以在the time when, the place where, the reason why结构引导的关系从句中，在非正式语体下，通常省略when和why
难点三，关系词的省略
Tom is not the boy I gave the tickets to.
The stranger I spoke of came again.
He is not the man he used to be.
The night (when) the earth didn’t sleep
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.
The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair.
The way _____ you answered the questions was admirable.
A. in which B. that C./ D. how E. where
试着将该复杂句拆分一下？
The way was admirable.
You answered the question in this way.
in which
The way < that you answer the questions > was admirable.
that
/
非正式语体下可省略
四. Key and difficult points
难点三，关系词的省略
Summary
Relative
Clause
What is Relative Clause
More about Relative Clause
How to write Relative Clause
按关系词分类
按先行词与从句紧密关系分类
关系代词引导：who, whom, which, whose, that ,as
关系副词引导: when, where, why
限制性关系从句—关系紧密—无逗号
非限制性关系从句—关系松散—有逗号
关系词的选择
关系代词的选择
关系副词的选择
that与which的选择
关系词的省略
关系代词 关系副词
Who ——人（主语，宾语） when
Whom——人（宾语）
Which——物（主语，宾语） Where（注意抽象地点）
Whose——人的+物的
That——特殊使用 why
As ——词组搭配
两个句子要有overlap
把交叉点改写为关系词的拼法(wh-)，放置句首让它产生连接词的功能
将关系从句附于主要从句的交叉点后来修饰它(当形容词使用)
一个从句在整个句子中充当形容词，则该从句为形容词从句，也就是关系从句
Why to learn Relative Clause
See you
Relative Clause
3. 复杂句（简称复句）Complex Sentence
一个句子中有其他句子在该句中充当成分，则整个句子为复杂句，即句子中有句子
What he said is not true.
The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard.
语法系统构建
1. 简单句 Simple Sentence
指只包含一个主谓结构的句子
The students have made better grades in the past few years.
英语中有四种句子
2. 并列句 Compound Sentence
指两个及两个以上简单句由并列连词and, or, but，so等并列连词构成的句子
The students studied hard and they made better grades.
4. 并列复杂句 Compound-complex Sentence
并列句+复杂句
They watched television and enjoyed themselves, but we couldn’t see the program because our television was broken.
目录
CONTENTS
1
2
3
4
什么是定语从句/关系从句/形容词从句
关系从句的分类
关系从句的书写
重难点
What
What
How
Difficult and key points
复杂句（简称复句）Complex Sentence
一个句子中有其他句子在该句中充当成分，则整个句子为复杂句，即句子中有句子
如果将一个句子改造成名词、形容词或副词类，放到另一句中使用，就称为从属从句，另一句则为主要从句
Relative clause
有关系的
从句
主句和从句是相对的概念；主句就是一个复杂句中主要的部分；从句就是从属于主句的部分，也就是次要的部分
复杂句=主句+从句
一个从句在整个句子中充当名词，则该从句为名词从句
一个从句在整个句子中充当形容词，则该从句为形容词从句，也就是关系从句
一个从句在整个句子中充当副词，则该从句为副词从句，也就是状语从句
一. What is relative clause
Drill
判断一下哪些句子中有形容词从句(定语从句/关系从句)
We’ll build a power station where water resources are plentiful.
As it is raining, you have to take a taxi.
Anybody can explain this who knows English grammar.
He listening attentively so that he might not miss a single word.
My uncle is a man who believes in discipline(守纪).
This is the reason why he was late.
John is not the man that he used to be.
Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference.
I know that you are right.
名词从句
名词从句
副词从句/状语从句
副词从句/状语从句
形容词从句/关系从句？
副词从句/状语从句？
形容词从句/关系从句
形容词从句/关系从句
形容词从句/关系从句
形容词从句/关系从句
一. What is relative clause
Relative clause
有关系的
从句
Functions
补充解释说明
指示指代
揭露某种关系？
二. How to classify(分类) relative clause
分类需要标准
Definition：关系从句是由关系词引导的从句叫关系从句
关系代词：who, whom, which, whose, that, as
①关系代词
②关系副词
关系副词：when, where, why
关系代词的关系副词间有什么区别？
关系代词间又还有什么区别？
三. How to write a relative clause
书写关系从句的三个步骤：
两个句子要有overlap
把交叉点改写为关系词的拼法(wh-)，放置句首让它产生连接词的功能
将关系从句附于主要从句的交叉点后来修饰它(当形容词使用)
The man is my uncle.
He was here just now.
overlap
代名词 关系代名词
he (she, they) Who
him (her, them) Whom
it (they) Which
his (her, their, its) whose
who
The man who was here just now is my uncle.
有关关系代词的关系从句书写
Drill
将下列句子改写为关系从句
This man is my uncle.
You saw him just now.
The bus was the last one today.
The bus has just left.
The room is mine.
The window of the room faces south.
Beijing is also a place
Beijing welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life.
In ancient China lived an artist
The artist’s paintings were almost lifelike.
The man (whom you saw just now) is my uncle
The bus (which has just left) was the last one today.
(The room’s window faces south.)
The room (whose window faces south) is mine.
Beijing is also a place (which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life).
In ancient China lived an artist (whose paintings were almost lifelike).
三. How to write a relative clause
关系代词间的区别+两种特殊的关系代词
who, whom, which, whose + that, as
Who——指人 替代从句中的主语或主语
Whom——指人 替代从句中的宾语
Whose——指人和物 所有格，xxx的，= xxx’s
which——指物 替代主语或宾语
that——指人和物 常与who或which互换，注意点较多
as 常见于词组和开头
Anybody can explain this who knows English.
I have three sisters, all of whom are doctors.
将下列复杂句拆分为两个简单句
Dr. Brown is a senior professor, whose views are widely respected.
详细见难点
As you can see, ……
As somebody said, ……
such as
the same as
三. How to write a relative clause
书写关系从句的三个步骤：
两个句子要有overlap
把交叉点改写为关系词的拼法(wh-)，放置句首让它产生连接词的功能
将关系从句附于主要从句的交叉点后来修饰它(当形容词使用)
I will never forget the time.
We visited Xi’an then.
overlap
when
I will never forget the time when we visited Xi’an.
副词 关系副词
then when
there where
for a reason why
请思考另一种改法！
I will never forget the time.
We visited Xi’an at that time.
which
I will never forget the time at which we visited Xi’an.
有关关系副词的关系从句书写
将下列句子改写为关系从句(两种改法)
He was born in June.
His father died in June.
He was born in June (in which/when his father died).
I went back to the town.
My father was born there.
I went back to the town (where my father was born).
I have forgotten the reason.
I called you for a reason.
I have forgotten the reason (why I called you).
We’ll build a power station
Water resources are plentiful there.
We’ll build a power station (where water resources are plentiful).
China first had to put a satellite(卫星) in orbit above the moon in a spot.
It could send signals to the spacecraft(太空船) and to Earth.
China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot where it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
Drill
and可以吗
三. How to write a relative clause
关系副词的延伸
We have reached a point _______ a change is needed
There are some cases _______ the word “mighty” is used as an adverb.
He got into a situation _______ it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.
She wants a job _______ her management skills can be put to good use.
This is not an occasion for laughter, _______ you must take things seriously.
副词 关系副词
then when
there where
for a reason why
补充：先行词为case，condition，situation，position，point，stage，occasion等表示情况、方面、处境等抽象地点名词时，关系副词用where
where
where
where
where
where
难点一，关系代词和关系副词的选择
四. Key and difficult points
Review 语法回顾
英语五种基本句式结构
主+动
主+动+宾
主+动+补(主+系+表)
主+动+宾+补
主+动+宾+宾
关系从句中，除去关系词，剩下部分缺少以上句式结构成分，那么可以说这不是一个完整的句子。在关系从句中，往往是主语或者宾语(少数情况是补语)缺少，这种情况下则需要关系代词；若不缺少成为则需要关系副词
句子中有关系从句
关系从句是否为完整的句子
输出关系代词
输出关系副词
否
是
who
whom
that
which
that
whose
as
人，物，所有格
why
where
when
原因，地 点，时间
关键在于关系从句中是否为完整的句子。若不是，则用关系代词；若是，则用关系副词
什么是完整的句子？
难点二，that 和 which 的选择
四. Key and difficult points
What are the functions of relative clauses
Man is an animal that is capable of reason.
Man is an animal which is capable of reason.
人类是一个动物，这种动物具有理性思考的能力。
人类是具有理性思考能力的动物
人类是一个动物。怎么样的动物呢？噢！是一个有理性思考能力的动物。
Which one is better
主句中的先行词an animal本来可以代表任何一种动物，范围极大。后面加上一个条件：the animal is capable of reason(有理性能力的那种)，明确指出哪种动物才能算人，具有指示的功能。所以关系词可以选择不用which而借用that。
A relative clause is a clause that is guided by a relative word.
that与which毫无二致吗？
which
that
Functions
补充解释说明
指示指代
that原意就是“那个”的意思，所以that偏向“指示功能”也是很好理解的
Is there anything _____ I can do for you.
All _____ I want is peace and quiet.
He is the cleverest man _____ ever taught in our school.
Newton was one of the greatest men _____ ever lived.
Any boy _____ wants to succeed must work hard.
Ask Mr. green, or any other person _____ is likely to know.
He talked about the man and the books _____ interested him.
He is not the man _____ he used to be.
四. Key and difficult points
只用that不用which的情况
难点二，that 和 which 的选择
1.有不定代词(something, anything, all…)
2.有最高级
3.有only, all, any, very等限定词
4.先行词为人和物
5.先行词作表语
that
that
that
that
that
that
that
that
四. Key and difficult points
难点二，that 和 which 的选择
主要区别在于，前者不能用逗号隔开，后者可以用逗号隔开。
实质上区别在于先行词与关系从句间的松散关系的程度。先行词与限制性关系从句间的关系较为紧密，先行词与非限制性关系从句间的关系较为松散。
非限制性关系从句
关系松散
往往用逗号来停顿，为“补充解释说明”做准备
which, who……
Definition: A relative clause is a clause that is guided by a relative word.
关系代词引导的关系从句
关系副词引导的关系从句
Review 语法回顾
为什么总说逗号后不能用that，往往用which；或者说非限制性关系从句有逗号？
Another classification:
限制性关系从句
非限制性关系从句
请大家在思考一下，用that引导和用which引导相比，哪一个关系代词更能够体现先行词与关系从句间紧密联系呢？
限制性关系从句
that的指示功能更能够体现“关系紧密”
that
关系紧密
四. Key and difficult points
关系代词在从句中做宾语或补语时，可以省略
关系副词when, where, why可以在the time when, the place where, the reason why结构引导的关系从句中，在非正式语体下，通常省略when和why
难点三，关系词的省略
Tom is not the boy I gave the tickets to.
The stranger I spoke of came again.
He is not the man he used to be.
The night (when) the earth didn’t sleep
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.
The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair.
The way _____ you answered the questions was admirable.
A. in which B. that C./ D. how E. where
试着将该复杂句拆分一下？
The way was admirable.
You answered the question in this way.
in which
The way < that you answer the questions > was admirable.
that
/
非正式语体下可省略
四. Key and difficult points
难点三，关系词的省略
Summary
Relative
Clause
What is Relative Clause
More about Relative Clause
How to write Relative Clause
按关系词分类
按先行词与从句紧密关系分类
关系代词引导：who, whom, which, whose, that ,as
关系副词引导: when, where, why
限制性关系从句—关系紧密—无逗号
非限制性关系从句—关系松散—有逗号
关系词的选择
关系代词的选择
关系副词的选择
that与which的选择
关系词的省略
关系代词 关系副词
Who ——人（主语，宾语） when
Whom——人（宾语）
Which——物（主语，宾语） Where（注意抽象地点）
Whose——人的+物的
That——特殊使用 why
As ——词组搭配
两个句子要有overlap
把交叉点改写为关系词的拼法(wh-)，放置句首让它产生连接词的功能
将关系从句附于主要从句的交叉点后来修饰它(当形容词使用)
一个从句在整个句子中充当形容词，则该从句为形容词从句，也就是关系从句
Why to learn Relative Clause
See you