外研版（2019）必修 第一册Unit 2 Exploring English词汇解析讲义

unit 2
Point 1 have trouble(in)doing sth.
教材语境 P14>>Have you ever asked yourself why people often have trouble learning English 你有没有问过自己，为什么人们学英语常常有困难？
用法详解 have trouble (in)doing sth.意味“做某事有困难”。
If you often skip breakfast,you will have trouble (in) concentrating in class.如果你经常不吃早餐，你就很难在课堂上集中注意力。
In China many different dialects are spoken;people in some villages have trouble making themselves understood by the people of the next town.中国有许多种不同的方言；有些村庄的人（甚至）很难让邻镇的人听懂自己的话。
归纳拓展 相关短语积累：
have difficulty (in) doing sth.做某事有困难
have a hard/difficult time in doing sth.做某事有困难
have trouble/difficulty with sth.在……方面有困难
Point 2 opposite
教材语境 P15>>If “hard”is the opposite of “soft”，why are “hardly”and “softly”not an opposing pair 如果说hard（硬）是soft（软）的反义词，为什么hardly（几乎不）和softly（柔和地）却不是一对反义词？
用法详解 （1）n.[C]队里的人（或物），对立面
常见搭配 just the opposite 正好相反
Jack is considerate;his wife a just the opposite.杰克为人体贴，而他妻子恰恰相反。
The opposite of “fast”is “slow”.fast（快的）的反义词是slow（慢的）。
The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of what others actually understand.你试图通过语言传递的信息也许与别人实际上理解的正好相反。（上海高考）
（2）adj.相反的，迥然不同的；对立的
常见搭配 be opposite to 与……相反，与……相对
It was obvious that I was going to be late,as I had mistakenly boarded a bus that was taking me in the opposite direction.很明显我要迟到了，因为我误上了开往反方向的车。
Light is opposite to shadow.光和影相对。
（3）prep.在……对面
It happened that my English teacher lived opposite my home.碰巧我的英语老师住在我家对面。
（4）adv.在对面
She asked the man sitting opposite whether he would mind if she opened the window.她问坐在对面的那位男士是否介意她打开窗户。
He opposed the proposal to build a new hall.他反对修建一座新礼堂的建议。
At first he was opposed to the idea,but later he agreed.起先他反对这个主意，后来他同意了。
My sister and I have opposing views on raising children.我的姐姐与我对于养育孩子持有相反的观点。
They had to give up moving house after facing opposition from parents.他们在遭到父母反对后放弃了搬家。
Point 3 behavior
教材语境 P15>>If harmless actions are the opposite of harmful actions,why are shameless and shameful behaviors the same 如果说harmless actions（无害行为）和harmful actions（有害行为）意思相反，为什么shameless behaviors（无耻行为）和shameful behaviors（可耻行为）反而是一回事？
用法详解 behavior n.[U]行为，举止。也可写作behaviour。
常见搭配 good/bad behavior良好/恶劣行为
Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior,and correct bad habits.了解这些原因可以阿让我们检查自己的行为，纠正坏习惯。（北京高考）
It is necessary to reward children for their good behavior.对孩子们的良好行为给予奖励是有必要的。
联想串记 相关词语积累
语境串记
Everyone here behaves very politely and tourists are deeply impressed with their elegant behavior.这儿的每个人都表现得很有礼貌，游客对他们优雅的行为印象深刻
。
Point 4 confusing
教材语境 P15>>Even the smallest words be confusing.就算是最短的单词都会让人费解。
用法详解 confusing adj.令人困惑的，难以理解的，不清楚的。常用来修饰物。
His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out what it is he is trying to express.他写的东西是如此令人困惑以至于很难弄明白他想表达什么。（安徽高考）
The instructions on the box are confusing.盒子上的使用说明令人费解。
联想串记 相关词语积累
Don’t confuse Austria with Australia.不要把奥地利与澳大利亚弄混了。
If you’re confused about anything,phone me.你如果对任何事情感到困惑，打电话给我。
Her unexpected departure threw us into total confusion.她的突然离开使我们不知所措，乱成一团。
语境串记
They confused me by asking so many confusing questions.I was totally confused,standing there in confusion and not knowing what to do next.他们问了那么多难以理解的问题，让我很困惑。我彻底糊涂了，困惑地站在那里，不知道接下来要做什么。
oint 56 burn up,alarm
教材语境 P15>>You also have to wonder at the unique madness of a language in which a house can burn up as it burns down,in which you fill in a form by filling it out,and in which an alarm is only heard once it goes off!英语这门语言独有的疯狂令你不得不感到惊喜。在英语里，房子烧成灰烬的时候，可以说burn up（字面意思为“烧上去”），也可以说burn down（字面意思为“烧下去”）；填表的时候，你可以fill in a form（字面意思为“填入表里”），也可以fill out a form（字面意思为“填到表外”）；而且只有闹钟走了（go off字面意思为“离开”）以后你才能听到铃声！
5 burn up
用法详解 （1）（被）焚毁，（被）烧掉（=burn down）
The spacecraft burned up as it entered the earth’s atmosphere.宇宙飞船进入地球大气层时被烧毁。
The fire burned up 1,500 acres of farmland.大火烧掉了1500英亩农田。
（2）（通过锻炼）消耗（热能）（=burn off）
Which burns up more calories—swimming or cycling 游泳和骑车，哪种运动消耗热量大？
（3）烧得更旺，火势加大。其反义短语为：burn down（火势）减弱
Put more wood on the fire to make it burn up.再往火上续点木柴让它烧旺些。
6 alarm
用法详解 （1）n.[C]警报器；闹钟（=alarm clock）；[C，usually sing.]警报；[U]惊恐，惊慌
常见搭配 set off the alarm触动警报器
in alarm惊慌地（常作方式状语）
raise/sound the alarm发出警报
Set the alarm for 6 o’clock,or you will be late for the flight tomorrow.把闹钟定在6点钟，否则你明天会误了航班。
If a smoke detector sets off an alarm and there is no fire or smoke,inform your hall staff.如果烟雾检测器发出警报，但没有火灾或烟雾，请通知大堂工作人员。（天津高考）
All of a sudden,a loud noise came from downstairs,making Ellie cry out in alarm.楼下突然传来一声巨响，使埃莉惊慌地大叫起来。
I knocked on all the doors to raise the alarm.我敲了所有的门让大家警觉。
（2）vt.使担心，使害怕，使惊恐
Her high temperature greatly alarmed the doctors.她体温很高，使医生很担心。
The captain knew there was a fault in an engine but he didn’t want to alarm the passengers.船长知道有一台发动机出了故障，不过他不想惊动乘客。
归纳拓展 相关词语积累：
（1）alarming adj.使人惊恐的，令人惊慌的
We’re all heard that the global temperature is rising at an alarming rate.我们都听说了全球气温在以惊人的速度上升。
（2）alarmed adj.担心，害怕
Be/feel alarmed by/at sth.因某事而担心/害怕
She was alarmed at the prospect of travelling alone.她一想到独自旅行的情景就害怕。
Point 7 reflect
教材语境 P15>>English was invented by people,not computers,and it reflects the creativity of the human race.英语是人创造的，不是计算机发明的，它反映了人类的创造力。
用法详解 （1）vt.显示，表明；反射；反映，映出（影像）
常见搭配 reflect the views of…表明……的意见
Reflect sb./sth.in sth.在……里映出…
A city is the product of the human hand and mind,reflecting man’s intelligence and creativity.城市是人的手和思想的产物，反映了人的智慧和创造力。（江苏高考）
Our newspaper aims to reflect the views of the local community.我们的报纸旨在表达当地人民的心声。
The windows reflected the bright afternoon sunlight.窗户反射着午后明媚的阳光。
She could see her face reflected in the car’s windshield.她看到自己的脸映照在汽车挡风玻璃上。
（2）vt7.&vi.沉思，认真思考
常见搭配 reflect on/upon…认真思考……
Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago.阅读历史是一种奇妙的体验，因为它能让我们认真思考很久以前人们的社会和经济生活。（2020·天津5月）
归纳拓展 相关词语积累
reflection n.[U]反射；沉思；[C]映像，反映
be a reflection of…是……的反应
on/upon reflection经过深思，经过考虑
When he was alone,he was often lost in reflection.他独处的时候经常会陷入沉思。
Your clothes are often a reflection of your personality.穿着常常反映出一个人的个性。
Point 8 wind
教材语境 P15>>And that is why when I wind up my watch,it starts,but when I wind up this passage,it ends.这也是当我wind up my watch（给手表上紧发条）以后表针开始走，而我wind up this passage（将本文收尾）后这篇文章结束的原因。
用法详解 （1）vt.&vi.给（机械）上发条；摇动（把手等）
常见搭配 wind up摇动（把手等）；使（活动、谈话等）结束；
以……告终
Wind down把（汽车窗玻璃等）摇下；使（业务、活动等）逐步结束
wind作动词时，读音为/waInd/，其过去式和过去分词均为wound。
My watch has stopped—I must have forgotten to wind it (up).我的手表停了，我一定是忘了给它上发条了。
She wound the car window down to speak to the police officer.她把车窗摇下来跟警察说话。
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.Almost half of that winds up in landfills,and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.人类每年生产3亿吨以上的塑料。其中几乎一半最终被扔进了垃圾填埋场，而多达1200万吨污染了海洋。（北京高考）
（2）vi.（路、河等）蜿蜒，曲折而行，迂回
The path wound down to the beach.这条小路弯弯曲曲通向海滩。
Highway 99 winds its way along the coast.99号公路沿着海岸蜿蜒伸展。
（3）vt.卷绕，缠绕
He wound the wool into a ball.他把毛线缠绕成一团。
Sentence 1
教材P14>>I hadn’t,until one day my five-year-old son asked me whether there was ham in a hamburger.我以前从未想过这个问题，直到有天，我5岁的儿子问我hamburger（汉堡包）里面有没有ham（火腿）。
句式剖析 本句的结构分析如下：
I hadn’t,
主句
until one day my five-year-old son asked me
whether引导的宾语从句 until引导的时间状语从句
whether there was ham in a hamburger.
考点提炼 （一）until引导的时间状语从句
until作连词时，引导时间状语从句，意为“直到……为止”。
（1）如果主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，如live，wait，work等，那么主句要用肯定形式，表示动作一直持续到until所表示的时间为止。
I have to stay here until the rain stops.我不得不待在这儿直到雨停。
Mum waited for me until I came back last night.昨晚妈妈一直等到我回来。
（2）如果主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词，如go，come，leave，finish等，那么主句常用否定形式，表示动作到until所表示的时间才发生，构成“not…until…（直到……才……）”结构。
I didn’t realize how right my parents were until I entered school.直到我进入高中，我才意识到我的父母是多么正确。（全国Ⅱ卷）
特别提醒
1.till和until一般情况下可以互换，但till不可以放在句首，而until可以。
Until you told me I knew nothing of it.直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事。
2.not until…位于句首时，句子主句用部分倒装。
Not until recently did they encourage the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.直到最近，他们才鼓励在农村地区发展与旅游有关的活动。（江苏高考）
（二）whether引导的宾语从句
whether引导宾语从句时表示“是否”，位于动词之后时可与if互换。
She asked me whether I had returned the books to the library,and I admitted that I hadn’t.她问我是否把书还给图书馆了，我承认我还没有还。（天津高考）
特别提醒
在下列情况下，只能用whether，不用if：
（1）后紧跟or not时
I still don’t know whether or not he’s planning to come.我仍然不知道他是否计划来。
（2）从句作介词宾语时
I’m not interested in whether they believe in me or not.我对他们是否信任我并不关心。
（3）为了强调，将宾语从句提至句首时
whether the story is true or not,I don’t know yet.故事是否属实，我还不知道。
Sentence 2
教材P14>>While we’re doing all this traveling,we can get seasick at sea,airsick in the air and carsick in a car,but we don’t get homesick when we get back home.同样，我们会在海上晕船（seasick at sea）、在飞机里晕机（airsick in the air）、在车里晕车（carsick in a car），但回到家里我们却不会“晕家”（homesick，实际意义为“想家的”）。
句式剖析 本句的结构分析如下：
第一分句 （While we’re doing all this traveling）,we can get seasick at sea,airsick
in the air and carsick in a car.
when引导的时间状语从句
but we don’t get homesick（when we get back home）.
并列连词 第二分句
考点提炼 while/when引导的时间状语从句
引导词 从句谓语动词 用法
while 只能用延续性动词 当从句谓语动词是延续性动词时，while和when可以互换
when 既可以是延续性动词，也可以是非延续性动词
I never worried about my son while I was away because my mother kept an eye on him.当我不在的时候，我从不担心我的儿子，因为我母亲一直在照看着他。（2020·天津）
I picked up English while/when I was living in England.我住在英国期间学会了英语。
Sorry,I was out when you called me.对不起，你打电话时我出去了。（从句中的called为非延续性动词，when不可替换为while）
Sentence 3
教材P15>>You also have to wonder at the unique madness of a language in which a house can burn up as it burns down,in which you fill in a form by filling it out,and in which an alarm is only heard once it goes off!英语这门语言独有的疯狂令你不得不感到惊奇。在英语里，房子烧成灰烬的时候，可以说burn up（字面意思为烧上去），也可以说burn down（字面意思为“烧下去”）；填表的时候，你可以fill in a form（字面意思为“填入表里”），也可以fill out a form（洗面意思为“填到表外”）；而且只有闹钟走了（go off字面意思为“离开”）以后你才能听到铃声！
句式剖析 本句的结构分析如下：
You also have to wonder at the unique madness of a language
主句
as引导时间状语从句
in which a house can burn up as it burns down,
in which you fill in a form by filling it out,and 3个并列的定语从
once引导的时间状语从句 句修饰a language
in which an alarm is only heard once it goes off!
考点提炼 （一）as引导的时间状语从句
as引导时间状语从句时，意为“当……的时候，在……的同时，随着……”，强调主从句的谓语动作同时进行。
I met one of my friends as I was in the park.我在公园时遇到了我的一位朋友。
As the average age of the population increases,there are more and more old people to care for.随着人口平均年龄的增长，有越来越多的老年人需要关照。（天津高考）
They sang songs as they were doing farm work.他们一边干农活，一边唱着歌。
特别提醒
as意为“随着……”时，意思与with相同，但with为介词，后面不能跟从句。
试比较：
随着时间的推移，他的健康状况似乎好转了。
As time goes by,his condition seems to get better.
With time going by,his condition seems to get better.
（二）once引导从句的用法
once作从属连词时，既可以引导时间状语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句。once引导的从句中，要用一般现在时表示将来。
（1）once引导时间状语从句时，意为“一……就……”，相当于as soon as。
Once he arrives,we can start.他一到，我们就可以动身。
（2）once引导条件状语从句时，意为“一旦……就……”。
Once you get into a bad habit,you will find it hard to get rid of it.你一旦养成一个坏习惯，就会发现很难改掉它。
Sentence 4
教材P16>>The origin of“hamburger”was a hard steak called“Hamburg steak”，eatch without bread.“hamburger”起初是一种被称作“Hamburg steak”的硬牛排，不配面包吃。
考点提炼 过去分词作定语
（1）过去分词作定语分为前置和后置两种情况：
①前置定语：单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰词之前，但有些单个的过去分词习惯上放在所修饰词语的后面，如left。
②后置定语：过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后，可扩展为一个定语从句。
This is one of our required subjects.这是我们的必修课之一。
There is little time left.Let’s hurry up.剩余时间不多了，我们快点儿吧。
Jim has retired,but he still remembers the happy time spent with his students.=Jim has retired,but he still remembers the happy time that was spent with his students.吉姆已经退休了，但是他依然记得和学生一起度过的快乐时光。
（2）过去分词作定语常用来修饰名词或代词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词或代词。过去分词表示被动、完成（不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成）。
This is a used stamp.这是一张用过的邮票。（表示被动和完成）
They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard.他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。（只表示完成）
Point 1 come across
教材语境P17>>When you open a dictionary,you often come across a lot of unfamiliar words.当你打开词典时，你经常会遇到许多不熟悉的单词。
用法详解 （1）（偶然）遇见，发现。为及物短语动词，相当于happen to meet,run across等。
When walking down the street,I came across David,whom I hadn’t seen for years.当走在街上的时候，我遇到了戴维，我已经有好多年没见过他了。（天津高考）
She came across some old photographs in a drawer.她在一个抽屉里偶然发现了一些旧照片。
（2）被理解，被弄懂。为不及物短语动词，相当于get across。
Your point really came across at the meeting.会上你的观点大家都非常明白了。
归纳拓展 come构成的其他短语：
come up被提及，被讨论（不用于被动语态）
come about发生（常与how连用）
come out出现，出版，发表；开花
come come up with拿出（一笔钱等）；找到（答案），想出（主意）
come on登台，上场；改进，发展；
come true实现；成为现实（不用于被动语态）得了吧；赶快，加把劲
语境串记
One day I came across an old friend in the street,He said his new book would come out and that some of my ideas were in it.I never imagined that such a thing would come about in my life.一天，我在街上偶遇了一位老朋友。他说他的新书将要出版，而且我的一些观点也被写进了书里。我从未想过这样的事情会发生在我的生命里。
Point 2 contact
教材语境P17>>…a friend that you contact by writing,traditionally using a pen… ……你通过写信（通常用笔）联系的朋友……
用法详解 （1）vt.（通过信件或电话等）联系，联络
Please contact me by e-mail if you are interested.如果有兴趣，请发电子邮件与我联系。
Tim,where have you gone I’ve been trying to contact you all day.蒂姆，你去哪了？我一整天都在设法与你联系。
（2）n.[U]联系，联络
常见搭配 make contact with sb.与某人取得联系
keep in contact with sb.与某人保持联系
lose/be out of contact with sb.与某人失去联系
be in contact with sb.与某人有联系
I have managed to make contact with an old friend.我已设法与一位老朋友取得联系。
The Internet helps me keep in contact with my friends.互联网有助于我与朋友们保持联系。
Taking on this challenge will bring you in contact with someone who shares your interests.接受这项挑战会让你接触到和你有共同兴趣的人。（2020·江苏）
特别提醒
（1）contact用作动词时是及物动词，其后不需要加介词with。
（2）keep/be in contact with和be out of contact with表状态，可与时间段连用；而make contact with和lose contact with表示动作，不能与时间段连用。
Point 3 likely
用法详解
（1）adv.可能地
They’ll likely spend the Spring Festival in Qingdao this year.他们今年可能会在青岛过春节。
（2）adj.可能的
常见搭配 It is likely that…可能……
be likely to do sth.可能做某事
If you can find suitable learning methods,your learning efficiency is likely to improve.
如果你能找到合适的学习方法，你的学习效率就可能提高。
She’s very likely to ring me tonight.→It’s very likely that she’ll ring me tonight.今晚她很可能给我打电话。
辨析比较
易混词 语气强弱 主语 常用句型
probable ↑ 常用it作形式主语 It is probable that…
likely 可以是人，也可以是物，还可以用it作形式主语 Sb./Sth.is likely to do sth. It is likely that…
possible 常用it作形式主语 It is possible(for sb.)to do sth. It is possible that…
他有可能会赢得摄影比赛。
He is likely to win the photo competition.
It is possible for him to win the photo competition.
It is probable/possible/likely that he will win the photo competition.
Point 4 addition
教材语境P19>>Each year,many additions are made to English dictionaries.每年英语词典都要有许多增添内容。
用法详解 addition n.[C]增加物，添加；加法
常见搭配 in addition此外
In addition to除……外还
This excellent book will be a welcome addition to the library of any student.这本好书会成为受所有学生喜爱的新藏书。
This building was completely refurbished in 1987,with the addition of a picnic site.这座建筑于1987年被完全翻修，增添了一个野餐场所。
I don’t quite like this colour of the coat.In addition,it costs too much.我不太喜欢这件外套的颜色。另外，它太贵了。
In addition to his movie work,Redford is known as a champion of environmental causes.除了电影事业外，雷德福还是位公认的环保斗士。
Sentence 1
教材 P18》Americans live in an apartment, while the British live in a flat. 美国人住在“apartment”中，而英国人住在“flat”中。
句式剖析
该句是并列句。while在此处作并列连词，连接两个并列分句，表示对比。
考点提炼 while作并列连词的用法
while作并列连词时，表示对比，意为“但是，而”，用来连接两个并列分句。
Every morning, my dad has to have a bowl of egg soup while I have to eat an apple. 每天早上，我爸爸要喝一碗鸡蛋汤，而我要吃一个苹果。（2020·全国III卷改编）
While the sun’s rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial Vitamin D.
虽然太阳光线会使我们的皮肤衰老并伤害我们的皮肤，但它们也能给我们提供有益的维生素D。（全国I卷）
vt. 使变老
归纳拓展 while作连词的其他用法：
（1）作从属连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候”，常位于句中。
My children always kept silent while I was writing. 当我写作的时候，我的孩子总会保持安静。
（2）作从属连词，引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”，多位于句首。
While I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved. 我尽管承认有问题存在，但不认为这些问题不能解决。
Sentence 2
教材 P18》 It’s not as confusing as it seems：usually people from the two countries can understand each other from the context. 这并不像看上去那么令人困惑：通常两国人民可以通过语境互相理解。
句式剖析 冒号前的内容中包含一个“as...as...”结构，第一个as作副词，修饰形容词confusing，第二个as引导比较状语从句。
考点提炼 “as...as...”结构的用法
（1）as...as.意为“像/和一样……”，表示同级比较，两个as之间通常使用形容词或副词的原级。第一个as作副词，第二个as作连词，引导比较状语从句。as...as...的否定形式为not as/so...as...（不如……那样……）。
The girls are as busy with their work as bees. 这些女孩像蜜蜂一样忙于她们的工作。
Judy goes to the movies as often as Sara does. 朱迪像萨拉一样经常去看电影。
Maybe things are not as bad as they seem to be. 也许事情并不像看上去的那么糟。
（2）“as...as...”结构还有以下几种常见形式：
as + adj.+a（n）+ 可数名词单数 + as...
as + many + 可数名词复数+ as...
as + much +T可数名词 + as...
He is as nice a boy as Peter（is）. 他是个像彼得一样的好孩子。
She has as many friends as Mary（does）. 她有和玛丽一样多的朋友。
I can carry as much paper as you can. 我能搬和你一样多的纸。
特别提醒
（1）“as...as...”结构中，第二个as引导的比较状语从句中常省去与主句相同的部分，只留下相比较的部分。
（2）“as...as...”结构中，第二个as 引导的比较状语从句常用助动词或情态动词的某种形式代替与主句相同的谓语部分。
Point 1 remind
教材语境P20》Here are some of our favourites, to remind us that some of the English we learn in the classroom is rather different from the English in the outside world! 以下是我们最喜欢的一些（回帖），它们让我们意识到，有些在课堂上学到的英语跟外部世界的英语真是太不一样了！
用法详解 remind vt.提醒，使……想起
常见搭配
remind sb.of sth. 提醒某人某事，使某人想起某事（不能表达为remind sb. sth.）
remind sb.（not）to do sth. 提醒某人（不要）做某事
remind sb. that... 提醒某人……
This song reminded me of my childhood. 这首歌使我想起了我的童年。
I forgot to remind him of the time for the interview. 我忘了要提醒他面试的时间。
We put up a board reminding people to protect the trees. 我们立了一块告示板提醒人们保护树木。
However, her dad reminded her that sugary treats were bad for her teeth. 然而，她爸爸提醒她，甜食对她的牙齿有害。（北京高考）
归纳拓展 相关词语积累：
reminder n. [C] 提示信，通知单；提醒人的事物，引起回忆的事物
a reminder of... ……提示/警示
The photographs are a reminder of the life in the 1920s. 这些照片使人忆起 20 世纪20年代的生活.
Point 2 comment
教材语境P20》325 comments 325条评论
用法详解
（1）n. [C, U] 评论
常见搭配 make comments/a comment on/about... 对……发表评论
She made helpful comments on my work. 她对我的工作提出了有益的意见。
（2）vt. & vi. 发表意见，评论
常见搭配 comment on/upon... 对……进行评论
So far, Mr Cook has not commented on these reports. 到目前为止，库克先生尚未就这些报道发表评论。
Point 3 intend
教材语境P22》morally wrong and intending to hurt people 在道德上是错误的，并且打算伤害他人
用法详解 intend vt. & vi. 计划，打算。其名词为intention，意为“意图，目的”。
常见搭配
intend doing sth./intend to do sth. 打算做某事，想要做某事
intend sb.to do sth. 想要某人做某事
had intended to do sth. 本打算做某事（而未做）
Mr White is back home now and intends to write a book about his adventure. 怀特先生现在回家了，打算写一本关于他的奇遇的书。
He intends his son to take over his business. 他想让他的儿子接管他的生意。
By turning kids on to fishing, he intended to present an alternative way of life. 通过使孩子们对钓鱼感兴趣，他打算呈现一种另类的生活方式。
I had intended to clean up the house yesterday, but the water supply was cut off. 我本打算昨天打扫房子的，但是断水了。
归纳拓展
（1）intended adj.计划的，打算的；为……打算（或设计）的
be intended for... 为……而设计的
be intended to do... 打算做……
（2）intention n. [C, U] 打算，意图
Who are the intended readers of the article 这篇文章的预期读者是谁？
The new traffic law is mainly intended to lower the rate of traffic accidents and injuries.
新的交通法主要旨在降低交通事故和受伤的比率。（福建高考）
He left England with the intention of travelling in China. 他离开英格兰，打算去中国旅行。
Point 4 recognise
教材语境P24》 recognise differences between American English and British English辨别美式英语和英式英语之间的差异
用法详解 （1）vt. 辨别出。在美式英语中，拼法为recognize。
常见搭配 recognise sb. /sth. by... 通过……认出某人/某物
The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without being recognised.
这位影星戴着太阳镜，这样他就可以去购物而不被认出来。
I recognised her by her red hair. 我通过她的红头发认出了她。
（2）vt. 意识到，承认；认可，接受，赞成；赞赏，公认
常见搭配
recognise...as/to be... 承认……是……（其被动形式为be recognised as/to be...）
It is recognised that... 人们意识到……
It是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句
Arthur Miller is recognised as one of the greatest dramatists of the 20th century. 阿瑟·米勒被认为是20世纪最伟大的剧作家之一。
It is recognised that Jane is the most intelligent girl among us. 大家承认简是我们当中最聪明的女孩。
归纳拓展 相关词语积累：
recognition n. [U] 认识，认出；承认
change beyond/out of（all）recognition 变得（完全）认不出来
Point 5 aware
教材语境 P24》be aware of cultural differences 意到文化差异
用法详解 aware adj. 知道，意识到；察觉到，发觉
常见搭配
be/become aware of/that... 知道……，察觉到……
as far as I’m aware 据我所知
People around the world should be aware of the real situation of water shortage. 全世界的人都应该知道水资源短缺的真实情况。
归纳拓展 相关词语积累：
（1）unaware adj. 不知道，没意识到，未察觉
be unaware of... 不知道/没意识到……
He was completely unaware of the whole affair. 他对整件事情一无所知。
（2）awareness n.[U, sing.] 认识，意识
build/raise/increase one’s awareness of... 树立/加强/增强某人对……的意识
We should raise people's awareness of the importance of having a healthy diet. 我们应该加强人们对拥有健康饮食的重要性的意识。
语境串记
In order to increase people’s awareness of protecting the environment, we must make people around us aware of the importance of it first. 为了增强人们的环保意识，我们必须首先让我们周围的人意识到它的重要性。
Sentence 1
教材P21》So I went up to the first floor, but couldn’t find any shoes. 于是我上到二楼，但是并没有找到鞋。
考点提炼 全部否定
全部否定的构成常有以下两种情况：
（1）否定词 not/never + any/anybody/anything/anywhere/...
（2）表示全部否定意义的词（no，none，nobody，nothing，no one，neither 等）+ 表示肯定意义的谓语
But how do you know We never told anyone. 但你怎么知道？我们从未告诉过任何人。（天津高考）
Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of which has been proved. 科学家提出了许多关于人类为什么流泪的理论，但没有一个被证实。（浙江高考）
Nothing is difficult to a willing heart. [谚] 世上无难事，只怕有心人。
Sentence 2
教材P21》I spent days preparing and writing my first English paper. 我的第一篇英语论文，从准备到写作花了若干天时间。
考点提炼 spend some time（in）doing sth.
spend some time（in）doing sth. 表示“花时间做某事”。与之意义相近的另一个表达是spend some time on sth.，意为“花时间在某事上”。
Mrs. Meredith was a most kind and thoughtful woman. She spent a great deal of time visiting the poor.梅瑞狄斯太太是一个非常善良和体贴的女人。她花了很多时间去看望穷人。（2020·山东）
He spends too much time on things that don’t matter. 他在无关紧要的事情上花费太多时间。
辨析比较 spend/take/cost/pay
易混词 宾语 常用句型
spend 时间、金钱 Sb. spends some time（in）doing sth.
Sb.spends some money（on）doing sth.
Sb.spends some time/money on sth.
take 时间 It takes（sb.）some time to do sth.
Sth.takes（sb.）some time.
cost 金钱 Sth.costs（sb.）some money.
pay 金钱 Sb.pays（sb.）some money for sth.
The book cost him 60 yuan. = He spent 60 yuan on（buying）the book.= He paid 60 yuan for the book.他花了六十元钱买这本书。
He spent 2 weeks（in）reading the book.= It took him 2 weeks to read the book. = Reading the book took him 2 weeks. 他花了两个星期读这本书。
P15
That is why when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are invisible. 那就是为什么星星出来时候时看得见的，但等熄灭了时候是看不见的。
This / That is/ was why... why 这 / 那就是.....的原因
（because引导标语从根据，表示结果）
2. That/ It is/ was because. . . /
( because引导标语从根据，表示原因）
3. The reason why... is/ was that...... ...的原因是....
(why 引导定语从句并在从和剧中作状语； that引导表语从句，表示原因)
Eg:
He fell from a tall tree. That is why he hurt his leg.
-- He hurt his leg. That is because he fell from a tall tree.
--- The reason why he hurt his leg is that he fell from a tall tree
练习：2020全国1卷 语法填空
Thefar side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山 )月球的远端特别使科学家感兴趣,因为它有很多深坑(环形山)
= The far side of the moon is of particular interest to scientists.Thatis because it has a lot of
deep craters.
=The far side of the moon has a lot of it is of deep craters. That is why it is of particular interest to scientists.
We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.我们和尼克聊了很多，因为我觉得尼克和岳母住在一起是件大事。
= The reason why we spoke more with Nick is that I think it’s a big thing for Nick to
live with mother-in-law.
(P14) Neither...nor
Neither is there pine nor apple in pineapple.
pineapple(菠萝 )中既没有 pine(松树 ) 也没有apple(苹果 )
表示否定意义的neither 位语句首时，句子用倒装结构。
Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory. 理论离不开实践，实践也离不开理论。
neither...nor...连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数应和临近的主语一致，遵循“就近原则
Neither he nor I am satisfied with your answer.他和我对你的回答都不满意。
neither 可以用作代词，单独作主语，表示“两者中没有一个”；
David and Jim had been quarrelling for a long time, and neither of them backed down.大卫和吉姆吵了很久，谁也没有退让。
4.表示“也不，也没 ”时，可用neither或nor引起的部分倒装句进行简略回答，其结构为：Neither\Nor +助情be + 主语
They didn't goto the park yesterday.Neither/Nor did we.
昨天他们没去公园，我们也没去。
（China Daily，2020年7月）While the twb countries are quitedifferent in the social system and many other aspects, it is neithernecessary nor possible for the two sides to change each other.
尽管这两个国家在社会制度还有很多其他方面完全不同，但双方没有必要也不可能去改变彼此。
1-1（2020全国新高考I，阅读理解C，)
As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book,or even a piece of reportage.
The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but neither contained any useful suggestions.
2019全国2卷
七选五
Without motivation,you can neither set a goal nor reach it.
→Without motivation, neither can you set a goal nor reach it.
完成句子
总之，我并没有轻率地决定申请灯塔计划。我的家人也没有。
In short, I did not take my decision to apply for the Lighthouse Project lightly.
neither did my family.
This phenomenon is neither good nor bad.
这种现象既不好也不坏。
她既不能读也不能写。
She could neither read nor write.