高中英语时文阅读外刊精选精练
专题26
陕西发现4世纪古墓
【原文·外刊阅读】
Tombs dating back to 4th century discovered in Shaanxi Province
（文章来源：Global Times）
A cemetery with 285 tombs dating back to the 4th century has been unearthed in Northwest China's Shaanxi Province, reported the state broadcaster CCTV on Wednesday, citing the Xi'an Institute of Cul-tural Relics and Archaeology. The discovery not only sheds light on the evolution of the burial and sacrifi-cial system in ancient times, but also contributes to studies on population mixing and ethnic integration.
The tombs, which span a time from the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304-439) to the Sui and Tang dynasties (581-907), were found in an orderly aligned layout. The cemetery stands as the largest independent cemetery from the period found to date.
All the tombs in the cemetery are oriented toward the east. This practice was consistently maintained from the early years of the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Tang Dynasty, spanning over 300 years. Archaeologists say this demonstrates strong uniqueness and stability.
The find also represents a crucial link in the evolution of ancient Chinese burial practices, showcasing a unique blend of burial systems spanning from the independent mausoleum traditions of the Warring States period to the family cemetery systems of the Northern Dynasties (439-581) and Sui and Tang dynasties, according to the report. Archaeologists say the excavation of the graveyard helps shed light on the evolution of the burial and sacrificial system in northern China in the Sixteen Kingdoms period and Northern Dynasties. In addition, pottery figurines, pottery stoves and kettles, pottery lanterns and epitaph bricks imprinted with characters identifying the year the brick was made were unearthed from the tombs.
The evolving burial styles and accompanying artifacts within the cemetery suggest a cultural synthesis. The inhabitants of this cemetery adhered to their ethnic traditions while adapting elements of Han Chinese culture. This reflects the gradual integration of ethnic minorities who migrated to the Central Plains during the Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties period, providing valuable insights into the complex historical and cultural dynamics of the Chang'an (the old name for Xi'an and capital of the Tang Dynasty) region over the 300 years spanning the Northern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang.
The discovery will also contribute to studies on population mixing and ethnic integration in the Chang'an area, serving as an important manifestation of the characteristics of Chinese civilization, emphasizing "inclusive integration and unity in diversity," according to the report.
【原创·阅读理解】
1.What is the significance of the discovered cemetery in Shaanxi Province
A. It is the oldest cemetery found in China.
B. It sheds light on the evolution of ancient Chinese burial practices and contributes to studies on population mixing and ethnic integration.
C. It marks the location of the largest battle in ancient Chinese history.
D. It provides evidence of a new civilization predating the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
【答案】B
【解析】
文章提到这个墓地的发现不仅揭示了古代中国埋葬习俗的演变，还有助于研究人口混合和民族融合。故选B项。
2.What is the orientation of all the tombs in the discovered cemetery, and what does this demonstrate
A. The tombs are oriented toward the west, demonstrating a change in burial traditions.
B. The tombs are oriented toward the south, demonstrating inconsistency in burial practices.
C. The tombs are oriented toward the east, demonstrating uniqueness and stability in burial practices.
D. The tombs have no consistent orientation, demonstrating chaos in burial arrangements.
【答案】C
【解析】
文章提到这个墓地的所有墓葬都朝东，这一做法在整个十六国至唐代的三百多年中保持一致，表明了其独特性和稳定性。故选C项。
3.How does the discovery reflect the cultural synthesis of the inhabitants of the cemetery
A. The inhabitants strictly adhered to their ethnic traditions without any influence from Han Chinese culture.
B. The inhabitants completely abandoned their ethnic traditions and fully embraced Han Chinese culture.
C. The inhabitants adapted elements of Han Chinese culture while maintaining their ethnic traditions.
D. The inhabitants only followed the burial practices of Han Chinese culture without any variation.
【答案】C
【解析】
文章提到墓地内的发现表明这些居民在保持其民族传统的同时，吸收了汉族文化的元素，反映了文化的综合。故选C项。
【精选·名校好题】
Ⅰ
（2023·大庆肇州二中联考）When Richard Oswald was growing up in northwestern Missouri in the 1950s, his dad had a firm rule: Don’t plant corn until mid-May. But that rule has become a relic of the past. In Rock Port, a small farming community near the Nebraska border, the growing season now begins more than a month earlier.
That’s not surprising. Across much of the US, winter is not as cold as it used to be. The four warmest Januaries on record have all occurred since 2016. In Missouri, winters are about 4 degrees hotter on average than in 1970-and farmers are starting to feel the effects.
As the planet continues to warm, cold winter weather will become less common, said Amy Butler, a re-search scientist studying climate variability. “However, less cold does not mean never cold.” Butler said. In the past decade, Liz Graznak’s organic vegetable farm near Columbia, Missouri, has endured increasingly extreme swings in weather. “We don’t get a couple of inches of snow; we get 18 inches of snow all at once and then in five days, it’ s 70 degrees again.” Graznak said. “We don’t get a couple of inches of rain; we get a 12-inch downpour in the span of 24 hours. That’s devastating(毁灭性的)to a vegetable farm.”
To help protect her crops, Graznak has built four large greenhouses on her property in just over a decade. Inside, she’s able to grow delicate, high-value crops, including flowers, lettuce and spinach.
But these greenhouses come at a steep cost. Nearly seven years ago, Graznak spent more than $18,000 to build a greenhouse and since then, the price has more than doubled. “When I think about these costs, in my brain, I say, ‘OK, how many heads of lettuce is that ’” She said. “I know I can sell a head of lettuce for $4, so how many heads of lettuce do I have to sell to be able to pay for that greenhouse And that’s a lot of lettuce.”
1．What does the author want to show by telling Richard Oswald’s story
A．New farmers should learn to farm on their own.
B．New farmers aren’t as experienced as old ones.
C．Following traditional farming rules is essential.
D．Climate change is changing farming rules.
2．What did Liz Graznak experience in the past decade
A．Many extreme weather events.
B．A winter without any cold days.
C．Less snow and rain on the whole.
D．More stable temperature than before.
3．What can be inferred from Liz Graznak’s words in the last paragraph
A．The profits of her farm have increased.
B．She has lost hope in the future of farming.
C．The cost of farming has greatly increased.
D．Budgeting is important in modern farming.
4．What would be the best title for the text
A．Farmers in the US are troubled by floods
B．Farmers are worried about the future of farming
C．Farmers are feeling climate change’s effect in the US
D．Farmers are turning to greenhouses due to climate change
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了气候变化正在改变农业规则，在过去的十年里经历了许多极端天气事件，导致农业成本大大增加。
1．推理判断题。文章第一段讲到“But that rule has become a relic of the past. In Rock Port, a small farming community near the Nebraska border, the growing season now begins more than a month earlier.(但这一规则已经成为过去的遗迹。在内布拉斯加州边境附近的一个小农业社区洛克波特，生长季节提前了一个多月)”以及第三段讲到“In the past decade, Liz Graznak’s organic vegetable farm near Columbia, Missouri, has endured increasingly extreme swings in weather. (在过去的十年里，密苏里州哥伦比亚附近的Liz Graznak的有机蔬菜农场经受了越来越极端的天气变化)”可知，作者通过讲述理查德·奥斯瓦尔德的故事想表达的是气候变化正在改变农业规则。故选D。
2．细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“In the past decade, Liz Graznak’s organic vegetable farm near Columbia, Missouri, has endured increasingly extreme swings in weather. “We don’t get a couple of inches of snow; we get 18 inches of snow all at once and then in five days, it’ s 70 degrees again.” Graznak said. (在过去的十年里，Liz Graznak在密苏里州哥伦比亚附近的有机蔬菜农场经受了越来越极端的天气变化。“我们没有几英寸的雪;我们一下子下了18英寸的雪，然后在5天内，气温又回到了70华氏度。”Graznak说。)”可知，Liz Graznak在过去的十年里经历了许多极端天气事件。故选A。
3．推理判断题。文章最后一段讲到“Nearly seven years ago, Graznak spent more than $18,000 to build a greenhouse and since then, the price has more than doubled. (大约七年前，Graznak花了18000多美元建造了一个温室，从那时起，价格已经翻了一倍多)”可知，从最后一段莉兹·格拉兹纳克的话中可以推断出农业成本大大增加了。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了气候变化正在改变农业规则，在过去的十年里经历了许多极端天气事件，导致农业成本大大增加。第一段讲到“But that rule has become a relic of the past. In Rock Port, a small farming community near the Nebraska border, the growing season now begins more than a month earlier.(但这一规则已经成为过去的遗迹。在内布拉斯加州边境附近的一个小农业社区洛克波特，生长季节提前了一个多月)”可知，这篇文章最好的标题是：“美国农民感受到了气候变化的影响”。故选C。
Ⅱ
（2024·潍坊模拟预测）Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media environments where algorithms control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online algorithms may affect how they learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions, conflict and the spread of misinformation.
On social media platforms, algorithms are mainly designed to amplify (放大) information that sustains engagement, meaning they keep people clicking on content and coming back to the platforms. There is evidence suggesting that a side effect of this design is that algorithms amplify information people are strongly biased (偏向的) to learn from. We call this information “PRIME”, for prestigious, in-group, moral and emotional information.
In our evolutionary past, biases to learn from PRIME information were very advantageous: Learning from prestigious individuals is efficient because these people are successful and their behavior can be copied. Paying attention to people who violate moral norms is important because punishing them helps the community maintain cooperation. But what happens when PRIME information becomes amplified by algorithms and some people exploit (利用) algorithm amplification to promote themselves Prestige becomes a poor signal of success because people can fake prestige on social media. News become filled with negative and moral information so that there is conflict rather than cooperation.
The interaction of human psychology and algorithm amplification leads to disfunction because social learning supports cooperation and problem-solving, but social media algorithms are designed to increase engagement. We call it functional mismatch. One of the key outcomes of functional mismatch is that people start to form incorrect perceptions of their social world, which often occurs in the field of politics. Recent research suggests that when algorithms selectively amplify more extreme political views, people begin to think that their political in-group and out-group are more sharply divided than they really are. Such “false polarization” might be an important source of greater political conflict.
So what’s next A key question is what can be done to make algorithms facilitate accurate human social learning rather than exploit social learning biases. Some research team is working on new algorithm designs that increase engagement while also punishing PRIME information. This may maintain user activity that social media platforms seek, but also make people’s social perceptions more accurate.
5．What are social media algorithms targeted at
A．Improving social environment.
B．Generating PRIME information.
C．Avoiding side effects of social media.
D．Raising the media platform click rate.
6．Why does the author refer to “false polarization” in paragraph 4
A．To make an assumption.
B．To illustrate a conclusion.
C．To explain a political issue.
D．To present an extreme case.
7．According to the author, algorithms will be improved so as to ________.
A．boost engagement and regulate amplification
B．strengthen social learning and delete biases
C．identify biases and punish PRIME information
D．monitor media platforms and guarantee users’ privacy
8．What is the best title of the text
A．PRIME information meets with misperceptions
B．Algorithms control the flow of social information
C．Social media algorithms twist human social learning
D．Online algorithm designs face unexpected challenges
【答案】5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了社交媒体的算法影响了人类的社交，一些人利用算法放大来推销自己，新闻充斥着负面和道德信息，因此存在冲突而不是合作。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段“On social media platforms, algorithms are mainly designed to amplify (放大) information that sustains engagement, meaning they keep people clicking on content and coming back to the platforms.(在社交媒体平台上，算法的主要目的是放大维持用户粘性的信息，这意味着它们会让人们点击内容并回到平台上)”可知，社交媒体算法的目标是提高媒体平台点击率。故选D。
6．推理判断题。根据第四段“One of the key outcomes of functional mismatch is that people start to form incorrect perceptions of their social world, which often occurs in the field of politics. Recent research suggests that when algorithms selectively amplify more extreme political views, people begin to think that their political in-group and out-group are more sharply divided than they really are. Such “false polarization” might be an important source of greater political conflict.(功能不匹配的一个关键结果是人们开始对他们的社会世界形成错误的认知，这种情况经常发生在政治领域。最近的研究表明，当算法有选择地放大更极端的政治观点时，人们开始认为他们的政治内部群体和外部群体的分歧比实际情况更严重。这种“虚假两极分化”可能是更大政治冲突的一个重要来源)”可推知，作者在第4段提到“虚假极化”是为了说明结论。故选B。
7．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Some research team is working on new algorithm designs that increase engagement while also punishing PRIME information. This may maintain user activity that social media platforms seek, but also make people’s social perceptions more accurate.(一些研究团队正在研究新的算法设计，以增加用户粘性，同时惩罚PRIME信息。这可能会维持社交媒体平台所寻求的用户活动，但也会使人们的社会认知更加准确)”可知，算法将得到改进，以提高参与度和调节放大。故选A。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media environments where algorithms control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online algorithms may affect how they learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions, conflict and the spread of misinformation.(如今，人们越来越多地在社交媒体环境中与他人互动，算法控制着他们看到的社交信息流。人们与在线算法的互动可能会影响他们向他人学习的方式，带来负面后果，包括社会误解、冲突和错误信息的传播)”结合文章主要说明了社交媒体的算法影响了人类的社交，一些人利用算法放大来推销自己，新闻充斥着负面和道德信息，因此存在冲突而不是合作。故C选项“社交媒体算法扭曲了人类的社交学习”最符合文章标题。故选C。高中英语时文阅读外刊精选精练
专题26
陕西发现4世纪古墓
【原文·外刊阅读】
Tombs dating back to 4th century discovered in Shaanxi Province
（文章来源：Global Times）
A cemetery with 285 tombs dating back to the 4th century has been unearthed in Northwest China's Shaanxi Province, reported the state broadcaster CCTV on Wednesday, citing the Xi'an Institute of Cul-tural Relics and Archaeology. The discovery not only sheds light on the evolution of the burial and sacrifi-cial system in ancient times, but also contributes to studies on population mixing and ethnic integration.
The tombs, which span a time from the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304-439) to the Sui and Tang dynasties (581-907), were found in an orderly aligned layout. The cemetery stands as the largest independent cemetery from the period found to date.
All the tombs in the cemetery are oriented toward the east. This practice was consistently maintained from the early years of the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Tang Dynasty, spanning over 300 years. Archaeologists say this demonstrates strong uniqueness and stability.
The find also represents a crucial link in the evolution of ancient Chinese burial practices, showcasing a unique blend of burial systems spanning from the independent mausoleum traditions of the Warring States period to the family cemetery systems of the Northern Dynasties (439-581) and Sui and Tang dynasties, according to the report. Archaeologists say the excavation of the graveyard helps shed light on the evolution of the burial and sacrificial system in northern China in the Sixteen Kingdoms period and Northern Dynasties. In addition, pottery figurines, pottery stoves and kettles, pottery lanterns and epitaph bricks imprinted with characters identifying the year the brick was made were unearthed from the tombs.
The evolving burial styles and accompanying artifacts within the cemetery suggest a cultural synthesis. The inhabitants of this cemetery adhered to their ethnic traditions while adapting elements of Han Chinese culture. This reflects the gradual integration of ethnic minorities who migrated to the Central Plains during the Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties period, providing valuable insights into the complex historical and cultural dynamics of the Chang'an (the old name for Xi'an and capital of the Tang Dynasty) region over the 300 years spanning the Northern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang.
The discovery will also contribute to studies on population mixing and ethnic integration in the Chang'an area, serving as an important manifestation of the characteristics of Chinese civilization, emphasizing "inclusive integration and unity in diversity," according to the report.
【原创·阅读理解】
1.What is the significance of the discovered cemetery in Shaanxi Province
A. It is the oldest cemetery found in China.
B. It sheds light on the evolution of ancient Chinese burial practices and contributes to studies on population mixing and ethnic integration.
C. It marks the location of the largest battle in ancient Chinese history.
D. It provides evidence of a new civilization predating the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
2.What is the orientation of all the tombs in the discovered cemetery, and what does this demonstrate
A. The tombs are oriented toward the west, demonstrating a change in burial traditions.
B. The tombs are oriented toward the south, demonstrating inconsistency in burial practices.
C. The tombs are oriented toward the east, demonstrating uniqueness and stability in burial practices.
D. The tombs have no consistent orientation, demonstrating chaos in burial arrangements.
3.How does the discovery reflect the cultural synthesis of the inhabitants of the cemetery
A. The inhabitants strictly adhered to their ethnic traditions without any influence from Han Chinese culture.
B. The inhabitants completely abandoned their ethnic traditions and fully embraced Han Chinese culture.
C. The inhabitants adapted elements of Han Chinese culture while maintaining their ethnic traditions.
D. The inhabitants only followed the burial practices of Han Chinese culture without any variation.
【精选·名校好题】
Ⅰ
（2023·大庆肇州二中联考）When Richard Oswald was growing up in northwestern Missouri in the 1950s, his dad had a firm rule: Don’t plant corn until mid-May. But that rule has become a relic of the past. In Rock Port, a small farming community near the Nebraska border, the growing season now begins more than a month earlier.
That’s not surprising. Across much of the US, winter is not as cold as it used to be. The four warmest Januaries on record have all occurred since 2016. In Missouri, winters are about 4 degrees hotter on average than in 1970-and farmers are starting to feel the effects.
As the planet continues to warm, cold winter weather will become less common, said Amy Butler, a re-search scientist studying climate variability. “However, less cold does not mean never cold.” Butler said. In the past decade, Liz Graznak’s organic vegetable farm near Columbia, Missouri, has endured increasingly extreme swings in weather. “We don’t get a couple of inches of snow; we get 18 inches of snow all at once and then in five days, it’ s 70 degrees again.” Graznak said. “We don’t get a couple of inches of rain; we get a 12-inch downpour in the span of 24 hours. That’s devastating(毁灭性的)to a vegetable farm.”
To help protect her crops, Graznak has built four large greenhouses on her property in just over a decade. Inside, she’s able to grow delicate, high-value crops, including flowers, lettuce and spinach.
But these greenhouses come at a steep cost. Nearly seven years ago, Graznak spent more than $18,000 to build a greenhouse and since then, the price has more than doubled. “When I think about these costs, in my brain, I say, ‘OK, how many heads of lettuce is that ’” She said. “I know I can sell a head of lettuce for $4, so how many heads of lettuce do I have to sell to be able to pay for that greenhouse And that’s a lot of lettuce.”
1．What does the author want to show by telling Richard Oswald’s story
A．New farmers should learn to farm on their own.
B．New farmers aren’t as experienced as old ones.
C．Following traditional farming rules is essential.
D．Climate change is changing farming rules.
2．What did Liz Graznak experience in the past decade
A．Many extreme weather events.
B．A winter without any cold days.
C．Less snow and rain on the whole.
D．More stable temperature than before.
3．What can be inferred from Liz Graznak’s words in the last paragraph
A．The profits of her farm have increased.
B．She has lost hope in the future of farming.
C．The cost of farming has greatly increased.
D．Budgeting is important in modern farming.
4．What would be the best title for the text
A．Farmers in the US are troubled by floods
B．Farmers are worried about the future of farming
C．Farmers are feeling climate change’s effect in the US
D．Farmers are turning to greenhouses due to climate change
Ⅱ
（2024·潍坊模拟预测）Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media environments where algorithms control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online algorithms may affect how they learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions, conflict and the spread of misinformation.
On social media platforms, algorithms are mainly designed to amplify (放大) information that sustains engagement, meaning they keep people clicking on content and coming back to the platforms. There is evidence suggesting that a side effect of this design is that algorithms amplify information people are strongly biased (偏向的) to learn from. We call this information “PRIME”, for prestigious, in-group, moral and emotional information.
In our evolutionary past, biases to learn from PRIME information were very advantageous: Learning from prestigious individuals is efficient because these people are successful and their behavior can be copied. Paying attention to people who violate moral norms is important because punishing them helps the community maintain cooperation. But what happens when PRIME information becomes amplified by algorithms and some people exploit (利用) algorithm amplification to promote themselves Prestige becomes a poor signal of success because people can fake prestige on social media. News become filled with negative and moral information so that there is conflict rather than cooperation.
The interaction of human psychology and algorithm amplification leads to disfunction because social learning supports cooperation and problem-solving, but social media algorithms are designed to increase engagement. We call it functional mismatch. One of the key outcomes of functional mismatch is that people start to form incorrect perceptions of their social world, which often occurs in the field of politics. Recent research suggests that when algorithms selectively amplify more extreme political views, people begin to think that their political in-group and out-group are more sharply divided than they really are. Such “false polarization” might be an important source of greater political conflict.
So what’s next A key question is what can be done to make algorithms facilitate accurate human social learning rather than exploit social learning biases. Some research team is working on new algorithm designs that increase engagement while also punishing PRIME information. This may maintain user activity that social media platforms seek, but also make people’s social perceptions more accurate.
5．What are social media algorithms targeted at
A．Improving social environment.
B．Generating PRIME information.
C．Avoiding side effects of social media.
D．Raising the media platform click rate.
6．Why does the author refer to “false polarization” in paragraph 4
A．To make an assumption.
B．To illustrate a conclusion.
C．To explain a political issue.
D．To present an extreme case.
7．According to the author, algorithms will be improved so as to ________.
A．boost engagement and regulate amplification
B．strengthen social learning and delete biases
C．identify biases and punish PRIME information
D．monitor media platforms and guarantee users’ privacy
8．What is the best title of the text
A．PRIME information meets with misperceptions
B．Algorithms control the flow of social information
C．Social media algorithms twist human social learning
D．Online algorithm designs face unexpected challenges
