专题03 优选精炼说明文
1.（2024·江西鹰潭·高三贵溪市实验中学校考期末）
Aeronautics (航空学) specialists from the University of South Australia spent months studying the dragonfly’s flight, creating 3D models from digital images, to build a winged drone (无人机). Study leader Javaan Chahl believes that winged drones based on the dragonfly’s shape and movement will simply be more flexible and energy efficient.
Chahl’s team used a special photography technique to classify the wing shapes of 75 different dragonfly species from museum collections. Their wings are long, light and hard. Plus, their long bodies give them excellent stability and balance, making it possible for winged drones to deliver awkward loads and undertake long observation missions.
Investigating the way that dragonflies remain stable during flight actually reveals the techniques they use to get themselves out of tricky situations. Dragonflies are found to be able to perform upside-down backflips to regain balance and normal flight, when they find themselves upside down mid-air. This special skill can even be performed while dragonflies are unconscious, meaning it is a passive stability mechanism similar in concept to planes that are designed to glide to safety with their engines turned off. Engineers are looking to copy dragonfly wings to create safer drones that can right themselves.
Of course, not all attempts to build dragonfly-like drones are successful. TechJet’s air vehicle was supposed to operate as an aerial camera, observation and security drone, but it failed before production got underway. Similarly, Insectothopter, an American dragonfly spy drone built in the 1970 s was deserted.
Yet the principles behind winged drones are solid. In fact, NASA has settled on a nuclear-powered autonomous craft called Dragonfly to explore the surface of Saturn’s moon Titan in 2034. NASA’s project is actually an air vehicle, rather than a winged drone, but engineers are still convinced they can crack the code of nature’s most gifted flying insect and revolutionize unmanned flight along the way.
1．Why did aeronautics specialists spend months studying the dragonfly’s flight
A．To build 3D models from digital images.
B．To make winged drones modelled after it.
C．To clarify the flexibility and efficiency of drones.
D．To display the shape and movement of the dragonfly.
2．The special skill of dragonflies is their ability to_________.
A．glide to safety B．avoid tricky situations
C．perform observation tasks D．adjust themselves to stay stable
3．What is the author’s attitude towards winged drones
A．Skeptical. B．Uncertain. C．Supportive. D．Conservative.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Winged Drones: Still a Long Way to Go
B．Javaan Chahl: An Innovative Leader of Aeronautics
C．A Dragonfly’s Flying Technique: Perfect for Drones
D．The Code of Nature: A Solution to NASA’s Space Exploration
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。南澳大利亚大学的航空专家花了几个月的时间研究蜻蜓的飞行，从数字图像创建3D模型，以建造一架有翼无人机。文章介绍了蜻蜓特殊的飞行技能以及人们对类似蜻蜓的无人机的尝试。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Aeronautics (航空学) specialists from the University of South Australia spent months studying the dragonfly’s flight, creating 3D models from digital images, to build a winged drone (无人机).( 南澳大利亚大学的航空专家花了几个月的时间研究蜻蜓的飞行，从数字图像创建3D模型，以建造一架有翼无人机)”可知，航空专家花了几个月的时间研究蜻蜓的飞行是为了仿照它制作有翼无人机。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Dragonflies are found to be able to perform upside-down backflips to regain balance and normal flight, when they find themselves upside down mid-air. This special skill can even be performed while dragonflies are unconscious, meaning it is a passive stability mechanism similar in concept to planes that are designed to glide to safety with their engines turned off.(人们发现，当蜻蜓发现自己在半空中倒立时，它们能够进行倒立后空翻以恢复平衡和正常飞行。这种特殊技能甚至可以在蜻蜓无意识的情况下进行，这意味着它是一种被动稳定机制，在概念上类似于飞机在关闭引擎的情况下滑翔到安全地带)”可知，蜻蜓的特殊技能是它们调整自己以保持稳定的能力。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Yet the principles behind winged drones are solid.(然而，有翼无人机背后的原理是可靠的)”以及“NASA’s project is actually an air vehicle, rather than a winged drone, but engineers are still convinced they can crack the code of nature’s most gifted flying insect and revolutionize unmanned flight along the way.(美国宇航局的项目实际上是一种飞行器，而不是有翼无人机，但工程师们仍然相信他们可以破解自然界最具天赋的飞行昆虫的密码，并在此过程中彻底改变无人飞行)”可推知，作者对有翼无人机的态度是支持的。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Aeronautics (航空学) specialists from the University of South Australia spent months studying the dragonfly’s flight, creating 3D models from digital images, to build a winged drone (无人机). Study leader Javaan Chahl believes that winged drones based on the dragonfly’s shape and movement will simply be more flexible and energy efficient. (南澳大利亚大学的航空专家花了几个月的时间研究蜻蜓的飞行，从数字图像创建3D模型，以建造一架有翼无人机。研究负责人Javaan Chahl认为，基于蜻蜓形状和运动的带翼无人机将更加灵活和节能)”结合文章介绍了蜻蜓特殊的飞行技能以及人们对类似蜻蜓的无人机的尝试。可知，C选项“蜻蜓的飞行技术：无人机的完美选择”最符合文章标题。故选C。
2.（2024上·甘肃酒泉·高三校考期末）
A common theme running in fiction and mythology is the idea of orphan (孤儿) heroes and superheroes. Fairytales introduce us to children of absent fathers and cruel caretakers, like Cinderella and Snow White. Fiction makes much of the parentage of David Copperfield and Jane ic books offer orphaned heroes like Batman, Spiderman, or you’ll notice characters in more modern fiction from films and books like Harry Potter and Leia Skywalker.
Why are so many heroes and superheroes orphans
Lacking parents, orphan heroes and superheroes are considered “children of the world”. Having raised themselves, and having been freed from much of the complex relationship of child to parent, ophan heroes and superheroes are at much greater liberty to interact with the world, and they may look at the world as parent and all its inhabitants as family.
Some orphans seek only a home and a family. David Copperfield finds this with his aunt. Cinderella and Snow White escape evil stepmothers by marrying. Others, especially of the superhero “cast” are never really given family in the traditional sense. In fact, though they may have strong bonds with friends, or with caretakers, they are constantly attempting to prove worthiness to the world, and are desperate to save the people they do care about.
You can also evaluate orphan heroes and superheroes as a means by which anxiety, loneliness, and independence are emphasized. The comic book type superhero is usually one who suffers always, or at least most of the time. Loss of even one parent can be intensely upsetting and forever change a child’s life, and superheroes may do all in their power to prevent this fate for other children. Empathy for suffering and a desire to end or prevent it for others are increased.
It’s a good idea to consider why we see this theme expressed so commonly. Perhaps we ⅵew these orphans or poorly parented children as ultimately our own. They may not just be children of the world, but may belong to each reader.
5．Why does the author mention some famous characters in Paragraph 1
A．To clarify the writing purpose. B．To advertise classic fiction.
C．To support a statement. D．To make an overall outline.
6．Which of the following drives some orphans to become superheroes
A．Intention to escape a family. B．Desire to prove their value to the world.
C．Strong bonds with their family. D．Wishes for freedom to explore the world.
7．Which word best describes the comic book type superhero
A．Childish. B．Dependent. C．Cheerful. D．Sympathetic.
8．What may make the theme of orphan superheroes so common
A．Ophans’ ultimte fate is pitiful
B．Readers have a preference for tragedies.
C．Orphan characters are reflections of the readers.
D．Readers may regard orphan characters as their own kids.
【答案】5．C 6．B 7．D 8．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章讲述了为什么孤儿英雄和超级英雄的主题在小说中如此普遍。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段首句“A common theme running in fiction and mythology is the idea of orphan (孤儿) heroes and superheroes.(在小说和神话中，一个共同的主题是孤儿英雄和超级英雄的概念)”可知，很多神话和小说的共同主题是孤儿英雄和超级英雄，接着下文“Fairytales introduce us to children of absent fathers and cruel caretakers, like Cinderella and Snow White. Fiction makes much of the parentage of David Copperfield and Jane ic books offer orphaned heroes like Batman, Spiderman, or you’ll notice characters in more modern fiction from films and books like Harry Potter and Leia Skywalker.(童话故事向我们介绍了没有父亲和残忍的监护人的孩子，比如灰姑娘和白雪公主。小说中大量描写了大卫·科波菲尔和简·爱的出身。漫画书中有像蝙蝠侠、蜘蛛侠这样的孤儿英雄，或者你会注意到电影和书中更现代的小说人物，比如哈利波特和莱娅·天行者)”提到了很多著名人物角色，以支撑段首观点，所以作者在第一段提到了一些著名的人物是为了支持一个表述。故选C项。
6．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In fact, though they may have strong bonds with friends, or with caretakers, they are constantly attempting to prove worthiness to the world, and are desperate to save the people they do care about.(事实上，尽管它们可能与朋友或看护人关系密切，但它们不断试图证明自己对世界的价值，并且不顾一切地拯救它们真正关心的人)”可知，想要证明自己对世界的价值的欲望驱使很多孤儿成为了超级英雄。故选B项。
7．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“…and superheroes may do all in their power to prevent this fate for other children. Empathy for suffering and a desire to end or prevent it for others are increased.(……超级英雄可能会尽其所能，防止其他孩子遭遇这种命运。对痛苦的同情和为他人结束或防止痛苦的愿望增加了)”可知，漫画书类型的超级英雄富有同情心。故选D项。
8．细节理解题。根据最后一段内容“It’s a good idea to consider why we see this theme expressed so commonly. Perhaps we ⅵew these orphans or poorly parented children as ultimately our own. They may not just be children of the world, but may belong to each reader.(好好思考一下为什么我们看到这个主题如此普遍。也许我们把这些孤儿或缺乏教养的孩子视为自己的孩子。他们可能不只是世界的孩子，也可能属于每一位读者)”可知，超级英雄孤儿的主题如此普遍是因为读者可能会把孤儿角色当成自己的孩子。故选D项。
3.（2024上·甘肃武威·高三统考期末）
I’ve never had a great sense of direction. And I often wander into shops and, upon coming back out, can’t remember which way I’ve come from — left or right Many people are like me, and why do some constantly have no idea where they are
The hippocampus (海马体) is a region of the brain associated with memory and involved in sense of direction. And a nearby region has also been associated with sense of direction. There are four known types of navigation-related neurons (神经元), found in these regions place cells, grid cells, border cells and head direction cells.
In short, you can think of place cells as an internal cognitive (认知的) map; they identify where you are. Grid cells are like a GPS system in our brain; they tell us about the relationship of this place to other places we’ve been to. Border cells respond to the presence of environmental boundaries at a specific direction and distance from us. Lastly, head direction cells are activated when our head faces a specific direction. These cells will fire electrical impulses when we enter familiar locations, with each group of cells relating to a specific place.
Our reliance on GPS and smartphones may have decreased the ability to use our internal maps. Older adults who regularly used GPS had less activity in their hippocampus, compared with those who did not use GPS. They also performed slightly worse in a cognition test. In contrast, a study involving London taxi drivers found they significantly larger hippocampus than ordinary people.
You can improve your way-finding ability specifically by practicing the skill, according to Aziz, PhD of neurology at Temple University School of Medicine. “The more you get out and go to places, the better,” he says. Physical exercise improves the blood flow to the brain, while mental exercise, such as doing puzzles or learning a new language, stimulates the development of new nerve cells and connections in your brain.
9．How does the author introduce the topic of the text
A．By raising a question.
B．By making a comparison.
C．By stating personal opinions.
D．By referring to scientific research.
10．What can we learn about the four types of navigation-related neurons
A．They depend closely on each other.
B．They are responsible for different jobs.
C．They will decrease in numbers as one ages.
D．They will fail to function in unfamiliar situations.
11．What will happen it we rely too much on GPS
A．We will easily be misled.
B．Our hippocampus will get enlarged.
C．Our cognitive ability will be affected.
D．We will have our hippocampus relaxed.
12．What are we advised to do according to the last paragraph
A．Build up our body. B．Take training courses.
C．Try different brain exercises. D．Get out to connect with people.
【答案】9．A 10．B 11．C 12．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章阐释了有些人是“路痴”的原因，以及如何获得方向感。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Many people are like me, and why do some constantly have no idea where they are (很多人都像我一样，为什么有些人总是不知道自己在哪里？)”并结合下文介绍人们是怎样认路，以及为什么有人是路痴可知，作者是通过提出问题的方式来引出本文主题的。故选A。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段“In short, you can think of place cells as an internal. cognitive (认知的) map; they identify where you are. Grid cells are like a GPS system in our brain; they tell us about the relationship of this place to other places we’ve been to. Border cells respond to the presence of environmental boundaries at a specific direction and distance from us. Lastly, head direction cells are activated when our head faces a specific direction. These cells will fire electrical impulses when we enter familiar locations, with each group of cells relating to a specific place.(简而言之，你可以把位置细胞想象成一个内部认知地图；它们能识别你的位置。网格细胞就像我们大脑中的GPS系统；它们告诉我们这个地方与我们去过的其他地方的关系。边界细胞对特定方向和距离的环境边界做出反应。最后，当我们的头朝向一个特定的方向时，头部方向细胞被激活。当我们进入熟悉的地方时，这些细胞会发出电脉冲，每一组细胞都与一个特定的地方有关)”可知，这四种细胞各司其职，在帮助我们辨别方向和位置时起着不同的作用，故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Older adults who regularly used GPS had less activity in their hippocampus, compared with those who did not use GPS. They also performed slightly worse in a cognition test.(与不使用GPS的老年人相比，经常使用GPS的老年人的海马体活动较少。他们在认知测试中的表现也略差)”可知，过度依赖GPS导航会影响我们的认知能力，故选C。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Physical exercise improves the blood flow to the brain, while mental exercise, such as doing puzzles or learning a new language, stimulates the development of new nerve cells and connections in your brain.(体育锻炼可以促进大脑的血液流动，而智力锻炼，比如做拼图或学习一门新语言，可以刺激大脑中新神经细胞和连接的发育)”可知，作者建议我们尝试不同的脑力训练活动，故选C。
4.（2023·广西南宁·高三南宁三中校考阶段练习）
In the endless sky, the unaided human eye should be able to perceive several thousand stars on a clear, dark night. Unfortunately, growing light pollution has impeded people from the nightly view.
New citizen-science-based research throws alarming light on the problem of “sky glow”-the diffuse illumination (漫射照明) of the night sky that is a form of light pollution. The data came from crowd-sourced observations collected from around the world as part of Globe at Night, a program developed by astronomer Connie Walker.
Light pollution has harmful effects on the practice of astronomy but also on human health and wildlife, since it disturbs the cycle from sunlight to starlight that biological systems have evolved alongside. Furthermore, the loss of visible stars is a great loss of human cultural heritage. Until relatively recently, humans throughout history had an impressive view of the starry night sky, and the effect of this nighty spectacle (壮观) is evident in ancient cultures.
Globe at Night has been gathering data on star visibility since 2006. Anyone can submit observations through the Globe at Night web application. Participants record which one best matches what they can see in the sky without any telescopes or other instruments.
Researchers find that the loss of visible stars indicates an increase in sky brightness of 9.6% per year while roughly 2% is measured by satellites. Existing satellites are not well suited to measuring sky glow as it appears to humans, because they can not detect wavelengths shorter than 500 nanometers (纳米). White LEDs, with shorter wavelengths under 500 nanometers, now are increasingly commonly used in outdoor lighting. But human eyes are more sensitive to these shorter wavelengths at nighttime. Space-based instruments do not measure light from windows, either. But these sources are significant contributors to sky glow us seen from the ground.
“The increase in sky glow over the past decade underlines the importance of redoubling our efforts and developing new strategies to protect dark skies,” said Walker. “The Globe at Night dataset is necessary in our ongoing evaluation of changes in sky glow, and we encourage whoever can to get involved to help protect the starry night sky.”
13．What does the underlined word “impeded” in the first paragraph mean
A．separated. B．disabled. C．demanded. D．protected.
14．What does the loss of visible stars lead to
A．Poorer human health. B．Fewer wildlife species.
C．More delicate biological systems. D．Less nightly culture elements of the sky.
15．What does the author stress in paragraph 5
A．Crowd sourced data are invaluable B．Shorter wavelengths are hard to detect.
C．Satellites play a vital role. D．White LEDs are widely used.
16．What can be inferred from Walker’s words
A．Their consistent efforts pay off.
B．The dataset needs to be updated.
C．The sky glow has been over-emphasized.
D．More participants are expected to join in.
【答案】13．B 14．D 15．A 16．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍光污染正在夺走我们的夜空，使得星星在我们眼前消失。
13．词句猜测题。根据第一段“In the endless sky, the unaided human eye should be able to perceive several thousand stars on a clear, dark night.(在一望无际的天空中，在一个晴朗、黑暗的夜晚，人类的肉眼应该能够看到几千颗星星)”以及划线词上文“Unfortunately, growing light pollution has”可知，人类的肉眼本来可以看到几千颗星星，不幸的是，日益严重的光污染却使人们不能欣赏夜景。故划线词意思是“使……不能”。故选B。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段“Furthermore, the loss of visible stars is a great loss of human cultural heritage. Until relatively recently, humans throughout history had an impressive view of the starry night sky, and the effect of this nighty spectacle (壮观) is evident in ancient cultures.(此外，可见星星的损失是人类文化遗产的巨大损失。直到最近，历史上的人类都能看到令人印象深刻的星空，这种夜间奇观的影响在古代文化中很明显)”可知，可见星星的缺失会导致较少的夜间天空文化元素。故选D。
15．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Researchers find that the loss of visible stars indicates an increase in sky brightness of 9.6% per year while roughly 2% is measured by satellites. Existing satellites are not well suited to measuring sky glow as it appears to humans, because they can not detect wavelengths shorter than 500 nanometers (纳米). White LEDs, with shorter wavelengths under 500 nanometers, now are increasingly commonly used in outdoor lighting. But human eyes are more sensitive to these shorter wavelengths at nighttime. Space-based instruments do not measure light from windows, either. But these sources are significant contributors to sky glow us seen from the ground.(研究人员发现，可见恒星的消失表明天空亮度每年增加9.6%，而卫星测量的亮度大约为2%。现有的卫星不太适合测量人类看到的天光，因为它们不能探测到短于500纳米的波长。白光led波长较短，在500纳米以下，现在越来越多地用于户外照明。但人类的眼睛在夜间对这些较短的波长更敏感。天基仪器也不能测量窗户发出的光。但这些光源是我们从地面上看到的天光的重要贡献者)”可推知，作者在第五段中强调了众包数据是无价的。故选A。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The Globe at Night dataset is necessary in our ongoing evaluation of changes in sky glow, and we encourage whoever can to get involved to help protect the starry night sky. (全球夜间数据集对于我们持续评估天空辉光的变化是必要的，我们鼓励任何可以参与的人来帮助保护星空)”可推断，Walker期望会有更多的参与者加入。故选D。
5.（2023·广西玉林·高三统考阶段练习）
Humans are not the only fashionistas in the animal kingdom. Titmice can be fashion-victims, too, apparently. A study by Sonja Wild and Lucy Aplin shows that, given the chance, titmice decorate their nests with this season’s must-have color.
Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin were following up the work published in 1934 by Henry Smith Williams, an American naturalist. He noticed that when he put various colored balls of yarn(纱) out in his garden, almost always one and only one became popular that season for incorporation into local birds’ nests. But which particular hue(颜色) was favored varied from season to season. This suggested that the color chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others.
Williams’s work was, however, forgotten until Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin came across it while following upon a different study. This group noted that, during any given breeding season, the blue titmice they were investigating tended to incorporate the same plants into their nests regardless of how abundant those herbs actually were. This, too, suggested fashion-following—and it likewise led Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin to speculate that birds were studying the nests of others and copying them. They therefore set out to re-run Williams’s experiment.
According to the study, of 68 titmice nests built that season in the experimental areas, 26 included wool from a dispenser(分配器). Of these, 18 we reconstructed after both colors had become available from all dispensers. Even so, 10 of that 18 included only the color of wool first chosen by a nestbuilder. By contrast, all eight wool-bearing nests in the control zone contained a mixture of colors-a statistically significant difference.
Titmice, then, do seem to be “on trend” when it comes to nest-building materials. Why that should happen remains unclear. Dr Wild and Dr. Aplin suspect the trendsetters are older birds, and that evolution favors younger ones copying their elders since those elders have evidently survived what fortune throws at a titmouse. Williams’s original work, though, suggested such initial choices were arbitrary(任意的), a bit like those of the leaders of human fashions.
17．What proved titmice’s fashion-following in Williams’s study
A．They tended to make their nests colorful.
B．They had their favorite color all the year round.
C．They decorated their nests in the breeding season.
D．They chose the same colored materials for their nests.
18．How did Dr Wild and Dr Aplin prove their study
A．By analyzing the shapes of titmice’s nests.
B．By recording the sound of titmice carefully.
C．By collecting some actual numbers about titmice.
D．By observing the course of titmice’s building nests.
19．What did older birds’ color choice suggest according to Williams’s work
A．It came mainly from their habit. B．It was based on random choices.
C．It was basically out of their nature. D．It reflected the power of elder birds.
20．What is the best title for the text
A．Birds can make their nests colorful.no B．Birds can learn fashionable lifestyles.
C．Birds can follow the fashion of humans. D．Birds can be just as fashion-conscious as people.
【答案】17．D 18．C 19．B 20．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了人类不是动物王国中唯一的时尚达人。显然，山雀也可能热衷追求时尚。只要有机会，它们就会用当季必不可少的颜色来装饰巢穴。
17．细节理解题。根据第二段的“He noticed that when he put various colored balls of yarn(纱) out in his garden, almost always one and only one became popular that season for incorporation into local birds’ nests. This suggested that the color chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others.(他注意到，当他在花园里摆放各种颜色的纱线球时，那个季节几乎总是只有一种纱线球成为当地鸟巢的流行材料。这表明，其中一只早起的鸟儿选择的颜色被其他鸟儿发现并模仿。)”可知，山雀为自己的巢选择相同颜色的材料。故选D。
18．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“According to the study, of 68 titmice nests built that season in the experimental areas, 26 included wool from a dispenser(分配器). Of these, 18 we reconstructed after both colors had become available from all dispensers. Even so, 10 of that 18 included only the color of wool first chosen by a nestbuilder. By contrast, all eight wool-bearing nests in the control zone contained a mixture of colors-a statistically significant difference. (根据这项研究，在那个季节在实验区建造的68个山雀巢中，有26个包括来自分配器的羊毛。其中，18个我们重建后，两种颜色都来自所有的分配器。即便如此，在这18种羊毛中，有10种只包含了造巢者首先选择的羊毛颜色。相比之下，控制区的所有8个羊毛巢都含有混合的颜色，这在统计上是显著的差异)” 可知，Wild 和Aplin 博士通过收集一些关于山雀的实际数据来进行研究的。故选C。
19．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Williams’s original work, though, suggested such initial choices were arbitrary(任意的), a bit like those of the leaders of human fashions.(然而，威廉姆斯的原创作品表明，这些最初的选择是任意的，有点像人类时尚领袖的选择。)”可知，进年长鸟类的颜色选择表明了选择是具有任意性的。故选B。
20．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Humans are not the only fashionistas in the animal kingdom. Titmice can be fashion-victims, too, apparently. A study by Sonja Wild and Lucy Aplin shows that, given the chance, titmice decorate their nests with this season’s must-have color.(人类并不是动物王国里唯一的时尚达人。山雀显然也会注重时尚。索尼娅·怀尔德和露西·阿普林的一项研究表明，只要有机会，山雀会用这个季节的必备颜色装饰它们的巢穴)”本文主要介绍了人类并不是动物王国唯一的时尚达人。研究显示，一些鸟类也注重时尚，利用不同的颜色来装饰它们的巢穴的情况，因此D项：Birds can be just as fashion-conscious as people.(鸟类和人类一样有时尚意识)符合主题。故选D。
6.（2023·安徽合肥·高三合肥一六八中学校考）
Vehicles on our roads are now mostly petrol and diesel (柴油) cars, but their days cannot continue for much longer. A recent university study found that current electric cars could be used for 87 percent of daily car journeys in the US. That figure could rise to 98 percent by 2020.
One hurdle to the widespread adoption of electric cars has been “range anxiety” — drivers’ concerns about running out of electricity on a journey. While petrol stations are conveniently located across national road systems, the necessary network of electric charging stations is still being developed. That said, charging points are becoming increasingly common throughout the USA．
Attitudes towards electric vehicles have changed greatly over the last few years. Not that long ago, electric cars were met with distrust, and their high prices drove customers away. Thanks to improvements in battery capacity, recharging times, performance and price, the current generation of electric cars are starting to persuade picky consumers. Plug-in cars will soon give internal combustion engine (内燃机) models a run for their money.
As well as development on the road, electric vehicles are taking to the seas and skies. Electric boats are among the oldest methods of electric travel, having enjoyed several decades of popularity from the late 19th to the early 20th century before petrol-powered outboard motors took over. Now, the global drive for renewable energy sources is bringing electric boats back. Steps towards electric air travel are also being made, with Airbus and NASA among the organizations developing and testing battery-powered planes. The experiments could soon make commercial electric flight a reality.
Electric vehicles do not produce any emissions (排放). If the US could replace 87 percent of its cars with electric vehicles, it would reduce the national demand for petrol by 61 percent. However, because of the production processes and the generation of electricity required to charge these vehicles, they cannot claim to be completely emission-free. That said, as many countries continue to increase their use of renewable energy sources, electric vehicles will become even cleaner.
21．What does the underlined word “hurdle” probably mean in Paragraph 2
A．Obstacle. B．Intention. C．Worry. D．Stage.
22．What will the future of plug-in cars be like
A．They will suffer disbelief because of battery capacity.
B．The high price will put the future of electric cars at risk.
C．They will not be widely promoted because of picky customers.
D．They will compete with petrol and diesel cars fiercely for markets.
23．What can we learn about in Paragraph 4
A．The history of electric travel.
B．Different ways electric vehicles can be used.
C．Reasons why the world needs more electric cars.
D．The trend that more people have interest in electric cars.
24．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Potentials of Petrol and Diesel Cars B．Challenges Facing Electric Cars
C．A Cleaner Future on the Road D．Best Means of Transportation
【答案】21．A 22．D 23．B 24．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了汽油和柴油汽车虽然仍然主宰着我们的道路，但很快会被电动车辆所替代。电动汽车不产生任何排放物，随着在陆路方面的进步，电动汽车正朝着海洋和天空方向发展，而未来的车辆一定是电动时代。
21．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“One hurdle to the widespread adoption of electric cars has been ‘range anxiety’—drivers’ concerns about running out of juice on a journey.(电动汽车被广泛采用的一个hurdle是‘里程焦虑’——驾驶者担心在旅途中电量耗尽)”可知，“驾驶员担心在旅途中耗尽电能”是电动汽车的缺点，这是电动汽车普及的一个“障碍，难关”。由此推知，划线词hurdle与obstacle意思一致，意为“障碍”。故选A项。
22．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Plug-in cars will soon give internal combustion engine (内燃机) models a run for their money.(插电式汽车将很快与内燃机汽车一较高下)”可知，插电式汽车即将具备与内燃机汽车争夺市场的能力。故选D项。
23．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“As well as development on the road, electric vehicles are taking to the seas and skies. Electric boats are among the oldest methods of electric travel, having enjoyed several decades of popularity from the late 19th to the early 20th century before petrol-powered outboard motors took over. Now, the global drive for renewable energy sources is bringing electric boats back. Steps towards electric air travel are also being made, with Airbus and NASA among the organizations developing and testing battery-powered planes.(除了在陆路上的发展，电动汽车正在走向海洋和天空。电动船是最古老的电动旅行方式之一，从19世纪末到20世纪初，在汽油动力的舷外发动机接管之前，它已经流行了几十年。现在，全球对可再生能源的推动正在使电动船回归。电动航空旅行也正在取得进展，空中客车公司和美国国家航空航天局等组织正在开发和测试电池驱动的飞机)”可知，电动交通工具以不同的方式出现在陆路、海上及空中。由此推知，第四段主要呈现了电动交通工具的不同的用途。故选 B项。
24．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Vehicles on our roads are now mostly petrol and diesel (柴油) cars, but their days cannot continue for much longer. A recent university study found that current electric cars could be used for 87 percent of daily car journeys in the US. That figure could rise to 98 percent by 2020.(汽油和柴油车可能仍然主宰着我们的道路，但它们的日子屈指可数了。一项最近的大学研究发现，目前美国 87%的日常汽车出行可以使用电动汽车。到2020年，这一数字可能上升到 98%)”和第四段中的“As well as development on the road, electric vehicles are taking to the seas and skies.(除了在公路上的发展，电动汽车正在走向海洋和天空)”和其他段落内容可知，文章介绍汽油和柴油交通工具可能仍然主宰着我们的道路，但很快会被电动交通工具所替代，而未来的交通工具一定是更清洁的电动时代。由此推知，C项“更清洁的未来在路上”一语双关，适合作为本文最佳标题。故选C项。
7.（2024·安徽六安·高三六安一中校考阶段练习）
Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating a growing army of superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrobial (抗菌的) resistance, expected to kill 10 million people a year by 2050 up from around 1 million in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many.
It would be unwise to rely on new antibiotics to solve the problem. The rate at which resistance emerges is increasing. Some new drugs last only two years before bacteria develop resistance. When new antibiotics do arrive, doctors often store them, using them only reluctantly and for short periods when faced with the most persistent infections. That limits sales, making new antibiotics an unappealing idea for most drug firms.
Governments have been trying to fix the problem by channeling cash into research in drug firms. That has produced only limited improvements. But there is a phenomenon worth a look. Microbiologists have known for decades that disease-causing bacteria can suffer from illnesses of their own. They are supersensitive to attacks by phages, specialized viruses that infect bacteria and often kill them. Phages are considered a promising alternative to antibiotics.
Using one disease-causing virus to fight bacteria has several advantages. Like antibiotics, phages only tend to choose particular targets, leaving human cells alone as they infect and destroy bacterial ones. Unlike antibiotics, phages can evolve just as readily as bacteria can, meaning that even if bacteria do develop resistance, phages may be able to evolve around them in turn.
That, at least, is the theory. The trouble with phages is that comparatively little is known about them. After the discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928, they were largely ignored in the West. Given the severity of the antibiotic-resistance problem, it would be a good idea to find out more about them.
The first step is to run more clinical trials. Interest from Western firms is growing. But it is being held back by the fact that phages are an even less appealing investment than antibiotics. Since they are natural living things, there may be trouble patenting them, making it hard to recover any investment.
Governments can help fun d basic research into phage treatment and clarify the law around exactly what is and is not patentable. In time they can set up phage banks so as to make production cheaper. And they can spread awareness of the risks of overusing antibiotics, and the potential benefits of phages.
25．We can learn from paragraphs 1 and 2 that .
A．doctors tend to use new antibiotics when the patients ask for them
B．antimicrobial resistance is developing more rapidly than predicted
C．new antibiotics fail to attract drug firms due to limited use of them
D．previous antibiotics are effective in solving modern health problems
26．What is phages’ advantage over antibiotics
A．They can increase human cells when fighting bacteria.
B．They are not particular about which cells to infect and kill.
C．They can evolve accordingly when bacteria develop resistance.
D．They are too sensitive to be infected by disease-causing bacteria.
27．According to the passage, the obstacle to phage treatment is that .
A．there is little chance of patenting phages in the future
B．governments provide financial support for other research
C．the emergence of superbugs holds back drug firms’ interest
D．over-dependence on antibiotics distracts attention from phages
28．What is the main idea of the passage
A．Governments fail to stop the use of antibiotics.
B．Phages could help prevent an antibiotics crisis.
C．Development of antibiotics is limited by phages.
D．Antimicrobial resistance calls for new antibiotics.
【答案】25．B 26．C 27．D 28．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了噬菌体可以替代问题多多的抗生素，有许多优点，建议政府多方面采取措施推动推广。
25．细节理解题。根据第二段“The rate at which resistance emerges is increasing. Some new drugs last only two years before bacteria develop resistance. (耐药性出现的速度越来越快。一些新药的药效只有两年，细菌就会产生抗药性)”可知，抗菌素耐药性的发展比预期的要快。故选B。
26．细节理解题。根据第四段“Unlike antibiotics, phages can evolve just as readily as bacteria can, meaning that even if bacteria do develop resistance, phages may be able to evolve around them in turn.(与抗生素不同，噬菌体可以像细菌一样迅速进化，这意味着即使细菌产生耐药性，噬菌体也可以反过来在细菌周围进化)”可知，噬菌体相对于抗生素的优势是当细菌产生耐药性时，它们会相应地进化。故选C。
27．细节理解题。根据第五段“The trouble with phages is that comparatively little is known about them. After the discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928, they were largely ignored in the West. Given the severity of the antibiotic-resistance problem, it would be a good idea to find out more about them.(噬菌体的问题在于，人们对它们的了解相对较少。1928年，第一种抗生素青霉素被发现后，它们在西方基本上被忽视了。考虑到抗生素耐药性问题的严重性，找到更多关于它们的信息将是一个好主意)”可知，噬菌体治疗的障碍是对抗生素的过度依赖分散了对噬菌体的关注。故选D。
28．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating a growing army of superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrobial(抗菌的) resistance, expected to kill 10 million people a year by 2050 up from around 1 million in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many.(抗生素对现代医学至关重要，它可以消灭或阻止细菌的生长，并治愈感染。它们在不伤害病人的情况下杀死细菌的能力挽救了数十亿人的生命，并使外科手术更加安全。但经过几十年的过度使用，它们的力量正在减弱。一些细菌已经进化出了耐药性，产生了越来越多的超级细菌，而目前几乎没有有效的治疗方法。抗微生物药物耐药性被许多人视为一场危机。预计到2050年，每年将导致1000万人死亡，而2019年约为100万人)”以及文章内容可知，文章主要解释了噬菌体可以替代问题多多的抗生素，有许多优点，建议政府多方面采取措施推动推广，所以本文的主旨是噬菌体可以帮助预防抗生素危机。故选B。
8.（2023·黑龙江·高三牡丹江市第三高级中学校考）
Precision (精确) agriculture is a method of growing crops. Farmers use technology to collect very precise or exact measurements about their land. It tells farmers how they planted seeds, used fertilizers and chemical pesticides, and so on. Farm equipment can plant different amounts of seeds and leave different amounts of fertilizer in different parts of a field. Water measuring equipment can tell farmers how much water their plants are getting.
But some of this technology is too costly for small farmers, especially in developing countries. Ranveer Chandra, the Microsoft researcher from India, is working to develop low-cost, high-tech tools for farmers. He developed a system that connects soil sensors to other sensing equipment through unused television (TV) channels. These unused TV signals, known as “white space” frequencies (频率), can provide Internet connection over long distances. Some hospitals and schools in rural areas are already online with white-space connections, Chandra noted.
Each soil sensor provides information about conditions on the farm. To connect all the areas into a big picture, a drone aircraft takes photographs from high in the air. Artificial intelligence (AI) compares these photos to the sensor data. AI then can create maps of where the soil is too acidic or needs more water. Similar technology can also help farmers watch their animals. Video cameras connected to computers and linked to the Internet can help farmers recognize sick cattle, for example.
However, the level and speed at which new farming skills and technologies will spread remains unclear. Bruce Erickson is a precision farming expert at Purdue University in Indiana. He told the CSA the one problem faced by any new farming technology is getting people to use it with their existing methods. Different countries have different farming methods and different ways of doing business. “It takes people to carry out new farming practices,” Erickson said.
29．How is Paragraph 1 mainly developed
A．By following the order of space. B．By giving specific examples.
C．By making comparisons. D．By listing data.
30．What did Ranveer Chandra research
A．How to design AI for making maps.
B．How to profit from the used TV signals.
C．How to develop a drone aircraft for farming.
D．How to lower the cost of farming technology.
31．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The future of artificial intelligence.
B．The process of using white-space connections.
C．The practical application in precision agriculture.
D．The achievement in designing high-tech farming tools.
32．What can we infer about the future of precision agriculture from the last paragraph
A．It needs time to be readily accepted by modern farmers.
B．It depends on the development of new farming technology.
C．It will revolutionize the traditional farming.
D．It has to gain support from agricultural experts.
【答案】29．B 30．D 31．C 32．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了精准农业这一新型农业种植方法及其在现实中的具体运用和推广。
29．推理判断题。第一段中前两句“Precision (精确) agriculture is a method of growing crops. Farmers use technology to collect very precise or exact measurements about their land.(精细农业是种植农作物的一种方法。农民使用技术收集非常精确或准确的测量他们的土地)”是对精准农业进行了概括性说明，第一段余下内容“It tells farmers how they planted seeds, used fertilizers and chemical pesticides, and so on. Farm equipment can plant different amounts of seeds and leave different amounts of fertilizer in different parts of a field. Water measuring equipment can tell farmers how much water their plants are getting.(它告诉农民他们如何种植种子，使用化肥和化学杀虫剂，等等。农业设备可以在一块土地的不同部位种植不同数量的种子和留下不同数量的肥料。水分测量设备可以告诉农民他们的植物得到了多少水)”是用具体的例子来解释精准农业。由此推知，第一段主要是通过给出具体例子的方式来展开的。故选B。
30．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Ranveer Chandra, the Microsoft researcher from India, is working to develop low-cost, high-tech tools for farmers.(来自印度的微软研究员Ranveer Chandra正致力于为农民开发低成本、高科技的工具)”可知，Ranveer Chandra研究如何降低农业技术的成本，故选D。
31．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Each soil sensor provides information about conditions on the farm. To connect all the areas into a big picture, a drone aircraft takes photographs from high in the air. Artificial intelligence (AI) compares these photos to the sensor data. AI then can create maps of where the soil is too acidic or needs more water. Similar technology can also help farmers watch their animals. Video cameras connected to computers and linked to the Internet can help farmers recognize sick cattle, for example.(每个土壤传感器提供有关农场条件的信息。为了将所有的区域连成一幅大图，无人驾驶飞机在高空拍摄照片。人工智能将这些照片与传感器数据进行比较。然后，人工智能可以绘制出土壤酸性过强或需要更多水的地图。类似的技术也可以帮助农民观察他们的动物。例如，连接到计算机和互联网的视频摄像机可以帮助农民识别病牛)”可知，第三段主要介绍了精准农业在实际生活中的应用。故选C。
32．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“He told the CSA the one problem faced by any new farming technology is getting people to use it with their existing methods. Different countries have different farming methods and different ways of doing business. “It takes people to carry out new farming practices,” Erickson said. (他告诉CSA，任何新的农业技术面临的一个问题是如何让人们用他们现有的方法来使用它。不同的国家有不同的耕作方法和不同的经营方式。“需要人们采取新的耕作方法，”埃里克森说)”可知，精准农业和其他新的农业技术一样，需要让人们用他们现有的方法来使用它，但是不同国家有不同的耕作方法和经营方式。由此可知，精准农业需要一段时间才能被现代农民接受。故选A。
9.（2024上·贵州贵阳·高三贵阳一中校考）
Officials of Detroit, Michigan, have equipped apiece of road with new technology designed to charge electric vehicles (EVs) on the path. The roadway is meant to serve as a demonstration project for the technology, which could be expanded to larger road systems.
The system uses a series of copper wires placed underneath the road. These wires have the ability to send electricity through a magnetic field to charge an EV’s battery. Charging can happen while the car is driving or sitting above the equipment. Elect re on says the electric road system is safe for people and animals walking over it and does not harm drivers.
The technology was created by Electreon, a developer of wireless charging solutions for EVs. Stefan Tongur, Electreon’s vice president of business development, told The Associated Press EVs require special equipment to receive the wireless signal. “The technology is smart,” Tongur said, and “knows who you are...”
The electrified road stretches about one half-kilometer. It will be used to test and improve the technology in preparation for wider releases. Tongur said the project aims to “demonstrate how wireless charging unlocks widespread EV adoption, addressing limited range, grid (电网) limitations, and battery size and costs.” He looks forward to a future in which, in his words, “EVs are the norm, not the exception.”
Michigan’s Department of Transportation (DOT) signed a five-year agreement with Electreon to develop the roadway charging system. Offcial shave said they plan to build another electrified stretch of road in another part of the city. Michigan transportation officials say the wireless-charging roadway project has helped position the state and city of Detroit as national leaders in EV technology. “In Michigan, we want to stay ahead of the curve,” Michigan DOT Director Bradley C． Wieferich told the AP.
33．What is the new technology intended to do
A．Provide power for EVs. B．Demonstrate a project.
C．Expand road systems. D．Improve EVs’ batteries.
34．What can we learn about the electric road system
A．People and animals may get an electric shock near it.
B．EVs are charged through contact with its copper wires.
C．It charges EVs only if they stay still on the equipment.
D．A special device is needed to pick up its wireless signals.
35．Which of the following can best replace the underlined phrase “stay ahead of the curve”
A．Develop more smoothly. B．Make progress in the industry.
C．Take the lead in the field. D．Achieve a goal ahead of time.
36．What is Bradley’s attitude towards the project
A．Skeptical. B．Tolerant. C．Favorable. D．Objective.
【答案】33．A 34．D 35．C 36．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了美国密歇根州底特律市在一条公路上配备的专为行驶中的电动汽车充电的技术。
33．细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Officials of Detroit, Michigan, have equipped apiece of road with new technology designed to charge electric vehicles (EVs) on the path. (美国密歇根州底特律市的官员在一条公路上配备了专为行驶中的电动汽车充电的技术。)”可知，这种新技术是用来给电动汽车充电的。故选A。
34．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Stefan Tongur, Electreon’s vice president of business development, told The Associated Press EVs require special equipment to receive the wireless signal. (Stefan Tongur是Electreon公司的业务发展副总裁，他告诉美联社，电动汽车需要特殊的设备来接收无线信号。)”可知，电动汽车需要特殊的设备来接收无线信号。故选D。
35．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中的“Michigan transportation officials say the wireless-charging roadway project has helped position the state and city of Detroit as national leaders in EV technology. (密歇根州交通官员表示，无线充电道路项目帮助该州和底特律市成为电动汽车技术的全国领先者。)”可知，无线充电道路项目有助于将该州和底特律市定位为电动汽车技术的全国领导者，所以他们希望在该领域保持领先地位。stay ahead of the curve意为“保持领先地位”，故选C。
36．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“‘In Michigan, we want to stay ahead of the curve,’ Michigan DOT Director Bradley C. Wieferich told the AP. (密歇根州交通部主任Bradley C. Wieferich告诉美联社：‘在密歇根州，我们希望保持领先地位。’)”可知，Bradley对这个项目持赞成的态度。故选C。
10.（2023·贵州黔东南·高三统考阶段练习）
Textspeak is an informal term for the abbreviated (缩写的) language used in text messaging and other forms of electronic communication. In the digital age, it’s common to hear how textspeak is ruining language. Some people argue that technology has made us lazy about how we speak and write.
Of course, language does change when it’s used digitally. Textspeak is an evolution of language. It’s even the focus of a field of linguistics (语言学) called CMC, which is committed to the study of interaction facilitated by technology like computers, mobile phones and tablets.
Contrary to the idea that these innovations are aggravating language, CMC demonstrates a creative repurposing of symbols for technology. These swift and clever evolutions illustrate the flexibility of language and its capacity to communicate meanings not relating to words.
People have been complaining about language being “ruined”. In A．D．63, for example, a Roman scholar complained that students of Latin were writing in an “artificial language”. In fact, this writing was a new language that would become French! Similarly, in 1871, the then-president of Harvard University said,“Bad spelling, incorrectness, inelegance of expression in writing, and ignorance of the simplest rules of punctuation... are far from rare among the young who are well-prepared for college studies.”
Today, people are able to communicate rapidly using a wide variety of tools and technologies. Perhaps no linguistic development better indicates changes in the ways we communicate than the popular emoticon (表情符号). It is a visual representation of a smiley face turned sideways. Although an emoticon may look like a smile, a frown or any number of facial expressions, it doesn’t really represent a face. Instead, it’s intended to convey a feeling, such as “I’m happy” or “just joking”.
So, far from ruining language, the example indicates how people can now communicate complex feelings in a simple manner. This kind of change is perfect for our modern, fast-paced world.
37．What can be learnt about “textspeak” from the text
A．It has ill effects on language.
B．It is ruining language in the digital age.
C．It is a visual representation of facial expressions.
D．It is an evolution of language and communication.
38．What does the author argue for in the text
A．Language changes and adapts to new technologies.
B．Language has become more rigid with technology.
C．Language is being corrupted by modern innovations.
D．Technology has made us lazy in our use of language.
39．What does the underlined word “aggravating” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Simplifying. B．Opposing. C．Worsening. D．Shortening.
40．What’s the author’s attitude towards “textspeak”
A．Indifferent. B．Favorable. C．Doubtful. D．Objective.
【答案】37．D 38．A 39．C 40．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了语言在数字时代的发展。
37．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Textspeak is an evolution of language. It’s even the focus of a field of linguistics (语言学) called CMC, which is committed to the study of interaction facilitated by technology like computers, mobile phones and tablets.(textspeak是一种语言的进化。这甚至是一个名为CMC的语言学领域的研究重点，该领域致力于研究电脑、手机和平板电脑等技术促进的互动。)”可知，textspeak是语言和交流的进化。故选D。
38．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Of course, language does change when it’s used digitally. Textspeak is an evolution of language.(当然，当语言被数字化使用时，它确实会发生变化。短信语是一种语言的进化。)”和最后一段的“So, far from ruining language, the example indicates how people can now communicate complex feelings in a simple manner. This kind of change is perfect for our modern, fast-paced world.(因此，这个例子不仅没有破坏语言，而且表明人们现在可以用简单的方式交流复杂的情感。这种变化对于我们这个快节奏的现代世界来说是完美的。)”可知，作者在文中论证了语言会随着新技术而变化和适应。故选A。
39．词句猜测题。根据第三段的“Contrary to the idea(与这个想法相反)”和“CMC demonstrates a creative repurposing of symbols for technology. These swift and clever evolutions illustrate the flexibility of language and its capacity to communicate meanings not relating to words.(CMC展示了对技术符号的创造性重新利用。这些迅速而巧妙的进化说明了语言的灵活性及其传达与单词无关的意义的能力。)”和第四段“People have been complaining about language being “ruined”.(人们一直在抱怨语言被“毁了”。)”可知，划线词所在的句子表示“与这些创新正在恶化语言的想法相反，CMC展示了对技术符号的创造性重新利用。这些迅速而巧妙的进化说明了语言的灵活性及其传达与单词无关的意义的能力”，划线词意为“使恶化”，和C选项“Worsening(恶化)”意思相近。故选C。
40．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Textspeak is an evolution of language.(短信语是一种语言的进化。)”和最后一段的“So, far from ruining language, the example indicates how people can now communicate complex feelings in a simple manner. This kind of change is perfect for our modern, fast-paced world.(因此，这个例子不仅没有破坏语言，而且表明人们现在可以用简单的方式交流复杂的情感。这种变化对于我们这个快节奏的现代世界来说是完美的。)”可知，作者对“短信语”的态度是赞许的。故选B。专题03 优选精炼说明文
1.（2024·江西鹰潭·高三贵溪市实验中学校考期末）
Aeronautics (航空学) specialists from the University of South Australia spent months studying the dragonfly’s flight, creating 3D models from digital images, to build a winged drone (无人机). Study leader Javaan Chahl believes that winged drones based on the dragonfly’s shape and movement will simply be more flexible and energy efficient.
Chahl’s team used a special photography technique to classify the wing shapes of 75 different dragonfly species from museum collections. Their wings are long, light and hard. Plus, their long bodies give them excellent stability and balance, making it possible for winged drones to deliver awkward loads and undertake long observation missions.
Investigating the way that dragonflies remain stable during flight actually reveals the techniques they use to get themselves out of tricky situations. Dragonflies are found to be able to perform upside-down backflips to regain balance and normal flight, when they find themselves upside down mid-air. This special skill can even be performed while dragonflies are unconscious, meaning it is a passive stability mechanism similar in concept to planes that are designed to glide to safety with their engines turned off. Engineers are looking to copy dragonfly wings to create safer drones that can right themselves.
Of course, not all attempts to build dragonfly-like drones are successful. TechJet’s air vehicle was supposed to operate as an aerial camera, observation and security drone, but it failed before production got underway. Similarly, Insectothopter, an American dragonfly spy drone built in the 1970 s was deserted.
Yet the principles behind winged drones are solid. In fact, NASA has settled on a nuclear-powered autonomous craft called Dragonfly to explore the surface of Saturn’s moon Titan in 2034. NASA’s project is actually an air vehicle, rather than a winged drone, but engineers are still convinced they can crack the code of nature’s most gifted flying insect and revolutionize unmanned flight along the way.
1．Why did aeronautics specialists spend months studying the dragonfly’s flight
A．To build 3D models from digital images.
B．To make winged drones modelled after it.
C．To clarify the flexibility and efficiency of drones.
D．To display the shape and movement of the dragonfly.
2．The special skill of dragonflies is their ability to_________.
A．glide to safety B．avoid tricky situations
C．perform observation tasks D．adjust themselves to stay stable
3．What is the author’s attitude towards winged drones
A．Skeptical. B．Uncertain. C．Supportive. D．Conservative.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Winged Drones: Still a Long Way to Go
B．Javaan Chahl: An Innovative Leader of Aeronautics
C．A Dragonfly’s Flying Technique: Perfect for Drones
D．The Code of Nature: A Solution to NASA’s Space Exploration
2.（2024上·甘肃酒泉·高三校考期末）
A common theme running in fiction and mythology is the idea of orphan (孤儿) heroes and superheroes. Fairytales introduce us to children of absent fathers and cruel caretakers, like Cinderella and Snow White. Fiction makes much of the parentage of David Copperfield and Jane ic books offer orphaned heroes like Batman, Spiderman, or you’ll notice characters in more modern fiction from films and books like Harry Potter and Leia Skywalker.
Why are so many heroes and superheroes orphans
Lacking parents, orphan heroes and superheroes are considered “children of the world”. Having raised themselves, and having been freed from much of the complex relationship of child to parent, ophan heroes and superheroes are at much greater liberty to interact with the world, and they may look at the world as parent and all its inhabitants as family.
Some orphans seek only a home and a family. David Copperfield finds this with his aunt. Cinderella and Snow White escape evil stepmothers by marrying. Others, especially of the superhero “cast” are never really given family in the traditional sense. In fact, though they may have strong bonds with friends, or with caretakers, they are constantly attempting to prove worthiness to the world, and are desperate to save the people they do care about.
You can also evaluate orphan heroes and superheroes as a means by which anxiety, loneliness, and independence are emphasized. The comic book type superhero is usually one who suffers always, or at least most of the time. Loss of even one parent can be intensely upsetting and forever change a child’s life, and superheroes may do all in their power to prevent this fate for other children. Empathy for suffering and a desire to end or prevent it for others are increased.
It’s a good idea to consider why we see this theme expressed so commonly. Perhaps we ⅵew these orphans or poorly parented children as ultimately our own. They may not just be children of the world, but may belong to each reader.
5．Why does the author mention some famous characters in Paragraph 1
A．To clarify the writing purpose. B．To advertise classic fiction.
C．To support a statement. D．To make an overall outline.
6．Which of the following drives some orphans to become superheroes
A．Intention to escape a family. B．Desire to prove their value to the world.
C．Strong bonds with their family. D．Wishes for freedom to explore the world.
7．Which word best describes the comic book type superhero
A．Childish. B．Dependent. C．Cheerful. D．Sympathetic.
8．What may make the theme of orphan superheroes so common
A．Ophans’ ultimte fate is pitiful
B．Readers have a preference for tragedies.
C．Orphan characters are reflections of the readers.
D．Readers may regard orphan characters as their own kids.
3.（2024上·甘肃武威·高三统考期末）
I’ve never had a great sense of direction. And I often wander into shops and, upon coming back out, can’t remember which way I’ve come from — left or right Many people are like me, and why do some constantly have no idea where they are
The hippocampus (海马体) is a region of the brain associated with memory and involved in sense of direction. And a nearby region has also been associated with sense of direction. There are four known types of navigation-related neurons (神经元), found in these regions place cells, grid cells, border cells and head direction cells.
In short, you can think of place cells as an internal cognitive (认知的) map; they identify where you are. Grid cells are like a GPS system in our brain; they tell us about the relationship of this place to other places we’ve been to. Border cells respond to the presence of environmental boundaries at a specific direction and distance from us. Lastly, head direction cells are activated when our head faces a specific direction. These cells will fire electrical impulses when we enter familiar locations, with each group of cells relating to a specific place.
Our reliance on GPS and smartphones may have decreased the ability to use our internal maps. Older adults who regularly used GPS had less activity in their hippocampus, compared with those who did not use GPS. They also performed slightly worse in a cognition test. In contrast, a study involving London taxi drivers found they significantly larger hippocampus than ordinary people.
You can improve your way-finding ability specifically by practicing the skill, according to Aziz, PhD of neurology at Temple University School of Medicine. “The more you get out and go to places, the better,” he says. Physical exercise improves the blood flow to the brain, while mental exercise, such as doing puzzles or learning a new language, stimulates the development of new nerve cells and connections in your brain.
9．How does the author introduce the topic of the text
A．By raising a question.
B．By making a comparison.
C．By stating personal opinions.
D．By referring to scientific research.
10．What can we learn about the four types of navigation-related neurons
A．They depend closely on each other.
B．They are responsible for different jobs.
C．They will decrease in numbers as one ages.
D．They will fail to function in unfamiliar situations.
11．What will happen it we rely too much on GPS
A．We will easily be misled.
B．Our hippocampus will get enlarged.
C．Our cognitive ability will be affected.
D．We will have our hippocampus relaxed.
12．What are we advised to do according to the last paragraph
A．Build up our body. B．Take training courses.
C．Try different brain exercises. D．Get out to connect with people.
4.（2023·广西南宁·高三南宁三中校考阶段练习）
In the endless sky, the unaided human eye should be able to perceive several thousand stars on a clear, dark night. Unfortunately, growing light pollution has impeded people from the nightly view.
New citizen-science-based research throws alarming light on the problem of “sky glow”-the diffuse illumination (漫射照明) of the night sky that is a form of light pollution. The data came from crowd-sourced observations collected from around the world as part of Globe at Night, a program developed by astronomer Connie Walker.
Light pollution has harmful effects on the practice of astronomy but also on human health and wildlife, since it disturbs the cycle from sunlight to starlight that biological systems have evolved alongside. Furthermore, the loss of visible stars is a great loss of human cultural heritage. Until relatively recently, humans throughout history had an impressive view of the starry night sky, and the effect of this nighty spectacle (壮观) is evident in ancient cultures.
Globe at Night has been gathering data on star visibility since 2006. Anyone can submit observations through the Globe at Night web application. Participants record which one best matches what they can see in the sky without any telescopes or other instruments.
Researchers find that the loss of visible stars indicates an increase in sky brightness of 9.6% per year while roughly 2% is measured by satellites. Existing satellites are not well suited to measuring sky glow as it appears to humans, because they can not detect wavelengths shorter than 500 nanometers (纳米). White LEDs, with shorter wavelengths under 500 nanometers, now are increasingly commonly used in outdoor lighting. But human eyes are more sensitive to these shorter wavelengths at nighttime. Space-based instruments do not measure light from windows, either. But these sources are significant contributors to sky glow us seen from the ground.
“The increase in sky glow over the past decade underlines the importance of redoubling our efforts and developing new strategies to protect dark skies,” said Walker. “The Globe at Night dataset is necessary in our ongoing evaluation of changes in sky glow, and we encourage whoever can to get involved to help protect the starry night sky.”
13．What does the underlined word “impeded” in the first paragraph mean
A．separated. B．disabled. C．demanded. D．protected.
14．What does the loss of visible stars lead to
A．Poorer human health. B．Fewer wildlife species.
C．More delicate biological systems. D．Less nightly culture elements of the sky.
15．What does the author stress in paragraph 5
A．Crowd sourced data are invaluable B．Shorter wavelengths are hard to detect.
C．Satellites play a vital role. D．White LEDs are widely used.
16．What can be inferred from Walker’s words
A．Their consistent efforts pay off.
B．The dataset needs to be updated.
C．The sky glow has been over-emphasized.
D．More participants are expected to join in.
5.（2023·广西玉林·高三统考阶段练习）
Humans are not the only fashionistas in the animal kingdom. Titmice can be fashion-victims, too, apparently. A study by Sonja Wild and Lucy Aplin shows that, given the chance, titmice decorate their nests with this season’s must-have color.
Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin were following up the work published in 1934 by Henry Smith Williams, an American naturalist. He noticed that when he put various colored balls of yarn(纱) out in his garden, almost always one and only one became popular that season for incorporation into local birds’ nests. But which particular hue(颜色) was favored varied from season to season. This suggested that the color chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others.
Williams’s work was, however, forgotten until Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin came across it while following upon a different study. This group noted that, during any given breeding season, the blue titmice they were investigating tended to incorporate the same plants into their nests regardless of how abundant those herbs actually were. This, too, suggested fashion-following—and it likewise led Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin to speculate that birds were studying the nests of others and copying them. They therefore set out to re-run Williams’s experiment.
According to the study, of 68 titmice nests built that season in the experimental areas, 26 included wool from a dispenser(分配器). Of these, 18 we reconstructed after both colors had become available from all dispensers. Even so, 10 of that 18 included only the color of wool first chosen by a nestbuilder. By contrast, all eight wool-bearing nests in the control zone contained a mixture of colors-a statistically significant difference.
Titmice, then, do seem to be “on trend” when it comes to nest-building materials. Why that should happen remains unclear. Dr Wild and Dr. Aplin suspect the trendsetters are older birds, and that evolution favors younger ones copying their elders since those elders have evidently survived what fortune throws at a titmouse. Williams’s original work, though, suggested such initial choices were arbitrary(任意的), a bit like those of the leaders of human fashions.
17．What proved titmice’s fashion-following in Williams’s study
A．They tended to make their nests colorful.
B．They had their favorite color all the year round.
C．They decorated their nests in the breeding season.
D．They chose the same colored materials for their nests.
18．How did Dr Wild and Dr Aplin prove their study
A．By analyzing the shapes of titmice’s nests.
B．By recording the sound of titmice carefully.
C．By collecting some actual numbers about titmice.
D．By observing the course of titmice’s building nests.
19．What did older birds’ color choice suggest according to Williams’s work
A．It came mainly from their habit. B．It was based on random choices.
C．It was basically out of their nature. D．It reflected the power of elder birds.
20．What is the best title for the text
A．Birds can make their nests colorful.no B．Birds can learn fashionable lifestyles.
C．Birds can follow the fashion of humans. D．Birds can be just as fashion-conscious as people.
6.（2023·安徽合肥·高三合肥一六八中学校考）
Vehicles on our roads are now mostly petrol and diesel (柴油) cars, but their days cannot continue for much longer. A recent university study found that current electric cars could be used for 87 percent of daily car journeys in the US. That figure could rise to 98 percent by 2020.
One hurdle to the widespread adoption of electric cars has been “range anxiety” — drivers’ concerns about running out of electricity on a journey. While petrol stations are conveniently located across national road systems, the necessary network of electric charging stations is still being developed. That said, charging points are becoming increasingly common throughout the USA．
Attitudes towards electric vehicles have changed greatly over the last few years. Not that long ago, electric cars were met with distrust, and their high prices drove customers away. Thanks to improvements in battery capacity, recharging times, performance and price, the current generation of electric cars are starting to persuade picky consumers. Plug-in cars will soon give internal combustion engine (内燃机) models a run for their money.
As well as development on the road, electric vehicles are taking to the seas and skies. Electric boats are among the oldest methods of electric travel, having enjoyed several decades of popularity from the late 19th to the early 20th century before petrol-powered outboard motors took over. Now, the global drive for renewable energy sources is bringing electric boats back. Steps towards electric air travel are also being made, with Airbus and NASA among the organizations developing and testing battery-powered planes. The experiments could soon make commercial electric flight a reality.
Electric vehicles do not produce any emissions (排放). If the US could replace 87 percent of its cars with electric vehicles, it would reduce the national demand for petrol by 61 percent. However, because of the production processes and the generation of electricity required to charge these vehicles, they cannot claim to be completely emission-free. That said, as many countries continue to increase their use of renewable energy sources, electric vehicles will become even cleaner.
21．What does the underlined word “hurdle” probably mean in Paragraph 2
A．Obstacle. B．Intention. C．Worry. D．Stage.
22．What will the future of plug-in cars be like
A．They will suffer disbelief because of battery capacity.
B．The high price will put the future of electric cars at risk.
C．They will not be widely promoted because of picky customers.
D．They will compete with petrol and diesel cars fiercely for markets.
23．What can we learn about in Paragraph 4
A．The history of electric travel.
B．Different ways electric vehicles can be used.
C．Reasons why the world needs more electric cars.
D．The trend that more people have interest in electric cars.
24．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Potentials of Petrol and Diesel Cars B．Challenges Facing Electric Cars
C．A Cleaner Future on the Road D．Best Means of Transportation
7.（2024·安徽六安·高三六安一中校考阶段练习）
Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating a growing army of superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrobial (抗菌的) resistance, expected to kill 10 million people a year by 2050 up from around 1 million in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many.
It would be unwise to rely on new antibiotics to solve the problem. The rate at which resistance emerges is increasing. Some new drugs last only two years before bacteria develop resistance. When new antibiotics do arrive, doctors often store them, using them only reluctantly and for short periods when faced with the most persistent infections. That limits sales, making new antibiotics an unappealing idea for most drug firms.
Governments have been trying to fix the problem by channeling cash into research in drug firms. That has produced only limited improvements. But there is a phenomenon worth a look. Microbiologists have known for decades that disease-causing bacteria can suffer from illnesses of their own. They are supersensitive to attacks by phages, specialized viruses that infect bacteria and often kill them. Phages are considered a promising alternative to antibiotics.
Using one disease-causing virus to fight bacteria has several advantages. Like antibiotics, phages only tend to choose particular targets, leaving human cells alone as they infect and destroy bacterial ones. Unlike antibiotics, phages can evolve just as readily as bacteria can, meaning that even if bacteria do develop resistance, phages may be able to evolve around them in turn.
That, at least, is the theory. The trouble with phages is that comparatively little is known about them. After the discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928, they were largely ignored in the West. Given the severity of the antibiotic-resistance problem, it would be a good idea to find out more about them.
The first step is to run more clinical trials. Interest from Western firms is growing. But it is being held back by the fact that phages are an even less appealing investment than antibiotics. Since they are natural living things, there may be trouble patenting them, making it hard to recover any investment.
Governments can help fund basic research into phage treatment and clarify the law around exactly what is and is not patentable. In time they can set up phage banks so as to make production cheaper. And they can spread awareness of the risks of overusing antibiotics, and the potential benefits of phages.
25．We can learn from paragraphs 1 and 2 that .
A．doctors tend to use new antibiotics when the patients ask for them
B．antimicrobial resistance is developing more rapidly than predicted
C．new antibiotics fail to attract drug firms due to limited use of them
D．previous antibiotics are effective in solving modern health problems
26．What is phages’ advantage over antibiotics
A．They can increase human cells when fighting bacteria.
B．They are not particular about which cells to infect and kill.
C．They can evolve accordingly when bacteria develop resistance.
D．They are too sensitive to be infected by disease-causing bacteria.
27．According to the passage, the obstacle to phage treatment is that .
A．there is little chance of patenting phages in the future
B．governments provide financial support for other research
C．the emergence of superbugs holds back drug firms’ interest
D．over-dependence on antibiotics distracts attention from phages
28．What is the main idea of the passage
A．Governments fail to stop the use of antibiotics.
B．Phages could help prevent an antibiotics crisis.
C．Development of antibiotics is limited by phages.
D．Antimicrobial resistance calls for new antibiotics.
8.（2023·黑龙江·高三牡丹江市第三高级中学校考）
Precision (精确) agriculture is a method of growing crops. Farmers use technology to collect very precise or exact measurements about their land. It tells farmers how they planted seeds, used fertilizers and chemical pesticides, and so on. Farm equipment can plant different amounts of seeds and leave different amounts of fertilizer in different parts of a field. Water measuring equipment can tell farmers how much water their plants are getting.
But some of this technology is too costly for small farmers, especially in developing countries. Ranveer Chandra, the Microsoft researcher from India, is working to develop low-cost, high-tech tools for farmers. He developed a system that connects soil sensors to other sensing equipment through unused television (TV) channels. These unused TV signals, known as “white space” frequencies (频率), can provide Internet connection over long distances. Some hospitals and schools in rural areas are already online with white-space connections, Chandra noted.
Each soil sensor provides information about conditions on the farm. To connect all the areas into a big picture, a drone aircraft takes photographs from high in the air. Artificial intelligence (AI) compares these photos to the sensor data. AI then can create maps of where the soil is too acidic or needs more water. Similar technology can also help farmers watch their animals. Video cameras connected to computers and linked to the Internet can help farmers recognize sick cattle, for example.
However, the level and speed at which new farming skills and technologies will spread remains unclear. Bruce Erickson is a precision farming expert at Purdue University in Indiana. He told the CSA the one problem faced by any new farming technology is getting people to use it with their existing methods. Different countries have different farming methods and different ways of doing business. “It takes people to carry out new farming practices,” Erickson said.
29．How is Paragraph 1 mainly developed
A．By following the order of space. B．By giving specific examples.
C．By making comparisons. D．By listing data.
30．What did Ranveer Chandra research
A．How to design AI for making maps.
B．How to profit from the used TV signals.
C．How to develop a drone aircraft for farming.
D．How to lower the cost of farming technology.
31．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The future of artificial intelligence.
B．The process of using white-space connections.
C．The practical application in precision agriculture.
D．The achievement in designing high-tech farming tools.
32．What can we infer about the future of precision agriculture from the last paragraph
A．It needs time to be readily accepted by modern farmers.
B．It depends on the development of new farming technology.
C．It will revolutionize the traditional farming.
D．It has to gain support from agricultural experts.
9.（2024上·贵州贵阳·高三贵阳一中校考）
Officials of Detroit, Michigan, have equipped apiece of road with new technology designed to charge electric vehicles (EVs) on the path. The roadway is meant to serve as a demonstration project for the technology, which could be expanded to larger road systems.
The system uses a series of copper wires placed underneath the road. These wires have the ability to send electricity through a magnetic field to charge an EV’s battery. Charging can happen while the car is driving or sitting above the equipment. Elect re on says the electric road system is safe for people and animals walking over it and does not harm drivers.
The technology was created by Electreon, a developer of wireless charging solutions for EVs. Stefan Tongur, Electreon’s vice president of business development, told The Associated Press EVs require special equipment to receive the wireless signal. “The technology is smart,” Tongur said, and “knows who you are...”
The electrified road stretches about one half-kilometer. It will be used to test and improve the technology in preparation for wider releases. Tongur said the project aims to “demonstrate how wireless charging unlocks widespread EV adoption, addressing limited range, grid (电网) limitations, and battery size and costs.” He looks forward to a future in which, in his words, “EVs are the norm, not the exception.”
Michigan’s Department of Transportation (DOT) signed a five-year agreement with Electreon to develop the roadway charging system. Offcial shave said they plan to build another electrified stretch of road in another part of the city. Michigan transportation officials say the wireless-charging roadway project has helped position the state and city of Detroit as national leaders in EV technology. “In Michigan, we want to stay ahead of the curve,” Michigan DOT Director Bradley C． Wieferich told the AP.
33．What is the new technology intended to do
A．Provide power for EVs. B．Demonstrate a project.
C．Expand road systems. D．Improve EVs’ batteries.
34．What can we learn about the electric road system
A．People and animals may get an electric shock near it.
B．EVs are charged through contact with its copper wires.
C．It charges EVs only if they stay still on the equipment.
D．A special device is needed to pick up its wireless signals.
35．Which of the following can best replace the underlined phrase “stay ahead of the curve”
A．Develop more smoothly. B．Make progress in the industry.
C．Take the lead in the field. D．Achieve a goal ahead of time.
36．What is Bradley’s attitude towards the project
A．Skeptical. B．Tolerant. C．Favorable. D．Objective.
10.（2023·贵州黔东南·高三统考阶段练习）
Textspeak is an informal term for the abbreviated (缩写的) language used in text messaging and other forms of electronic communication. In the digital age, it’s common to hear how textspeak is ruining language. Some people argue that technology has made us lazy about how we speak and write.
Of course, language does change when it’s used digitally. Textspeak is an evolution of language. It’s even the focus of a field of linguistics (语言学) called CMC, which is committed to the study of interaction facilitated by technology like computers, mobile phones and tablets.
Contrary to the idea that these innovations are aggravating language, CMC demonstrates a creative repurposing of symbols for technology. These swift and clever evolutions illustrate the flexibility of language and its capacity to communicate meanings not relating to words.
People have been complaining about language being “ruined”. In A．D．63, for example, a Roman scholar complained that students of Latin were writing in an “artificial language”. In fact, this writing was a new language that would become French! Similarly, in 1871, the then-president of Harvard University said,“Bad spelling, incorrectness, inelegance of expression in writing, and ignorance of the simplest rules of punctuation... are far from rare among the young who are well-prepared for college studies.”
Today, people are able to communicate rapidly using a wide variety of tools and technologies. Perhaps no linguistic development better indicates changes in the ways we communicate than the popular emoticon (表情符号). It is a visual representation of a smiley face turned sideways. Although an emoticon may look like a smile, a frown or any number of facial expressions, it doesn’t really represent a face. Instead, it’s intended to convey a feeling, such as “I’m happy” or “just joking”.
So, far from ruining language, the example indicates how people can now communicate complex feelings in a simple manner. This kind of change is perfect for our modern, fast-paced world.
37．What can be learnt about “textspeak” from the text
A．It has ill effects on language.
B．It is ruining language in the digital age.
C．It is a visual representation of facial expressions.
D．It is an evolution of language and communication.
38．What does the author argue for in the text
A．Language changes and adapts to new technologies.
B．Language has become more rigid with technology.
C．Language is being corrupted by modern innovations.
D．Technology has made us lazy in our use of language.
39．What does the underlined word “aggravating” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Simplifying. B．Opposing. C．Worsening. D．Shortening.
40．What’s the author’s attitude towards “textspeak”
A．Indifferent. B．Favorable. C．Doubtful. D．Objective.
