松江区2023学年度第一学期期末质量监控试卷
高三英语
(满分140分，完卷时间120分钟)
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Buy Now, Pay Later Spending
Buy now, pay later(BNPL) spending is expected to rise to record levels this holiday season. With so many young “buy now, pay later” shoppers already in debt from this short-term financing tool not requiring interest, questions emerge: Why do these shoppers use such a tool And what risks does it pose to their budgets in the months ____21____ (come)
The many Generation Z and millennials (typically around 40 years and younger) tend to use this short-term financing, ____22____ allows them to buy items and pay for them over time. Offered mostly by financial technologies, BNPL allows these customers to pay back their purchases ____23____ interest and with the first payment usually made at checkout. The most common “buy now, pay later” plan is ____24____ customers make four equal payments and pay off the debt in six weeks. It’s been a lifeline for some people, such as a university student ____25____ weekly income is not big enough. “BNPL provides consumers with flexible payment options so they ____26____ manage spending,” said Vivek Pandya, lead analyst at Adobe Digital Insights. That is of great importance for many consumers, especially ____27____ with a tendency to purchase higher-cost items.
However, since BNPL ____28____ (appear), warnings from experts have come into our view. They have been indicating that it’s financially unhealthy to form such a spending habit. According to New York Federal Reserve economists, BNPL may encourage debt to increase over time, ____29____ (influence) a consumer’s ability to meet non-BNPL commitments, or users to over extend themselves. Users should also note that ______30______ interest is not charged on the loan, they’ll be hit with late fees for missed payments, which can add up quickly, says the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
Section B
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．attractive B．bothered C．building D．contrasts E．crossed F．demonstrates G．dramatically H．greyed I．instrumental J．sustaining K．vividly
A Review on Oppenheimer
Oppenheimer is Christopher Nolan’s film about J. Robert Oppenheimer, the man known as “the father of the atomic(原子的) bomb”. As a drama about genius, pride and error, it____31____the life of the American theoretical physicist who helped research and develop the two atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, two cities in Japan, during World War II.
Oppenheimer is a great achievement, partly because it____32____relates that period of history thanks to Nolan’s lifelike filmmaking. Nolan goes deep and long on the____33____of the bomb, but he doesn’t restage the attacks and there are no documentary images of the dead or cities in ashes.
The story tracks Oppenheimer across decades, starting in the 1920s with him as a young adult and continuing until his hair____34____. The film touches on his personal and professional milestones, the controversies that____35____him, and the attacks that nearly ruined him. Besides, the friendships and romances____36____him, yet also troubling, are also described.
The path of Oppenheimer’s life___37___ shifted at Berkeley. He was once only an academic there, but his identity changed after Germany entered Poland by force. By that time, Oppenheimer had become friends with Ernest Lawrence, a physicist who invented the historic particle accelerator (粒子加速器) and played a(n) ____38____role in the Manhattan Project. And Oppenheimer also met the project’s military head and was then made director of Los Alamos, where much of his later research on nuclear weapons took place.
Fran ois Truffaut once wrote that “war films, even those who support peace, even the best, willingly or not, present wars in a certain____39____way.” That is why Nolan refuses to show the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing millions of souls. In the film, you hear that Oppenheimer’s famous words____40____his own mind as the mushroom cloud rose: “Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.” Nolan is actually reminding audience to reconsider the roles they can play in the world.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Paris has long been at the heart of the history of flight. It is where the Montgolfier brothers went up in the first hot-air balloon in 1783, and where Charles Lindbergh completed the first one-person transatlantic areophane journey in 1927. Next year, if all goes to plan, Paris will witness the birth of another industry____41____, when Volocopter, a German maker of electric aircraft, launches a flying-taxi service during the Olympic Games. At the Paris Airshow in June, Volocopter and some of its competitors displayed a new generation of____42____flying machines designed for urban transport.
The electrification of aviation (航空) has often been dismissed as a pipe dream, with batteries assumed too heavy a___43___for traditional fuel in an airborne vehicle. For longer journeys, that may well be true. Yet upstarts like Volocopter are betting that electrification can____44____a boom in demand for clean and quick air journeys over shorter distances.
The main form of a flying taxi under____45____, called an electric vertical (垂直的) take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, is expected to carry up to four passengers plus a pilot. Powered by batteries, it is predicted to be both quiet enough to reduce complaints in crowded cities, and fast: capable of up to 300kph, enough to comfortably____46____a car, especially the one stuck in traffic. And optimists believe the absence of traffic in the sky will also make eVTOLs well-suited to ____47____ operation. They could prove handy for transporting goods, too. That vision has inspired____48____predictions. For example, Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, estimates global spending on eVTOLs could hit $1,000 billion by 2040!
Regardless of the above____49____expectations, challenges remain. One problem is technical certification, which is turning out to be a(n)____50____process as aviation regulators work on an entirely new form of aircraft. Late last year, due to regulatory delays and some other factors, Joby, a Silicon Valley startup, was forced to____51____its launch by one more year until 2025. Many have even longer to go. The bigger question is — is the business of flying taxis___52___practicable EVTOLs currently range in price from $1 million to $ 4 million. Some believe that their cost may come down as the industry develops. Brian Yutko of Wisk, a maker backed by Boeing, says that flying-taxi rides will be accessible to____53____in the near future. And Joby promises that its fares will be comparable to catching a common taxi. ____54____, there is an opposite belief that eVTOLs are likely to remain expensive. Some studies suggest the cost could end up as high as $7 per kilometer, many times a regular taxi fare. That means, even without a pilot, flying taxis may remain a convenience____55____only to a lucky few.
Let’s expect plenty more experiments with electric aircraft in the years ahead.
41.
A. cooperator B. competitor C. observer D. pioneer
42.
A. wind-driven B. battery-driven C. gas-driven D. solar-driven
43.
A. substitute B. shelter C. treatment D. desire
44.
A. regulate B. maintain C. unlock D. reverse
45.
A. pressure B. attack C. development D. repair
46.
A. underestimate B. update C. outpace D. overdo
47.
A. rigid B. autonomous C. attentive D. illegal
48.
A. daring B. discouraging C. unclear D. ordinary
49.
A. technological B. unrealistic C. rewarding D. enthusiastic
50.
A. efficient B. simple C. lengthy D. intelligent
51.
A. put off B. speed up C. object to D. approve of
52.
A. historically B. technically C. theoretically D. economically
53.
A. the learned B. the disabled C. the seniors D. the masses
54.
A. Furthermore B. However C. Fortunately D. Consequently
55.
A. affordable B. valuable C. unbelievable D. unsuitable
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Every summer, as a child, I spent with my parents the annual family holiday, flying away from our home in the West Midlands to their birthplace in Ireland.
I enjoyed it, but once, I behaved differently and left home. Package tours and long-distance flights became my idea of a holiday. I then went and ran into an Englishman who also came of Irish stock, and we both felt the urge to renew our knowledge of Ireland.
It was important for us to discover something different from our childhood visits. So that’s how we came to drive along the winding St John’s Point Peninsula (半岛) in Donegal, part of Ireland’s Wild Atlantic Way, to visit a unique part of the 20th-century history — the Donegal Corridor.
When anyone drives to the point where the land runs out, he sees giant white stones fixed firmly in green grass spelling out “EIRE” and “70”, while the Atlantic wind fiercely blows across the headland and the ice-white waves smash into the rocks below. The meaning behind the stones They date back to the Second World War when St John’s Point was number 70 in a total of 83 Look Out Points (LOPs), observation stations set up and maintained by Ireland all around its coast.
There lies a bit of curious UK-Ireland history. Although Ireland was officially neutral during the war, the Battle of the Atlantic was being fought close to Irish shores, and these LOPs, staffed by local volunteers known as Coast watchers, passed on information on activities connected with the sea and weather fronts to London.
At St John’s Point, we were standing right under the Donegal Corridor, a long narrow area of airspace in which Ireland ensured safe passage during World War II to planes in the RAF (Royal Air Force) from bases in the UK-governed North of Ireland. The stone markings acted as reference points to aircrews.
Standing on this rough area of land surrounded by the wild and windy ocean brought home to us the conditions in which the Coast watchers and aircrews in the RAF cooperated in a shared history.
I revolted against my family tradition that summer, and I fulfilled my aim of discovering something new and absorbed all Donegal has to offer: empty golden beaches, mysterious ancient stone circles, folk music and crafts, and tasty food. I had fallen in love with Ireland all over again.
56. What can we learn about the author from paragraphs 1 to 3
A. She met a childhood friend from Ireland that year.
B. She and that Englishman both had Irish ancestors.
C. She took package tours and long-distance flights every year.
D. She explored the Wild Atlantic Way with her family members.
57. The giant white stones were important during WWII because .
A. the Battle of the Atlantic took place right close to them
B. weather information from the UK was sent through them
C. they functioned as reference points to aircrews in the RAF
D. they ranked at the top in the 83 LOPs around the Irish coast
58. The expression “revolted against” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to .
A. worried about B. passed on C. celebrated D. disobeyed
59. Which might be the best title of the passage
A. A Global Journey B. Discovering Undiscovered Donegal
C. Happy Holidays D. Escaping from the West Midlands
(B)
Ads, news, movies, TV shows, and many other types of media all want you to accept their messages at face value. However, you should look beneath the surface and ask questions to decode what the media message is really saying. You need to ask yourself two basic questions: Who is the source of the message How is it trying to get your attention
Question 1: Who is the source of the message
(Picture A) Knowing who is responsible for a message can reveal its true intention, as well as any possible prejudice. Just take the picture above as an example. Why are we asked to ban the impacts Don’t forget that the source at the bottom plays a part. If, sometimes, the source isn’t clear, we can look for it by checking legal documents.
Question 2: How is it trying to get your attention
(Picture B) The obvious part of a message is called the text, which includes any language, imagery, music, or anything else you can see or hear. The implied part of a message is called the subtext, and it’s suggested by the content rather than directly seen or heard. We as individuals then decide how to interpret this subtext based on our personal ideas, world views, and expectations. People with different perspectives might interpret the same piece of message differently. Mind that some media may just take advantage of the prejudice. (Picture C) Photo control is nearly as old as photography itself, but modern technology has made it common and easy to do. Using photo editing software, almost anyone can make big changes to an image, from adjusting colors and lighting to adding and removing content. That’s why you should always keep a critical eye on images in the media. Some media may hold back or overstate information, like an advertisement that makes the products appear more effective than they really are. (Picture D) Social media users can also give themselves a digital transformation with a little effort. They can make themselves look however they like in just a few moments. But since these edited images are presented as reality, they can affect our mental well-being. By constantly seeing pictures of artificially superb people, some of us may start to believe that these pictures are genuine, and that we can never live up to these unrealistic ideals. This type of harmful thinking can lead to all sorts of mental and emotional health concerns.
60. We can learn from the passage that .
A. the media hope that you can make sense of their true meanings
B finding the sources of media helps to form a sensible judgment
C. text is more important than subtext when we analyze the messages
D. photography and photo editing software date back to the same time
61. Your aunt finds her newly-bought belt doesn’t make her so stylish as advertised. Which picture can illustrate the case
A. Picture A B. Picture B C. Picture C D. Picture D
62. This passage can be found under the section of ________.
A. Mass Media Reading B. Content-Targeted Advertising
C. Deconstructing Web-pages D. Persuasive Language Recognition
(C)
Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating a growing army of superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrobial (抗菌的) resistance, expected to kill 10 million people a year by 2050 up from around 1 million in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many.
It would be unwise to rely on new antibiotics to solve the problem. The rate at which resistance emerges is increasing. Some new drugs last only two years before bacteria develop resistance. When new antibiotics do arrive, doctors often store them, using them only reluctantly and for short periods when faced with the most persistent infections. That limits sales, making new antibiotics an unappealing idea for most drug firms.
Governments have been trying to fix the problem by channeling cash into research in drug firms. That has produced only limited improvements. But there is a phenomenon worth a look. Microbiologists have known for decades that disease-causing bacteria can suffer from illnesses of their own. They are supersensitive to attacks by phages, specialized viruses that infect bacteria and often kill them. Phages are considered a promising alternative to antibiotics.
Using one disease-causing virus to fight bacteria has several advantages. Like antibiotics, phages only tend to choose particular targets, leaving human cells alone as they infect and destroy bacterial ones. Unlike antibiotics, phages can evolve just as readily as bacteria can, meaning that even if bacteria do develop resistance, phages may be able to evolve around them in turn.
That, at least, is the theory. The trouble with phages is that comparatively little is known about them. After the discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928, they were largely ignored in the West. Given the severity of the antibiotic-resistance problem, it would be a good idea to find out more about them.
The first step is to run more clinical trials. Interest from Western firms is growing. But it is being held back by the fact that phages are an even less appealing investment than antibiotics. Since they are natural living things, there may be trouble patenting them, making it hard to recover any investment.
Governments can help fun d basic research into phage treatment and clarify the law around exactly what is and is not patentable. In time they can set up phage banks so as to make production cheaper. And they can spread awareness of the risks of overusing antibiotics, and the potential benefits of phages.
63. We can learn from paragraphs 1 and 2 that .
A. doctors tend to use new antibiotics when the patients ask for them
B. antimicrobial resistance is developing more rapidly than predicted
C. new antibiotics fail to attract drug firms due to limited use of them
D. previous antibiotics are effective in solving modern health problems
64. What is phages’ advantage over antibiotics
A. They can increase human cells when fighting bacteria.
B. They are not particular about which cells to infect and kill.
C. They can evolve accordingly when bacteria develop resistance.
D. They are too sensitive to be infected by disease-causing bacteria.
65. According to the passage, the obstacle to phage treatment is that .
A. there is little chance of patenting phages in the future
B. governments provide financial support for other research
C. the emergence of superbugs holds back drug firms’ interest
D. over-dependence on antibiotics distracts attention from phages
66. What is the main idea of the passage
A. Governments fail to stop the use of antibiotics.
B. Phages could help prevent an antibiotics crisis.
C. Development of antibiotics is limited by phages.
D. Antimicrobial resistance calls for new antibiotics.
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
Social Masking
Amanda is always an expert at working the room. She would adopt the manner of the people around her to fit in while hiding her true personality. This is social masking, the process of hiding your natural way of interacting with others so you can feel accepted. ____67____Instead, they are hoping to fit in with everybody else. Social masking is a set of learned pattern-matching behaviors, movements and actions where you try to be normal to fit in rather than stand out.
____68____People all wear certain social masks in order to get through some tricky life situations with confidence, according to Dr. Tara Quinn-Cirillo. And some experts even think social masking is built in all human beings at a physical level, adding that something in our brain gives indications of how to essentially stay safe and not stick out.
In a world that often tells us to just be ourselves, you might wonder why we are still dependent on these social masking behaviors. “Social masking happens because we as a species want to be included,” says Tara. “It has been a tribal thing of being together rather than being on our own, from a historical perspective. ____69____”
There is a huge difference between naturally identifying with someone and consciously social masking.____70____Social masking, on the other hand, involves a conscious effort to change your personality to suit your surroundings. It typically involves depressing your natural urges and changing your personal interests to fit the crowd.
A. Social maskers do not try hard to match other people in pace and tone.
B. Social masking is something we all engage in to some extent.
C. Social maskers are not trying to fox anyone.
D. When we are in natural identification with someone, it happens naturally, and there is very little effort involved.
E. It’s adopted by people unable to naturally act in a way considered socially acceptable.
F. That is, it’s an ancient part of our evolution to socialize, rather than be anti-social or a misfit.
IV. Summary Writing
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Should We Read Literary Classics
Many have grown up on a healthy diet of literary classics. Some literary classics have been inspiring readers in many ways. In this age of fast-turners, how does investing our time in a timeless literary classic change us for the better
Many literary classics from yesteryear, which got little or no success when published, are considered invaluable. These books offer a window through which we can experience histories rooted in different cultures. One can always ask, “But we can do so by reading our history books too. Why do we need to read classics ” The simple answer is that these literary classics are not just a retelling of history. They allow us to have a more individualized experience, where they show us other ways to look at history.
It is common knowledge that reading as a habit helps us improve our command of the language. But literary classics have an edge: the enriching writing style is something that sets them apart. Fascinated with the amazing wording and phrasing, we’ll surely pause and wonder about what we read. For instance, when we read Shakespeare, we naturally begin to consider how to better express our ideas just like his far-reaching “Have more than you show; speak less than you know.”
One more benefit is that after reading classics, we won’t see non-classics as just other stories: we’ll become interested in them. Maybe we’ll realize that some details we ignored last time are actually worth appreciating, or we’ll discover literary devices that bring a whole new meaning to the story. Literary classics offer us more perspectives to dig deep and enhance our ability to think and reason, which will inevitably spill over into our reading of other works. We finally fall in love with non-classics as well.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72. 室友们商定好每两天打扫一次宿舍。(agree) (汉译英)
73. “乏味”这个词和他最新的漫画沾不上边。(apply) (汉译英)
74. 说实话，尽管城市漫步广受年轻人欢迎，我还是偏爱海钓。(despite) (汉译英)
75. 球员个人是否拥有出色的得分能力固然重要，但场上取胜的关键在于团队合作。(matter) (汉译英)
VI. Guided Writing
76. Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学的高三学生吴磊。为了提高你校英文阅览室的使用率，该阅览室负责人Mr. James正向全校学生征求意见。请你给Mr. James写一封电子邮件，你需要在邮件中：
(1)分析英文阅览室使用率不高的原因；
(2)提出相应的改进建议。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________松江区2023学年度第一学期期末质量监控试卷
高三英语
(满分140分，完卷时间120分钟)
考生注意：
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Buy Now, Pay Later Spending
Buy now, pay later(BNPL) spending is expected to rise to record levels this holiday season. With so many young “buy now, pay later” shoppers already in debt from this short-term financing tool not requiring interest, questions emerge: Why do these shoppers use such a tool And what risks does it pose to their budgets in the months ____21____ (come)
The many Generation Z and millennials (typically around 40 years and younger) tend to use this short-term financing, ____22____ allows them to buy items and pay for them over time. Offered mostly by financial technologies, BNPL allows these customers to pay back their purchases ____23____ interest and with the first payment usually made at checkout. The most common “buy now, pay later” plan is ____24____ customers make four equal payments and pay off the debt in six weeks. It’s been a lifeline for some people, such as a university student ____25____ weekly income is not big enough. “BNPL provides consumers with flexible payment options so they ____26____ manage spending,” said Vivek Pandya, lead analyst at Adobe Digital Insights. That is of great importance for many consumers, especially ____27____ with a tendency to purchase higher-cost items.
However, since BNPL ____28____ (appear), warnings from experts have come into our view. They have been indicating that it’s financially unhealthy to form such a spending habit. According to New York Federal Reserve economists, BNPL may encourage debt to increase over time, ____29____ (influence) a consumer’s ability to meet non-BNPL commitments, or users to over extend themselves. Users should also note that ______30______ interest is not charged on the loan, they’ll be hit with late fees for missed payments, which can add up quickly, says the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
【答案】21. to come
22. which 23. with
24. that 25. whose
26. can 27. those
28. appeared
29. influencing
30. although##though##while
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了BNPL消费的优缺点，以及作者对BNPL的态度。
【21题详解】
考查动词不定式。句意：在未来的几个月，这会给他们的预算带来什么风险？分析句子可知，空处表示动作未发生，应用动词不定式修饰前面的名词，作后置定语，in the months to come译为“在未来几个月”。故填to come。
【22题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：许多Z世代和千禧一代（通常在40岁及以下）倾向于使用这种短期融资，这使他们能够购买物品并在一段时间内付款。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是this short-term financing，指物，用关系代词which引导从句，在从句中作主语。故填which。
【23题详解】
考查介词。句意：BNPL主要由金融技术提供，允许这些客户带息还款，第一笔付款通常在结账时支付。with interest“付利息地，带息”为固定搭配。故填with。
【24题详解】
考查表语从句。句意：最常见的“先买后付”计划是，客户分期付款四次，并在六周内还清债务。分析句子可知，此处应用表语从句的连接词，从句句子完整，不缺少成分，应用只起连接作用，无实意的that引导。故填that。
【25题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：对于一些人来说，这是一条生命线，比如一名每周收入不够大的大学生。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是student，指人，且在从句中作名词income的定语，用关系代词whose引导从句，在从句中作定语。故填whose。
【26题详解】
考查情态动词。Adobe Digital Insights首席分析师Vivek Pandya表示：“BNPL为消费者提供了灵活的支付选择，使他们能够管理支出。”分析句子可知，空处应用情态动词，根据句意可知，此处应用表示“能够，可以”的情态动词can。故填can。
【27题详解】
考查代词。这对许多消费者来说非常重要，尤其是那些倾向于购买高成本商品的消费者。分析句子可知，空处应用代词，指代前文的consumers，指代名词复数，应用代词those。故填those。
【28题详解】
考查动词时态。然而，自从BNPL出现以来，专家们的警告已经进入了我们的视野。根据since和have come以及句意可知，主句是现在完成时，since从句描述过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时，谓语动词应用过去式。故填appeared。
【29题详解】
考查现在分词。根据纽约联邦储备银行经济学家的说法，BNPL可能会鼓励债务随着时间的推移而增加，影响消费者履行非BNPL承诺的能力，或者用户过度扩张自己。该句的谓语是may encourage，且无连词，空处应用非谓语动词，influence与逗号前面的句子之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。故填influencing。
【30题详解】
考查让步状语从句。消费者金融保护局说，用户还应该注意，虽然贷款不收取利息，但他们将因未付款而受到滞纳金的打击，这些滞纳金可能很快就会累积起来。根据interest is not charged on the loan与they’ll be hit with late fees for missed payments存在让步转折关系可知，空处应用让步状语从句的连接词，表示“虽然，尽管”，故填although/though/while。
Section B
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．attractive B．bothered C．building D．contrasts E．crossed F．demonstrates G．dramatically H．greyed I．instrumental J．sustaining K．vividly
A Review on Oppenheimer
Oppenheimer is Christopher Nolan’s film about J. Robert Oppenheimer, the man known as “the father of the atomic(原子的) bomb”. As a drama about genius, pride and error, it____31____the life of the American theoretical physicist who helped research and develop the two atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, two cities in Japan, during World War II.
Oppenheimer is a great achievement, partly because it____32____relates that period of history thanks to Nolan’s lifelike filmmaking. Nolan goes deep and long on the____33____of the bomb, but he doesn’t restage the attacks and there are no documentary images of the dead or cities in ashes.
The story tracks Oppenheimer across decades, starting in the 1920s with him as a young adult and continuing until his hair____34____. The film touches on his personal and professional milestones, the controversies that____35____him, and the attacks that nearly ruined him. Besides, the friendships and romances____36____him, yet also troubling, are also described.
The path of Oppenheimer’s life___37___ shifted at Berkeley. He was once only an academic there, but his identity changed after Germany entered Poland by force. By that time, Oppenheimer had become friends with Ernest Lawrence, a physicist who invented the historic particle accelerator (粒子加速器) and played a(n) ____38____role in the Manhattan Project. And Oppenheimer also met the project’s military head and was then made director of Los Alamos, where much of his later research on nuclear weapons took place.
Fran ois Truffaut once wrote that “war films, even those who support peace, even the best, willingly or not, present wars in a certain____39____way.” That is why Nolan refuses to show the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing millions of souls. In the film, you hear that Oppenheimer’s famous words____40____his own mind as the mushroom cloud rose: “Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.” Nolan is actually reminding audience to reconsider the roles they can play in the world.
【答案】31. F 32. K
33. C 34. H
35. B 36. J
37. G 38. I
39. A 40. E
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章是一则关于《奥本海默》的影评，介绍了电影的大概内容以及人物的背景知识。
【31题详解】
考查动词。句意：作为一部关于天才、骄傲和错误的戏剧，它展示了美国理论物理学家的一生，他在第二次世界大战期间帮助研究和开发了投在日本广岛和长崎两个城市的两颗原子弹。根据“the life of the American theoretical physicist”以及句意“展示”可知应填动词demonstrate，陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为it，谓语用三单形式。故选F。
【32题详解】
考查副词。句意：《奥本海默》是一部伟大的作品，部分原因是由于诺兰栩栩如生的电影制作，它生动地讲述了那段历史。根据“relates that period of history”以及句意“生动”可知应填副词vividly，修饰动词relate。故选K。
【33题详解】
考查名词。句意：诺兰对原子弹的建造进行了深入而漫长的研究，但他没有重现袭击事件，也没有记录死者或灰烬中的城市。根据“of the bomb”以及句意“建造”可知应填名词building，作宾语。故选C。
【34题详解】
考查动词。句意：故事讲述了奥本海默几十年的故事，从20世纪20年代他年轻的时候开始，一直持续到他头发变白。根据“with him as a young adult and continuing until his hair”以及句意“变白”可知应填动词grey，结合上文starting in the 1920s可知为一般过去时。故选H。
【35题详解】
考查时态。句意：这部电影触及了他个人和职业上的里程碑，困扰他的争议，以及几乎毁了他的攻击。根据“the controversies that”以及句意“困扰”可知应填动词bother，结合attacks that nearly ruined him可知为一般过去时。故选B。
【36题详解】
考查动词。句意：除此之外，书中还描述了支持他的友谊和爱情，但也令人不安。根据“him, yet also troubling”以及句意“支持”可知应填动词sustain，此处为现在分词作定语。故选J。
【37题详解】
考查副词。句意：奥本海默的人生轨迹在伯克利发生了戏剧性的变化。根据“He was once only an academic there, but his identity changed after Germany entered Poland by force.(他曾经只是一名学者，但在德国武力入侵波兰后，他的身份发生了变化)”以及句意“戏剧性”可知应填副词dramatically，修饰动词shift。故选G。
【38题详解】
考查形容词。句意：那时，奥本海默已经和欧内斯特·劳伦斯成了朋友，劳伦斯发明了具有历史意义的粒子加速器，并在曼哈顿计划中发挥了重要作用。根据“role in the Manhattan Project”以及句意“重要”可知应填形容词instrumental，修饰名词role。故选I。
【39题详解】
考查形容词。句意：弗朗索瓦·特吕弗曾写道：“战争片，即使是那些支持和平的电影，即使是最好的电影，无论是否愿意，都以某种吸引人的方式呈现战争。”根据“war films, even those who support peace, even the best, willingly or not, present wars in a certain”以及句意“吸引人的”可知应填形容词attractive，修饰名词way。故选A。
【40题详解】
考查动词。句意：在电影中，当蘑菇云升起时，你会听到奥本海默的名言闪过他的脑海：“现在我变成了死神，世界的毁灭者。”根据“you hear that Oppenheimer’s famous words”以及句意“闪过”可知应填cross，结合as the mushroom cloud rose可知为一般过去时。故选E。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Paris has long been at the heart of the history of flight. It is where the Montgolfier brothers went up in the first hot-air balloon in 1783, and where Charles Lindbergh completed the first one-person transatlantic areophane journey in 1927. Next year, if all goes to plan, Paris will witness the birth of another industry____41____, when Volocopter, a German maker of electric aircraft, launches a flying-taxi service during the Olympic Games. At the Paris Airshow in June, Volocopter and some of its competitors displayed a new generation of____42____flying machines designed for urban transport.
The electrification of aviation (航空) has often been dismissed as a pipe dream, with batteries assumed too heavy a___43___for traditional fuel in an airborne vehicle. For longer journeys, that may well be true. Yet upstarts like Volocopter are betting that electrification can____44____a boom in demand for clean and quick air journeys over shorter distances.
The main form of a flying taxi under____45____, called an electric vertical (垂直的) take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, is expected to carry up to four passengers plus a pilot. Powered by batteries, it is predicted to be both quiet enough to reduce complaints in crowded cities, and fast: capable of up to 300kph, enough to comfortably____46____a car, especially the one stuck in traffic. And optimists believe the absence of traffic in the sky will also make eVTOLs well-suited to ____47____ operation. They could prove handy for transporting goods, too. That vision has inspired____48____predictions. For example, Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, estimates global spending on eVTOLs could hit $1,000 billion by 2040!
Regardless of the above____49____expectations, challenges remain. One problem is technical certification, which is turning out to be a(n)____50____process as aviation regulators work on an entirely new form of aircraft. Late last year, due to regulatory delays and some other factors, Joby, a Silicon Valley startup, was forced to____51____its launch by one more year until 2025. Many have even longer to go. The bigger question is — is the business of flying taxis___52___practicable EVTOLs currently range in price from $1 million to $ 4 million. Some believe that their cost may come down as the industry develops. Brian Yutko of Wisk, a maker backed by Boeing, says that flying-taxi rides will be accessible to____53____in the near future. And Joby promises that its fares will be comparable to catching a common taxi. ____54____, there is an opposite belief that eVTOLs are likely to remain expensive. Some studies suggest the cost could end up as high as $7 per kilometer, many times a regular taxi fare. That means, even without a pilot, flying taxis may remain a convenience____55____only to a lucky few.
Let’s expect plenty more experiments with electric aircraft in the years ahead.
41.
A. cooperator B. competitor C. observer D. pioneer
42
A. wind-driven B. battery-driven C. gas-driven D. solar-driven
43.
A. substitute B. shelter C. treatment D. desire
44.
A. regulate B. maintain C. unlock D. reverse
45.
A. pressure B. attack C. development D. repair
46.
A. underestimate B. update C. outpace D. overdo
47.
A. rigid B. autonomous C. attentive D. illegal
48.
A. daring B. discouraging C. unclear D. ordinary
49.
A. technological B. unrealistic C. rewarding D. enthusiastic
50.
A. efficient B. simple C. lengthy D. intelligent
51.
A. put off B. speed up C. object to D. approve of
52.
A. historically B. technically C. theoretically D. economically
53.
A. the learned B. the disabled C. the seniors D. the masses
54.
A. Furthermore B. However C. Fortunately D. Consequently
55.
A. affordable B. valuable C. unbelievable D. unsuitable
【答案】41. D 42. B 43. A 44. C 45. C 46. C 47. B 48. A 49. D 50. C 51. A 52. D 53. D 54. B 55. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是明年，如果一切按计划进行，巴黎将见证另一个行业先驱的诞生，届时德国电动飞机制造商Volocopter将在奥运会期间推出飞行出租车服务。
【41题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：明年，如果一切按计划进行，巴黎将见证另一个行业先驱的诞生，届时德国电动飞机制造商Volocopter将在奥运会期间推出飞行出租车服务。A. cooperator合作者；B. competitor竞争者；C. observer观察者；D. pioneer先锋。根据下文“launches a flying-taxi service during the Olympic Games”可知，Volocopter将在奥运会期间推出飞行出租车服务，这在以前是没有的，所以这是行业先驱，空格处用pioneer。故选D。
【42题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在今年6月的巴黎航展上，Volocopter及其一些竞争对手展示了专为城市交通设计的新一代电池驱动飞行器。A. wind-driven风驱动的；B. battery-driven电池驱动的；C. gas-driven燃气驱动的；D. solar-driven太阳能驱动的。根据下文“The electrification of aviation (航空) has often been dismissed as a pipe dream, with batteries assumed too heavy”可知，飞行器是电池驱动的。故选B。
【43题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：航空电气化常常被认为是白日梦，因为人们认为电池太重，无法替代传统的空中交通工具燃料。A. substitute替代物；B. shelter庇护处；C. treatment治疗；D. desire渴望。根据上文“batteries assumed too heavy”和下文“for traditional fuel in an airborne vehicle”可知，人们认为电池太重，无法替代传统的空中交通工具燃料。故选A。
【44题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，像Volocopter这样的新贵正在打赌，电气化可以在较短的距离内释放对清洁和快速空中旅行的需求。A. regulate调节；B. maintain保持；C. unlock开启；D. reverse预定。根据下文“a boom in demand for clean and quick air journeys over shorter distances”可知，此处表示“像Volocopter这样的新贵正在打赌，电气化可以在较短的距离内释放对清洁和快速空中旅行的需求”，空格处意为“开启”。故选C。
【45题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：正在开发的飞行出租车的主要形式被称为电动垂直起降(eVTOL)飞机，预计最多可搭载四名乘客和一名飞行员。A. pressure压力；B. attack袭击；C. development开发；D. repair修理。根据上文“Next year, if all goes to plan, Paris will witness the birth of another industry____1____, when Volocopter, a German maker of electric aircraft, launches a flying-taxi service during the Olympic Games”可知，这种飞行出租车明年才推出，所以现在是正在被开发。故选C。
【46题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：它由电池供电，预计既能安静到减少拥挤城市中的抱怨，又能快速行驶:时速可达300公里，足以轻松超过汽车，尤其是堵车的汽车。A. underestimate低估；B. update更新；C. outpace赶过；D. overdo把……做得过分。根据上文“capable of up to 300kph”可知，时速可达300公里，可以超过汽车。故选C。
【47题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：乐观主义者认为，空中交通的减少也将使eVTOLs非常适合自主操作。A. rigid严格死板的；B. autonomous自动的；C. attentive注意的，专心的；D. illegal非法的。根据上文“the absence of traffic in the sky”可知，空中交通的减少就使得eVTOL很适合自主操作。故选B。
【48题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这一愿景激发了大胆的预测。A. daring大胆的；B. discouraging令人沮丧的；C. unclear不清楚的；D. ordinary普通的。根据下文“For example, Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, estimates global spending on eVTOLs could hit $1,000 billion by 2040”可知，关于eVTOLs的愿景激发了人的大胆预测，所以有人愿意花钱在eVTOL上。故选A。
【49题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管有上述热情的期望，挑战依然存在。A. technological技术的；B. unrealistic不现实的；C. rewarding值得的，有意义的；D. enthusiastic热情的。根据上文“And optimists believe the absence of traffic in the sky will also make eVTOLs well-suited to ____7____ operation. They could prove handy for transporting goods, too.”可知，上文所说的是对eVTOL的热情的期望。故选D。
【50题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个问题是技术认证，这是一个漫长的过程，因为航空监管机构正在研究一种全新形式的飞机。A. efficient效率高的；B. simple简单的；C. lengthy冗长的；D. intelligent聪明的。根据上文“technical certification”和下文“aviation regulators work on an entirely new form of aircraft”可知，技术认证是很漫长的过程，因为航空监管机构正在研究一种全新形式的飞机。故选C。
【51题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：去年年底，由于监管延误和其他一些因素，硅谷初创公司Joby被迫将推出时间再推迟一年，直到2025年。A. put off推迟；B. speed up加速；C. object to反对；D. approve of同意。根据上文“due to regulatory delays”可知，监管延误导致硅谷初创公司Joby被迫将推出时间再推迟一年。故选A。
【52题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：更大的问题是——飞行出租车在经济上可行吗？A. historically历史上地；B. technically技术上；C. theoretically理论上；D. economically在经济上。根据“EVTOLs currently range in price from $1 million to $4 million.”可知，EVTOL很贵，所以此处问的问题是它在经济上是否可行。故选D。
【53题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：波音支持的制造商Wisk的Brian Yutko说，在不久的将来，群众将可以乘坐飞行出租车。A. the learned学识渊博的人；B. the disabled残疾人；C. the seniors老年人；D. the masses群众。根据下文“its fares will be comparable to catching a common taxi”可知，它的票价与普通出租车相当，那么将来普通的群众也可以乘坐这种飞行出租车。故选D。
【54题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，有一种相反的观点认为evtol可能仍然很昂贵。A. Furthermore另外；B. However然而；C. Fortunately幸运的是；D. Consequently结果。根据上文“Joby promises that its fares will be comparable to catching a common taxi”和下文“there is an opposite belief that eVTOLs are likely to remain expensive”可知，前后两句是转折关系，因此空格处是However。故选B。
【55题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这意味着，即使没有飞行员，飞行出租车可能仍然是一种只有少数幸运儿才能负担得起的便利。A. affordable负担得起的；B. valuable有价值的；C. unbelievable难以置信的；D. unsuitable不合适的。根据上文“Some studies suggest the cost could end up as high as $7 per kilometer, many times a regular taxi fare”可知，飞行出租车票价仍然很贵，所以只有少数人才能负担得起。故选A。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Every summer, as a child, I spent with my parents the annual family holiday, flying away from our home in the West Midlands to their birthplace in Ireland.
I enjoyed it, but once, I behaved differently and left home. Package tours and long-distance flights became my idea of a holiday. I then went and ran into an Englishman who also came of Irish stock, and we both felt the urge to renew our knowledge of Ireland.
It was important for us to discover something different from our childhood visits. So that’s how we came to drive along the winding St John’s Point Peninsula (半岛) in Donegal, part of Ireland’s Wild Atlantic Way, to visit a unique part of the 20th-century history — the Donegal Corridor.
When anyone drives to the point where the land runs out, he sees giant white stones fixed firmly in green grass spelling out “EIRE” and “70”, while the Atlantic wind fiercely blows across the headland and the ice-white waves smash into the rocks below. The meaning behind the stones They date back to the Second World War when St John’s Point was number 70 in a total of 83 Look Out Points (LOPs), observation stations set up and maintained by Ireland all around its coast.
There lies a bit of curious UK-Ireland history. Although Ireland was officially neutral during the war, the Battle of the Atlantic was being fought close to Irish shores, and these LOPs, staffed by local volunteers known as Coast watchers, passed on information on activities connected with the sea and weather fronts to London.
At St John’s Point, we were standing right under the Donegal Corridor, a long narrow area of airspace in which Ireland ensured safe passage during World War II to planes in the RAF (Royal Air Force) from bases in the UK-governed North of Ireland. The stone markings acted as reference points to aircrews.
Standing on this rough area of land surrounded by the wild and windy ocean brought home to us the conditions in which the Coast watchers and aircrews in the RAF cooperated in a shared history.
I revolted against my family tradition that summer, and I fulfilled my aim of discovering something new and absorbed all Donegal has to offer: empty golden beaches, mysterious ancient stone circles, folk music and crafts, and tasty food. I had fallen in love with Ireland all over again.
56. What can we learn about the author from paragraphs 1 to 3
A. She met a childhood friend from Ireland that year.
B. She and that Englishman both had Irish ancestors.
C. She took package tours and long-distance flights every year.
D. She explored the Wild Atlantic Way with her family members.
57. The giant white stones were important during WWII because .
A. the Battle of the Atlantic took place right close to them
B. weather information from the UK was sent through them
C. they functioned as reference points to aircrews in the RAF
D. they ranked at the top in the 83 LOPs around the Irish coast
58. The expression “revolted against” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to .
A. worried about B. passed on C. celebrated D. disobeyed
59. Which might be the best title of the passage
A. A Global Journey B. Discovering Undiscovered Donegal
C. Happy Holidays D. Escaping from the West Midlands
【答案】56. B 57. C 58. D 59. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者有一年夏天去爱尔兰旅行的经历，她和一位同样有爱尔兰血统的英国人参观了多尼戈尔走廊，发现了其背后独特的历史意义，并认识到了很多新事物。
【56题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Every summer, as a child, I spent with my parents the annual family holiday, flying away from our home in the West Midlands to their birthplace in Ireland. (小时候，每年夏天，我都会和父母一起度过一年一度的家庭假期，从西米德兰兹郡的家飞到他们在爱尔兰的出生地)”和第二段中“I then went and ran into an Englishman who also came of Irish stock, and we both felt the urge to renew our knowledge of Ireland. (然后我去了，碰到了一个同样是爱尔兰血统的英国人，我们都感到迫切需要更新我们对爱尔兰的认识)”可知，作者和这位英国人都有爱尔兰祖先。故选B项。
【57题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“At St John’s Point, we were standing right under the Donegal Corridor, a long narrow area of airspace in which Ireland ensured safe passage during World War II to planes in the RAF (Royal Air Force) from bases in the UK-governed North of Ireland. The stone markings acted as reference points to aircrews. (在圣约翰角，我们正站在多尼戈尔走廊的正下方，这是一个狭长的空域，在第二次世界大战期间，爱尔兰确保了英国皇家空军RAF的飞机从英国统治的北爱尔兰基地安全通过。这些石头标记充当了机组人员的参考点)”可知，这些白色巨石在二战中很重要是因为它们是英国皇家空军机组人员的参考点。故选C项。
【58题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段中“I enjoyed it, but once, I behaved differently and left home. (我很喜欢，但有一次，我表现得不一样，离开了家)”，以及画线词的下文“my family tradition that summer (那年夏天我的家庭传统)”可推知，此处指上文提到的作者在那年夏天没有遵循以往的家庭传统，而是独自一人去旅行，revolt against意思应该是“反抗，不遵循”，与disobey意思相近。故选D项。
【59题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中“I fulfilled my aim of discovering something new and absorbed all Donegal has to offer: empty golden beaches, mysterious ancient stone circles, folk music and crafts, and tasty food. I had fallen in love with Ireland all over again (我实现了发现新事物的目标，并吸收了多尼戈尔所能提供的一切：空旷的金色海滩、神秘的古代石圈、民间音乐和手工艺，以及美味的食物。我又一次爱上了爱尔兰)”可知，文章讲述了作者有一年夏天去爱尔兰旅行的经历，她和一位同样有爱尔兰血统的英国人参观了多尼戈尔走廊，发现了其背后独特的历史意义，并认识到了很多新事物。因此，B项“发现未被发现的多尼戈尔”符合文章大意，适合作为标题。故选B项。
(B)
Ads, news, movies, TV shows, and many other types of media all want you to accept their messages at face value. However, you should look beneath the surface and ask questions to decode what the media message is really saying. You need to ask yourself two basic questions: Who is the source of the message How is it trying to get your attention
Question 1: Who is the source of the message
(Picture A) Knowing who is responsible for a message can reveal its true intention, as well as any possible prejudice. Just take the picture above as an example. Why are we asked to ban the impacts Don’t forget that the source at the bottom plays a part. If, sometimes, the source isn’t clear, we can look for it by checking legal documents.
Question 2: How is it trying to get your attention
(Picture B) The obvious part of a message is called the text, which includes any language, imagery, music, or anything else you can see or hear. The implied part of a message is called the subtext, and it’s suggested by the content rather than directly seen or heard. We as individuals then decide how to interpret this subtext based on our personal ideas, world views, and expectations. People with different perspectives might interpret the same piece of message differently. Mind that some media may just take advantage of the prejudice. (Picture C) Photo control is nearly as old as photography itself, but modern technology has made it common and easy to do. Using photo editing software, almost anyone can make big changes to an image, from adjusting colors and lighting to adding and removing content. That’s why you should always keep a critical eye on images in the media. Some media may hold back or overstate information, like an advertisement that makes the products appear more effective than they really are. (Picture D) Social media users can also give themselves a digital transformation with a little effort. They can make themselves look however they like in just a few moments. But since these edited images are presented as reality, they can affect our mental well-being. By constantly seeing pictures of artificially superb people, some of us may start to believe that these pictures are genuine, and that we can never live up to these unrealistic ideals. This type of harmful thinking can lead to all sorts of mental and emotional health concerns.
60. We can learn from the passage that .
A. the media hope that you can make sense of their true meanings
B. finding the sources of media helps to form a sensible judgment
C. text is more important than subtext when we analyze the messages
D. photography and photo editing software date back to the same time
61. Your aunt finds her newly-bought belt doesn’t make her so stylish as advertised. Which picture can illustrate the case
A. Picture A B. Picture B C. Picture C D. Picture D
62. This passage can be found under the section of ________.
A. Mass Media Reading B. Content-Targeted Advertising
C. Deconstructing Web-pages D. Persuasive Language Recognition
【答案】60. B 61. C 62. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是解读媒体信息的真正含义所需要问的两个基本问题：消息的来源是谁和它是如何引起你的注意的。
【60题详解】
细节理解题。根据第1段“However, you should look beneath the surface and ask questions to decode what the media message is really saying. You need to ask yourself two basic questions: Who is the source of the message How is it trying to get your attention (然而，你应该透过表面，问一些问题来解读媒体信息的真正含义。你需要问自己两个基本问题：消息的来源是谁？它是如何引起你的注意的？)”可知，找到媒体的来源有助于形成一个明智的判断。故选B。
【61题详解】
推理判断题。根据Picture C的介绍部分中的“Using photo editing software, almost anyone can make big changes to an image, from adjusting colors and lighting to adding and removing content. That’s why you should always keep a critical eye on images in the media. Some media may hold back or overstate information, like an advertisement that makes the products appear more effective than they really are. (使用照片编辑软件，几乎任何人都可以对图像进行重大修改，从调整颜色和灯光到添加和删除内容。这就是为什么你应该始终对媒体中的图像保持批判的眼光。一些媒体可能会隐瞒或夸大信息，比如广告使产品看起来比实际更有效。)”可知，题干“你阿姨发现她新买的腰带并不像广告上说的那么时髦”描述的是货与商家宣传照片不对版，与图C一致。故选C。
【62题详解】
推理判断题。根据第1段“Ads, news, movies, TV shows, and many other types of media all want you to accept their messages at face value. However, you should look beneath the surface and ask questions to decode what the media message is really saying. (广告、新闻、电影、电视节目和许多其他类型的媒体都希望你从表面上接受它们的信息。然而，你应该透过表面，问一些问题来解读媒体信息的真正含义。)”可知，文章讲了如何识别各种媒体传递的真正信息，因此可能在大众传媒阅读部分读到这篇文章。故选A。
(C)
Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating a growing army of superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrobial (抗菌的) resistance, expected to kill 10 million people a year by 2050 up from around 1 million in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many.
It would be unwise to rely on new antibiotics to solve the problem. The rate at which resistance emerges is increasing. Some new drugs last only two years before bacteria develop resistance. When new antibiotics do arrive, doctors often store them, using them only reluctantly and for short periods when faced with the most persistent infections. That limits sales, making new antibiotics an unappealing idea for most drug firms.
Governments have been trying to fix the problem by channeling cash into research in drug firms. That has produced only limited improvements. But there is a phenomenon worth a look. Microbiologists have known for decades that disease-causing bacteria can suffer from illnesses of their own. They are supersensitive to attacks by phages, specialized viruses that infect bacteria and often kill them. Phages are considered a promising alternative to antibiotics.
Using one disease-causing virus to fight bacteria has several advantages. Like antibiotics, phages only tend to choose particular targets, leaving human cells alone as they infect and destroy bacterial ones. Unlike antibiotics, phages can evolve just as readily as bacteria can, meaning that even if bacteria do develop resistance, phages may be able to evolve around them in turn.
That, at least, is the theory. The trouble with phages is that comparatively little is known about them. After the discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928, they were largely ignored in the West. Given the severity of the antibiotic-resistance problem, it would be a good idea to find out more about them.
The first step is to run more clinical trials. Interest from Western firms is growing. But it is being held back by the fact that phages are an even less appealing investment than antibiotics. Since they are natural living things, there may be trouble patenting them, making it hard to recover any investment.
Governments can help fun d basic research into phage treatment and clarify the law around exactly what is and is not patentable. In time they can set up phage banks so as to make production cheaper. And they can spread awareness of the risks of overusing antibiotics, and the potential benefits of phages.
63. We can learn from paragraphs 1 and 2 that .
A. doctors tend to use new antibiotics when the patients ask for them
B. antimicrobial resistance is developing more rapidly than predicted
C. new antibiotics fail to attract drug firms due to limited use of them
D. previous antibiotics are effective in solving modern health problems
64. What is phages’ advantage over antibiotics
A. They can increase human cells when fighting bacteria.
B. They are not particular about which cells to infect and kill.
C. They can evolve accordingly when bacteria develop resistance.
D They are too sensitive to be infected by disease-causing bacteria.
65. According to the passage, the obstacle to phage treatment is that .
A. there is little chance of patenting phages in the future
B. governments provide financial support for other research
C. the emergence of superbugs holds back drug firms’ interest
D. over-dependence on antibiotics distracts attention from phages
66. What is the main idea of the passage
A. Governments fail to stop the use of antibiotics.
B. Phages could help prevent an antibiotics crisis.
C. Development of antibiotics is limited by phages.
D. Antimicrobial resistance calls for new antibiotics.
【答案】63. B 64. C 65. D 66. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了噬菌体可以替代问题多多的抗生素，有许多优点，建议政府多方面采取措施推动推广。
【63题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“The rate at which resistance emerges is increasing. Some new drugs last only two years before bacteria develop resistance. (耐药性出现的速度越来越快。一些新药的药效只有两年，细菌就会产生抗药性)”可知，抗菌素耐药性的发展比预期的要快。故选B。
【64题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“Unlike antibiotics, phages can evolve just as readily as bacteria can, meaning that even if bacteria do develop resistance, phages may be able to evolve around them in turn.(与抗生素不同，噬菌体可以像细菌一样迅速进化，这意味着即使细菌产生耐药性，噬菌体也可以反过来在细菌周围进化)”可知，噬菌体相对于抗生素的优势是当细菌产生耐药性时，它们会相应地进化。故选C。
【65题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“The trouble with phages is that comparatively little is known about them. After the discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928, they were largely ignored in the West. Given the severity of the antibiotic-resistance problem, it would be a good idea to find out more about them.(噬菌体的问题在于，人们对它们的了解相对较少。1928年，第一种抗生素青霉素被发现后，它们在西方基本上被忽视了。考虑到抗生素耐药性问题的严重性，找到更多关于它们的信息将是一个好主意)”可知，噬菌体治疗的障碍是对抗生素的过度依赖分散了对噬菌体的关注。故选D。
【66题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating a growing army of superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrobial(抗菌的) resistance, expected to kill 10 million people a year by 2050 up from around 1 million in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many.(抗生素对现代医学至关重要，它可以消灭或阻止细菌的生长，并治愈感染。它们在不伤害病人的情况下杀死细菌的能力挽救了数十亿人的生命，并使外科手术更加安全。但经过几十年的过度使用，它们的力量正在减弱。一些细菌已经进化出了耐药性，产生了越来越多的超级细菌，而目前几乎没有有效的治疗方法。抗微生物药物耐药性被许多人视为一场危机。预计到2050年，每年将导致1000万人死亡，而2019年约为100万人)”以及文章内容可知，文章主要解释了噬菌体可以替代问题多多的抗生素，有许多优点，建议政府多方面采取措施推动推广，所以本文的主旨是噬菌体可以帮助预防抗生素危机。故选B。
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
Social Masking
Amanda is always an expert at working the room. She would adopt the manner of the people around her to fit in while hiding her true personality. This is social masking, the process of hiding your natural way of interacting with others so you can feel accepted. ____67____Instead, they are hoping to fit in with everybody else. Social masking is a set of learned pattern-matching behaviors, movements and actions where you try to be normal to fit in rather than stand out.
____68____People all wear certain social masks in order to get through some tricky life situations with confidence, according to Dr. Tara Quinn-Cirillo. And some experts even think social masking is built in all human beings at a physical level, adding that something in our brain gives indications of how to essentially stay safe and not stick out.
In a world that often tells us to just be ourselves, you might wonder why we are still dependent on these social masking behaviors. “Social masking happens because we as a species want to be included,” says Tara. “It has been a tribal thing of being together rather than being on our own, from a historical perspective. ____69____”
There is a huge difference between naturally identifying with someone and consciously social masking.____70____Social masking, on the other hand, involves a conscious effort to change your personality to suit your surroundings. It typically involves depressing your natural urges and changing your personal interests to fit the crowd.
A. Social maskers do not try hard to match other people in pace and tone.
B. Social masking is something we all engage in to some extent.
C. Social maskers are not trying to fox anyone.
D. When we are in natural identification with someone, it happens naturally, and there is very little effort involved.
E. It’s adopted by people unable to naturally act in a way considered socially acceptable.
F. That is, it’s an ancient part of our evolution to socialize, rather than be anti-social or a misfit.
【答案】67. C 68. E 69. F 70. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了什么是社交伪装，社交伪装的作用以及意义等。
【67题详解】
根据上文“Amanda is always an expert at working the room. She would adopt the manner of the people around her to fit in while hiding her true personality. This is social masking, the process of hiding your natural way of interacting with others so you can feel accepted.(阿曼达在整理房间方面总是很在行。她会模仿周围人的举止来适应，同时隐藏自己的真实个性。这是社会伪装，隐藏你与他人互动的自然方式，这样你就会感到被接受)”以及后文“Instead, they are hoping to fit in with everybody else. Social masking is a set of learned pattern-matching behaviors, movements and actions where you try to be normal to fit in rather than stand out.(相反，他们希望能和其他人打成一片。社会伪装是一套习得的模式匹配行为，动作和行动，你试图成为正常的，以适应而不是脱颖而出)”可知，后文指出了社会伪装者的真实意图，可知本句是在说明与后文“希望能和其他人打成一片”相反的观点：想要欺骗任何人。故C选项“社交伪装者并不是想要欺骗任何人”符合语境，故选C。
【68题详解】
根据本段内容“People all wear certain social masks in order to get through some tricky life situations with confidence, according to Dr. Tara Quinn-Cirillo. And some experts even think social masking is built in all human beings at a physical level, adding that something in our brain gives indications of how to essentially stay safe and not stick out.(根据塔拉·奎因-西里洛博士的说法，人们都戴着一定的社交面具，以便自信地度过一些棘手的生活状况。一些专家甚至认为，社会面具是在所有人的身体层面上建立的，并补充说，我们大脑中的某些东西给出了如何基本上保持安全而不引人注目的指示)”可知，本段主要说明了人们社交伪装的原因之一是为了度过困境。故E选项“它被那些不能按照社会公认的方式自然行事的人所采用”符合语境，故选E。
【69题详解】
根据上文“In a world that often tells us to just be ourselves, you might wonder why we are still dependent on these social masking behaviors. “Social masking happens because we as a species want to be included,” says Tara. “It has been a tribal thing of being together rather than being on our own, from a historical perspective.(在一个经常告诉我们做自己的世界里，你可能想知道为什么我们仍然依赖于这些社会掩饰行为。塔拉说：“社会伪装之所以发生，是因为我们作为一个物种想要被包括在内。从历史的角度来看，这是一个部落的事情，我们在一起，而不是独自一人)”可知，上文提到了我们不是独自一个人，而是一个群体，故本句进行进一步解释说明：社会化是我们进化的一个古老部分，而不是反社会或格格不入。故F选项“也就是说，社会化是我们进化的一个古老部分，而不是反社会或格格不入”符合语境，故选F。
【70题详解】
根据上文“There is a huge difference between naturally identifying with someone and consciously social masking.(在自然地认同某人和有意识的社会伪装之间存在着巨大的差异)”以及后文“Social masking, on the other hand, involves a conscious effort to change your personality to suit your surroundings. It typically involves depressing your natural urges and changing your personal interests to fit the crowd.(另一方面，社会伪装涉及到有意识地改变你的个性以适应你的环境。它通常包括抑制你的自然冲动，改变你的个人兴趣以适应人群)”可知，本句是在解释自然认同和社会伪装之间的差异，故D选项“当我们与某人产生自然的认同时，它会很自然地发生，几乎不需要付出什么努力”符合语境，故选D。
IV. Summary Writing
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Should We Read Literary Classics
Many have grown up on a healthy diet of literary classics. Some literary classics have been inspiring readers in many ways. In this age of fast-turners, how does investing our time in a timeless literary classic change us for the better
Many literary classics from yesteryear which got little or no success when published, are considered invaluable. These books offer a window through which we can experience histories rooted in different cultures. One can always ask, “But we can do so by reading our history books too. Why do we need to read classics ” The simple answer is that these literary classics are not just a retelling of history. They allow us to have a more individualized experience, where they show us other ways to look at history.
It is common knowledge that reading as a habit helps us improve our command of the language. But literary classics have an edge: the enriching writing style is something that sets them apart. Fascinated with the amazing wording and phrasing, we’ll surely pause and wonder about what we read. For instance, when we read Shakespeare, we naturally begin to consider how to better express our ideas just like his far-reaching “Have more than you show; speak less than you know.”
One more benefit is that after reading classics, we won’t see non-classics as just other stories: we’ll become interested in them. Maybe we’ll realize that some details we ignored last time are actually worth appreciating, or we’ll discover literary devices that bring a whole new meaning to the story. Literary classics offer us more perspectives to dig deep and enhance our ability to think and reason, which will inevitably spill over into our reading of other works. We finally fall in love with non-classics as well.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Why Should We Read Literary Classics
Reading literary classics benefits us a lot. Firstly, It offers us individualized ways of experiencing history.secondly, it improves our writing ability by encouraging us to think over their expressions and learn to express our ideas in that way. Besides, we’ll love to read non-classics because reading classics enable us to think and reason deeply from diverse perspective.
【解析】
【导语】本文是篇议论文。阅读文学名著使我们受益匪浅。首先，它为我们提供了个性化的体验历史的方式。其次，它通过鼓励我们思考他们的表达并学会用这种方式表达我们的想法来提高我们的写作能力。此外，我们会喜欢阅读非经典作品，因为阅读经典作品可以让我们从不同的角度进行深入的思考和推理。
【详解】1. 要点摘录：
1.In this age of fast-turners, how does investing our time in a timeless literary classic change us for the better
2.The simple answer is that these literary classics are not just a retelling of history. They allow us to have a more individualized experience, where they show us other ways to look at history.
3.But literary classics have an edge: the enriching writing style is something that sets them apart.
4.Literary classics offer us more perspectives to dig deep and enhance our ability to think and reason, which will inevitably spill over into our reading of other works.
2. 缜密构思：
将1、2、3、4分别进行总结概述。
3. 遣词造句：
Reading literary classics benefits us a lot.
Firstly, It offers us individualized ways of experiencing history.
secondly, it improves our writing ability by encouraging us to think over their expressions and learn to express our ideas in that way.
Besides, we’ll love to read non-classics because reading classics enable us to think and reason deeply from diverse perspective.
【点睛】【高分句型1】secondly, it improves our writing ability by encouraging us to think over their expressions and learn to express our ideas in that way.（运用了动名词作宾语。）
【高分句型2】Besides, we’ll love to read non-classics because reading classics enable us to think and reason deeply from diverse perspective.（运用了because引导的原因状语从句。）
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72. 室友们商定好每两天打扫一次宿舍。(agree) (汉译英)
【答案】The roommates agreed to clean the dormitory every two days.
【解析】
【详解】考查名词和时态。结合句意可知事情发生在过去，故句子用一般过去时，谓语动词用过去式。句子主语是“室友们”，即“roommates”，是roommate的复数形式，放在句首首字母大写；“agree to do sth.”意为“同意做某事”，“agree”的过去式为“agreed”，是句子谓语；“打扫宿舍”用“clean the dormitory”，“clean”这一动词用在“agree to”后，应用原形；“每两天”用“every two days”，放在句末作时间状语。故答案为The roommates agreed to clean the dormitory every two days.
73. “乏味”这个词和他最新的漫画沾不上边。(apply) (汉译英)
【答案】The word “boring” does not apply to his latest comics.
【解析】
【详解】考查时态、固定短语。表示“‘乏味’这个词”用The word “boring”，作主语。“沾不上边”可以理解为“不适用”用apply to的否定形式，其中to为介词。结合句意可知，本句陈述事实用一般现在时，且主语The word “boring”为第三人称单数，可知本题助动词用does not。表示“他最新的漫画”用his latest comics，作to的宾语。故翻译为The word “boring” does not apply to his latest comics.
74. 说实话，尽管城市漫步广受年轻人欢迎，我还是偏爱海钓。(despite) (汉译英)
【答案】To tell the truth, despite the popularity of city wandering among young people, I still prefer sea fishing.
【解析】
【详解】考查介词和时态。表示“说实话”短语为to tell the truth；表示“尽管”应用介词despite，表示“城市漫步广受年轻人欢迎”翻译为the popularity of city wandering among young people，作介词的宾语；主语为I；表示“偏爱”应用动词prefer，副词still修饰，表示“海钓”短语为sea fishing。为一般现在时。故翻译为To tell the truth, despite the popularity of city wandering among young people, I still prefer sea fishing。
75. 球员个人是否拥有出色的得分能力固然重要，但场上取胜的关键在于团队合作。(matter) (汉译英)
【答案】Whether a player has excellent scoring ability matters, but the key to winning on the field lies in teamwork.
【解析】
【详解】考查句子结构。本句描述一般规律，用一般现在时。表示“球员个人是否拥有出色的得分能力”用whether引导主语从句，为whether a player has excellent scoring ability，表示谓语“固然重要”用动词matter的第三人称单数形式matters；表示“场上取胜的关键在于团队合作”为the key to winning on the field lies in teamwork，主语the 可以后的to是介词，介词短语to winning on the field作后置定语，动名词winning作介词宾语，动词短语lie in“在于”是固定搭配。句首字母大写，故翻译为Whether a player has excellent scoring ability matters, but the key to winning on the field lies in teamwork。
VI. Guided Writing
76. Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学的高三学生吴磊。为了提高你校英文阅览室的使用率，该阅览室负责人Mr. James正向全校学生征求意见。请你给Mr. James写一封电子邮件，你需要在邮件中：
(1)分析英文阅览室使用率不高的原因；
(2)提出相应的改进建议。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】 Dear Mr. James,
I am writing this letter to express my ideas about how to improve the utilization rate of English reading room in our school.
I think the reasons for the low usage rate of English reading rooms are as follows. First of all, the students’ English level is not high, which makes them uninterested in English reading materials. Secondly, the books in the English reading room can not keep up with the trend. Finally, students are so occupied with doing homework that they can’t spare time to read English books.
To solve the above problems, my suggestions are as follows. First of all, schools should make a more reasonable schedule to set aside enough time for students to read. Second, English teachers stress the importance of reading to stimulate students’ interest in reading. Third, schools should buy the reading materials that can attract students.
I hope my advice can be of some help to you.
Yours
Wu Lei
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生阅览室负责人Mr. James写一封电子邮件，分析英文阅览室使用率不高的原因并提出相应的改进建议。
【详解】1.词汇积累
表达：express→convey
最后：finally→at last
解决：solve→address
强调：stress→emphasize
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：First of all, schools should make a more reasonable schedule to set aside enough time for students to read.
拓展句：First of all, schools should make a more reasonable schedule that can set aside enough time for students to read.
【点睛】[高分句型1] First of all, the students’ English level is not high, which makes them uninterested in English reading materials. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2] Finally, students are so occupied with doing homework that they can’t spare time to read English books. (运用了so...that...引导的结果状语从句)
