中考英语复习语法突破第一节名词课件(共41张PPT)

(共41张PPT)
考点解读
01
KAO DIAN JIE DU
满分突破
02
MAN FEN TU PO
真题链接
03
ZHEN TI LIAN JIE
CONTENTS
目录
模拟突破
04
MO NI TU PO
考点解读
KAO DIAN JIE DU
PART ONE
01
名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词。根据其词汇意义,名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。名词在句中主要作主语、宾语,有时也作表语、定语、宾补。
第一节 名 词
新课程标准中,名词的考查包括：可数名词及其单复数、不可数名词、专有名词和名词所有格。考试中,对名词的考查主要集中在语义辨析上,如固定搭配中名词的正确运用；在具体语境中意近、形近名词的用法区别。高频名词的一词多义,名词的数也是中考的重点。名词词义辨析5年3考,可数名词的单复数5年2考,不可数名词5年4考,专有名词5年0考,名词所有格5年1考。
一、 名词的数
1. 名词复数的规则变化形式
规则 例子
(1)一般情况在词尾加-s German—_____________　 habit—___________　
month—_____________ 　
(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词,后面加-es class—_____________　 box—_____________
watch—_____________　 dish—_____________　
wish—_____________　 church—_____________
Germans
habits
months
classes
boxes
watches
dishes
wishes
churches
规则 例子
(3)以f或fe结尾的词,变f或fe为v,再加-es leaf—_____________　 thief—_____________　
knife—_____________　 life—_____________　
shelf—_____________　 wife—_____________　
(4)以辅音字母加y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-es party—_____________　family—_____________　
story—____________ dictionary—____________
hobby—_____________ baby—_____________
leaves
thieves
knives
lives
shelves
wives
parties
families
stories
dictionaries
hobbies
babies
规则 例子
(5)以元音字母加y结尾的词,在词尾加-s toy—_____________　
boy—_____________
day—_____________　
(6)以辅音字母加o结尾的词,表示有生命的词加-es；表示无生命的词加 s
hero—_____________　 potato—_____________　
tomato—_____________　piano—_____________
kilo—_____________　 photo—_____________　
toys
boys
days
heroes
potatoes
tomatoes
pianos
kilos
photos
2. 名词复数的不规则变化形式
规则 例子
(1)不规则变化 man—___________　 child—___________　
mouse(老鼠)—___________　foot—___________　
policeman—___________　
woman teacher—_____________________　
(2)单复数同形的名词 绵羊___________　 鱼_________________________　
鹿___________　 中国人___________　
日本人___________　
men
children
mice
feet
policemen
women teachers
sheep
fish (fishes表示不同种类的鱼)
deer
Chinese
Japanese
规则 例子
(3)通常以复数形式出现的名词 裤子___________　 眼镜___________　
手套___________　 鞋子___________　
短袜___________　 衣服___________　
(4)集体名词 家庭___________　 班级___________
团队___________　 人们___________　
警方___________　
trousers
glasses
gloves
shoes
socks
clothes
family
class
team
people
police
二、名词的量
用法 例子
1.many/few/a few/several/a number of+可数名词复数 (1)树上结了很多苹果。There are ____________
on the tree.
(2)我只有几个好朋友。I have_________________
.
2.much/little/a little/a bit of/a large amount of/a great deal of+不可数名词 (1)广东春天雨水充足。There is ______________
　in spring in Guangdong.
(2)冰箱里还有点食物。There is ______________
　in the fridge.
many /
a number of / a lot of / lots of apples
only a few /
several good friends
much / a large amount
of / a great deal of rain
a little / a bit of
food
用法 例子
3.Some /any /a lot of / lots of/ plenty of/enough+复数名词或不可数名词 (1)老师的桌子上没有任何书。
There aren’t 　on the teacher’s desk.
(2)他没有给我提很多关于如何学英语的建议。
He didn’t give me _____________________________
　 on how to learn English.
4. 借助“单位词”表示一定的数量。结构为“数词/冠词+单位词+of+…” (1)一块蛋糕__________________________　
(2)三双筷子__________________________　
(3)一袋大米__________________________　
(4)四公斤棉花________________________
any books
much / a lot of / lots of /
plenty of advice
a piece of cake
three pairs of chopsticks
a bag of rice
four kilos of cotton
三、名词所有格
名词所有格分为两种,一是有生命的名词所有格在名词词尾加’s构成,二是无生命的名词所有格由介词of加名词构成。
1. ’s所有格的构成
构成方式 例子
(1)一般情况下在名词后面加’s,但以s结尾的单数名词,在词尾只加’ 迈克的汽车___________________________　
母亲节_____________________________
詹姆士的书__________________________
查尔斯的笔__________________________
Mike’s car
Mother’s Day
James’ book(s)
Charles’ pen(s)
构成方式 例子
(2)复数名词 以s结尾,在词尾只加’ 教师节____________________________
护士节____________________________
三个小时的步行_______________________
不以s结尾,在词尾加’s 儿童节___________________________
妇女节___________________________　
(3)表示“在某人家”“在店铺”“在诊所”的所有格后名词省略 在怀特先生家______________________
在诊所____________________________
Teachers’ Day
Nurses’ Day
three hours’ walk
Children’s Day
Women’s Day
at Mr. White’s
at the doctor’s
构成方式 例子
(4)表示各自的所有关系时,各名词词尾均须加’s 莉莉和露西各自的房间______________________
日本和美国各自的问题_______________________
___________　
(5)表示共有关系时,只在最后一词词尾加’s 莉莉和露西共有的房间_______________________
李雷和李军(兄弟)的父亲______________________　
Lily’s and Lucy’s rooms
Japan’s and America’s
Lily and Lucy’s room
Li Lei and Li Jun’s father
problems
2. ’s所有格的特殊用法
(1)表示时间或距离
今天的报纸_______________________________________ 　
一公里的旅程___________________________________ 　
(2)表示集体、国家、团体等无生命的名词
世界的人口 ___________________________________ 　
中国的宇航员 ___________________________________ 　
today’s newspaper
a kilometer’s journey
the world’s population
China’s astronaut(s)
3. of所有格的用法(用于无生命的东西)
(1)一张我们教室的照片__________________________________ 　
(2)一张中国地图 ___________________________________ 　
(3)这个房间的窗户 ___________________________________ 　
4. 双重所有格
(1)我父亲的一个朋友___________________________________ 　
(2)大明的几个同学___________________________________ 　
(3)我的一个老师 ___________________________________ 　
a picture / photo of our classroom
a map of China
the window of the room
a friend of my father’s
several classmates of Daming’s
a teacher of mine　
四、易错点突破
1. 专有名词的第一个字母必须大写, 但其中的虚词, 如冠词(a, an和the)、介词(at, in, on)等的第一个字母一般不大写。如：the United States, the United Kingdom
2. 抽象名词是不可数名词, 但在一些短语或句子中可以作可数名词。
如：have a rest　休息　　catch a cold　感冒　　have a good time　玩得开心　
3. 集体名词people(人们), police(警察)通常用作复数, 因此不能说a people, a police, 但可以说a person(一个人), a policeman(一个男警察)。
4. 集体名词看作整体时,谓语动词用单数形式；看作整体的各个成员时, 谓语动词用复数形式。
如：His family is a happy one. 他家庭幸福。
My family are all having dinner at the moment. 此刻我们全家人正在吃晚饭。
5. 复合名词变单复数时只需要改最后一个名词, 但man, woman构成的复合名词除外。
如：two school buses 两辆校车　a man teacher一个男教师　two men teachers两个男教师
6. 量词修饰不可数名词时, 谓语动词的单复数形式由量词决定。
如：There are two bottles of water on the table. 桌子上有两瓶水。
7. 有些名词虽然以-s结尾, 却表示不可数概念。
如：news, grass, physics, politics, maths
8. 字母、数字、引语或缩略词的复数形式是在其后加-’s或-s。
There are two o’s in the word photo. 单词photo里有两个o。
Many VIPs will come to our town next week. 下周将有很多重要人物要来我们镇。
满分突破
MAN FEN TU PO
PART TWO
02
一、名词在语法选择中的考查
语法选择考查名词主要从名词的数、不可数名词、名词的所有格以及名词的词性辨析等四个方面去设题考查。解题时可以根据名词的语法规则去确定,也可以根据句子结构确定。
1. (2022·广东中考·33题)At primary school, she was her music
　　　　favourite student.
A. teacher B. teachers　 C. teacher’s
C
2. (2021·广东中考·36题)Along the river, there is an eight-kilometer-long wooden walkway. People could enjoy the scenery (风景) and watch　　　　there.
A. bird B. birds C. bird’s D. birds’
3. (2021·广州中考·9题)The bandit takes one book and shouts, “Next time I want 　　　　”.
A. some money　 B. any money　 C. some moneys　D. any moneys
B
A
4. (2021·汕头市一模·33题)A dog’s sense of smell is almost 50 times better than a 　　　！
A. person B. persons C. person’s D. persons’
C
二、名词在短文填空中的考查
分析近五年广东省中考真题可知,在短文填空中,名词考查了8次,其中6次是根据句子结构和上下文来确定,2次是根据固定搭配确定。短文填空考查名词主要从名词的数(5年6考)、不可数名词(5年2考)等方面去设题考查。解题时可以根据上下文和分析句子结构去确定,有些也可以根据固定搭配去确定。
1.
(2023·广东中考·74题)The 　　　 　of toothbrushes was not as famous as that of paper-making, but it was very useful in daily life.
it　either　be　because　what　else　by　invent　clean　popular　habit　hundred
invention
2.
(2023·广东中考·75题)Today we have a good 　　　　of brushing teeth. We should thank the ancient Chinese for it.
it　either　be　because　what　else　by　invent　clean　popular　habit　hundred
habit
3. (2022·广东中考·71题)At that time,people made tea in a simple way. They just put fresh tea leaves into hot 　　 　　.
4. (2022·深圳中考·38题)Lang Lang is one of the leading____________
(musician) in the classical music world.
5. (2021·广东中考·36题)Lao Pan’s new book includes his forty-seven
　　　　to his family back in America. The letters show China’s development in different periods.
water
musicians
letters
6. (2021·广州中考·49题) “I have two 　　　　. One is to enjoy the cool under the tall rice, and the other is to grow hybrid rice across the world,” Yuan said.
7. (2021·广州中考·50题) And he worked till the 　　　　of his life to make them come true.
8. (2020·广东中考·70题)They wanted to raise 　　　　to help their friends … In a week, it made $52. Although it was only a little money …
dreams
end
money
真题链接
ZHEN TI LIAN JIE
PART THREE
03
(　　)1. People all over the world love pandas, and the panda has become a 　　　　of China.
(2023·天津市)
A. festival　　　 B. poem　 C. guest　　 D. symbol
D
(　　)2. — Peter was picked out to be on the school volleyball team.
— His height gives him a big 　　　　. (2023·武汉市)
A. situation　　 B. challenge　　　
C. achievement　　　 D. advantage
(　　)3. Three-fifths of the teachers in our school are 　　　　. (2023·甘南自治州)
A. man teachers B. men teachers　 C. women teacher
D
B
(　　)4. — 　　　　are easily made, but not easily kept.
— That’s true. Once you make one, be sure to keep it. ( 2023·南通市)
A. Speeches　　 B. Decisions　
C. Promises　　　 D. Suggestions
C
(　　)5. A taxi driver prevented (阻止) an 　　　　when he saw a car with serious problems travelling across Huangnan. (2023·青海省)
A. accident　　　 B. interview C. advertisement
(　　)6. My parents took me to the amusement park on___________ 　　　　Day. There were so many exciting things to do there. (2023·郴州市)
A. Children’s　 B. Children C. Child’s
A
A
(　　)7. — Kevin, could you pass me some 　　　　 It’s so hot today. I’m really thirsty.
— OK. Here you are. (2023·江西省)
A. rice　 B. bread　　 C. water D. chicken
(　　)8. I will take some 　　　　of the dishes to share with you. (2023·重庆市)
A. picture　 B. pictures　 C. picture’s
C
B
(　　)9. Uncle Li has a farm, and there are some 　　　　on the farm. (2022·百色市)
A. chicken and sheep B. chickens and sheeps
C. chickens and sheep D. chicken and sheep
C
(　　)10. — You have a nice house! Whose room is this (2022·铜仁市)
— It’s 　　　　.
A. Jack and Peter’s B. Jack’s and Peter’s
C. Jack’s and Peter D. Jack and Peter
A
模拟突破
MO NI TU PO
PART FOUR
04
语法选择(主要考查名词)(2023·益阳市中考改编)
　When I was five years old, I lived with my family in my 　1　 old house. It was very old and small, but we were happy there. We didn’t have a lot of money, but we grew our own food to eat and made our own 　2　.
　Every day after school, I would play outside and wait 　3　 my dad to come from work. He worked on cars all day for drivers. When he 　4　 home, he was tired with oil on his 　5　. So the first thing he would do is to clean up his hands. Then he sat in 　6　 old chair while mom and grandma were making dinner. After dinner, I loved climbing onto his back and watching TV together. His hands were strong, and I always felt safe 　7　 loved.
Now I am 55 years old and the oldest person in my family. I have some health 　8　, but I still remember those happy times with my dad 　9　. I wish I could go back and sit with him in that old chair one more time, just to tell him how much I love him and thank him for 　10　 me feel so happy and loved as a child.
(　　)1. A. grandma B. grandma’s C. grandmas’
(　　)2. A. cloth B. clothes C. cloths
(　　)3. A. for B. to C. at
(　　)4. A. gets B. got C. is getting
(　　)5. A. hands B. hand C. hands’
(　　)6. A. him B. he C. his
(　　)7. A. but B. and C. or
(　　)8. A. problems B. problem C. problem’s
(　　)9. A. clearer B. clear C. clearly
(　　)10. A. making B. made C. make
B
B
A
B
A
C
B
A
C
A