牛津译林版（2019）必修三Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world Welcome to the unit & Reading课时精练一（含答案）

Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
I recently spoke with 15-year-old Gitanjali Rao，an inventor，scientist and author.The Colorado teenager told me about her determination to make a positive difference in the world.She has already been recognized for doing just that.
In 2020，Gitanjali was named “Kid of the Year” by Time magazine for inventing a mobile device that can test the amount of lead in drinking water.What’s more，she has made other inventions，for which she has received several honors，such as Kindly，an app designed to detect cyberbullying(网络欺凌)．
Nowadays there’re still many people who refuse to enjoy STEM(science，technology，engineering，and math) education，but at the same time，the world needs more people pursuing STEM careers.For this，Gitanjali has recently written a book，called A Young Innovator’s Guide to STEM.“My hope，” Gitanjali writes，“is that this book will help somebody start out to imagine their journey，challenge themselves，get out of their comfort zone，and prepare for a future that is unknown to us.”
Growing up，Gitanjali went to seven different schools.“Every new place is a new set of people who will maybe not accept you for who you are，” she said.“But I learned to deflect that and realized that nobody could create an overall opinion about me except for myself.”
Gitanjali now attends STEM School Highlands Ranch in Lone Tree.She is also conducting research at the University of Colorado.Still，the teenager considers herself to be an ordinary student who is supported by her friends.Gitanjali has a particular interest in genetics and epidemiology，which is the study of diseases.When asked what inspired her to become a scientist，she said，“If no one else was solving problems，then I needed to do something.Innovation(创新) doesn’t need you to be the smartest person in the world.All it needs is your motivation to make a difference.”
1．Why is Gitanjali devoted to making the inventions
A．She wants to be helpful.
B．She hopes to be famous.
C．She’s encouraged by her friends.
D．She’s determined to set an example.
2．What is the purpose of Gitanjali’s recent book
A．To share her experiences in success.
B．To introduce her personal inventions.
C．To give some facts on STEM careers.
D．To draw more people’s interest in STEM.
3．What does the underlined word “deflect” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Accept wisely.
B．Memorize carefully.
C．Avoid being influenced by.
D．Express confidence in.
4．What does Gitanjali think is the most important about being a scientist
A．Smartness. B．Motivation.
C．Personality. D．Habits.
B
(2023·江苏高一期末)
In 1957，English scientist James Lovelock invented the Electron Capture Detector，an inexpensive，sensitive device used to help measure the spread of poisonous man-made compounds(化合物) in the environment.The device provided the scientific foundations of Rachel Carson’s 1962 book，Silent Spring，a push for the environmental movement.It also helped provide the basis for regulations in the United States and in other nations that banned harmful chemicals like DDT and PCBs.
Later，his discovery that chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)—compounds that are used in refrigerators and air conditioners—were present in measurable concentrations in the atmosphere led to the discovery of a hole in the ozone layer(臭氧层)．He also explained that they posed no possible danger to the planet.A year after his paper in Nature，Mario Molina of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and F．Sherwood Rowland of the University of California at Irvine published a paper in the same journal detailing how sensitive the Earth’s ozone layer is to CFCs.In 1995 they were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work in reminding the world of the thinning of the ozone layer.Lovelock later called his conclusion a mistake.
But Dr Lovelock may be most widely known for his Gaia theory that the Earth acts as a “living organism” that can “control its temperature and chemistry in a state of comfortable stability(稳定性)”．As an expert on the chemical composition of the atmospheres of Earth and Mars，Dr Lovelock wondered why Earth’s atmosphere was so stable.He hypothesized(假定) that something must control heat，oxygen，nitrogen，and other ingredients.He presented his theory in the 1960s.That summer，the novelist William Golding，his friend，suggested the name Gaia，after the Greek goddess of the Earth.
The hypothesis may never have moved into the scientific mainstream without the contribution of Lynn Margulis，an American microbiologist.In the early 1970s and in the decades that followed，she worked with Dr Lovelock on specific studies to support this concept.Since then，Dr Lovelock’s theory of a self-controlling Earth has been considered important to understand the causes and consequences of global warming.
5．What is paragraph 1 mainly about
A．The functions of man-made compounds.
B．The influence of the Electron Capture Detector.
C．The importance of banning harmful chemicals.
D．The working principles of the Electron Capture Detector.
6．What did James Lovelock once believe to be true
A．CFCs did little harm to the Earth.
B．It was impossible to find CFCs in thin air.
C．It was impossible to measure CFCs in the air.
D．CFCs had little effect on cooling refrigerators.
7．What inspired James Lovelock to produce his Gaia theory
A．Earth’s atmosphere remains stable.
B．Golding mentioned a Greek goddess.
C．Both Earth and Mars have atmospheres.
D．Living things can exist in the atmosphere.
8．What do we know about Lynn Margulis
A．She became well-known because of Lovelock.
B．She first discovered the causes of global warming.
C．She helped Lovelock make his theory widely accepted.
D．She proposed a new idea based on Lovelock’s Gaia theory.
C
Two scientists won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing a way of editing genes(基因)，which offers the promise of one day curing inherited(遗传的) diseases.Working on opposite sides of the Atlantic，French woman Emmanuelle Charpentier and American Jennifer A．Doudna came up with a method known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to change the DNA of animals and plants.
It was the first time two women had won the chemistry Nobel together—adding to the small number of female winners in the sciences，where women have long received less recognition for their work than men.The scientists’ work allows researchers to precisely edit specific genes to remove errors that lead to disease.
“There is great power in this genetic tool，which affects us all，” said Claes Gustafsson，chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.“It has not only made huge progress in basic science，but also led to advances in new medical treatments.”
Charpentier spoke of the shock of winning，“Strangely enough I was told a number of times that I’d win，but when it happens you’re very surprised.And I wish that this will provide a positive message to young girls who would like to follow the path of science.”
Doudna told the Associated Press，“I actually find out I’m in shock.And my greatest hope is that it’s used for good，to uncover new mysteries in biology and to benefit humankind.”
The Broad Institute at Harvard and MIT have been in a long court fight over patents(专利) on CRISPR technology，and many other scientists did important work on it，but Doudna and Charpentier have been most consistently honored with prizes for turning it into an easily usable tool.
9．What do we know about the two scientists from the first two paragraphs
A．They both work in America.
B．They work harder than other females.
C．They provide a new way to edit genes.
D．They are the first women to win the Nobel Prize.
10．What is Claes Gustafsson’s attitude towards the genetic tool
A．Supportive. B．Indifferent.
C．Dissatisfied. D．Doubtful.
11.What did Charpentier and Doudna think of their winning the prize
A．They didn’t deserve the honor.
B．They were both surprised at it.
C．They thought it good for them.
D．They would be examples to young girls.
12．What is the text mainly about
A．Two Nobel Prize winners surprise the world.
B．Female scientists do better than male scientists.
C．There is research for developing a way of editing genes.
D．Two female scientists win the Nobel Prize for gene-editing discovery.
Ⅱ.七选五
(2023·江苏盐城高一期末)
While reviewing the literature in your research area，you may find there aren’t too many journal articles. 1 Actually the global research output increases every year by about 2.5 million new journal articles.What should you do if you fail to find relevant(相关的) studies in your research area？These tips may help you.
Explore them in depth.
Having a limited number of references might work to your benefit. 2 In addition，with few sources in your specific research area，it’s possible that you could find limitations in the existing literature and use them to build or strengthen your own research question.
3
You may have drawn very strict mental limits around your research question.If so，you cannot see other relevant research areas.Assuming that your research question is about studying whether plastic can be made compostable(可降解的)，you could begin with looking into more environment-friendly plastic.This will not only help with more relevant reading，but also place your specific research question in a broader way.
Make sure you use the right keywords.
One of the problems in your search for relevant sources could be unclear or unrelated keywords.Your keywords should be well defined and specifically targeted to the research papers you are looking for.This will indicate the relevance of those terms in your field. 4
Ask for help.
5 Start by approaching the librarian at your university and ask him/her if your library has ordered the journal you need.You could also ask a professor，or a senior colleague.Having gone through a similar difficulty as the one you are currently facing，they’ll surely have a few tricks up their sleeve.
A．Broaden your search area.
B．But this might not be the case.
C．Narrow down your research question.
D．Most keywords are beneficial to your review.
E．If all else fails，then don’t hesitate to turn to others.
F．It will also shine some light on whether you should be more precise.
G．You can get a short but comprehensive list of articles to explore in great detail.
课时精练一
Ⅰ.
语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了15岁的发明家、科学家和作家Gitanjali Rao的主要成就。
1．A　[推理判断题。根据第一段的“The Colorado teenager told me about her determination to make a positive difference in the world.”可知，Gitanjali致力于创造这些发明是因为她想对这个世界有所帮助。故选A。]
2．D　[推理判断题。根据第三段可知，Gitanjali写书的目的是吸引更多的人对STEM感兴趣。故选D。]
3．C　[词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“Every new place is a new set of people who will maybe not accept you for who you are”和“realized that nobody could create an overall opinion about me except for myself”可知，画线词所在的句子表示“但我学会了转移注意力，并意识到除了我自己，没有人能对我形成一个全面的看法”，deflect意为“转移”，也就是不受那些人的影响。故选C。]
4．B　[细节理解题。根据最后一段的“When asked what inspired her to become a scientist，she said，‘If no one else was solving problems，then I needed to do something.Innovation(创新) doesn’t need you to be the smartest person in the world.All it needs is your motivation to make a difference.’”可知，Gitanjali认为成为一名科学家最重要的是动力。故选B。]
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国科学家詹姆斯·洛夫洛克对环境科学所做出的巨大贡献以及对全球变暖的理论解释所带来的影响。
5．B　[段落大意题。根据第一段的“The device provided the scientific foundations of Rachel Carson’s 1962 book，Silent Spring，a push for the environmental movement.It also helped provide the basis for regulations in the United States and in other nations that banned harmful chemicals like DDT and PCBs.”可知，第一段讲述了詹姆斯·洛夫洛克发明的电子捕获探测器，介绍了它在环境科学中的应用以及它在激励环境法规和其他科学家工作方面的重要作用。故选B。]
6．A　[推理判断题。根据第二段前两句“Later，his discovery that chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)—
compounds that are used in refrigerators and air conditioners—were present in measurable concentrations in the atmosphere led to the discovery of a hole in the ozone layer(臭氧层)．He also explained that they posed no possible danger to the planet.”可知，詹姆斯·洛夫洛克曾经相信氯氟烃对地球几乎没有危害。故选A。]
7．A　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“As an expert on the chemical composition of the atmospheres of Earth and Mars，Dr Lovelock wondered why Earth’s atmosphere was so stable.He hypothesized(假定) that something must control heat，oxygen，nitrogen，and other ingredients.”可知，洛夫洛克提出盖亚理论是因为他想知道地球的大气层为什么如此稳定。故选A。]
8．C　[推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句可知，林恩·马古利斯与洛夫洛克一起进行了一些具体的研究，帮助洛夫洛克的理论被广泛接受。故选C。]
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了两名女性科学家因开发出一种编辑基因的方法而获得诺贝尔化学奖，并讲述了她们对于获得诺贝尔化学奖的感受。
9．C　[细节理解题。根据第一段第一句的“Two scientists won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing a way of editing genes(基因)．..”可知，她们提出了一种新的基因编辑的方法。故选C。]
10．A　[推理判断题。由第三段提到的诺贝尔化学奖委员会主席Claes Gustafsson对于两位女性科学家获得诺贝尔化学奖的感受可判断，Claes Gustafsson对于这项发现持支持的态度。故选A。]
11．B　[细节理解题。第四段提到Charpentier获奖时的想法“Strangely enough I was told a number of times that I’d win，but when it happens you’re very surprised.”，第五段提到Doudna获奖时的想法“I actually find out I’m in shock.”。由此可知，两位科学家在得知自己获奖时都是非常惊讶的状态。故选B。]
12．D　[主旨大意题。根据第一段首句“Two scientists won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing a way of editing genes(基因)，which offers the promise of one day curing inherited(遗传的) diseases.”并结合后文提到的基因编辑工具对医学治疗方面的影响等方面，由此判断文章讲述了两位女性科学家因基因编辑方法的发现而获得诺贝尔奖的故事。故选D。]
Ⅱ.
1．B　[上文说明没有发现太多文献。选项B“但事实可能并非如此”承接上文，表示对上文的否定，引出下文，说明实际上文献是很多的。故选B。]
2．G　[小标题“Explore them in depth.”和上文“Having a limited number of references might work to your benefit.”建议要探索所拥有的文献。选项G“你可以获得一个简短但全面的文章列表来详细地探索”承接上文，对探索文献给出更详细的建议。故选G。]
3．A　[下文建议扩大搜索范围，能找到相关文献。选项A“扩大搜索范围”概括了本段主题：以更广泛的方式搜索研究文献。故选A。]
4．F　[上文说明准确的关键词可以帮助寻找相关文献，选项F“它还将为你是否应该更精确提供一些启示”承接上文，继续说明关键词所起的作用。故选F。]
5．E　[上文小标题“Ask for help.”说明要寻求帮助。承接小标题，选项E“如果一切都失败了，那么不要犹豫，向别人求助”建议向别人求助，引出下文具体介绍怎样向别人求助。故选E。]