(共33张PPT)
专题五 并列连词、3大从句和特殊句式
英 语
内容索引
要点精讲 破疑解难
对点演练 精准提升
要点精讲 破疑解难
重点一 并列连词
重点二 3大从句
考点1 定语从句
提示
(1)当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词, 如point, situation, case, stage等时, 如果引导词在从句中做状语, 常用关系副词where引导定语从句。
(2)先行词occasion意为 “时机”时, 用关系副词when引导定语从句; 意为 “场合” 时, 用关系副词where引导定语从句。
(3)当先行词way意为 “方法; 方式”, 且在从句中做状语时, 可用that, in which或省略关系词这三种形式。
(4)若介词放在关系代词之前, 关系代词指人时常用whom, 指物时常用which。另外, whose也可以放在介词后, 构成 “介词+whose+名词” 结构。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
他是你可以信赖的人。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen the bag.
他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
(5) “名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词” 结构。
He told us a story in English, the meaning of which I couldn’t understand completely.
他用英语给我们讲了一个故事, 我不能完全理解它的意思。
There are about 400 students in our grade, most of whom are from Haidian District.
我们年级大约有400名学生, 其中大多数来自海淀区。
考点2 状语从句
考点3 名词性从句
重点三 特殊句式(祈使句、感叹句、省略句、强调句、倒装句)
考点1 祈使句、感叹句和省略句
1.祈使句
祈使句用来表达说话人的请求、命令、建议、劝告等。祈使句的主语一般为第二人称(通常省略)。
祈使句的4种形式:
①动词原形(+宾语+其他成分);
②Be+表语, 如Be honest.;
③Let’s/Let us do/not do sth.;
④祈使句+and/or+简单句(简单句谓语用一般将来时)。
2.感叹句
(1)what引导的感叹句
What+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!
What+adj.+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语!
What lovely children they are!
他们是多么可爱的孩子啊!
(2)how引导的感叹句
How+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!
How+adj./adv.+主语+谓语!
How+主语+谓语!
How interesting a story it is!
=What an interesting story it is!
这是多么有趣的一个故事啊!
3.省略句
省略是高考经常涉及的语法点, 常考的几种省略情况如下:
(1)状语从句的省略: 在when, while, if, as if, though, as, whether等连词引导的状语从句中, 如果谓语中有be, 且从句的主语又和主句的主语相同或是it, 则从句的主语和be常常省略。
(2)不定式中的省略: 在一定的上下文中为了避免重复, 可以省略不定式中和前面句子中相同的动词(短语), 只保留不定式符号to, 否定形式的省略用not to, 但如果省略的不定式结构中含有be或have(做助动词用), 通常保留be或have。
(3)if引导的虚拟条件句的省略: 当if从句中有had, should, were时, 可以省略if, 同时把had, should, were置于句首。
考点2 强调句
强调句是高中语法的难点, 在理解强调句时, 学生要注意以下6点:
1.被强调部分指人时, 连接词用that/who都可以; 指物时, 用that。
2.强调句的一般疑问句结构: Is/Was+it+被强调的部分+that/who+其他部分 。
3.强调句的特殊疑问句结构: 特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that/who+其他部分 。
When was it that he made up his mind to take this course
他是什么时候决定选修这门课程的
4.含not... until...的强调句型: It is/was not until+...+that+其他部分。
5.把强调句中的 “It is/was... that/who” 去掉之后, 句子依然成立。
6.如果需要强调谓语, 应用助动词do, does或did。
The family did manage to send him to a technical school.
家里的确设法送他去上了技术学校。
考点3 倒装句
1.部分倒装
(1)将含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装结构。这类词(组)有: never, seldom, rarely, little, few, at no time, by no means, no longer, hardly/scarcely... when..., no sooner... than..., not only... but also..., not until, nowhere, neither... nor...等。
Not until I lost my job did I realise I should improve my working skills.
直到我失业了, 我才意识到我应该提高我的工作技能。
(2)“only+状语” 置于句首时,句子主干部分要进行部分倒装。
Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.
只有当你能找到内心的平静, 你才能和别人保持良好的关系。
(3)so/such... that...结构中的so, such连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时, 主句要用部分倒装。
Such great progress did he make that he was praised.
他取得了如此大的进步, 以至于受到了表扬。
(4)表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时, 用倒装结构 “so/neither/nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语” (so表示肯定意义, neither/nor表示否定意义)。
I saw the film last week, so did she.
我上周看了那部电影, 她也看了。
2.完全倒装
当here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, on the wall, in the room等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首, 且句子主语为名词时, 句子用完全倒装结构。
The Public Square is an eye-catching spot of the city. There stand many stone sculptures of famous historical figures.
大众广场是这个城市引人注目的地方, 许多历史名人的石雕像矗立在那里。
对点演练 精准提升
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.He said that the industry shouldn’t be pushed forward by capital
by creativity.
2.Most tea has caffeine, makes you feel more active.
3.WHO will offer member states a series of suggestions are aimed at controlling the spread of the disease and providing support to the affected areas.
4.But really makes the system stand out is the bright colour code.
5.It is obvious to the students they should get well prepared for their future.
but
which
that/which
what
that
6.So quickly are science and technology advancing what is a possibility today may be a reality tomorrow.
7. something unexpected happens, I will meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
8.On the night, they were awoken by sweet music, was played by a band of children in shining garments.
9.Now the question is we can get rid of fear.
10.When faced with danger, don’t panic, you will find a solution.
that
Unless
which
how
and
Ⅱ.微语法填空
1.In half a century, the Internet has transformed society. Billions of us can connect at the touch of a button. Access to information, banks ① shops has never been easier. The world has changed dramatically and continues to do so in ways ② we couldn’t have imagined. However, the Internet isn’t without disadvantages. By design, it has no central authority, ③ makes protecting people online or dealing with misinformation a near-impossible task. ④ the Internet develops will have an impact on our future. If the past 50 years has been dominated by free and open exchanges, the next 50 will be about whether rules and restrictions can actually make the Internet a better place.
①答案 and
解析 空格前的information, banks和空格后的shops是并列关系, 故用连词and。
②答案 that/which
解析 空格处引导定语从句, 先行词是ways, 从句中imagined后缺少宾语, 应用关系代词that/which引导定语从句。
③答案 which
解析 空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句, 关系词指代主句的全部内容, 应用which引导非限制性定语从句。
④答案 How
解析 分析句子成分可知, 空格处引导主语从句, 且在从句中做方式状语, 故用How引导主语从句。
2.Nowadays, the reason ① young people are suffering from greater loneliness and pressure is partly ② the cost of living has been rising. They are so busy working all day in a competitive environment ③ they have little time for fun and friends. That may explain ④ more and more young people are choosing to keep pets for companionship. Apart from relieving loneliness, there is evidence ⑤ keeping a pet reduces stress and may even improve overall health.
①答案 why
解析 分析句子成分可知, 空格处引导定语从句, 先行词是reason, 故用关系副词why引导定语从句。
②答案 that
解析 空格处引导表语从句, 从句在句意和结构上均完整, 故用that引导表语从句。The reason why... is that... “……的原因是……”。
③答案 that
解析 句意: 他们整天忙于在一个竞争的环境中工作, 没有时间娱乐和与朋友相处。根据句意和该句中的so可知, 此处是so... that...结构, 意为“如此……以至于……”, 故填that。
④答案 why
解析 分析句子成分可知, 空格处引导宾语从句, 且从句中缺少状语, 结合上文提到的年轻人忙于工作, 没时间娱乐和交友可知, 此处解释年轻人养宠物的原因, 故用why引导宾语从句。
⑤答案 that
解析 分析句子成分可知, 空格处引导同位语从句, 先行词是evidence, 从句在结构和意义上均完整, 应用that引导同位语从句。(共31张PPT)
专题二 非谓语动词
英 语
内容索引
要点精讲 破疑解难
对点演练 精准提升
要点精讲 破疑解难
重点一 非谓语动词做主语、表语和宾语
1.非谓语动词中能做主语的有动词-ing形式和动词不定式
(1)动词-ing形式做主语时表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作; 动词不定式做主语时表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。
(2)it可做形式主语, 代替真正做主语的动词不定式或动词-ing形式。常见的句型有It is/was no use/good doing sth; It is/was useless doing sth; It’s a waste of time doing sth; It’s+adj.+for/of sb+to do sth等。
2.非谓语动词中能做表语的有动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式和动词不定式。注意:动词-ing形式做表语时, 意为 “令人感到……的”, 而动词-ed形式做表语时, 意为 “本身感到……的”。
3.非谓语动词中能做宾语的有动词-ing形式和动词不定式
(1)跟动词不定式做宾语的动词(短语)有beg, offer, wish, hope, decide, refuse, promise, pretend, manage, want, plan, fail, choose, would like等。
(2)跟动词-ing形式做宾语的动词(短语)有suggest, imagine, mind, admit, practise, risk, keep, avoid, escape, enjoy, consider, finish, miss, keep on, insist on, look forward to, feel like, get down to, object to等。
重点二 非谓语动词做定语
考点 1 动词不定式做定语
用法 例句
to do做定语表示将来的动作; to be done做定语表示将来且被动的动作 The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
会上将要讨论的这个问题非常重要。
动词不定式可修饰序数词、最高级或由no, all, any等限定的中心词, 且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系 He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校, 最后一个离校。
用法 例句
被修饰词是抽象名词时, 常用动词不定式做定语。该类名词有, idea,ability, chance, hope, attempt, way, fact, promise, wish等 The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同样重要。
考点2 分词做定语
1.分词形式做定语的用法
形式 用法 例句
动词-ing 被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的主动关系, 动词-ing形式表示被修饰词的特征 He found her a charming girl.
他发现她是位迷人的姑娘。
being
done 被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的动宾关系, 表示动作正在进行 The houses being built are for the teachers.
正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。
形式 用法 例句
done 被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的动宾关系, 表示状态或动作已经完成; 不及物动词的过去分词做定语,只表示完成不表示被动 “Things lost never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself.
我不禁自言自语道: “失去的东西不会再来!”
fallen leaves 落叶
2.现在分词与过去分词做定语时的比较
形式 用法 示例
现在分词 表示动作
正在进行
过去分词 表示动作
已经完成
重点三 非谓语动词做状语
考点 1 动词不定式做状语
用法 例句
做目的状语, 有时动词不定式前可加in order 或so as, 但so as to 不能用于句首 The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来以便搭载乘客。
做结果状语表示出乎意料的结果, 常用于结构only to do, enough to do, too... to do, so/such... to do We hurried to the station, only to be told that the train had left.
我们急匆匆地赶到车站, 结果被告知火车已经开走了。
用法 例句
常与表示情绪的形容词, 如anxious, happy, frightened, surprised 等连用, 表示引起某种情绪的原因 You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.
你永远不会知道我昨天见到她有多高兴。
在 “主语+系动词+形容词+to do” 的结构中, 动词不定式做修饰性状语,主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有easy, hard, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant等 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on.
这把椅子看上去很硬, 但实际上坐上去很舒服。
考点 2 分词做状语
分词做状语时, 其逻辑主语是句子的主语, 一般在句中做时间、原因、结果、方式、条件、伴随、让步等状语。
用法 例句
现在分词做状语时, 与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系 More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
中国已经修建了更多的公路, 这让人们从一个地方到另一个地方旅行变得更容易。(做结果状语)
过去分词做状语时, 与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系 Used with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
如果小心使用, 一罐可以用六个星期。(做条件状语)
提示
(1)某些过去分词(短语)已经形容词化, 它们既不表示被动, 也不表示完成, 而表示一种状态, 如lost, seated, hidden, lost/absorbed in, dressed in, tired of等。
Absorbed in the book, he didn’t notice me enter the room.
他全神贯注地看书, 没有注意到我进了房间。
(2)独立成分做状语时, 其形式不受上下文的影响。常用的有considering..., generally speaking, judging by/from..., supposing that..., providing that..., owing to..., talking/speaking of..., given..., provided that..., to tell the truth, to be honest等。
命题特点
重点四 非谓语动词做补语
考点1 动词不定式做补语
用法 例句
有些动词(短语)后可接不定式做宾语补足语, 即 “动词(短语)+宾语+to do”, 如advise, want, allow, permit, persuade, remind, invite, depend on, call on等 Father advised me to say something.
父亲建议我说点什么。
常用动词不定式做主语补足语的句型有sb/sth be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought +to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done... He is said to have been found in the street.
据说他在大街上被找到了。
考点2 分词做补语
现在分词做宾语补足语时, 句中的宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系; 过去分词做宾语补足语时, 宾语补足语与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
他们用电脑保持交通畅通。(the traffic 与run是逻辑上的主谓关系)
Please remember that I want to see it carried out immediately.
请记住, 我想看到它立即执行。(carry out 与it是逻辑上的动宾关系)
提示
常考的分词做补语的几种情况:
(1)感官动词(组), 如see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, feel等后面的宾语补足语常见的有三种非谓语动词形式, 即do/doing/done。do 表示主动(在被动句中需要还原to); doing表示主动或正在进行; done 表示被动或完成。
As I got closer, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.
当我走近时, 我看见他的腿在空中乱踢, 呼吸沉重。
(2)表示 “使, 让” 的动词, 如make/let/keep/have/get/leave+宾语+补语
结构 to do doing done
make/let+宾语 do × √
keep+宾语 × √ √
have+宾语 have sb do sth 意为“让某人做某事”; have sth to do意为“有某事要做”, to do做后置定语 √(表示主体使客体处于某种状态或一直做某事) √(表示让别人做某事或让某事被做)
get+宾语 √ √ √
leave+宾语 √ √ √
Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.
在飞机起飞前一个小时, 克莱尔将行李进行了安检。
(3)with/without的复合结构: with+n.+doing(主动、进行)/done(被动、完成)/to do(目的、将来)。
Without anyone noticing, I went into the room.
我走进了房间, 没有人注意到。
重点五 常考固定句式中的非谓语形式
考点1 动词不定式用于固定句式中
用法 例句
主语+系动词+形容词+to do结构, 这类形容词有easy, cheap, comfortable, impossible等, 表示主语的特性或性质,不定式和句子主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系 In my view, the book is very hard to understand.
依我看, 这本书很难理解。
It is/was+adj.+for sb to do sth结构, 做表语的形容词表示事物的性质, 如difficult, important, necessary等 It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in an hour.
我们难以在一个小时内写完这篇作文。
用法 例句
It is/was+adj.+of sb to do sth 结构, 做表语的形容词表示人物的特征, 如honest, foolish, nice等 It was generous of him to offer to pay for us.
他主动为我们付钱真是大方。
主语+be likely to do sth结构, 表示 “……可能做某事” Tickets are likely to be expensive.
入场券可能很贵。
It takes(sb) some time to do sth结构, 表示 “(某人)花时间做某事” It takes about half an hour to get to the airport.
到机场大概需要半小时。
疑问词(who, what, where, when, how等)+to do 结构, 该结构在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语等 He didn’t know how to work out the question, so he asked the teacher for help.
他不知道如何解这道题, 因此他向老师求助。
考点2 动词-ing形式用于固定句式中
用法 例句
It’s no good/no use/no fun/no pleasure doing sth 做某事没好处/没用处/没意思/不高兴 It is no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。
It’s useless/worthwhile doing sth 做某事没用/值得 It is worthwhile making an appointment before you go.
你去之前预约一下是值得的。
It’s a waste of time/money doing sth 做某事浪费时间/钱 It is a waste of time talking with such a stubborn man.
和如此固执的人交谈浪费时间。
用法 例句
spend/waste time/money(in) doing sth 花时间/钱做某事 I spent too much time watching television.
我看电视花的时间太多了。
have difficulty/trouble/fun(in) doing sth 做某事有困难/费力/好玩 I have difficulty(in) making myself understood.
我很难让别人理解我的意思。
对点演练 精准提升
1.(2023·广西北海高三一模)A group of young people from the city come together (produce) a positive comedy programme.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
2.My experience awakened me to not only the limitations (place) on ourselves, but also our amazing ability to adapt.
3.An ancient temple (date) back to the Qing Dynasty was destroyed in flames, (cause) concerns about the effective protection of cultural remains.
4.Red or processed meat can increase your chances of (get) this disease.
to produce
placed
dating
causing
getting
5.On tea plantations, (pull) the leaves easily, people cut them back to a bush of about a metre in height.
6.The giant panda, also (know) as the panda bear or simply panda, is a bear native to south central China.
7.However, most of the fires this year are believed (cause) by those farmers, who use fire as a traditional way to clean land.
to pull
known
to be caused
Ⅱ.微语法填空
1.Poetry is a beautiful art form. Its power lies in the ability ①_________ (transform) ordinary experiences by capturing a moment or emotion. ②_____ (write) poetry is a privilege and struggle. That is partly because we need to create ourselves in a new way of ③ (observe) the world. Most of our time at the desk is spent ④ (struggle) with our imagination, and we know that a successful poem arrives on the back of failure. There are moments when an idea will not translate onto paper. Yet, failure is good, because every ⑤ (abandon) line we painstakingly remove prepares us for the ripe poem around the corner.
①答案 to transform
解析 ability后常用动词不定式做后置定语, 故填to transform。
②答案 Writing
解析 分析句子结构可知, write在句中应用非谓语动词形式, 因本句缺少主语, 且设空处位于句首, 单词首字母要大写, 故填Writing。
③答案 observing
解析 设空处前是介词of, 应用动词-ing形式做宾语, a way of doing sth “做某事的一种方法”, 故填observing。
④答案 struggling
解析 spent的宾语是Most of our time, 所以此处是spend time (in) doing sth结构, 此处应填动词-ing形式做宾语, 故填struggling。
⑤答案 abandoned
解析 分析句子结构可知, 设空处应用非谓语动词形式, 因与line是逻辑上的动宾关系, 应用动词-ed形式做定语, 表示 “废弃的”, 故填abandoned。
2. I’ll find a way ① (improve) on my own so that I can make the team next year. I joined a volunteer club instead. Every Wednesday, we work at a soup kitchen and hand out food to homeless people in the community.
I know I’ll have to work harder as a senior high school student and get used to ② (be) responsible for a lot more. I’m a bit worried about keeping up with the other students in my advanced course, and it’ll be quite difficult ③ (get) used to all the homework. Still, I’m happy to be here. ④ (study) hard isn’t always fun, but I’ll be well ⑤ (prepare) for university or whatever comes in the future.
①答案 to improve
解析 a way to do sth 意为“做……的方法”, 此处用动词不定式做定语。
②答案being
解析 get used to 意为“习惯于……”, 短语中的to为介词, 后接动词-ing形式做宾语。
③答案to get
解析 该处动词不定式做主语, 用于it+be+adj.+to do sth句型中, 句首的it是形式主语。
④答案Studying
解析 该处为动词-ing形式做主语。
⑤答案prepared
解析 be well prepared for 为固定搭配, 意为“为……做好了准备”。(共46张PPT)
专题四 冠词、代词和介词
英 语
内容索引
要点精讲 破疑解难
对点演练 精准提升
要点精讲 破疑解难
重点一 冠词
考点1 不定冠词a/an的用法
1.a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前, an用在以元音音素开头的单词前, 如:an honest man, a university
2.泛指 “一个”, 如: an English lecture, a professor
3.表示类别, 指一类人或物, 如: A horse can run fast.
4.表示 “(每)一个”, 相当于per, each, every
5.表示 “某一个人或物”, 相当于some或a certain, 如: a Mr Green
6.用于固定短语中, 如: as a rule, in a way, in a hurry, in a moment, keep an eye on
考点2 定冠词the的用法
1.用于特指、双方都知道的或上文提到的人或物
2.用于单数可数名词前表示一类人或物
3.用于表示独一无二的事物的名词前
4.用于形容词或副词的最高级前
5.用于序数词前表示顺序
6.用于乐器名词前、姓氏的复数前(表示全家人或夫妇)、表示年代的名词前, 如: the Browns, in the 1970s
7.用于某些形容词或分词前表示一类人或物, 如: the rich, the unemployed
8.用于某些江、河、海、洋、海湾、山脉、群岛等专有名词前, 如: the Yangtze River
9.用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前, 如: the History Museum, the Middle East
10.用于固定短语中, 如: on the right, at the age of, on the whole, in the long run
考点3 不用冠词的情况
1.不可数名词或复数名词表示泛指时不用冠词
2.物质名词或抽象名词前不用冠词, 如: water, luck
3.有些专有名词(人名、国家、城市、街道、山峰、湖泊等)前不用冠词, 如: China, Qingdao, Mount Tai
4.表示季节、月份、星期以及节日、假日的名词前不用冠词, 但特指季节、日期和传统中国节日时多使用定冠词, 如: the Spring Festival, the spring of Beijing
5.表示三餐、球类或棋类运动等的名词前不用冠词
6.表示学科、语言的名词前不用冠词
7.表示职位、头衔、称呼的名词做表语、宾语补足语或同位语时不用冠词
8.在表示使用某种交通方式的by词组中, 交通工具或方式名称之前通常不用冠词, 如: by taxi, by ship, by bike, by sea, by water, by air
9.在 “名词+and+名词” 和 “名词+介词+名词” 形式的习语中, 名词前通常不用冠词, 如: face to face, hand in hand
10.在某些固定短语中不用冠词, 如: at home and abroad, in debt
重点二 代词
考点1 人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的功能和形式
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性
功能 主语 宾语、表语 定语 主语、表语、宾语 宾语、表语、同位语
第一
人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二
人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三
人称 单数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves
考点2 反身代词的习惯用法
与介词搭配 by oneself 独自地
for oneself 替自己; 为自己
与动词搭配 apply oneself to 专心致志于
behave oneself 举止得体
dress oneself 打扮; 自己穿衣
devote oneself to 致力于; 献身于
help oneself to 随便吃/用
enjoy oneself 玩得开心
seat oneself 就座
teach oneself 自学
考点3 it的用法
1.it的基本用法
用法 例句
指天气、季节、时间、距离、环境等 It is early spring, but it is already hot.
现在是初春, 但是天气已经很热了。
指代前面提到过的事物或代替指示代词 That vase is valuable. It is more than 200 years old.
那个花瓶很珍贵, 它有200多年的历史。
指不知性别的婴儿或身份不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知道对方是谁) The baby cried because it was hungry.
这个婴儿饿得啼哭。
用法 例句
it用来代替不定式、动词-ing形式短语或名词性从句做形式主语或形式宾语 I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.
我已经讲得很清楚了, 任何人都不准在此吸烟。
2.it做形式主语或形式宾语的常用句型
it做形式主语 It is a pity/shame that...真可惜……
It is no wonder that...难怪……
It seems/appears that...似乎/看来……
It looks/seems as if/though... 看起来好像……
It happens that...碰巧……
It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb that... 某人突然想起……
It is said/reported/considered that...据说/据报道/人们认为……
It is certain that... ……是一定的。
It is no use/good doing...做……没有用/好处。
It takes sb some time to do... 做……花费某人若干时间。
it做形式宾语 ①主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel... +it+adj./n.+for/of sb to do/that从句
②主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel... +it+useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time/money/energy... +doing...
3.it的常用短语或句型
(1)When it comes to learning English, reading widely is of great importance.
当谈到学习英语, 广泛阅读很重要。
(2)You can count on/rely on/depend on it that he will help you out.
你可以指望/相信/放心他能帮助你摆脱困境。
(3)We finally made it to the airport though it was rainy.
尽管下雨, 但是我们最终赶到了机场。
(4)As someone puts it, practice makes perfect.
正如某人所说, 熟能生巧。
(5)Please see to it that you fasten the safety belt when driving.
开车时请确保系好安全带。
(6)I take it that you don’t agree with the manager.
我想你不同意经理的意见。
(7)It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
他参军三年了。
(8)It was three years before he returned home.
过了三年他才回家。
考点4 不定代词
1.other, others, the other/others, another
other 常与复数名词连用, 如果前面有the, some, any, each, every, no以及形容词性物主代词时, 也可以与可数名词单数连用
others 表示泛指, 相当于 “other+复数名词”, 可构成some... others... 的搭配, 意为 “一些……另一些……”
the other/
others “the other+单数可数名词” 特指两者中的另一个, 常有one... the other... 的搭配, 意为 “一个……另一个……” ; the others或 “the other+复数名词”, 特指在某些人或物中, 除去一部分后, 其余的人或物
another 指三者或三者以上中的另一个, 表示泛指, 后接单数名词, 也可以用于 “another+数词+名词复数”, 表示 “另外几个……”
2.one(s), that, those
为避免重复, one(s), that, those等都可以用来代替上文出现的名词。
one(s) one代替的是前面提到的同类事物中的任何一个, 相当于 “a/an+单数名词”; ones用来代替前面出现的复数名词, 也表示泛指 one=a/an+可数名词单数;
ones=可数名词复数;
the one=the+可数名词单数;
that=the+可数名词单数/不可数名词;
those/the ones=the+可数名词复数
that 代替前面提到的事物, 所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数, 也可以是不可数名词, 其前面通常不能有修饰语
those 代替前面提到的事物, 只能指代可数名词复数, 相当于the ones
3.both, all, either, any, neither, none
范围 都 任一 都不
两者 both either neither
三者或三者以上 all any none
4.something, anything, nothing
单词 句式 含义
something 肯定句 某事; 某物
疑问句 请求; 征求意见
anything 条件句、否定句、疑问句 任何东西; 任何事物
肯定句 任何东西; 任何事物
nothing 陈述句 没有什么
提示
固定搭配: anything but(根本不), nothing but(只不过; 仅仅), all but(几乎; 差一点), none but(仅仅; 只有)。everything意为 “每件事物; 所有事物”, 强调整体, 与not连用时表示部分否定, 意为 “并不是所有事物都……”。
重点三 介词
考点1 常见介词的用法
考点2 介词短语
1.at+名词
at a loss 不知所措
at dinner 在吃晚餐
at peace 处于和平状态
at war 在战争中
at work 在工作
2.其他高频介词短语
against time 争分夺秒
at the sight of 一看到……
in the face of 面对; 面临
in addition(to) 除了……以外(还)
in case of 万一
in charge of 负责; 主管
in favour of 赞成; 支持
in need of 需要
in no time 立刻
in a hurry 匆忙
in preparation for 为……做准备
in return for 作为对……的回报
of help/use 有帮助的/有用的
of importance 重要的
on behalf of 代表
3.by+名词
by accident 偶然; 意外地
by chance 偶然地
by hand 手工
by mistake 错误地
by month 按月
4.beyond+名词
beyond comparison 无与伦比
beyond control 失控
beyond description 难以描述
beyond doubt 毋庸置疑
beyond expression 难以表达
beyond (one’s) reach 够不到
5.in+名词
in bed 在床上; 卧床
in danger 处于危险中
in debt 负债
in difficulty 处于困难中
in high spirits 情绪高昂
in need 需要帮助的
in order 整齐; 井然有序
in surprise 吃惊地
in trouble 在困难中
in use 使用中
6.on+名词
on a trip 在旅行
on business 出差
on display/show 陈列; 展出
on duty 值班
on holiday/vacation 在度假
on sale 出售
on strike 罢工
on the way 在途中
7.out of+名词
out of balance 失去平衡
out of control 失去控制
out of danger 脱离危险
out of date 过期
out of order 出故障
out of work 失业
8.under+名词
under consideration 在考虑中
under construction 在建造中
under control 处于控制之下
under discussion 在讨论中
under pressure 在压力下
under repair 在修理中
under treatment 在治疗中
对点演练 精准提升
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.As countries around the world try to improve their recycling rates, some may look to Eskilstuna as example to follow—as long as they think they can persuade their citizens to get busy sorting at home.
2.The waiters and waitresses are also trained to supply a separate spoon or pair of chopsticks for the diners, and so far, service has been well accepted by the majority of the public.
3.And he did it in six hours and 48 minutes, a personal record nearly double
of his previous finish time.
an
the
that
4.However, he had no regrets or complaints about giving up romantic evenings with his wife or dinners with relatives and friends so that he could devote
(he) to community work.
5.We Chinese people believe that only with (we) own hands can we create a happy and wonderful life.
6.They keep their babies at home until they are physically able to survive
their own.
himself
our
on
7.Easy access a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people, ending in the shopper giving up and walking away, or just buying an unsuitable item that is not really wanted.
8.Because she was lacking in training, she was afraid of making exhibition of herself.
9.Scientists were already studying the bats carefully, well aware that an outbreak like the current would most likely happen.
10.He was born Hangzhou and brought up by his grandma in a seaside village.
to
an
one
in
Ⅱ.微语法填空
1.Forsythia(连翘) is one of the earliest flowers blooming in spring, ① March and May. It is ② popular plant known for its bare branches filled with brilliant yellow flowers. The plant has four petals and its branches stretch upward, which is native ③ China. It’s easy to grow because it can tolerate unfavorable conditions and partial shade, but ④ grows best in full sun. During July and August it produces fruit, often used in traditional Chinese medicine, proven by some of the earliest Chinese medical texts dating ⑤ some 4,000 years ago.
①答案 between
解析 根据上文的the earliest flowers blooming in spring可知, 此处表示 “在三月和五月之间”, 应用between... and...。故填介词between。
②答案 a
解析 此处泛指 “一种受欢迎的植物”, 故用不定冠词, popular是以辅音音素开头的单词, 故其前应用不定冠词a。
③答案 to
解析 此处是固定短语be native to, 意为 “产于……”, 故填介词to。
④答案 it
解析 空格处在句中做主语, 指代连翘, 故应用代词it。
⑤答案 from
解析 此处是动词短语date from, 意为 “追溯到”, 故填介词from。
2.Ma was born into a doctor’s family in 1933 and became ① military doctor in 1947.She applied to become a paratrooper in 1961, but she failed because there were no female paratroopers at that time. But she learnt to parachute by ② (she) in secret. Finally, she became China’s first female paratrooper. She set a national record as the oldest enlisted woman to do a parachute jump ③ the age of 51.She completed over 140 parachuting jumps over a period of 20 years. In 2018, Ma donated ④ (she) entire life savings to support local education and public welfare.
①答案 a
解析 她在1947年成为一名军医, 此处表示泛指, 故用不定冠词a。
②答案 herself
解析 此处为learn...by oneself 结构, 意为 “自学”, 故填herself。
③答案 at
解析 句意: 她在51岁时创下了年龄最大的现役女兵跳伞纪录。表示在具体多少岁的时候, 应用介词at。
④答案 her
解析 空格处在句中做定语, 修饰名词短语entire life savings, 应用形容词性物主代词, 故填her。(共27张PPT)
专题三 名词、形容词和副词
英 语
内容索引
要点精讲 破疑解难
对点演练 精准提升
要点精讲 破疑解难
重点一 名词
考点1 名词的数
1.可数名词中规则的复数变化
(1)一般情况下, 在词尾直接加-s: book→books, mouth→mouths, house→houses, girl→girls。
(2)以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词, 在词尾加-es: glass→glasses, box→boxes, match→matches, brush→brushes。
(3)以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词, 变y为i再加-es: city→cities, country→countries, party→parties, factory→factories。
(4)以-o结尾的名词变为复数时, 常在词尾加-s, 但下列名词要加-es: hero→heroes, echo→echoes, potato→potatoes, tomato→tomatoes。
*下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es, 也可以加-s: mosquito→mosquitos(mosquitoes), volcano→volcanos(volcanoes)。
(5)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时, 一般需要把f或fe去掉后加-ves: self→selves, life→lives, thief→thieves, wife→wives, knife→knives, leaf→leaves, shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, half→halves。
*下列以-f结尾的单词可在其后直接加-s, 如belief→beliefs, roof→roofs等; 下列以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves, 也可以直接加-s, 如handkerchief→handkerchiefs(handkerchieves), scarf→scarfs(scarves)。
2.可数名词中不规则的复数变化
情况 例词
变内部元音 man→men, woman→women,
foot→feet, mouse→mice,
goose→geese, tooth→teeth
词尾加-en或-ren ox→oxen, child→children
单复数同形 fish, sheep, deer, means, series,
Chinese, Japanese, Swiss
3.合成名词的复数变化
合成名词在变成复数时, 通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数, 如果没有主体名词, 则将最后一部分变为复数。如 son-in-law→sons-in-law, passer-by→passers-by, grown-up→grown-ups; forget-me-not→forget-me-nots。
4.常考的不可数名词
(1)表示物质的不可数名词: baggage/luggage, cash, meat, paper等。
(2)表示抽象概念的不可数名词: work, knowledge, luck, scenery, traffic等。
(3)其他常考的重点不可数名词: advice, equipment, fun, furniture, progress, news等。
考点2 名词的格与名词做定语
名词所有格用来表示名词之间的所有关系, 可分为of所有格(如a waste of time浪费时间), ‘s所有格(如the boy’s book)以及双重所有格(如a friend of my brother’s)等。如果不清楚句意和结构, 考生就容易将名词所有格与名词做定语的用法混淆。
名词做定语时可以用来修饰另一个名词, 表示材料、类别、用途等, 做定语的名词有以下三种情况:
(1)一般用单数形式。如a stone bridge, a meeting room, an exercise book。
(2)man, woman要与所修饰的名词的数保持一致。如a woman teacher, two women teachers。
(3)sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等用复数形式。如a sports club, a goods train, a customs officer, a sales manager。
重点二 形容词和副词
考点1 形容词和副词的基本用法
1.形容词和副词的句法功能
词性 功能 例句
形容词 在句中做定语、表语、补语和状语(说明主语的状态、性质和特征等) Optimistic, she is the sort of lady to spread sunshine to people through her smile.
乐观的她是那种通过微笑把阳光传递给他人的女士。
副词 在句中做状语, 修饰动词(短语)、形容词、副词、介词短语和句子等 I couldn’t find my way out, so I stayed there all along.
我找不到出去的路了, 因此我一直待在那里。
提示
有些副词如actually, luckily, surprisingly, honestly, fortunately, personally 等做评注性状语时, 往往修饰整个句子, 对整个句子进行说明或解释, 以表示说话人的态度与看法。这类词通常位于句首, 常用逗号与句子分开。
Surprisingly, no one in the class could work out the problem.
令人惊讶的是, 班里没人能解决这个问题。
2.常用的连接性副词(完形填空中常考)
though一般用于句末, 意为 “然而, 可是”, 表示转折 besides意为 “此外, 而且”, 表示递进
meanwhile意为 “在此期间, 与此同时”, 表示两个动作同时发生 however意为 “然而”, 表示让步和转折, 常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开
therefore/thus/consequently意为 “因此, 所以”, 表示结果 instead意为 “反而, 却”, 表示相反
moreover/furthermore/additionally意为 “此外”, 表示承接关系 anyway/anyhow意为 “尽管, 即使这样”, 表示让步
考点2 比较等级的用法
高考对形容词和副词比较等级的考查主要体现在两个方面: 一是通过标志词than或表示比较意义的语境推出用比较级或最高级; 二是考查一些固定结构中比较级和最高级的用法。
1.比较等级用法的固定句型
(1)同级比较: as+形容词/副词的原级+as。其否定形式是 “not as/so+形容词/副词的原级+as”。
Although he was disabled, he tried to lead as normal a life as possible.
虽然他是残疾人, 但他尽可能去过正常的生活。
(2)比较级结构: 形容词/副词的比较级+than; more/less+多音节或某些双音节的形容词或副词+than。常见的修饰比较级的词(组)有any, much, even, far, by far, a lot, a great deal等。
The book is far more interesting than the books I have ever read.
这本书比我以前读的书有趣多了。
(3)最高级结构: the+形容词的最高级(+名词)+比较范围(in/of/among短语); one of the+形容词的最高级+名词复数。常用来修饰最高级的词有by far, almost以及序数词等。
Jack’s parents wanted him to have the best possible education.
杰克的父母想让他接受尽可能最好的教育。
2.比较级的常用句型
(1)结构 “比较级+and+比较级” 或 “more and more+原级” 表示 “越来越……”。
The tickets are getting less and less expensive here.
这里的票越来越便宜了。
(2)结构 “the+比较级..., the+比较级...” 表示 “越……, 就越……”。
The more you listen and read, the better you write and speak.
你听和读得越多, 你写和说得就越好。
(3)结构 “the+比较级+of(the)+名词/代词” 表示 “(两者中)较……的”。
Of the two cameras, I would prefer the smaller one, which is very easy for me to carry.
这两个照相机中, 我更喜欢较小的一个, 它很容易携带。
3.比较级形式表达最高级的含义
(1)结构 “否定词+比较级” 表示最高级含义。
Your story is perfect; I’ve never heard a better one before.
你的故事太完美了, 我从来没有听过比这更好听的故事。
(2)比较级在以下几种结构中均表示最高级含义:
①比较级+than+any other+可数名词单数;
②比较级+than+all the other+可数名词复数;
③比较级+than+any of the other+可数名词复数。
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river/than all the other rivers/than any of the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的其他任何一条河都长。
4.倍数表达法
常见的倍数表达句型主要有:
(1)A is+倍数+比较级+than+B
(2)A is+倍数+as+原级+as+B
(3)A is+倍数+the+名词(size, length, height等)+of+B
(4)A is+倍数+what引导的名词性从句
Smoking is harmful to people’s health, killing seven times more people each year than traffic accidents.
吸烟有害健康, 每年因抽烟而丧命的人比死于交通事故的多7倍。
对点演练 精准提升
1.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)No matter where I buy them, though, one steamer basket is (rare) enough, yet two seems greedy.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
2.The ring is one of her most treasured (possession).
3.So with a group of (equal) eager young graduates, I went on my journey.
4.These parks contribute to a much (good) environment.
5.In fact, many people are willing to pay a little (high) price for the things that are friendly to the environment.
rarely
possessions
equally
better
higher
6.Jack is the (bright) pupil in the class.
7.The airport added staff members to ensure the (safe) of passengers and also released its travel tips recommending passengers to plan ahead to avoid heavy traffic around the holiday.
8.People travel to other countries, learn other languages and cultures and gain new (experience).
brightest
safety
experiences
Ⅱ.微语法填空
1.As a child growing up in England, James was always ① (excite) by thunderstorms. Now, he runs straight towards them as a “storm chaser”. Specialising in hurricanes and ② (volcano), James travels the world to shoot pictures of Earth’s most extreme weather events. The pictures are used by TV news channels around the world. It’s a ③ (danger) job, though. He has almost been hit by flying window frames twice in the past 18 ④ (month). However, he says the chase is always worth it for the places he has been to and the brilliant people he has met along the way.
①答案 excited
解析 设空处在句中做表语, 修饰人, 表示 “激动的; 兴奋的”, 故填形容词excited。
②答案 volcanoes
解析 根据设空处前面的hurricanes提示可知, 此处应用名词复数, 故填volcanoes。
③答案 dangerous
解析 设空处在句中修饰名词job, 应用形容词做定语, 表示 “危险的”, 故填dangerous。
④答案 months
解析 month是可数名词, 根据空前的18可知, 此处应用名词复数, 故填months。
2.For ① (thousand) of years, people have been trying to predict the weather. In ancient China, people recorded weather forecasts on animal bones and tortoise shells. ② (century) later, in Greece, the philosopher, Aristotle wrote his theories about how weather conditions formed. Weather forecasting advanced over time, with more and ③ (much) instruments used to measure temperature, humidity and air pressure. Today, satellite data and computer technology help scientists predict the weather more ④ (precise).
①答案 thousands
解析 此处是固定短语thousands of “成千上万的”, 故填thousands。
②答案 Centuries
解析 century是可数名词, 其前无表示 “一” 的限定词, 应用复数形式, 且位于句首, 故填Centuries。
③答案 more
解析 根据语境和设空处前的more and可知, 此处是more and more结构, 意为 “越来越多”, 故填much的比较级more。
④答案 precisely
解析 设空处在句中做状语, 修饰predict, 应用副词, 故填precisely。(共42张PPT)
专题一 谓语动词(动词的时态、语态、
主谓一致、情态动词和虚拟语气)
英 语
内容索引
要点精讲 破疑解难
对点演练 精准提升
要点精讲 破疑解难
重点一 热考的5种时态
考点1 一般现在时(am/is/are或do/does)
用法 例句
表示现在经常性、习惯性、反复性的动作或状态 Susan talks every night in her dream. It somewhat bothers us.
苏姗每天晚上都说梦话。这有点困扰我们。
表示科学事实、客观真理或自然现象(在过去的语境中也用一般现在时) The teacher told us Earth moves around the sun.
老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
用法 例句
按时间表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作, 只限于go, arrive, leave, start, return, begin, finish, come, take off 等动词(短语) The flight takes off at 8:30 every Wednesday and Friday.
这个航班每周三和周五八点半起飞。
用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中或the more..., the more... 句型的第一个分句中, 用一般现在时表将来 When I grow up, I will be a nurse and look after patients.
我长大后要当一名护士, 照顾病人。
考点2 一般过去时(was/were或did)
用法 例句
表示过去某一时间发生的动作、所处的状态或过去一段时间内习惯性的动作或状态 I had one trip last year when I was caught by a hurricane in America.
去年有一次出行, 我在美国遇上了飓风。
如果从句中有过去的时间状语, 虽从句动作先于主句的动作发生, 从句仍用一般过去时 He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
他告诉我他昨晚读了一本有趣的小说。
考点3 现在完成时(have/has+动词-ed形式)
用法 例句
表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果, 常与already, yet, ever, never, in the past +时间段等连用 In the last few years, thousands of films have been produced throughout the world.
在过去的几年里, 全世界拍摄了数千部电影。
表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态, 可能还会继续下去。往往和表示一段时间的时间状语连用, 如: for+时间段; since+过去时间点/从句 His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来就受到了好评。
提示
用现在完成时的常用句型:
①This/That/It is the first/second/...time+that从句, 从句用现在完成时。
②It has+been+时间段+since从句, 主句用现在完成时, 从句用一般过去时。
考点4 过去完成时(had+动词-ed形式)
用法 例句
表示在过去某一时间或过去某一动作之前已经发生并完成的动作, 即“过去的过去” The film had begun when we got to the cinema yesterday.
昨天我们到达电影院时, 电影已经开始了。
表示一个动作或状态从过去某一时间之前已经开始, 一直持续到过去这一时刻的动作 By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家中时, 他的儿子已经大学毕业。
用法 例句
intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词用于过去完成时时, 可表过去未曾实现的愿望或意图 I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
我本来打算昨天去拜访你, 但我这里来了一个不速之客。
提示
用过去完成时的常用句型:
①This/That/It was the first/second/... time+that 从句, 从句用过去完成时。
②“Hardly/Scarcely had+主语+动词-ed形式... when...” 及 “No sooner had+主语+动词-ed形式... than...”, 主句用过去完成时, 从句用一般过去时。
考点5 现在完成进行时(have/has+been+动词-ing形式)
用法 例句
表示从过去某一时刻开始, 一直持续到现在且仍在进行的动作。常与recently, since等连用 Tom has been working every night over the last three months.
在过去的三个月, 汤姆每天晚上都在工作。
现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行, 而是在不断地重复发生 I have been ringing you several times in two days.
这两天我给你打过好几次电话。
重点二 动词的语态
1.被动语态的构成
时态 现在 过去 将来 过去将来
一般 is/am/ are+动词-ed形式 was/were+动词-ed形式 will/shall+be+动词-ed形式 would+be+动词-ed形式
进行 is/am/ are+being+动词-ed形式 was/were+being+动词-ed形式
完成 have/has+been+动词-ed形式 had+been+动词
-ed形式 will/shall have+been+动词-ed形式 would have+been+动词-ed形式
2.主动形式表示被动意义
用法 例句
系动词smell, taste, feel, look, sound, prove等后接形容词做表语 Her voice sounds beautiful.
她的嗓音听起来很美妙。
表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词, 如read, write, sell, wash, clean, cook, draw等, 常与well, easily, smoothly等副词连用 The shirt doesn’t wash well.
这件衬衫不好洗。
open, close, lock, move, keep等动词常与won’t, can’t, wouldn’t 连用 The drawer won’t lock.
这个抽屉锁不上。
重点三 主谓一致3原则
原则 主语 谓语
语法
一致
原则 单数 单数
复数 复数
就近
一致
原则 由or, either... or..., neither... nor..., not only... but (also)..., not... but...等连接 与最近的主语在单复数上保持一致
原则 主语 谓语
意义
一致
原则 由and连接的两个并列成分表示的是同一概念 单数
no/each/every/many a+单数名词+and (+no/each/every/many a)+单数名词
one/every one/each/either/the number/the variety of+复数名词
clothing, furniture, traffic, jewellery, baggage, equipment等无生命的不可数名词
以-s结尾的表示学科、国家、机构、书籍、报刊等名称的词
时间、重量、距离、价格、金钱、体积等复数名词表示一个整体概念
由every-, any-, some-, no-和-one, -thing, -body等构成的不定代词
单个的动词-ing形式、动词不定式或主语从句
原则 主语 谓语
意义
一致
原则
由and连接的两个并列成分表示两个不同的概念 复数
有生命的集体名词, 如people, police, cattle等
一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词, 如goods, stairs, arms等
山脉、群岛、瀑布等以-s结尾的专有名词
集体名词class, family, army, team, club, company, population, enemy, party, crew, audience, committee, government, majority, group等强调整体时谓语动词用单数, 指个体成员时谓语动词用复数 单复数视情况而定
单复数同形的名词, 如means, deer, fish, sheep等
all, none, some, any等不定代词
“half/most/part/the rest/the last/lots/plenty/分数/百分数+of+名词” 做主语, 谓语要和of之后的名词单复数保持一致
提示
①主语后接介词短语或其他插入语, 如with, together with, as well as, along with, besides, like, but, except, including, rather than等, 谓语动词的人称和数与主语的人称和数保持一致。
The artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.
那位艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。
②many a, more than one后加可数名词的单数形式, 谓语动词用单数。
More than one student gets involved in the activity.
不止一个学生参加了这个活动。
③a quantity of后既可接不可数名词, 也可接可数名词复数, 谓语动词的单复数根据名词的单复数来决定。quantities of后无论是接复数名词还是不可数名词, 谓语动词均用复数形式。
A quantity of time has been wasted on the project.
=Quantities of time have been wasted on the project.
大量的时间被浪费在这个项目上。
④ “a number of+复数名词” 做主语时, 谓语动词用复数形式, 意为 “许多”;“the number of+复数名词” 做主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式, 意为 “……的数量”。
A number of people have applied for the job.
许多人申请了这份工作。
The number of new students in the school has decreased greatly.
这所学校的新生人数大大减少。
重点四 情态动词和虚拟语气
考点1 情态动词
1.must/have to
(1)must表示主观上 “必须, 一定要”; have to强调来自 “外界” 的义务, 即表示 “不得不”。
(2)mustn’t用来表示禁止, don’t have to表示没有义务、没有必要做。
2.used to/be used to
(1)used to表示 “过去常常”, 没有人称和数的变化, 可以与过去的时间状语连用, 其否定形式为usedn’t to 或 didn’t use to, 其一般疑问句形式将used 提到主语前或用Did...use to...形式。
(2)be used to多用来表示 “习惯于”, to是介词, 其后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。
3.情态动词+be+doing
表示对现在和将来正在进行的行为进行推测, 意为“或许正在, 应当正在, 想必正在, 准是正在”。
4.情态动词+have+动词-ed形式
情态动词+have+动词-ed形式 含义和用法
must have+动词-ed形式 过去一定做过……(肯定句)
can/could (not)
have+动词-ed形式 过去可能做过……(肯定句)
过去不可能做过……(否定句)
could have+动词-ed形式 本来能够做但却未做(肯定句)
may/might (not)
have+动词-ed形式 过去可能做过……(肯定句)
过去可能没有做过……(否定句)
should/ought (not) to have+动词-ed形式 本来应该做但是实际上未做……(肯定句)
本来不应该做而实际上做了……(否定句)
needn’t have+动词-ed形式 没必要做而做了……
We could have faced the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me
我们本来可以一起面对困难, 但是你为什么不告诉我
Mark needn’t have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.
马克本不必着急。他开快车后, 早到了半小时。
5.情态动词的特殊句式
(1)cannot help but do表示 “不得不” 之意。
(2)can’t help doing sth表示 “禁不住做某事”。
(3)can’t help (to) do表示 “不能帮忙做某事”。
(4)cannot/never...too...表示 “无论怎样……都不过分, 越……越好”。
(5)may/might as well表示有礼貌的劝告, 意为 “还是……的好, 不妨……”。
(6)if you must...表示不想让某人做某事但也没办法, 意为 “非要, 一定要……”。
考点2 虚拟语气
1.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用
条件 从句谓语 主句谓语 例句
与现在事实相反 过去式(be动词用were) would/should/could/might+动词原形 If I were you, I would seize the chance.
如果我是你, 我就会抓住这个机会。
与过去事实相反 had+动词-ed形式 would/should/could/might+have+动词-ed形式 If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed.
如果你听了我的建议, 你就不会失败。
条件 从句谓语 主句谓语 例句
与将来事实相反 ①过去式
②should+动词原形
③were to+动词原形 would/should/could/might+动词原形 If he shouldn’t come tomorrow, we would put off the meeting.
如果他明天不来, 我们就推迟这个会议。
2.虚拟条件句的特殊用法
(1)如果条件句谓语含有were, had, should, 可以将if省略, 再把were, should, had移到主语之前; 如果从句中没有were, should或had, 则不能省略if。
(2)but for(要不是), without(要是没有)表示条件, 谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
3.虚拟语气在从句中的应用
(1)虚拟语气用在wish, if only, as if/though后的从句中。
条件 从句谓语 例句
从句谓语动作与主句谓语动作同时发生 过去式(be动词用were) How I wish I were a flying bird!
我多希望我是一只会飞的鸟儿啊!
He looks as if he were an artist.
他看上去好像是名艺术家。
条件 从句谓语 例句
从句谓语动作先于主句谓语动作发生 had+动词-ed形式 If only I had seen the film! =How I wish I had seen the film!
我要是看过那部电影该多好啊!
从句谓语动作后于主句谓语动作发生 would+动词原形
The two strangers talked as if they had been friends for many years.
那两个陌生人谈起话来好像是相识多年的好朋友。
He is so excited as if he would fly to the moon.
他兴奋得好像要飞到月球上去似的。
(2)虚拟语气用在主句含 “坚持、命令、建议、要求” 的名词性从句中。
类别 从句谓语 例句
一坚持: insist should+动词原形(should可以省略) He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.
他建议我们第二天早点出发。
His suggestion was that we (should) start off early the next day.
他的建议是我们第二天早点出发。
It was suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.
人们建议我们第二天早点出发。
二命令: order, command
四建议: advise, suggest, propose, recommend
四要求:
require, request, demand, ask
提示
suggest做 “暗示, 表明” 讲, insist做 “坚持说” 讲, 后面宾语从句的谓语动词不使用虚拟语气形式, 而使用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的微笑暗示着他对我们的工作很满意。
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
那个人坚持说他从来没有偷过钱。
(3)虚拟语气用在 “would rather+that从句” 中。
条件 从句谓语 例句
对现在或将来的虚拟 过去式(be动词用were) I’d rather they didn’t hear of the news.
我宁愿他们没有听到这个消息。
对过去的虚拟 had+动词-ed形式 I’d rather I had not told him the bad news.
我宁愿没有告诉过他那个坏消息。
(4)虚拟语气用在 “It is (high) time+that从句” 中。
that从句谓语 例句
过去式或should do (should不能省略) It is (high) time that you went/should go to school.
你们该去上学了。
对点演练 精准提升
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.Only 300 people (allow) to climb the mountain each year.
2.You’ll miss the deadline.Time (run) out.
3.Before we (finish) our meal he ordered us back to work.
4.Every morning I (take) a walk when I lived in the countryside.
5.Both my legs are nearly to give out.I (walk) for hours.
are allowed
is running
had finished
took
have been walking
6.We (tell) by the headmaster that the best way to earn respect was to work hard and get high grades.
7.I wonder if my complaint about the quality of your products
(handle) tomorrow.
8.It is the sixth time that the organisation (declare) such an emergency since 2005.
9.If he (receive) six more votes,he would be our chairman now.
10.The teacher told us that the Yangtze River (originate) in Qinghai.
were told
will be handled
has declared
had received
originates
Ⅱ.微语法填空
1.Shadow plays, the earliest of which started over 2,000 years ago, ① (enjoy) a long history in China and consist of many styles. One famous branch displayed in museum is called “Tai’an Shadow Play”. It is believed that it ② (originate) in the Song Dynasty when an emperor came to Mount Tai to offer sacrifice. In the past, the authentic shadow figures ③ (make) of donkey skin. But to save the lives of many donkeys, they have found some man-made materials, which ④ (use) nowadays for the figures in the hands-on area.
①答案 have enjoyed
解析 句意: 皮影戏最早出现在2,000多年前, 在中国历史悠久、风格各异。根据语境可知, 此处表示从过去到现在已经发生的动作, 应用现在完成时, 故填have enjoyed。
②答案 originated
解析 句中时间状语是in the Song Dynasty, 该句应用一般过去时, 故填originated。
③答案 were made
解析 根据时间状语In the past可知, 句子叙述的是过去的情况, 应用一般过去时; 该句主语the authentic shadow figures和make之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系, 应用被动语态, 因此用一般过去时的被动语态be done; 主语the authentic shadow figures是复数, 谓语动词也应该用复数形式, 故填were made。
④答案are used
解析 which引导的非限制性定语从句, 修饰先行词materials, 故从句谓语用复数形式, which与use存在逻辑上的动宾关系, 应用被动语态, 而且从句时间状语是nowadays, 从句应用一般现在时的被动语态, 故填are used。
2.At 8, I started taking art lessons to improve my painting skills. However, I ① (focus) too much on mastering different techniques before I later realised that. Eventually, I ② (become) more upset when my expectations weren’t matched.So, in the 11th Grade, I returned to the basics. On a sketchbook I forced myself to draw whatever interested me. Over time, I ③ (release) from the tight control. I have learned that a good painting is not about having perfect technique. In fact, what I need to do ④ (be) to trust my creative talents and find moments of joy in life.
①答案 had focused
解析 主句谓语所表示的动作先于before引导的从句谓语realised发生, 表过去的过去, 应用过去完成时, 故填had focused。
②答案 became
解析 when引导的时间状语从句是一般过去时, 主句应用一般过去时, 故填became。
③答案 have been released
解析 句中时间状语是Over time, 故该句用现在完成时; 主语I 与release存在逻辑上的动宾关系, 故用现在完成时的被动语态, 填have been released。
④答案 is
解析 设空处在句中做谓语, 且what引导的主语从句是一般现在时, 故主句用一般现在时; what在从句中做宾语, 谓语与表语的数一致, 该句表语是不定式, 谓语应用单数形式, 故填is。
