2024年人教版中考英语二轮词法专题复习课件:专题一 名词(共39张PPT)

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名称 2024年人教版中考英语二轮词法专题复习课件:专题一 名词(共39张PPT)
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更新时间 2024-03-03 22:40:06

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(共39张PPT)
第二部分 语法专题突破
专题一 名 词
名词
名词
名词的数(10年18考)
  1.可数名词
可数名词有单复数之分,单数可数名词不能单独使用,其前需要加不定冠词a/an、定冠词the、指示代词this/that、形容词性物主代词或者名词所有格等。如:a book,the map,this watch,his photo,Linda’s bag。
(1)可数名词变复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 例词
一般情况下 加s desk→desks,
apple→apples
以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词 加es box→boxes,bush→bushes,class→classes,watch→watches
特例:stomach→stomachs
情况 构成方法 例词
以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为i,再加es story→stories,
factory→factories
以元音字母加y结尾的词 加s toy→toys,monkey→monkeys
情况 构成方法 例词
部分以f/fe结尾的词 变f/fe为v,再加es ★巧记歌诀:妻子(wife)持刀(knife)去砍狼(wolf),小偷(thief)吓得发了慌,躲在架(shelf)后保己(self)命(life),半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光
情况 构成方法 例词
以o结尾的词 有生命 的加es ★巧记歌诀:英雄(hero)爱吃土豆(potato)和西红柿(tomato)
无生命 的加s radio→radios,
photo→photos
  (2)可数名词变复数的不规则变化
构成方法 例词
a→e man→men,woman→women
特例:human→humans
oo→ee foot→feet,tooth→teeth
特例:boot→boots
表示“某国人” ★巧记歌诀:中(Chinese)日(Japanese)不变英(Englishman→ Englishmen)法(Frenchman→ Frenchmen)变,其余s加后面
构成方法 例词
单复数形式相同 sheep→sheep,fish→fish,deer→deer
其他形式 mouse→mice,ox→oxen,child→children
  【易错点】名词作定语,修饰另一名词时,若前面的名词是man或woman,变复数时,前后两个名词都变为复数形式;如果是其他名词,变复数时,只需将后面的名词变为复数。如:man doctor→men doctors,boy student→boy students。
(3)集体名词
河南近10年中考真题完形填空和语篇填空第一节(原词语运用)共考查过2个集体名词:people(2014.40,2016.75)和police(2017.42)。初中阶段常见的集体名词有:
①单数形式,表复数含义,如:people,police等。通常不与a/an连用,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
The police are running after a thief.警察正在追捕一个小偷。
②单数形式,表单数或复数含义均可。如:class,family,group等。作主语且强调一个整体时,谓语动词用单数;强调构成这些集体的各个成员时,谓语动词用复数。如:
My family is a large one.我家是个大家庭。
My family are all at home.我的家人都在家。
(4)常以复数形式出现的名词
常以复数形式出现的名词有:trousers裤子;glasses眼镜;chopsticks筷子;shoes鞋;scissors剪刀等。这些词作主语时,谓语动词均用复数。但如果被a pair of之类的量词修饰,谓语动词则要用单数。
2.不可数名词“量”的表示
不可数名词没有复数形式,不能直接用a/an或数词修饰,其“量”的表达如下:
分类 方法 例子
具体的量 数词/不定冠词+量词+of+不可数名词 two cups of tea;a piece of paper
大概的量 表示量的限定词+不可数名词 a little water;the rest of money(2014.68)
  (1)常用来修饰不可数名词的量的词组有:a basket of一篮;a box of一盒;a bottle of一瓶;a cup/glass of一杯;a group of一群;a pair of一组/双/对;a piece of一片/张/块。
(2)不可数名词的量化中,量词的使用要根据其前的修饰词来确定。
(3)可数名词有时也可以用量化来表示,如:a piece of leaf,two pieces of leaves。
(4)可数名词和不可数名词的修饰词
修饰可数名词 few,a few,several,many,a great many,a number of,quite a few等
修饰不可数名词 little,a little,much,a great deal of等
既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词 some,any,enough,plenty of,a lot of,lots of等
  3.可数名词和不可数名词易混点归纳
单词 可数 不可数
chicken 鸡 鸡肉
experience 经历 经验
glass 玻璃杯;眼镜 玻璃
orange 橙子 橙汁
paper 报纸;文件 纸
room 房间 空间
单词 可数 不可数
time 次数;倍数 时间
单词 可数 不可数
work 作品 工作
【活学活用】
present rest year way door
1.(2023河南改编)My teacher thinks Chinese medicine will be greatly developed over the next few  years  .
2.(2021河南改编)One of the easiest  ways  to stop the spread of illness is to wash your hands.
3.(2020河南改编)Send a card,give them a little  present  or call them on the phone just to say “I value our friendship”.
years
ways
present
4.(2019河南改编)Are you moving in?My name is Joey and I live next  door  .
5.(2014河南改编)After the students get paid,the  rest  of the money goes to a local youth project.
door
rest
名词所有格(10年2考)
1.’s所有格
  ’s所有格多表示有生命的名词的所属关系。其具体用法如下:
构成方法 例子
单数 名词 一般在词尾加’s mother’s birthday
母亲的生日
复数 名词 以s结尾的加’ girls’ school女子学校
不以s结尾的加’s Children’s Day儿童节
构成方法 例子
多人共 同拥有 只在最后一个名词后加’s Lucy and Lily’s room
露西和莉莉的房间
多人各 自拥有 需在每个名词后加’s Lucy’s and Lily’s rooms露西的房间和莉莉的房间
  【易错点】
(1)表示某人的家、店铺、诊所等地名时,所有格后面的名词常省略。如:at the barber’s在理发店,at the doctor’s在诊所。
(2)’s所有格也可用于表示时间、距离、国家等无生命的名词的所属关系。如:two days’ holiday两天的假期。
  2.of所有格
表示无生命的名词的所属关系多用of所有格。如:the legs of the chair椅子的腿;the cover of the book书的封面;the name of the hill小山的名字。
3.双重所有格
双重所有格多用于表示整体中的一部分,有“of+可数名词’s格”或“of+名词性物主代词”两种形式。如:
a photo of my father’s我父亲的一张照片
a friend of mine我的一位朋友
【易错点】双重所有格与of所有格表达的含义不同。如:
a picture of mine我的一张照片(照片中的人可能是“我”,也可能是别人)
a picture of me我的一张照片(照片中是“我”本人)
【活学活用】
Jimmy minute mother teacher
6.(2017河南改编)  Jimmy’s  grandmother did not think anything more about his questions.
7.Today is September 10th.It’s  Teachers’  Day.Let’s say “Thank you” to our teachers.
8.Lily is a friend of Mary’s  mother’s  .
9.—Peter,how far is it from your home to school?
—It’s only five  minutes’  walk.
Jimmy’s
Teachers’
mother’s
minutes’
  分析河南近10年中考真题可知,用所给名词的适当形式填空是语篇填空第一节(原词语运用)必考点。具体考查形式如下:
1.填原形
(1)不可数名词
不可数名词只有原形一种形式。如:some soup,the rest of(2014.68)。
(2)集体名词
集体名词表示整体概念时,通常用原形。如:those people(2016.75)。
(3)只有复数形式的名词
只有复数形式出现的名词,方框中给出的形式也是复数,填写时不需要变形。如:black trousers。
(4)可数名词单数
①a/an/one/this/that/every/each/another/either/any other/序数词等+可数名词单数。如:a racing driver(2023.63),each child(2022.64),a hard life(2021.59),a little present(2020.62),next door(2019.74),a different way(2015.75)。
②可数名词单数+be动词的单数形式/谓语动词的“单三”形式。
③结合上下文语境。如:other members of my family。
④用于某些固定搭配中。如:see a movie等。
2.填复数
(1)these/those/不定代词(many/some/several/few/a few/other)/all kinds of/a pair of/a couple of/大于1的基数词/one of(+the+形容词最高级)+复数名词。如:the next few years(2023.62),ten years(2021.61),many of the same interests(2020.58),some answers(2017.67),many young pop stars(2015.67)。
(2)both/all/neither/none of+复数名词。
(3)复数名词+be动词的复数形式/动词原形。如:…sometimes mistakes are made.(2014.75)。
(4)句中有they/them等对应的提示词时,名词用复数。
(5)结合上下文语境。如:play for hours(2019.68),family and friends(2016.71)。
(6)用于某些固定搭配中。如:places of interest,take notes等。
(7)结合常识和语境,只能用复数形式的名词,如:trousers,chopsticks,glasses,shoes等。
3.填所有格
(1)名词所有格+名词。如:a boy’s voice(2019.73),Jimmy’s grandmother(2017.74)等。
(2)用于某些固定搭配或专有名词中。如:With their father’s help…,April Fool’s Day等。
一、用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空
1.(2023包头)Written between 1937 and 1949,The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling  novels  (novel) ever written.
2.(2023云南)We’re going to make vegetable salad.How many  tomatoes  (tomato) do we need?
3.(2022无锡)For your own  safety  (safe),you shouldn’t climb mountains alone.
novels
tomatoes
safety
4.(2022包头)The  connection  (connect) between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.
5.(2022临沂)My  grandmother’s  (grandmother) garden is very nice.
connection
grandmother’s
二、用方框中所给词的正确形式填空
money country bottle doctor sadness
1.(2023十堰)There is no doubt that China is one of the oldest  countries  in the world.
2.(2023丽水)A true friend is someone you can always share happiness and  sadness  with.
3.(2022温州)Alice often gives  money  to help protect wild animals.
4.Tim was so thirsty that he drank up two  bottles  of water.
5.Maybe Mary is at the  doctor’s  for she had a headache this morning.
countries
sadness
money
bottles
doctor’s
三、(2023德阳改编)完形填空
人与自我:做人与做事
  Wang Lu is a ten-year-old girl.She is my classmate.Last Monday morning,when she waited for the  1  ,she saw a wallet on the ground.It was black and it looked very nice.She asked people around her,“Is this  2  yours?”But nobody answered.Wang Lu didn’t know what she should do.Then she had a(n)  3  .She would give the wallet to the policeman.
The bus came and Wang Lu got on the bus and took a seat.Then an old woman got on the bus,too.But there were no  4  .Wang Lu stood up and said to the old woman,“Please come here.Here is a seat for you.”What a good  5  Wang Lu is!
( B )1.A.train B.bus C.taxi D.plane
( D )2.A.bag B.book C.coin D.wallet
( A )3.A.idea B.chance C.habit D.lesson
( C )4.A.lifts B.gates C.seats D.rooms
( B )5.A.boy B.girl C.man D.children
B
D
A
C
B
四、(2023宁波改编)语篇训练
人与社会:旅行经历
officer friend side hour man action
  Last year,my friends and I went on a trip.We started early in the morning and traveled for several 1.  hours  on a bus.When we arrived,everyone was tired.
hours
While we were getting off the bus,I noticed a young 2.  man  ,probably in his early twenties,standing very close to one of my friends.Suddenly,I realized that he was trying to steal my 3.  friend’s  wallet from her bag!I felt really nervous,but I knew I had to take 4.  action  to stop him.Luckily,I saw two police 5.  officers  standing nearby and got an idea.So I fell over and cried out painfully.The police officers heard that and came over to help.When they were by my 6.  side  ,I told them what was happening.They caught the thief right away.
After that,we thanked the police officers and went on with our trip happily.
man
friend’s
action
officers
side