人教版（2019）选择性必修 第一册Unit 1 People of Achievement单元话题阅读理解专项练习（含解析）
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Unit 1单元话题阅读理解专项练习
(名校最新真题)
（2022·湖南师大附中高二期中）Women scientists around the world have made significant contributions to Stem (science, technology, engineering, and maths). Here are four who pushed boundaries and changed the world.
Wu Chienshiung (1912—1997)
Born in Taicang, Jiangsu province, Wu took part in the Manhattan Project which helped create the world’s first nuclear weapon. Her famous Wu experiment overturned the theory of parity in physics. This breakthrough led to a Nobel Prize that was awarded to her male colleagues, but Wu’s critical role in the work was overlooked.
Hedy Lamarr (1914—2000)
Austria-born Lamarr starred in a lot of Hollywood films and made great success. She was also super smart and a self-taught inventor. During the second world war, Lamarr together with George Antheil, a composer, developed a radio guidance system. The principle of their work is part of the basis of Bluetooth and wireless technology.
Katherine Johns (1918—2020)
African American NASA mathematician Johnson’s calculations were critical in getting the first US astronauts to space and back safely. During her 33-year career at NASA, Katherine earned a reputation for mastering complex calculations and was referred to as a “human computer”.
Tu Youyou (1930—)
Born in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, Tu shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with two other foreign scientists, for her work in discovering artemisinin, a drug used to treat malaria. Her work has saved millions of lives all over the world. Tu is the first Chinese Nobel winner in physiology or medicine and the first female citizen of the PRC to win a Nobel Prize.
1．Besides being an inventor, Hedy Lamarr is also a(n) ________.
A．composer B．producer C．actress D．mathematician
2．What is Tu Youyou’s greatest contribution to the world
A．She treated people for cancer. B．She is the first Chinese Nobel winner.
C．Her discovery helped save millions. D．Her research project is one of a kind.
3．What do the four female scientists have in common according to the text
A．They shared the same interest. B．They each constructed a theory.
C．They were all awarded the Nobel Prize. D．They all made a difference to the world.
（2022·全国·高二课时练习）Three scientists who played central roles in the discovery of the hepatitis C virus (丙型肝炎病毒) have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020. This prize will be shared by Michael Houghton, from the United Kingdom, and United States scientists Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice, who all made notable contributions toward the discovery of the blood-born virus that causes chronic (慢性的) liver problems.
Alter demonstrated in the 1970s that some people who received blood transfusions (输血) would develop cases of hepatitis that were not caused by the hepatitis A or B viruses, suggesting that another infectious agent was to blame. In the 1980s, Houghton managed to isolate (分离) the genetic sequence of the virus, while Rice proved that the pathogen(病原体) could replicate and cause infection. The World Health Organization estimates that around 71 million people worldwide live with hepatitis C, which can cause major liver complications (并发症) and, in some cases, death.
The Nobel Assembly said the three researchers had contributed to a “landmark achievement in the ongoing battle against viral diseases”. “The discovery of hepatitis C virus revealed the cause of the remaining cases of chronic hepatitis and made blood tests and new medicines that have saved millions of lives possible, ” the assembly said in a statement. “Thanks to their discovery, highly sensitive blood tests for the virus are now available and these have essentially eliminated post-transfusion hepatitis in many parts of the world, greatly improving global health. ” The assembly said that the discoveries performed by the newly minted Nobel Laureates also allowed for the rapid development of antiviral drugs directed at hepatitis C．“For the first time in history, the disease can now be cured, raising hopes of eradicating hepatitis C virus from the world population”, the statement said.
The award for physiology and medicine is the first of the Nobel Prizes to be handed out this year, with prizes in physics, chemistry, literature, peace and economics to follow during the next seven days.
4．What was the important discovery of three scientists
A．The hepatitis A virus
B．The hepatitis B virus
C．The hepatitis C virus.
D．The risk of blood transfusions.
5．Who succeeded in extracting the sequence of the virus
A．Michael Houghton
B．Harvey J. Alter
C．Charles M. Rice
D．The World Health Organization
6．What’s the main idea of Paragraph 3
A．The significance of the discovery.
B．The course of the discovery.
C．The disadvantage of the discovery.
D．The harm of the hepatitis.
7．What does the underlined word “eradicating” in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Discovering. B．Knowing.
C．Analysing. D．Getting rid of.
（2022·四川广安·高二期末）In 1945, 23-year-old Joan Hinton was one of the few female nuclear physicists joining in the Manhattan Project, an American project set up in 1942 to develop an atom bomb. Even as she rejoiced in the project’s success, she was deeply shocked when the U.S. dropped two bombs in Japan in 1945 during World War II. She then quit the project and left the U.S..
In 1948, she managed to travel to Yan’an, where she married her boyfriend Erwin Engst. Her husband got his first impressions of China from the book Red Star Over China by Edgar Snow. He came to China as a member of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in 1946 and went on to serve as an expert on farm equipment in Yan’an. “My father kept on writing letters to my mom, telling her to come to China and that ‘China was about to climb a hill. If you arrive late, you’ll miss the bus’,” Fred Engst, son of Hinton, said.
Hinton and her husband lived a simple life in China. During her time in Yan’an, she only stood out as a foreigner, dressed in ordinary clothes. The villagers treated the U.S. scientist like they would be a family member. During one Chinese New Year’s party in the village she lived in, Hinton shared her sense of humor by amusing the locals with her performances using a northern Shaanxi dialect (方言).
The couple witnessed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Hinton, who held high hopes of making milk available to the Chinese population, devoted herself to the improvement of agricultural machinery and the milk industry at large. She applied her scientific skills to developing a continuous-flow automatic milk pasteurizer (巴氏杀菌机) and tending to about 200 cows in the following years.
Hinton was truly devoted to everything she did, whether in nuclear physics or the milk industry.
8．What does the underlined part “rejoiced in” in paragraph 1 mean
A．Showed surprise about. B．Felt joy at.
C．Expressed anger over. D．Showed disappointment with.
9．What is the villagers’ attitude to the U.S. scientists in China
A．Friendly. B．Rude. C．Concerned. D．Uncaring.
10．What contribution did Hinton make to China
A．She contributed the development of nuclear physics.
B．She pushed forward the development of cattle farming.
C．She helped cows give birth to more healthy babies.
D．She made all Chinese people enjoy the benefits of drinking milk.
11．What can be the best title for the text
A．Joan Hinton set up a project in China.
B．Joan Hinton improved Shaanxi dialect.
C．The introduction to Joan Hinton.
D．Joan Hinton persuaded Chinese people to drink milk.
（2022·宁夏·银川唐徕回民中学高二期末）Known as the “First Lady of Physics” and Queen of Nuclear (原子核) Research, Chien-Shiung Wu was born in China in 1912 and came to the United States in 1936 to take part in the doctorate(博士) rogram in nuclear physics at the University of Michigan. After learning that women were disrespected at the University of Michigan, she instead chose to go to the University of California Berkley.
During her earlier life in China, she had been an outstanding student whose love of learning had been encouraged by her father. By the time she arrived in the United States, she had already stood out in her undergraduate academic work and later during post-graduate research. At Berkley, she benefited from working with some of the top physicists in the country at that time. After one year at Berkley, she received a scholarship (奖学金) to Caltech. She completed her doctorate in 1940 and moved to the east coast. Unable to find a research position at a university, Wu became a physics instructor at Princeton University and at Smith College. In 1944, she joined the Manhattan Project where she began work on beta decay and uranium enrichment.
During the 1960’s, while at Columbia University, Wu began working with two other Chinese American scientists, Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang conducting research in the field of particle physics. Wu developed an experiment disproving (反驳) a hypothetical physical law called the conversation of parity. The Wu Experiment smoothed the way for her two colleagues to earn the Nobel Prize, an award for which she was overlooked, she believed, because she is a woman. In 1978, her work was finally recognized when she received the Wolf Prize, a $100,000 international award given to artists and scientists for achievements in the interest of mankind and friendly relations among people... no matter what his nationality, race, color, religion, sex or political views are.
She continued advancing her work in nuclear physics for many years and later joined in protecting women’s rights. She died in 1997 from a stroke.
12．Why did Wu change to study at the University of California Berkley
A．She needed to join a program. B．She wanted to be treated equally.
C．She could learn physics further. D．She could get the doctorate easily.
13．What can we infer about Wu from Paragraph 2
A．She had a good performance in study. B．She carried out nuclear research in China.
C．She couldn’t find her position at university. D．She was the first female to join the Project.
14．What does the underlined word “overlooked” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Accepted. B．Criticized.
C．Praised. D．Removed.
15．Which of the following best describes Wu as a scientist
A．Gifted. B．Responsible.
C．Devoted. D．Creative.
（2022·贵州·凯里一中高二期末）At 5, Zhang Haidi found she had a spinal tumor and, due to three operations to remove it, she was left paralysed(瘫痪) from chest down. However, with a strong will, she has extended the meaning of her life in many possible ways, and achieved much more than one might think is possible.
Not being able to go to school, Zhang taught herself to read and write. At 15, Zhang moved to a small village with her parents in 1970. There was no hospital and the villagers had to walk more than 10 km to see a doctor. She decided to make a change. She read medical books and practiced acupuncture (针灸) on herself. Soon she acquired enough medical knowledge to help villagers with basic treatments. During her years there, she treated more than 10,000 people for free.
Zhang also taught herself several foreign languages, including English, Japanese, German and Esperanto. To learn a new English word, she had to repeat it as many as 200 times. To expand her vocabulary, she wrote words on desks, mirrors and even lamps so she could recite them anytime anywhere. She later translated several works of Western literature into Chinese. She also wrote a double-language book called Beautiful English to tell about her experience learning English.
She has encouraged so many young people and was awarded the title of “Excellent Member of the Communist Youth League of China” in 1983. In 2018 she was elected president of the China Disabled Persons’ Federation. She has been using her position and influence to call for more rights for people with disabilities. Before and during the Beijing 2022 Paralympics, Zhang worked as executive president of the organizing committee to promote a barrier-free environment. For example, tactile (触觉的) systems for the blind, lowered service counters for wheelchair users and greater access to buildings. “These practices can set a good example for China in the future,” Zhang said.
16．What led Zhang Haidi to learn medicine
A．She had interest in acupuncture. B．She wanted to support her family.
C．She was skilled in self-education. D．She found the village lacking medical care.
17．What is Zhang’s secret to expanding her vocabulary
A．Making sentences with new words.
B．Translating all new words into Chinese.
C．Listening to new words anytime anywhere.
D．Repeating new words as many as possible.
18．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
A．Zhang’s influence on people with disabilities.
B．Zhang’s contributions to people with disabilities.
C．Zhang’s plan to build barrier-free equipment in China.
D．Zhang’s comments on the Beijing 2022 Paralympics.
19．What is the best title of the passage
A．Being a super-hero. B．Achieving the dreams.
C．Breaking the impossible. D．Promoting self-education.
（2022·湖南·高二期末）Sometimes a person who thinks in an unusual way can look at the world from a different point of view. Such was Richard Phillips Feynman, a role model change maker. Born in 1918, he began showing some unusual qualities.
The first sign of Feynman’s unique qualities was that he hadn’t yet spoken by age three. But young Feynman showed a talent for math and engineering. He enjoyed repairing household objects, and built a simple laboratory in his room. By the time he was in high school, he was experimenting things which were only taught to college students.
After Richard Feynman graduated from high school in 1939, he studied at the MIT. Despite the fact that his grades in science and math were “the best that we’ve seen,” according to Princeton, he was almost rejected due to his very poor grades in writing and his Jewish religion. Finally, he was accepted and continued to study physics at Princeton where he got his PhD．His lectures attracted many great scientists of the time, including Albert Einstein.
At Princeton, Feynman began his most famous work: his work on nuclear weapons. He moved to a lab and not all of his work there has been released to the public, but we know he performed experiments related to uranium. After the war, Feynman taught at Cornell University, where he continued his studies. He was also awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in particle physics.
Then, in 1978, Feynman developed cancer and died a year later. Though Feynman and his work are honored by physicists across the world, his personal qualities and skills are what really makes him unique. Faced with all the challenges, he never gave up, doing work that he loved until the day he died.
20．What do we know about Richard Phillips Feynman from the text
A．Young Feynman showed his talent in every field.
B．Feynman won the Nobel Prize after the war ended.
C．Young Feynman enjoyed managing household a lot.
D．Feynman was diagnosed with cancer and died at the age of 60.
21．Why was Feynman admitted by Princeton
A．Because he was a Jewish.
B．Because he graduated from the MIT.
C．Because he was very gifted in math and science.
D．Because his lecture attracted many great scientists.
22．Which words can best describe Richard Feynman
A．Selfless and friendly. B．Talented and stubborn.
C．Intelligent and devoted. D．Strong-willed and humorous.
23．What may be the best title of the text
A．Richard Feynman’s Unusual Qualities B．Richard Feynman — A Respected Scientist
C．A Touching Story About Richard Feynman D．The Influence of Richard Feynman
（2022·陕西咸阳·高二期末）“I want to work full-time in China, honey.” An overseas call awakened the wife from sound sleep. “Why ” asked the wife with surprise, in a drowsy (昏昏欲睡的) voice, from the other side of the ocean.
In the United States, he had a great future ahead. At the age of 36, he became the youngest professor in the history of the Department of Molecular Biology at Princeton University, for his academic achievements. At 40, he became a tenured (终身的) chair professor at Princeton.
When everything seemed perfect and admirable to others, he firmly decided to say goodbye to Princeton University, to an affluent life in the United States, and return to China.
The news spread explosively. Many expressed confusion, many persuaded him, many made fun of him, and still many waited to have a good laugh at him.
He said patriotism is the plainest feeling of a person. Who doesn’t love his motherland, after all In his heart, the American dream is already something past; the Chinese dream is rising.
After returning to China, he devoted all his energy, worked like crazy, and determined to do something big. He formed a life science research team. Every day, he works 12 to 16 hours at his laboratory. He is Shi Yigong, nicknamed “Da Niu” (someone with extraordinary achievements) by Tsinghua students. His given name, Yigong, comes from an idiom that means “devoted to public interest whole-heartedly”. “So far as I’m concerned, awards are of no special meaning.” Shi says calmly.
In his 18 years of study in the United States, he never forgot his Chinese dream. In the next 18 years, the Chinese dream will be more beautiful and greater by the efforts of Shi Yigong and the likes of him.
24．Why was Shi determined to return to China
A．To serve his motherland. B．To reunite with his wife.
C．To live a quieter life. D．To make more money.
25．What does the underlined word “affluent” in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Normal. B．Miserable. C．Wealthy. D．Adventurous.
26．What can we know about Shi Yigong
A．His decision was well-received. B．He doesn’t care much about fame.
C．He is the youngest professor in history. D．His Chinese dream will be realized in 18 years.
27．Why is Shi Yigong called “Da Niu” by his Tsinghua students
A．To support his life science research. B．To praise his honesty.
C．To introduce his endless energy in work. D．To show his unusual achievements.
（2022·湖南·高二期末）Tu Youyou is a Chinese medical scientist, pharmaceutical (制药的) chemist, and educator best known for discovering artemisinin (also known as qinghao su). The discovery of artemisinin and its treatment of malaria are regarded as a significant breakthrough of tropical medicine in the 20th century and health improvement for people of tropical developing countries in South Asin, Africa, and South America.
For her work, Tu received the 2011 Lasker Award in Clinical Medicine and the 2015 Nobel prize in Physiology (生理学) or Medicine. The Nobel Committee puts Tu’s work well by writing: “Malaria infects close to 200 million individuals yearly. Artemisinin is used in all malaria-ridden parts of the world. When used in combination treatment, it is estimated to reduce the death rate from malaria by more than 20% overall and by more than 30% in children. For Africa alone, this means that more than 100, 000 lives are saved each year.”
In China, Tu is known as a “sanwu scientist”. Tu has spent no time studying abroad, no membership with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and no doctoral degree. The Xinhua News Agency has commented on the significance of Tu’s achievement, “Not only is Tu the first Chinese Nobel laureate (获奖者) in natural science, but also the first Nobel laureate who received all scientific training in China. The award she won made Chinese scientists gain tremendous confidence.”
As part of the program charged with finding a treatment for malaria, Tu was inspired by an ancient Chinese text which said qinghao was used to tackle intermittent fevers (间歇热) around 400 AD．In the herb Tu discovered a compound, now known as artemisinin, which proved an effective treatment for the infection. Tu herself volunteered to be the first human recipient.
An article Tu Youyou published in Nature in 2011 ended up with an insightful sentence. “It is my dream that Chinese medicine will help us conquer life-threatening diseases worldwide, and people across the globe will enjoy its benefits for health promotion,” Tu wrote.
28．What can we learn about qinghao su
A．It was discovered in the 21st century.
B．It is beneficial to people in tropical areas.
C．It was first plied to physiology in 2011.
D．It helps doctors cheek the infective disease.
29．What’s the second paragraph mainly about
A．The importance of the Nobel Prize.
B．The malaria’s effects on human health.
C．The achievements made by Tu Youyou.
D．The people’s suffering from infective diseases.
30．What can we infer about Tu Youyou from paragraph 3
A．She has studied abroad for several years.
B．She has got the highest degree in medicine.
C．She is a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
D．She has set a good example for many Chinese scientists.
31．What do the words Tu Youyou wrote in Nature show
A．Her passion for Chinese medicine.
B．Her doubt about Chinese medicine.
C．Her dream of getting prices from Nature.
D．Her hesitation in doing medical research.
试卷第1页，共3页
参考答案：
1．C2．C3．D
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了4名改变世界的女性科学家。
1．细节理解题。根据Hedy Lamarr (1914—2000)中的“Austria-born Lamarr starred in a lot of Hollywood films and made great success. She was also super smart and a self-taught inventor.(奥地利出生的拉玛出演了许多好莱坞电影，并取得了巨大的成功。她还非常聪明，是一个自学成才的发明家)”可知，除了是一个发明家，海蒂·拉玛也是一个女演员。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据Tu Youyou (1930—)中的“Her work has saved millions of lives all over the world. (她的工作拯救了全世界数百万人的生命)”可知，屠呦呦对世界最大的贡献是她的发现帮助拯救了数百万人。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第一段“Here are four who pushed boundaries and changed the world. (下面是四位打破界限、改变世界的人)”可知，这四位女科学家共同之处是她们都对世界产生了影响。故选D。
4．C5．A6．A7．D
【导语】
这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖近日揭晓, 获奖者是三位在发现丙型肝炎病毒的过程中做出重大贡献的科学家。
4．细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句话“Three scientists who played central roles in the discovery of the hepatitis C virus (丙型肝炎病毒) have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020. (三位在发现丙型肝炎病毒中发挥核心作用的科学家被授予2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖)”可知，三位科学家的重要发现是丙型肝炎病毒。故选C。
5．细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句话“In the 1980s, Houghton managed to isolate (分离) the genetic sequence of the virus, while Rice proved that the pathogen (病原体) could replicate and cause infection. (20世纪80年代，Houghton成功分离出了病毒的基因序列，而Rice证明了这种病原体可以复制并引起感染)”可知，Houghton成功地分离出了丙型肝炎病毒的基因序列。故选A。
6．段落大意题。根据第三段第一句话“The Nobel Assembly said the three researchers had contributed to a “landmark achievement in the ongoing battle against viral diseases”. (诺贝尔奖大会表示，这三位研究人员为“正在进行的抗击病毒性疾病的斗争中取得了里程碑式的成就”)”以及第三段全文可知，本段主要介绍了诺贝尔奖大会丙型肝炎病毒的发现的意义。丙型肝炎病毒的发现使研制新药成为可能, 从而挽救了数百万人的性命。故选A。
7．词义猜测题。根据划线单词前一句话“ The assembly said that the discoveries performed by the newly minted Nobel Laureates also allowed for the rapid development of antiviral drugs directed at hepatitis C.(大会说，新当选的诺贝尔奖获得者的发现也使针对丙型肝炎的抗病毒药物得以迅速发展)”以及划线单词的前半句话“For the first time in history, the disease can now be cured(历史上，这种疾病第一次可以治愈)”可知，丙肝可以被治疗，为在全人类中根除丙型肝炎病毒带来了希望。可推测画线单词意为“消除”。故选D。
8．B9．A10．B11．C
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Joan Hinton的生平，不管作为一名核物理专家还是从事牛奶行业，她都竭尽全力。
8．词句猜测题。根据第一段划线单词后的主句“she was deeply shocked when the U.S. dropped two bombs in Japan in 1945 during World War II.(但当1945年第二次世界大战期间，美国向日本投下两颗炸弹时，她感到深深的震惊。)”以及下一句“She then quit the project and left the U.S..(然后她退出了这个项目，离开了美国。)”可知，她对美国的行径感到震惊，也深深愧疚，所以她离开了美国。而划线单词前用了“even”，说明划线单词的意思和愧疚相反，也就是说对项目的成功她还是感到高兴的。选项A“Showed surprise about. (对……感到惊讶)”；选项B“Felt joy at. (对……感到高兴)”；选项C“Expressed anger over. (对……愤怒)”；选项D“Showed disappointment with (对……感到失望)”。 故选B。
9．推理判断题。根据第三段“The villagers treated the U.S. scientist like they would be a family member.(村民们对待这位美国科学家就像对待自己的家人一样。)”可推断，村民们对她很友善。故选A。
10．细节理解题。根据第四段“Hinton, who held high hopes of making milk available to the Chinese population, devoted herself to the improvement of agricultural machinery and the milk industry at large. She applied her scientific skills to developing a continuous-flow automatic milk pasteurizer (巴氏杀菌机) and tending to about 200 cows in the following years.(Hinton对向中国人民提供牛奶寄予厚望，她致力于改进农业机械和整个牛奶工业。她运用自己的科学技能开发了一种连续流动的自动牛奶巴氏杀菌机，并在接下来的几年里饲养了大约200头奶牛。)”可知，她推进了奶牛饲养业的发展。故选B。
11．主旨大意题。文章第一段主要介绍了Joan Hinton作为一名核物理学家看到美国向日本投下炸弹之后，就退出了曼哈顿计划，离开了美国；文章第二段到第四段主要介绍了Joan Hinton在中国的生活；文章最后一段对Joan Hinton进行了综合评价。所以，这篇文章主要就是介绍了Joan Hinton。故选C。
12．B
13．A
14．D
15．C
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了被誉为“物理学第一夫人”及“核物理女王”的物理学家吴健雄的信息，受教育经历以及取得的学术成就。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段中“After learning that women were disrespected at the University of Michigan, she instead chose to go to the University of California Berkley.(在得知密歇根大学不尊重女性后，她转而选择了加州大学伯克利分校)”可知，吴健雄选择在加州大学伯克利分校学习的原因是她希望得到平等对待。故选B。
13．推理判断题。根据第二段中“During her earlier life in China, she had been an outstanding student whose love of learning had been encouraged by her father. By the time she arrived in the United States, she had already stood out in her undergraduate academic work and later during post-graduate research. At Berkley, she benefited from working with some of the top physicists in the country at that time. (在中国的早期生活中，她是一个优秀的学生，她对学习的热爱得到了父亲的鼓励。当她到达美国时，她已经在本科学术工作中脱颖而出，后来又在研究生研究中脱颖而出。在伯克利大学，她从与当时国内顶尖物理学家的合作中受益匪浅)”可推断出，吴健雄学习成绩很好。故选A。
14．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Wu Experiment smoothed the way for her two colleagues to earn the Nobel Prize(吴健雄的实验为她的两位同事获得诺贝尔奖铺平了道路)”和下文“because she is a woman(因为她是一个女人)”可知，吴健雄和两个同事合作，她的两个同事获得了诺贝尔奖，结合划线单词所在句子“an award for which she was overlooked(一个她被……的奖)”可推知，吴健雄和两名男性同事一起合作，但是两名同事获得了诺贝尔奖，而她因为是女性，所以被忽视，没有获得诺贝尔奖，由此可知，划线单词“overlooked”意为“忽略，不考虑”，与D项“Removed.(除去)”意思相近。故选D。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“She continued advancing her work in nuclear physics for many years and later joined in protecting women’s rights.(她多年来一直致力于核物理研究，后来加入了保护妇女权利的行列)”可知，作为一个科学家，吴健雄是一个全心全意献身于科学的科学家。故选C。
16．D17．D18．B19．C
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了张海迪身残志坚，如何克服自身残疾并实现自我突破从而帮助了更多残疾人的故事。
16．细节理解题。由文章第二自然段 “There was no hospital and the villagers had to walk more than 10 km to see a doctor.”(村子里没有医院，村民们不得不步行10多公里去看医生。) 和 She decided to make a change. She read medical books and practiced acupuncture on herself. (她决定做出改变。她阅读医学书籍，并在自己身上练习针灸。) 可知张海迪学医的原因是，村子里缺少医疗服务。故选D。
17．细节理解题。 由文章第三自然段 “To learn a new English word, she had to repeat it as many as 200 times.”(为了学习一个新的英语单词，她必须重复200次。) 和“To expand her vocabulary, she wrote words on desks, mirrors and even lamps so she could recite them anytime anywhere.” (为了扩大词汇量，她把单词写在桌子、镜子甚至台灯上，这样她就可以随时随地背诵单词了。) 可知，她学习英语单词的秘诀是尽可能多次重复新单词。故选D。
18．主旨大意题。由文章最后一个自然段以及本段第三句话 “She has been using her position and influence to call for more rights for people with disabilities.” (她一直利用自己的地位和影响力为残疾人争取更多的权利。)可知，该自然段通过举例子等方式主要讲述了她对残疾人所做出的贡献。故选B。
19．主旨大意题。根据第一自然段最后一句话 “However, with a strong will, she has extended the meaning of her life in many possible ways, and achieved much more than one might think is possible.” (然而，凭借坚强的意志，她以许多可能的方式扩展了自己生命的意义，并取得了超出人们能想象到的成就。)可知，本篇文章主要讲述了张海迪突破自我，将不可能变为可能的故事。故选C。
20．B
21．C
22．C
23．B
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一位备受尊敬的科学家Richard Phillips Feynman，介绍了他的个人经历以及取得的成就。
20．
细节理解题。根据第四段中“After the war, Feynman taught at Cornell University, where he continued his studies. He was also awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in particle physics.(战后，费曼在康奈尔大学任教，继续他的学业。他还因在粒子物理学方面的工作而获得诺贝尔奖)”可知，费曼是在战后获得诺贝尔奖的。故选B。
21．
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Despite the fact that his grades in science and math were “the best that we’ve seen,” according to Princeton, he was almost rejected due to his very poor grades in writing and his Jewish religion.(尽管他在科学和数学方面的成绩是“我们见过的最好的”，但根据普林斯顿大学的说法，他几乎被拒绝，因为他在写作方面的成绩很差，以及他的犹太信仰)”可知，费曼被普林斯顿录取是因为他在数学和科学方面很有天赋。故选C。
22．
推理判断题。根据第二段中“But young Feynman showed a talent for math and engineering.(但年轻的费曼在数学和工程方面表现出了天赋)”以及第三段中“Despite the fact that his grades in science and math were “the best that we’ve seen,” according to Princeton, he was almost rejected due to his very poor grades in writing and his Jewish religion.(尽管他在科学和数学方面的成绩是“我们见过的最好的”，但根据普林斯顿大学的说法，他几乎被拒绝，因为他在写作方面的成绩很差，以及他的犹太信仰)”可知，他很聪明；结合第四、五段可看出费曼从普林斯顿大学读博到之后工作都致力于研究物理、教授物理。由此可知，Richard Feynman聪明且专注。故选C。
23．
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Then, in 1978, Feynman developed cancer and died a year later. Though Feynman and his work are honored by physicists across the world, his personal qualities and skills are what really makes him unique. Faced with all the challenges, he never gave up, doing work that he loved until the day he died.(1978年，费曼罹患癌症，一年后去世。虽然费曼和他的工作受到全世界物理学家的尊敬，但他的个人品质和技能才是真正让他与众不同的。面对所有的挑战，他从未放弃，做着他热爱的工作，直到他去世的那一天)”及下文陈述可知，作者描述了物理科学家费曼的成长过程以及伟大成就，在最后一段点出费曼的成就举世瞩目，被全球物理学家所敬重。由此可知，B选项“理查德·费曼——一位受人尊敬的科学家”最符合文章标题。故选B。
24．A
25．C
26．B
27．D
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要叙述了在美国前途无量的施一公，因为无法割舍的爱国之情，毅然告别美国，回到中国，为祖国服务，实现自己的中国梦。
24．
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“After returning to China, he devoted all his energy, worked like crazy, and determined to do something big. He formed a life science research team. Every day, he works 12 to 16 hours at his laboratory.(回到中国后，他投入了全部的精力，疯狂地工作，并决心做一番大事业。他组建了一个生命科学研究小组。他每天在实验室工作12到16个小时)”可知，施一公回到祖国之后，努力做科学研究，目的是为自己的祖国做贡献，服务祖国服务人民。故选A项。
25．
词句猜测题。根据第二段“In the United States, he had a great future ahead. At the age of 36, he became the youngest professor in the history of the Department of Molecular Biology at Princeton University, for his academic achievements. At 40, he became a tenured (终身的) chair professor at Princeton.(在美国，他前途无量。36岁时，他成为普林斯顿大学分子生物系历史上最年轻的教授，因为他的学术成就。40岁时，他成为普林斯顿大学的终身教授)”及第三段“When everything seemed perfect and admirable to others, he firmly decided to say goodbye to Princeton University, to an affluent life in the United States, and return to China.(当一切在别人看来似乎都是完美和令人钦佩的时候，他坚定地决定告别普林斯顿大学，告别在美国的affluent生活，回到中国)”可知，施一公在美国有着非凡的学术成就，并最终成为普林斯顿大学的终身教授，有着完美的令人钦佩的生活，可推断他告别的是美国 “富足的”生活；wealthy意为“富裕的”，与affluent意思接近。故选C项。
26．
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“‘So far as I’ m concerned, awards are of no special meaning.’ Shi says calmly.(‘在我看来，奖项没有什么特别的意义。’ 施一公平静地说)”可知，施一公并不在乎自己获得的奖项，也就是不在乎奖项所代表的名声。故选B项。
27．
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“He is Shi Yigong, nicknamed ‘Da Niu’ (someone with extraordinary achievements) by Tsinghua students. (他就是施一公，被清华学子戏称为“大牛”（有非凡成就的人）)”可知，他的学生给他取名“大牛”是为了显示他非凡的成就。故选D项。
28．B
29．C
30．D
31．A
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了中国医学科学家、药剂师和教育家屠呦呦发现青蒿素及青蒿素对于医学的重大作用。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段“The discovery of artemisinin and its treatment of malaria are regarded as a significant breakthrough of tropical medicine in the 20th century and health improvement for people of tropical developing countries in South Asia, Africa, and South America.(青蒿素的发现及其对疟疾的治疗被认为是20世纪热带医学的重大突破，也是南亚、非洲和南美热带发展中国家人民健康改善的重大突破)”可知，青蒿素的发现对于热带地区的人们有益处。故选B项。
29．主旨大意题。根据第二段“For her work, Tu received the 2011 Lasker Award in Clinical Medicine and the 2015 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine. The Nobel Committee puts Tu’s work well by writing: “Malaria infects close to 200 million individuals yearly. Artemisinin is used in all malaria-ridden parts of the world. When used in combination treatment, it is estimated to reduce the death rate from malaria by more than 20% overall and by more than 30% in children. For Africa alone, this means that more than 100,000 lives are saved each year.”(由于她的工作，屠获得了2011年拉斯克临床医学奖和2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。诺贝尔委员会认为屠的工作很好：“疟疾每年感染近2亿人。青蒿素在世界上所有疟疾肆虐的地区都被使用。当用于联合治疗时，估计总体上可将疟疾死亡率降低20%以上，儿童死亡率降低30%以上。仅就非洲而言，这意味着每年就有10多万人获救。”)”可知，屠呦呦发现青蒿素，可以降低疟疾死亡率，拯救很多人的生命，所以本段主要讲述了屠呦呦的成就。故选C项。
30．推理判断题。根据第三段“Not only is Tu the first Chinese Nobel laureate in natural science, but also the first Nobel laureate who received all scientific training in China. The award she won made Chinese scientists gain tremendous confidence.(屠不仅是中国第一位自然科学诺贝尔奖获得者，也是第一位在中国接受过所有科学训练的诺贝尔奖获得者。她获得的奖项使中国科学家获得了极大的信心)”可知，屠呦呦获得诺贝尔奖使中国科学家获得了极大的信心，为许多中国科学家树立了好的榜样。故选D项。
31．推理判断题。根据最后一段““It is my dream that Chinese medicine will help us conquer life-threatening diseases worldwide, and people across the globe will enjoy its benefits for health promotion,” Tu wrote.(屠写道：“我的梦想是，中医药将帮助我们在全球范围内战胜威胁生命的疾病，全球人民将享受其促进健康的益处。”)”可知，屠呦呦在《自然》杂志上表述了中医药促进健康的作用，表达了她对于中医药的热情。故选A项。
(名校最新真题)
（2022·湖南师大附中高二期中）Women scientists around the world have made significant contributions to Stem (science, technology, engineering, and maths). Here are four who pushed boundaries and changed the world.
Wu Chienshiung (1912—1997)
Born in Taicang, Jiangsu province, Wu took part in the Manhattan Project which helped create the world’s first nuclear weapon. Her famous Wu experiment overturned the theory of parity in physics. This breakthrough led to a Nobel Prize that was awarded to her male colleagues, but Wu’s critical role in the work was overlooked.
Hedy Lamarr (1914—2000)
Austria-born Lamarr starred in a lot of Hollywood films and made great success. She was also super smart and a self-taught inventor. During the second world war, Lamarr together with George Antheil, a composer, developed a radio guidance system. The principle of their work is part of the basis of Bluetooth and wireless technology.
Katherine Johns (1918—2020)
African American NASA mathematician Johnson’s calculations were critical in getting the first US astronauts to space and back safely. During her 33-year career at NASA, Katherine earned a reputation for mastering complex calculations and was referred to as a “human computer”.
Tu Youyou (1930—)
Born in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, Tu shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with two other foreign scientists, for her work in discovering artemisinin, a drug used to treat malaria. Her work has saved millions of lives all over the world. Tu is the first Chinese Nobel winner in physiology or medicine and the first female citizen of the PRC to win a Nobel Prize.
1．Besides being an inventor, Hedy Lamarr is also a(n) ________.
A．composer B．producer C．actress D．mathematician
2．What is Tu Youyou’s greatest contribution to the world
A．She treated people for cancer. B．She is the first Chinese Nobel winner.
C．Her discovery helped save millions. D．Her research project is one of a kind.
3．What do the four female scientists have in common according to the text
A．They shared the same interest. B．They each constructed a theory.
C．They were all awarded the Nobel Prize. D．They all made a difference to the world.
（2022·全国·高二课时练习）Three scientists who played central roles in the discovery of the hepatitis C virus (丙型肝炎病毒) have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020. This prize will be shared by Michael Houghton, from the United Kingdom, and United States scientists Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice, who all made notable contributions toward the discovery of the blood-born virus that causes chronic (慢性的) liver problems.
Alter demonstrated in the 1970s that some people who received blood transfusions (输血) would develop cases of hepatitis that were not caused by the hepatitis A or B viruses, suggesting that another infectious agent was to blame. In the 1980s, Houghton managed to isolate (分离) the genetic sequence of the virus, while Rice proved that the pathogen(病原体) could replicate and cause infection. The World Health Organization estimates that around 71 million people worldwide live with hepatitis C, which can cause major liver complications (并发症) and, in some cases, death.
The Nobel Assembly said the three researchers had contributed to a “landmark achievement in the ongoing battle against viral diseases”. “The discovery of hepatitis C virus revealed the cause of the remaining cases of chronic hepatitis and made blood tests and new medicines that have saved millions of lives possible, ” the assembly said in a statement. “Thanks to their discovery, highly sensitive blood tests for the virus are now available and these have essentially eliminated post-transfusion hepatitis in many parts of the world, greatly improving global health. ” The assembly said that the discoveries performed by the newly minted Nobel Laureates also allowed for the rapid development of antiviral drugs directed at hepatitis C．“For the first time in history, the disease can now be cured, raising hopes of eradicating hepatitis C virus from the world population”, the statement said.
The award for physiology and medicine is the first of the Nobel Prizes to be handed out this year, with prizes in physics, chemistry, literature, peace and economics to follow during the next seven days.
4．What was the important discovery of three scientists
A．The hepatitis A virus
B．The hepatitis B virus
C．The hepatitis C virus.
D．The risk of blood transfusions.
5．Who succeeded in extracting the sequence of the virus
A．Michael Houghton
B．Harvey J. Alter
C．Charles M. Rice
D．The World Health Organization
6．What’s the main idea of Paragraph 3
A．The significance of the discovery.
B．The course of the discovery.
C．The disadvantage of the discovery.
D．The harm of the hepatitis.
7．What does the underlined word “eradicating” in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Discovering. B．Knowing.
C．Analysing. D．Getting rid of.
（2022·四川广安·高二期末）In 1945, 23-year-old Joan Hinton was one of the few female nuclear physicists joining in the Manhattan Project, an American project set up in 1942 to develop an atom bomb. Even as she rejoiced in the project’s success, she was deeply shocked when the U.S. dropped two bombs in Japan in 1945 during World War II. She then quit the project and left the U.S..
In 1948, she managed to travel to Yan’an, where she married her boyfriend Erwin Engst. Her husband got his first impressions of China from the book Red Star Over China by Edgar Snow. He came to China as a member of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in 1946 and went on to serve as an expert on farm equipment in Yan’an. “My father kept on writing letters to my mom, telling her to come to China and that ‘China was about to climb a hill. If you arrive late, you’ll miss the bus’,” Fred Engst, son of Hinton, said.
Hinton and her husband lived a simple life in China. During her time in Yan’an, she only stood out as a foreigner, dressed in ordinary clothes. The villagers treated the U.S. scientist like they would be a family member. During one Chinese New Year’s party in the village she lived in, Hinton shared her sense of humor by amusing the locals with her performances using a northern Shaanxi dialect (方言).
The couple witnessed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Hinton, who held high hopes of making milk available to the Chinese population, devoted herself to the improvement of agricultural machinery and the milk industry at large. She applied her scientific skills to developing a continuous-flow automatic milk pasteurizer (巴氏杀菌机) and tending to about 200 cows in the following years.
Hinton was truly devoted to everything she did, whether in nuclear physics or the milk industry.
8．What does the underlined part “rejoiced in” in paragraph 1 mean
A．Showed surprise about. B．Felt joy at.
C．Expressed anger over. D．Showed disappointment with.
9．What is the villagers’ attitude to the U.S. scientists in China
A．Friendly. B．Rude. C．Concerned. D．Uncaring.
10．What contribution did Hinton make to China
A．She contributed the development of nuclear physics.
B．She pushed forward the development of cattle farming.
C．She helped cows give birth to more healthy babies.
D．She made all Chinese people enjoy the benefits of drinking milk.
11．What can be the best title for the text
A．Joan Hinton set up a project in China.
B．Joan Hinton improved Shaanxi dialect.
C．The introduction to Joan Hinton.
D．Joan Hinton persuaded Chinese people to drink milk.
（2022·宁夏·银川唐徕回民中学高二期末）Known as the “First Lady of Physics” and Queen of Nuclear (原子核) Research, Chien-Shiung Wu was born in China in 1912 and came to the United States in 1936 to take part in the doctorate(博士) rogram in nuclear physics at the University of Michigan. After learning that women were disrespected at the University of Michigan, she instead chose to go to the University of California Berkley.
During her earlier life in China, she had been an outstanding student whose love of learning had been encouraged by her father. By the time she arrived in the United States, she had already stood out in her undergraduate academic work and later during post-graduate research. At Berkley, she benefited from working with some of the top physicists in the country at that time. After one year at Berkley, she received a scholarship (奖学金) to Caltech. She completed her doctorate in 1940 and moved to the east coast. Unable to find a research position at a university, Wu became a physics instructor at Princeton University and at Smith College. In 1944, she joined the Manhattan Project where she began work on beta decay and uranium enrichment.
During the 1960’s, while at Columbia University, Wu began working with two other Chinese American scientists, Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang conducting research in the field of particle physics. Wu developed an experiment disproving (反驳) a hypothetical physical law called the conversation of parity. The Wu Experiment smoothed the way for her two colleagues to earn the Nobel Prize, an award for which she was overlooked, she believed, because she is a woman. In 1978, her work was finally recognized when she received the Wolf Prize, a $100,000 international award given to artists and scientists for achievements in the interest of mankind and friendly relations among people... no matter what his nationality, race, color, religion, sex or political views are.
She continued advancing her work in nuclear physics for many years and later joined in protecting women’s rights. She died in 1997 from a stroke.
12．Why did Wu change to study at the University of California Berkley
A．She needed to join a program. B．She wanted to be treated equally.
C．She could learn physics further. D．She could get the doctorate easily.
13．What can we infer about Wu from Paragraph 2
A．She had a good performance in study. B．She carried out nuclear research in China.
C．She couldn’t find her position at university. D．She was the first female to join the Project.
14．What does the underlined word “overlooked” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Accepted. B．Criticized.
C．Praised. D．Removed.
15．Which of the following best describes Wu as a scientist
A．Gifted. B．Responsible.
C．Devoted. D．Creative.
（2022·贵州·凯里一中高二期末）At 5, Zhang Haidi found she had a spinal tumor and, due to three operations to remove it, she was left paralysed(瘫痪) from chest down. However, with a strong will, she has extended the meaning of her life in many possible ways, and achieved much more than one might think is possible.
Not being able to go to school, Zhang taught herself to read and write. At 15, Zhang moved to a small village with her parents in 1970. There was no hospital and the villagers had to walk more than 10 km to see a doctor. She decided to make a change. She read medical books and practiced acupuncture (针灸) on herself. Soon she acquired enough medical knowledge to help villagers with basic treatments. During her years there, she treated more than 10,000 people for free.
Zhang also taught herself several foreign languages, including English, Japanese, German and Esperanto. To learn a new English word, she had to repeat it as many as 200 times. To expand her vocabulary, she wrote words on desks, mirrors and even lamps so she could recite them anytime anywhere. She later translated several works of Western literature into Chinese. She also wrote a double-language book called Beautiful English to tell about her experience learning English.
She has encouraged so many young people and was awarded the title of “Excellent Member of the Communist Youth League of China” in 1983. In 2018 she was elected president of the China Disabled Persons’ Federation. She has been using her position and influence to call for more rights for people with disabilities. Before and during the Beijing 2022 Paralympics, Zhang worked as executive president of the organizing committee to promote a barrier-free environment. For example, tactile (触觉的) systems for the blind, lowered service counters for wheelchair users and greater access to buildings. “These practices can set a good example for China in the future,” Zhang said.
16．What led Zhang Haidi to learn medicine
A．She had interest in acupuncture. B．She wanted to support her family.
C．She was skilled in self-education. D．She found the village lacking medical care.
17．What is Zhang’s secret to expanding her vocabulary
A．Making sentences with new words.
B．Translating all new words into Chinese.
C．Listening to new words anytime anywhere.
D．Repeating new words as many as possible.
18．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
A．Zhang’s influence on people with disabilities.
B．Zhang’s contributions to people with disabilities.
C．Zhang’s plan to build barrier-free equipment in China.
D．Zhang’s comments on the Beijing 2022 Paralympics.
19．What is the best title of the passage
A．Being a super-hero. B．Achieving the dreams.
C．Breaking the impossible. D．Promoting self-education.
（2022·湖南·高二期末）Sometimes a person who thinks in an unusual way can look at the world from a different point of view. Such was Richard Phillips Feynman, a role model change maker. Born in 1918, he began showing some unusual qualities.
The first sign of Feynman’s unique qualities was that he hadn’t yet spoken by age three. But young Feynman showed a talent for math and engineering. He enjoyed repairing household objects, and built a simple laboratory in his room. By the time he was in high school, he was experimenting things which were only taught to college students.
After Richard Feynman graduated from high school in 1939, he studied at the MIT. Despite the fact that his grades in science and math were “the best that we’ve seen,” according to Princeton, he was almost rejected due to his very poor grades in writing and his Jewish religion. Finally, he was accepted and continued to study physics at Princeton where he got his PhD．His lectures attracted many great scientists of the time, including Albert Einstein.
At Princeton, Feynman began his most famous work: his work on nuclear weapons. He moved to a lab and not all of his work there has been released to the public, but we know he performed experiments related to uranium. After the war, Feynman taught at Cornell University, where he continued his studies. He was also awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in particle physics.
Then, in 1978, Feynman developed cancer and died a year later. Though Feynman and his work are honored by physicists across the world, his personal qualities and skills are what really makes him unique. Faced with all the challenges, he never gave up, doing work that he loved until the day he died.
20．What do we know about Richard Phillips Feynman from the text
A．Young Feynman showed his talent in every field.
B．Feynman won the Nobel Prize after the war ended.
C．Young Feynman enjoyed managing household a lot.
D．Feynman was diagnosed with cancer and died at the age of 60.
21．Why was Feynman admitted by Princeton
A．Because he was a Jewish.
B．Because he graduated from the MIT.
C．Because he was very gifted in math and science.
D．Because his lecture attracted many great scientists.
22．Which words can best describe Richard Feynman
A．Selfless and friendly. B．Talented and stubborn.
C．Intelligent and devoted. D．Strong-willed and humorous.
23．What may be the best title of the text
A．Richard Feynman’s Unusual Qualities B．Richard Feynman — A Respected Scientist
C．A Touching Story About Richard Feynman D．The Influence of Richard Feynman
（2022·陕西咸阳·高二期末）“I want to work full-time in China, honey.” An overseas call awakened the wife from sound sleep. “Why ” asked the wife with surprise, in a drowsy (昏昏欲睡的) voice, from the other side of the ocean.
In the United States, he had a great future ahead. At the age of 36, he became the youngest professor in the history of the Department of Molecular Biology at Princeton University, for his academic achievements. At 40, he became a tenured (终身的) chair professor at Princeton.
When everything seemed perfect and admirable to others, he firmly decided to say goodbye to Princeton University, to an affluent life in the United States, and return to China.
The news spread explosively. Many expressed confusion, many persuaded him, many made fun of him, and still many waited to have a good laugh at him.
He said patriotism is the plainest feeling of a person. Who doesn’t love his motherland, after all In his heart, the American dream is already something past; the Chinese dream is rising.
After returning to China, he devoted all his energy, worked like crazy, and determined to do something big. He formed a life science research team. Every day, he works 12 to 16 hours at his laboratory. He is Shi Yigong, nicknamed “Da Niu” (someone with extraordinary achievements) by Tsinghua students. His given name, Yigong, comes from an idiom that means “devoted to public interest whole-heartedly”. “So far as I’m concerned, awards are of no special meaning.” Shi says calmly.
In his 18 years of study in the United States, he never forgot his Chinese dream. In the next 18 years, the Chinese dream will be more beautiful and greater by the efforts of Shi Yigong and the likes of him.
24．Why was Shi determined to return to China
A．To serve his motherland. B．To reunite with his wife.
C．To live a quieter life. D．To make more money.
25．What does the underlined word “affluent” in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Normal. B．Miserable. C．Wealthy. D．Adventurous.
26．What can we know about Shi Yigong
A．His decision was well-received. B．He doesn’t care much about fame.
C．He is the youngest professor in history. D．His Chinese dream will be realized in 18 years.
27．Why is Shi Yigong called “Da Niu” by his Tsinghua students
A．To support his life science research. B．To praise his honesty.
C．To introduce his endless energy in work. D．To show his unusual achievements.
（2022·湖南·高二期末）Tu Youyou is a Chinese medical scientist, pharmaceutical (制药的) chemist, and educator best known for discovering artemisinin (also known as qinghao su). The discovery of artemisinin and its treatment of malaria are regarded as a significant breakthrough of tropical medicine in the 20th century and health improvement for people of tropical developing countries in South Asin, Africa, and South America.
For her work, Tu received the 2011 Lasker Award in Clinical Medicine and the 2015 Nobel prize in Physiology (生理学) or Medicine. The Nobel Committee puts Tu’s work well by writing: “Malaria infects close to 200 million individuals yearly. Artemisinin is used in all malaria-ridden parts of the world. When used in combination treatment, it is estimated to reduce the death rate from malaria by more than 20% overall and by more than 30% in children. For Africa alone, this means that more than 100, 000 lives are saved each year.”
In China, Tu is known as a “sanwu scientist”. Tu has spent no time studying abroad, no membership with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and no doctoral degree. The Xinhua News Agency has commented on the significance of Tu’s achievement, “Not only is Tu the first Chinese Nobel laureate (获奖者) in natural science, but also the first Nobel laureate who received all scientific training in China. The award she won made Chinese scientists gain tremendous confidence.”
As part of the program charged with finding a treatment for malaria, Tu was inspired by an ancient Chinese text which said qinghao was used to tackle intermittent fevers (间歇热) around 400 AD．In the herb Tu discovered a compound, now known as artemisinin, which proved an effective treatment for the infection. Tu herself volunteered to be the first human recipient.
An article Tu Youyou published in Nature in 2011 ended up with an insightful sentence. “It is my dream that Chinese medicine will help us conquer life-threatening diseases worldwide, and people across the globe will enjoy its benefits for health promotion,” Tu wrote.
28．What can we learn about qinghao su
A．It was discovered in the 21st century.
B．It is beneficial to people in tropical areas.
C．It was first plied to physiology in 2011.
D．It helps doctors cheek the infective disease.
29．What’s the second paragraph mainly about
A．The importance of the Nobel Prize.
B．The malaria’s effects on human health.
C．The achievements made by Tu Youyou.
D．The people’s suffering from infective diseases.
30．What can we infer about Tu Youyou from paragraph 3
A．She has studied abroad for several years.
B．She has got the highest degree in medicine.
C．She is a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
D．She has set a good example for many Chinese scientists.
31．What do the words Tu Youyou wrote in Nature show
A．Her passion for Chinese medicine.
B．Her doubt about Chinese medicine.
C．Her dream of getting prices from Nature.
D．Her hesitation in doing medical research.
试卷第1页，共3页
参考答案：
1．C2．C3．D
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了4名改变世界的女性科学家。
1．细节理解题。根据Hedy Lamarr (1914—2000)中的“Austria-born Lamarr starred in a lot of Hollywood films and made great success. She was also super smart and a self-taught inventor.(奥地利出生的拉玛出演了许多好莱坞电影，并取得了巨大的成功。她还非常聪明，是一个自学成才的发明家)”可知，除了是一个发明家，海蒂·拉玛也是一个女演员。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据Tu Youyou (1930—)中的“Her work has saved millions of lives all over the world. (她的工作拯救了全世界数百万人的生命)”可知，屠呦呦对世界最大的贡献是她的发现帮助拯救了数百万人。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第一段“Here are four who pushed boundaries and changed the world. (下面是四位打破界限、改变世界的人)”可知，这四位女科学家共同之处是她们都对世界产生了影响。故选D。
4．C5．A6．A7．D
【导语】
这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖近日揭晓, 获奖者是三位在发现丙型肝炎病毒的过程中做出重大贡献的科学家。
4．细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句话“Three scientists who played central roles in the discovery of the hepatitis C virus (丙型肝炎病毒) have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020. (三位在发现丙型肝炎病毒中发挥核心作用的科学家被授予2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖)”可知，三位科学家的重要发现是丙型肝炎病毒。故选C。
5．细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句话“In the 1980s, Houghton managed to isolate (分离) the genetic sequence of the virus, while Rice proved that the pathogen (病原体) could replicate and cause infection. (20世纪80年代，Houghton成功分离出了病毒的基因序列，而Rice证明了这种病原体可以复制并引起感染)”可知，Houghton成功地分离出了丙型肝炎病毒的基因序列。故选A。
6．段落大意题。根据第三段第一句话“The Nobel Assembly said the three researchers had contributed to a “landmark achievement in the ongoing battle against viral diseases”. (诺贝尔奖大会表示，这三位研究人员为“正在进行的抗击病毒性疾病的斗争中取得了里程碑式的成就”)”以及第三段全文可知，本段主要介绍了诺贝尔奖大会丙型肝炎病毒的发现的意义。丙型肝炎病毒的发现使研制新药成为可能, 从而挽救了数百万人的性命。故选A。
7．词义猜测题。根据划线单词前一句话“ The assembly said that the discoveries performed by the newly minted Nobel Laureates also allowed for the rapid development of antiviral drugs directed at hepatitis C.(大会说，新当选的诺贝尔奖获得者的发现也使针对丙型肝炎的抗病毒药物得以迅速发展)”以及划线单词的前半句话“For the first time in history, the disease can now be cured(历史上，这种疾病第一次可以治愈)”可知，丙肝可以被治疗，为在全人类中根除丙型肝炎病毒带来了希望。可推测画线单词意为“消除”。故选D。
8．B9．A10．B11．C
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Joan Hinton的生平，不管作为一名核物理专家还是从事牛奶行业，她都竭尽全力。
8．词句猜测题。根据第一段划线单词后的主句“she was deeply shocked when the U.S. dropped two bombs in Japan in 1945 during World War II.(但当1945年第二次世界大战期间，美国向日本投下两颗炸弹时，她感到深深的震惊。)”以及下一句“She then quit the project and left the U.S..(然后她退出了这个项目，离开了美国。)”可知，她对美国的行径感到震惊，也深深愧疚，所以她离开了美国。而划线单词前用了“even”，说明划线单词的意思和愧疚相反，也就是说对项目的成功她还是感到高兴的。选项A“Showed surprise about. (对……感到惊讶)”；选项B“Felt joy at. (对……感到高兴)”；选项C“Expressed anger over. (对……愤怒)”；选项D“Showed disappointment with (对……感到失望)”。 故选B。
9．推理判断题。根据第三段“The villagers treated the U.S. scientist like they would be a family member.(村民们对待这位美国科学家就像对待自己的家人一样。)”可推断，村民们对她很友善。故选A。
10．细节理解题。根据第四段“Hinton, who held high hopes of making milk available to the Chinese population, devoted herself to the improvement of agricultural machinery and the milk industry at large. She applied her scientific skills to developing a continuous-flow automatic milk pasteurizer (巴氏杀菌机) and tending to about 200 cows in the following years.(Hinton对向中国人民提供牛奶寄予厚望，她致力于改进农业机械和整个牛奶工业。她运用自己的科学技能开发了一种连续流动的自动牛奶巴氏杀菌机，并在接下来的几年里饲养了大约200头奶牛。)”可知，她推进了奶牛饲养业的发展。故选B。
11．主旨大意题。文章第一段主要介绍了Joan Hinton作为一名核物理学家看到美国向日本投下炸弹之后，就退出了曼哈顿计划，离开了美国；文章第二段到第四段主要介绍了Joan Hinton在中国的生活；文章最后一段对Joan Hinton进行了综合评价。所以，这篇文章主要就是介绍了Joan Hinton。故选C。
12．B
13．A
14．D
15．C
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了被誉为“物理学第一夫人”及“核物理女王”的物理学家吴健雄的信息，受教育经历以及取得的学术成就。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段中“After learning that women were disrespected at the University of Michigan, she instead chose to go to the University of California Berkley.(在得知密歇根大学不尊重女性后，她转而选择了加州大学伯克利分校)”可知，吴健雄选择在加州大学伯克利分校学习的原因是她希望得到平等对待。故选B。
13．推理判断题。根据第二段中“During her earlier life in China, she had been an outstanding student whose love of learning had been encouraged by her father. By the time she arrived in the United States, she had already stood out in her undergraduate academic work and later during post-graduate research. At Berkley, she benefited from working with some of the top physicists in the country at that time. (在中国的早期生活中，她是一个优秀的学生，她对学习的热爱得到了父亲的鼓励。当她到达美国时，她已经在本科学术工作中脱颖而出，后来又在研究生研究中脱颖而出。在伯克利大学，她从与当时国内顶尖物理学家的合作中受益匪浅)”可推断出，吴健雄学习成绩很好。故选A。
14．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Wu Experiment smoothed the way for her two colleagues to earn the Nobel Prize(吴健雄的实验为她的两位同事获得诺贝尔奖铺平了道路)”和下文“because she is a woman(因为她是一个女人)”可知，吴健雄和两个同事合作，她的两个同事获得了诺贝尔奖，结合划线单词所在句子“an award for which she was overlooked(一个她被……的奖)”可推知，吴健雄和两名男性同事一起合作，但是两名同事获得了诺贝尔奖，而她因为是女性，所以被忽视，没有获得诺贝尔奖，由此可知，划线单词“overlooked”意为“忽略，不考虑”，与D项“Removed.(除去)”意思相近。故选D。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“She continued advancing her work in nuclear physics for many years and later joined in protecting women’s rights.(她多年来一直致力于核物理研究，后来加入了保护妇女权利的行列)”可知，作为一个科学家，吴健雄是一个全心全意献身于科学的科学家。故选C。
16．D17．D18．B19．C
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了张海迪身残志坚，如何克服自身残疾并实现自我突破从而帮助了更多残疾人的故事。
16．细节理解题。由文章第二自然段 “There was no hospital and the villagers had to walk more than 10 km to see a doctor.”(村子里没有医院，村民们不得不步行10多公里去看医生。) 和 She decided to make a change. She read medical books and practiced acupuncture on herself. (她决定做出改变。她阅读医学书籍，并在自己身上练习针灸。) 可知张海迪学医的原因是，村子里缺少医疗服务。故选D。
17．细节理解题。 由文章第三自然段 “To learn a new English word, she had to repeat it as many as 200 times.”(为了学习一个新的英语单词，她必须重复200次。) 和“To expand her vocabulary, she wrote words on desks, mirrors and even lamps so she could recite them anytime anywhere.” (为了扩大词汇量，她把单词写在桌子、镜子甚至台灯上，这样她就可以随时随地背诵单词了。) 可知，她学习英语单词的秘诀是尽可能多次重复新单词。故选D。
18．主旨大意题。由文章最后一个自然段以及本段第三句话 “She has been using her position and influence to call for more rights for people with disabilities.” (她一直利用自己的地位和影响力为残疾人争取更多的权利。)可知，该自然段通过举例子等方式主要讲述了她对残疾人所做出的贡献。故选B。
19．主旨大意题。根据第一自然段最后一句话 “However, with a strong will, she has extended the meaning of her life in many possible ways, and achieved much more than one might think is possible.” (然而，凭借坚强的意志，她以许多可能的方式扩展了自己生命的意义，并取得了超出人们能想象到的成就。)可知，本篇文章主要讲述了张海迪突破自我，将不可能变为可能的故事。故选C。
20．B
21．C
22．C
23．B
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一位备受尊敬的科学家Richard Phillips Feynman，介绍了他的个人经历以及取得的成就。
20．
细节理解题。根据第四段中“After the war, Feynman taught at Cornell University, where he continued his studies. He was also awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in particle physics.(战后，费曼在康奈尔大学任教，继续他的学业。他还因在粒子物理学方面的工作而获得诺贝尔奖)”可知，费曼是在战后获得诺贝尔奖的。故选B。
21．
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Despite the fact that his grades in science and math were “the best that we’ve seen,” according to Princeton, he was almost rejected due to his very poor grades in writing and his Jewish religion.(尽管他在科学和数学方面的成绩是“我们见过的最好的”，但根据普林斯顿大学的说法，他几乎被拒绝，因为他在写作方面的成绩很差，以及他的犹太信仰)”可知，费曼被普林斯顿录取是因为他在数学和科学方面很有天赋。故选C。
22．
推理判断题。根据第二段中“But young Feynman showed a talent for math and engineering.(但年轻的费曼在数学和工程方面表现出了天赋)”以及第三段中“Despite the fact that his grades in science and math were “the best that we’ve seen,” according to Princeton, he was almost rejected due to his very poor grades in writing and his Jewish religion.(尽管他在科学和数学方面的成绩是“我们见过的最好的”，但根据普林斯顿大学的说法，他几乎被拒绝，因为他在写作方面的成绩很差，以及他的犹太信仰)”可知，他很聪明；结合第四、五段可看出费曼从普林斯顿大学读博到之后工作都致力于研究物理、教授物理。由此可知，Richard Feynman聪明且专注。故选C。
23．
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Then, in 1978, Feynman developed cancer and died a year later. Though Feynman and his work are honored by physicists across the world, his personal qualities and skills are what really makes him unique. Faced with all the challenges, he never gave up, doing work that he loved until the day he died.(1978年，费曼罹患癌症，一年后去世。虽然费曼和他的工作受到全世界物理学家的尊敬，但他的个人品质和技能才是真正让他与众不同的。面对所有的挑战，他从未放弃，做着他热爱的工作，直到他去世的那一天)”及下文陈述可知，作者描述了物理科学家费曼的成长过程以及伟大成就，在最后一段点出费曼的成就举世瞩目，被全球物理学家所敬重。由此可知，B选项“理查德·费曼——一位受人尊敬的科学家”最符合文章标题。故选B。
24．A
25．C
26．B
27．D
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要叙述了在美国前途无量的施一公，因为无法割舍的爱国之情，毅然告别美国，回到中国，为祖国服务，实现自己的中国梦。
24．
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“After returning to China, he devoted all his energy, worked like crazy, and determined to do something big. He formed a life science research team. Every day, he works 12 to 16 hours at his laboratory.(回到中国后，他投入了全部的精力，疯狂地工作，并决心做一番大事业。他组建了一个生命科学研究小组。他每天在实验室工作12到16个小时)”可知，施一公回到祖国之后，努力做科学研究，目的是为自己的祖国做贡献，服务祖国服务人民。故选A项。
25．
词句猜测题。根据第二段“In the United States, he had a great future ahead. At the age of 36, he became the youngest professor in the history of the Department of Molecular Biology at Princeton University, for his academic achievements. At 40, he became a tenured (终身的) chair professor at Princeton.(在美国，他前途无量。36岁时，他成为普林斯顿大学分子生物系历史上最年轻的教授，因为他的学术成就。40岁时，他成为普林斯顿大学的终身教授)”及第三段“When everything seemed perfect and admirable to others, he firmly decided to say goodbye to Princeton University, to an affluent life in the United States, and return to China.(当一切在别人看来似乎都是完美和令人钦佩的时候，他坚定地决定告别普林斯顿大学，告别在美国的affluent生活，回到中国)”可知，施一公在美国有着非凡的学术成就，并最终成为普林斯顿大学的终身教授，有着完美的令人钦佩的生活，可推断他告别的是美国 “富足的”生活；wealthy意为“富裕的”，与affluent意思接近。故选C项。
26．
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“‘So far as I’ m concerned, awards are of no special meaning.’ Shi says calmly.(‘在我看来，奖项没有什么特别的意义。’ 施一公平静地说)”可知，施一公并不在乎自己获得的奖项，也就是不在乎奖项所代表的名声。故选B项。
27．
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“He is Shi Yigong, nicknamed ‘Da Niu’ (someone with extraordinary achievements) by Tsinghua students. (他就是施一公，被清华学子戏称为“大牛”（有非凡成就的人）)”可知，他的学生给他取名“大牛”是为了显示他非凡的成就。故选D项。
28．B
29．C
30．D
31．A
【导语】
这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了中国医学科学家、药剂师和教育家屠呦呦发现青蒿素及青蒿素对于医学的重大作用。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段“The discovery of artemisinin and its treatment of malaria are regarded as a significant breakthrough of tropical medicine in the 20th century and health improvement for people of tropical developing countries in South Asia, Africa, and South America.(青蒿素的发现及其对疟疾的治疗被认为是20世纪热带医学的重大突破，也是南亚、非洲和南美热带发展中国家人民健康改善的重大突破)”可知，青蒿素的发现对于热带地区的人们有益处。故选B项。
29．主旨大意题。根据第二段“For her work, Tu received the 2011 Lasker Award in Clinical Medicine and the 2015 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine. The Nobel Committee puts Tu’s work well by writing: “Malaria infects close to 200 million individuals yearly. Artemisinin is used in all malaria-ridden parts of the world. When used in combination treatment, it is estimated to reduce the death rate from malaria by more than 20% overall and by more than 30% in children. For Africa alone, this means that more than 100,000 lives are saved each year.”(由于她的工作，屠获得了2011年拉斯克临床医学奖和2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。诺贝尔委员会认为屠的工作很好：“疟疾每年感染近2亿人。青蒿素在世界上所有疟疾肆虐的地区都被使用。当用于联合治疗时，估计总体上可将疟疾死亡率降低20%以上，儿童死亡率降低30%以上。仅就非洲而言，这意味着每年就有10多万人获救。”)”可知，屠呦呦发现青蒿素，可以降低疟疾死亡率，拯救很多人的生命，所以本段主要讲述了屠呦呦的成就。故选C项。
30．推理判断题。根据第三段“Not only is Tu the first Chinese Nobel laureate in natural science, but also the first Nobel laureate who received all scientific training in China. The award she won made Chinese scientists gain tremendous confidence.(屠不仅是中国第一位自然科学诺贝尔奖获得者，也是第一位在中国接受过所有科学训练的诺贝尔奖获得者。她获得的奖项使中国科学家获得了极大的信心)”可知，屠呦呦获得诺贝尔奖使中国科学家获得了极大的信心，为许多中国科学家树立了好的榜样。故选D项。
31．推理判断题。根据最后一段““It is my dream that Chinese medicine will help us conquer life-threatening diseases worldwide, and people across the globe will enjoy its benefits for health promotion,” Tu wrote.(屠写道：“我的梦想是，中医药将帮助我们在全球范围内战胜威胁生命的疾病，全球人民将享受其促进健康的益处。”)”可知，屠呦呦在《自然》杂志上表述了中医药促进健康的作用，表达了她对于中医药的热情。故选A项。