Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
课后·训练提升
一、单句语法填空
1.The trouble is we are short of money.
答案:that
2.See the flags on the top of the building That was we did this morning.
答案:what
3.A ship in harbour is safe,but that’s not ships are built for.
答案:what
4.What makes this shop different is it offers more personal service.
答案:that
5.One advantage of playing the guitar is it can give you a great deal of pleasure.
答案:that
二、七选五阅读理解
How to Succeed in Science
To succeed in science,you need a lot more than luck.In my view,you have to combine intelligence with a willingness not to follow conventions when they block your forward path.Thus,these have come to be my rules for success.
1
That might sound proud,but the fact is that you must always turn to people who are brighter than you.It’s like playing any game.Even as a child,I never wanted to play games with anyone who was as bad as I was.If you win,it gives you no pleasure.And in the game of science or life,the highest goal isn’t simply to win.It’s to win at something really difficult. 2
Take risks.
To make a huge success,a scientist has to be prepared to get into deep trouble.If you are going to make a huge jump in science,you will very likely be unqualified to succeed by definition. 3 This can be more than personally upsetting.
Never do anything that bores you.
My experience in science is that someone is always telling you to do things,and then leaves you alone.I’m not good enough to do well in something I dislike. 4
It’s very hard to succeed if you don’t want to be with other scientists,because you have to go to key meetings where you spot key facts that would have escaped you.And you have to chat with your competitors,even if you find them objectionable.
So my final rule is: 5
A.Meet challenges with great courage.
B.If you can’t stand being with your real peers,get out of science.
C.Put another way,it’s to go somewhere beyond your ability and come out on top.
D.Be sure you always have someone to save you from a deep mess.
E.Avoid foolish people.
F.In fact,I find it hard to do well in something I like.
G.Besides,you even have to be prepared to disbelieve your scientific heroes.
答案:1~5 ECGFB
三、完形填空
Do you think you have what it takes to be a successful scientist A successful scientist is generally a good observer.He makes full use of the facts he observes.He doesn’t accept ideas which are not 1 on obvious facts,and therefore 2 to accept authority as the only reason for truth.He always checks ideas 3 and makes experiments to prove them.
The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to date as far back as the time of Roger Bacon,the wonderful philosopher of Oxford,who lived between the years 1214 and 1292.He was probably the first in the Middle Ages to 4 that we should learn science 5 observing and experimenting on the things around us,and he himself 6 many important truths.
Galileo(1564—1642),however,who lived more than 300 years later,was the greatest of several great men in Italy,France,Germany,and England,who began to show how many important 7 could be discovered by observation by degrees.Before Galileo,learned men believed that large bodies fell more 8 towards the earth than small ones,because Aristotle said so.But Galileo,going to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa,let two 9 stones fall and proved Aristotle was wrong.It is Galileo’s 10 of going direct to nature,and proving our 11 and theories by experiment,that has 12 all the discoveries of modern science.
What 13 those people good scientists From the example of Galileo,we know 14 that successful scientists are those whose observations have 15 better results.
1.A.relied B.based
C.insisted D.centered
答案:B
解析:根据该空前的“He doesn’t accept ideas”和后面的“on obvious facts”可知,此处是be based on这个固定词组,表示“以……为基础,基于……”。
2.A.refuses B.desires
C.intends D.regrets
答案:A
解析:由空前的“doesn’t accept”和“and therefore”可知,此处应选refuses。
3.A.casually B.carefully
C.quickly D.privately
答案:B
解析:结合语境“He always checks ideas”和后面的“and makes experiments to prove them”可知,此处表示仔细地核查想法。
4.A.command B.suspect
C.suggest D.conclude
答案:C
解析:根据空后的内容可知,Roger Bacon提出建议,故选C项。
5.A.in B.with
C.on D.by
答案:D
解析:根据后面的“observing and experimenting on the things around us”可知,此处表示通过观察我们周围的事物并做实验,因此选D项。
6.A.brought B.discovered
C.handled D.announced
答案:B
解析:结合空后的“many important truths”可知,他本人发现了很多重要的真理。
7.A.truths B.problems
C.investigations D.subjects
答案:A
解析:由空后的“could be discovered by observation” 可知,很多真理可以通过观察而被发现。truth“事实,真理”。上文中的many important truths也是提示。
8.A.slowly B.rapidly
C.lightly D.heavily
答案:B
解析:结合空前的“Before Galileo,learned men believed that large bodies fell more”和后面的“towards the earth than small ones”可知,在伽利略之前,学者们认为重的物体比轻的物体落地快,因此选rapidly“迅速地”。
9.A.big B.small
C.similar D.unequal
答案:D
解析:根据前文和后面的“proved Aristotle was wrong”可知,此处表示使用了两个不同重量的石头,因此选unequal“不相等的”。
10.A.spirit B.skill
C.theory D.wish
答案:A
解析:由后面的“of going direct to nature”可知,此处表示精神(spirit)。
11.A.plans B.opinions
C.world D.ability
答案:B
解析:与后面的“and theories by experiment”中的“theories”呼应,此处表示通过实验证明我们的观点和理论。
12.A.led to B.turned to
C.set up D.put forward
答案:A
解析:这里是说正是伽利略的精神引领现代科学的发现。结合语境,应选A项。
13.A.makes B.prevents
C.considers D.promises
答案:A
解析:结合下文中的“successful scientists are those...”可知,此处是说“什么使那些人成为好的科学家”。
14.A.likely B.clearly
C.naturally D.unwillingly
答案:B
解析:结合上文中所举的例子我们可以清楚地(clearly)知道,成功的科学家是那些他们的观察可以创造(produce)更好结果的人。
15.A.foreseen B.rejected
C.produced D.challenged
答案:C
解析:参见上题解析。UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
课后·训练提升
一、单词拼写
1.Most people are f in their own jobs.
答案:frustrated
2.If two statements are c ,that is to say,they are different.
答案:contradictory
3.The h was still asleep at six in the morning.
答案:household
4.A man who has m interests usually has lots of friends.
答案:multiple
5.A clerk must know how to h difficult customers.
答案:handle
二、完成句子
1.我们还没决定去哪儿度暑假。
We haven’t decided for our summer holiday.
答案:where to go
2.他似乎对他的老师说了谎。
he told a lie to his teacher.
答案:It seemed that
3.放学后我要去修自行车。
I’ll after school.
答案:have my bike repaired
4.通常,公共汽车上太拥挤,我找不到坐的地方。
Usually,it’s crowded on the bus I can’t find anywhere to sit.
答案:so;that
5.多亏了这场大雨,否则庄稼就会死了。
,otherwise the crops will die.
答案:Thanks to the heavy rain
三、阅读理解
A
Governors,lawyers and business leaders have to deal with scientists,and every educated person finds his views affected by science.Yet our science teaching of non-scientists,in school and college,has built up mistaken ideas,dislikes,and the common boast,“I never did understand science.” Even those students who arrive at college with plans to become scientists usually bring a mistaken picture of science:some have a collection of unorganised facts about science,and some regard the study of science as a game which includes getting the right answer.
The first of these attitudes seems to come from a kind of course which provides various kinds of information.The second,from a training course on how to pass examinations that do not ask about the student’s understanding but simply require him to put the numbers in the right formulas(公式).Neither type of courses (in school or college) seems to give students an understanding of science as we find it among scientists.Neither shows students how real scientists work and think,how the facts are gathered,how discoveries are made,and what they mean.Young people need good teaching of science,not so much a great wealth of knowledge as a healthy understanding of the nature of science.They need an understanding of knowledge leading to sympathy with science and an eagerness of the way scientists work.Given these,it is easy to encourage later reading and learning.
1.One of the reasons that can cause mistaken ideas of science is due to .
A.a mistaken picture in students’ mind
B.the unscientific way of teaching science
C.the fact that students fail to see the influence of science
D.the fact that students have a collection of unrelated facts about science
答案:B
解析:细节理解题。根据第一段可知造成错误的科学观念的原因之一是不科学的科学教学方法。故选B项。
2.According to the passage,we can safely say that the subject of the passage is .
A.need for good science teaching
B.every person,including governors,lawyers and business leaders should study science
C.young people should form a correct attitude to science
D.students must know what science is and how scientists work and think
答案:A
解析:主旨大意题。根据第一段第二句和第二段最后三句可知这篇文章的主题是需要好的科学教学。故选A项。
3.A good course of science is .
A.to teach students to do things according to formulas
B.to provide students with all kinds of information
C.to help students have a good understanding and form a correct attitude to science
D.to encourage students to have a good command of knowledge
答案:C
解析:推理判断题。根据第二段前两句可知好的科学教学应该是帮助学生对科学有好的认识和形成正确的态度。故选C项。
4.People such as governors,lawyers and business leaders deal with scientists mainly because .
A.they can be affected by scientists
B.scientists make discoveries and apply them to help people live a more comfortable,stable and safe life
C.they owe much to scientists’ contributions
D.scientists are great persons
答案:A
解析:推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Governors,lawyers and business leaders have to deal with scientists,and every educated person finds his views affected by science.”可知选A项。
B
How does an ecosystem(生态系统) work What makes the populations of different species the way they are Why are there so many flies and so few wolves To find an answer,scientists have built mathematical models of food webs,noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.
With such models,scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.Most food webs,for instance,consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones.When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物),the two species are strongly linked;when a predator lives on various species,they are weakly linked.Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term.If a predator can eat several species,it can survive the extinction(灭绝) of one of them.And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare,the switch allows the original prey to recover.The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable,where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.In the 1960s,scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true.In the ocean,we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale,while on land,we killed off large predators such as wolves.These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models.Ideally,the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem towards a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.Prevention is key,scientists say,because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(临界点),it is remarkably difficult for them to return.
5.What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs
A.The living habits of species in food webs.
B.The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.
C.The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.
D.The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.
答案:B
解析:细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“scientists have found out...in food webs.”得知科学家们发现了食物网运行的关键法则,即B项。
6.A strong link is found between two species when a predator .
A.has a wide food choice
B.can easily find new prey
C.sticks to one prey species
D.can quickly move to another place
答案:C
解析:细节理解题。根据第二段中的“When a predator...are strongly linked...”得出结论只吃一种猎物是“strong link”。故选C项。
7.What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline
A.The prey species they directly attack will die out.
B.The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.
C.The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.
D.The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.
答案:D
解析:推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Mathematical models...entire ecosystems.”可知“食物链顶端掠食动物的变化可能会给整个生态系统带来大的影响”。故选D项。
8.What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in paragraph 4
A.Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.
B.Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
C.Species of commercial value dominate other species.
D.Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.
答案:A
解析:推理判断题。根据文章第四段的例子以及本段的最后一句话可知“人类的这些行为极大地影响了生态的平衡”。故选A项。
四、语篇填空
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park (GPNP).1. (cover) an area about three times 2. size of Yellowstone National Park,the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that 3. (be) previously unprotected,bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority 4. (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
After a three-year pilot period,the GPNP will be officially set up next year.The GPNP 5. (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) of natural ecosystems,preserving biological diversity,protecting ecological buffer zones,6. leaving behind precious natural assets(资产) for future generations”.The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate 7. (population) and homes of giant pandas,and 8. (eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
Giant pandas also serve 9. an umbrella species(物种),bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species 10. live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
答案:1.Covering 2.the 3.were 4.to increase 5.is designed 6.and 7.populations 8.eventually 9.as 10.that
五、微写作
结合课文主题,使用本单元所学单词与句型写一篇50词左右的短文。
1.众所周知,霍乱是一种严重的疾病,每次暴发都给全世界人民蒙上一层阴影。(cholera;severe;cast a shadow over;break out)
2.一开始,人们怀疑是因为空气不好。(suspect)
3.多亏了约翰·斯诺,真相被发现了,污染的水是罪魁祸首。(thanks to;blame)
4.自从知道了病因,霍乱就被彻底打败了。(once and for all)
参考范文
As we all know,cholera is a severe disease which once cast a shadow over people all over the world every time it broke out.At first,people suspected it was due to bad air.Thanks to John Snow,the truth was found out that the polluted water was to blame.Since the cause was known,cholera was defeated once and for all.Section Ⅲ Using Language,Assessing Your Progress & Video Time
课后·训练提升
一、单句语法填空
1.Give the bottle a couple of shakes before (pour) the juice.
答案:pouring
2.Early (astronomer) thought that our planet was the centre of the universe.
答案:astronomers
3.He stopped, (shift) his cane to his left hand.
答案:shifting
4.He came with illness last night and is still under emergency treatment.
答案:down
5.Someone must be put charge of writing down all the ideas.
答案:in
6.Fires broke everywhere,and the entire city went up in flames.
答案:out
7.The characters in the book are (vivid) presented.
答案:vividly
8.I was disappointed whenever the cook found fault me.
答案:with
二、完成句子
1.我能同国际销售部的负责人谈谈吗
Could I speak to whoever International Sales please
答案:is in charge of
2.我太忙了,没时间散步,况且天也太晚了。
I’m too busy to go for a walk. , .
答案:Besides;it is too late
3.你愿意义务做公共服务工作吗
public service work without pay
答案:Are you willing to do
4.玛丽比她班上其他的同学要勤奋。
Mary in her class.
答案:is more diligent than the other students
三、阅读理解
The first science project I ever did was in fifth grade with my partner,Delaney.We looked online together for ideas and came up with an experiment to slide glass balls down a slope covered with different-textured materials.Our project was torn to pieces by our teacher.Our procedure wasn’t thorough.She told us we should consider waiting another year to enter the science fair.I felt so discouraged.
That night,I folded up our poster and started thinking about all of the things I could do differently the next year.I wanted to find a topic I cared about,one that interested me.As a beginner of the piano,I was curious about how the piano I practised on for five hours every week could make the sounds that it did.I learnt about something called “sympathetic resonance”,a phenomenon that allows string to vibrate(振动) together when played.I built my next project around this and ended up getting first place at the science fair the following year.
Today,I am 22 years old,a climate scientist.In the decade since I did my very first science project,I have wondered a lot about what it takes to be a good scientist.To me,what makes a truly good scientist is what makes a good person.
A good scientist has patience—patience for others,patience for herself or himself,and patience when things go wrong.A few years ago,I had the opportunity to work on a NASA asteroid-sample retrieval mission called OSIRIS-Rex.The spacecraft launched in September 2016,headed to the asteroid Bennu.Late last year,finally,it reached its destination.In four years,OSIRIS-Rex will bring a piece of the asteroid back to Earth so that scientists can learn more about it.Scientific discoveries do not take place overnight,and many are small and gradual.Missions like the one I worked on often take years to complete.Success almost never comes quickly or easily.
A good scientist is open-minded.It can be easy to ignore people you disagree with or to assume the worst about them.But we should be open to ideas that are not what we expected when we set out.We should take the time to consider other people’s opinions,even when they conflict with our own.There is so much we don’t know,but we do know some things.We live in a world where knowledge and uncertainty can and do coexist.As scientists,we should have both confidence in ourselves and humility as we move through our lives.
Of course,good scientists are driven by curiosity.But curiosity does not have to be limited to science.When we are curious about other people,we can become more considerate.When we are curious about other perspectives,we can become more understanding.After all,it costs nothing to be kind to someone—at school,at the grocery store,with your friends,with your family.A kind gesture can make someone’s day,even save someone’s life.You never know what people are going through unless you take the time to find out.Curiosity is not and never will be something to be ashamed of.Curiosity is our superpower.But it’s also what makes us human.All we have to do is ask.
1.What are the first two paragraphs mainly about
A.The daily life of a scientist.
B.The procedures of choosing a project.
C.The personal experience of a scientist.
D.The achievements a scientist ever made.
答案:C
解析:段落大意题。前两段主要讲述的是作者曾经与搭档Delaney做过的第一个科学项目,最终没有通过老师的审核。他们需要再等一年才能参加科学博览会。为此作者开始考虑明年可以做不同的事情并建立了下一个项目,于次年在科学博览会上获得第一名。因此前两段主要讲的是科学家成长过程中的个人经历。故选C项。
2.What does the underlined word “humility” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A.Being modest.
B.Being cautious.
C.Being sceptical.
D.Being ambitious.
答案:A
解析:词义猜测题。根据第五段第三至六句可知,我们应该对那些我们开始时没有预料到的想法持开放态度。即使别人的意见与我们自己的意见不同,我们也应该花些时间考虑他们的意见。有很多我们不知道的东西,但是我们确实知道一些事情。我们生活在一个知识与不确定性共存的世界中。因此在保持自信心的同时,我们也要虚心地听取别人的看法。因此画线词humility意为“谦虚”。故选A项。
3.What can we learn from the passage
A.Curiosity kills the cat.
B.Practice makes perfect.
C.When one door shuts,another opens.
D.Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.
答案:D
解析:推理判断题。根据第四段最后三句可知,科学发现不是一朝一夕就发生的,而且许多发现是微小和渐进的。像我致力所做的任务通常需要数年才能完成。成功几乎不会很快或轻松地到来。即坚持一个想法,在不断的努力下才能取得成功。因此D项符合文章内容。故选D项。
4.What is the main purpose of the passage
A.To evaluate the effect of a science project.
B.To analyse the personalities of a scientist.
C.To explain the consequence of an experiment.
D.To compare some approaches to be a scientist.
答案:B
解析:推理判断题。根据第四段中的“A good scientist has patience”可知,一位优秀的科学家具有耐心。根据第五段中的“A good scientist is open-minded.”可知,一个好的科学家思想开阔。根据最后一段中的“Of course,good scientists are driven by curiosity.”可知,好的科学家是由好奇心驱使的。因此文章主要讲述的是成为优秀科学家所应该具有的个性。故选B项。
四、语篇填空
Most students do an IQ test early in their school career.They believe that it is their IQ that 1. (determine) how well they’re going to do in life.2. ,new research into EQ suggests that success 3. (be) not simply the result of a high IQ.Professor Salovey, 4. invented the term EQ,gives the following 5. (describe):At work,it is IQ that gets you 6. (hire) but it is EQ that gets you promoted.7. (support) by his academic research,Professor Salovey suggests that when predicting someone’s future success,their character,as measured by EQ tests,might actually matter more than their IQ.
He may be correct.For example,have you ever wondered why some of the smartest students in your class,who you think deserve good grades,sometimes end up 8. (fail) exams Perhaps their failure is because of their low EQ.People are often mistaken in thinking that those with high IQs always have high EQs as well.
The results of studies show that EQ is as important,if not more important than IQ.To get ahead in the world and lead a happy successful life means 9. (get) on with other people and being able to understand and react 10. situations in the best way possible.
答案:1.determines 2.However 3.is 4.who 5.description 6.hired 7.Supported 8.failing 9.getting 10.to
