2024年中考英语语法精讲精练——名词
中考考试说明
1. (★★☆☆☆)名词分类(理解,掌握)
2. (★★★☆☆)名词的数(理解,掌握,运用)
3. (★★★★☆)名词所有格(理解,掌握,分析,运用)
4. (★★★★★)名词词义辨析(理解,掌握,分析,运用)
学校考试说明
考查题型:单项选择、完形填空、词语运用
单项选择考点 名词词义辨析,侧重语境辨析;名词所有格
完形填空考点 名词词义辨析,侧重语境辨析
词语运用考点 可数名词单复数;名词所有格
前测
一、读一读,如果每组单词的画线部分读音相同就打√,不同则打×
( ) 1. bike kite ( ) 2. bag cake
( ) 3. bed egg ( ) 4. no hot
( ) 5. coat goat ( ) 6. ear pear
二、找出下列单词中画线部分发音不同的单词
( ) 1. A. duck B. ruler C. bus
( ) 2. A. fat B. rat C. grape
( ) 3. A. key B. bed C. desk
( ) 4. A. Peter B. meet C. ear
( ) 5. A. pot B. hot C. foot
( ) 6. A. fine B. this C. bike
( ) 7. A. in B. it C. hi
( ) 8. A. too B. two C. book
( ) 9. A. he B. she C. pen
( ) 10. A. ten B. spell C. secret
三、选择单词中画线部分正确的音标
( ) 1. mouth A. /s/ B. /θ/
( ) 2. see A. /s/ B. / /
( ) 3. zoos A. / / B. /u /
( ) 4. this A. /s/ B. / /
( ) 5. them A. /s/ B. / /
四、请将以下单词按开闭音节进行分组,将单词序号标在横线上
①white ②play ③home ④dad ⑤toy ⑥like ⑦tube ⑧travel ⑨how ⑩red snow take son buy his duck
开音节词:_______________________________________________
闭音节词:_______________________________________________
五、请写出下列单词画线部分的音标
bike / / go / / kite / / phone / / rice / /
nose / / hello / / home / / knife / / cake / /
time / / page / / face / / wide / / like / /
cute / / nose / / grape / / white / / map / /
cup / / bus / / box / / tap / / dog / /
egg / / get / / pig / / fish / / carry / /
ink / / job / / jump / / hat / / pencil / /
leg / / black / / hand / / cap / / sing / /
知识精讲
名词是表示人,事,物的名称。我们平时所看到的、听到的、接触到的事物的名称都是名词。
1. 名词的分类
专有 名词 人名、地名、江河湖海名称、书名、歌曲名、机构名、月份、节日名或某一事物所特有的名称。 the Bible, CCTV, September
普通 名词 可数名词 个体名词 指单个人或单个事物的名词。 host, book, kid
集体名词 指一群人或一些事物总称的名词。 class, family, team
不可数名词 物质名词 指无法分为个体的物质、材料、食品、饮料、液体、气体、金属等名称的词。 wood, bread, water, air
抽象名词 指人或事物的品质、情感、状态、动作等抽象概念及学科、疾病等名称的词。 honesty, love, hunger
2. 名词的功能
功 能 例 句
主语 Mary is crying.
表语 She is Mary.
宾语 He loves Mary.
定语 Schoolboys like playing computer games.
状语 I’ll see you Saturday.
同位语 The twins, Lucy and Lily, like dancing.
宾语补足语 She named him Tom.
称呼语 Good morning, teacher.
精讲一:名词的数
1. 可数名词的数
单数变复数的规则变化
①直接加-s book—_____, dog—_____, pen—_____
②以s, x, z, ch, sh结尾,加-es bus—______, box—______, buzz—______ beach—________, dish—________
③以“辅音字母+y”结尾的, 去y加-ies city—________, family—________, baby—________
④以-f 或-fe结尾, 去-f, -fe加-ves wife—________, knife—________, wolf—________ NOTICE:roof—________, safe—________
⑤以o结尾的名词加-s; 特殊的(两人两菜)加-es。 radio—________, zoo—________, piano—________ 黑人,英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿。 negro—________, hero—________, potato—________, tomato—________
(
妻子
wife
持刀
knife
去宰狼
wolf
,
小偷
thief
吓得发了慌。
躲在架
shelf
后保己
self
命
life
,
半
half
片树叶
leaf
遮目光。
) (
乐学
妙计
)
单数变复数的不规则变化
①改变内部元音 man—______, woman—______, mouse—______, goose—______, foot—______, tooth—______
②词尾变化 child—______, ox—______
③单复数同形(鹿羊鱼) one sheep—two ______, one deer—two ______, one fish—two ______
④国人复数: 中日不变, 英法变(a变e), 其余s加后面。 Japanese —___________, Chinese —___________, Englishman—___________, Frenchman—___________, German—___________
⑤合成词 当名词作定语修饰复数名词时,通常在第二个名词后做变化; an apple tree—two ___________ a girl friend—three ___________
但用man和woman修饰名词时, man和woman及其后的名词都要做复数变化。 woman doctor—three ___________ man teacher—two ___________
⑥clothes, shoes, pants, trousers, glasses等,只有复数形式,表示数量时可用短语many, a pair of, two pairs of 等修饰。 一副眼镜___________ 一双鞋___________ 两副眼镜___________ 两双鞋___________
2. 不可数名词的数
不可数名词只有单数形式,说明其数量时要用 “冠词/数词+量词+of…”,复数时在数量词上形成变化即可。
两杯橙汁 _____________________
三杯咖啡 _____________________
两盒牛奶 _____________________
几张纸 _____________________
不可数名词表示不具体数量时用 “much/a little/a lot of/lots of等+不可数名词”
一些牛奶 _____________________
一点时间 _____________________
许多工作 _____________________
3. 可数名词与不可数名词的特殊用法
一些名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词。但两者意义不同。
①我吃了两个橘子,喝了一杯橙汁。
I ate __________, and drank _______________.
②这个房间的空间很大。
___________ has _____________.
名词 可数 不可数 名词 可数 不可数
room 房间 空间 glass 眼镜,玻璃杯 玻璃
orange 橙子 橙汁 chicken 小鸡 鸡肉
fish 鱼 鱼肉 work 作品 工作
paper 报纸,试卷 纸 experience 经历 经验
time 次数,倍数 时间 exercise (一套)练习 锻炼
物质名词用来表示不同类别时,可用复数。 teas各种茶,fishes各种鱼,fruits各种水果
①商店里有许多种水果。
There are ___________________ in the store.
②河里有许多种类的鱼。
There are __________ in the river.
pants, trousers, glasses(眼镜), scissors, shoes, socks等词在句子中用作复数,谓语动词要用复数形式。
这双鞋40美元。
The pair of shoes ______ 40 dollars.
即时训练
一、单项选择
( ) 1. Here are some ________. Do you like ________
A. oranges; them B. orange; it
C. oranges; they D. oranges; their
( ) 2. —Would you like some ________
—Yes, a little please.
A. apple B. banana C. oranges D. milk
( ) 3. There’re many ________ on the big tree.
A. leaf B. leaves C. leafs D. leafing
( ) 4. The students didn’t find much ________ about the topic on that website.
A. report B. article C. information D. story
( ) 5. —What do you want
—I want a ________.
A. socks B. pants C. apple D. hat
( ) 6. —Would you like some ________
—No, thanks. I’m not hungry at all.
A. water B. soup C. orange D. bread
( ) 7. Some ________ are dancing in the garden.
A. girls students B. girl’s students
C. girl students D. girls’ students
( ) 8. How many _______ can you see in the kitchen
A. bottles of juices B. bottle of juices
C. bottles of juice D. bottle of juice
二、根据括号中所给提示完成下列句子
1. I saw few _______ (people, coal) there.
2. The five ________ (German) are playing basketball over there.
3. Would you like some _________ (tomato)
4. I only have a little ______ (week, time) to spend.
5. They are all _______________ (woman teacher).
6. Forget your _______(trouble, chance) and smile to your life.
7. There is little ____ (oil, sheep) left.
8. There are many _______ (people) in the street in summer.
9. —How many ________ (piece, pair) of waste paper do you have
—Only three.
10. How many ______ (tooth) does a person have
精讲二:名词所有格
1. -’s所有格——多用于表示有生命名词的所属关系。
不以s结尾的名词,在词尾加“’s” 以s结尾的名词,在词尾加“’”
__________ uncle 汤姆的叔叔 __________ birthday 孔子诞辰
__________ bike 我妹妹的自行车 __________ bikes我姐妹们的自行车
__________ reading room 这位老师的阅读室
__________ reading room 这些老师们的阅读室
__________ Day 儿童节 __________ Day 妇女节
共同所有,在最后一个名词后形成所有格; 个别所有,在每个的名词后形成所有格。
______________________ 简和玛丽的妈妈
______________________ 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈
所有格后面的名词若是医院、店铺、办公室等建筑物时,可将该名词省略。
_______________ 在诊所 _______________ 在理发店
_______________ 在格林先生家 _______________ 在牙医诊所
表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格等,也可用’s所有格。
_______________ 今天的报纸 _______________ 十分钟的路程
_______________ 一艘船的长度
2. of所有格——多用于表示无生命名词的所属关系。
学校的门 一幅中国的地图 桌子的一条腿
_______________ _______________ _______________
注:人与动物名词的所有格也可和无生命名词的所有格一样用of表示。
the child’s parents = ___________________ (小孩的双亲)
the rabbit’s ears = ___________________ (兔子的耳朵)
3. 双重所有格——表示双重所有关系。
①冠词(a, an)
②指示形容词(this, that, these, those) 不可同时和所有格并用来修饰名词
③数量形容词(no, any, some, several…)
冠词
指示形容词 N of 名词所有格
数量形容词
_________________ 我的一个朋友 _________________ 我父亲的那只手表
_________________ 不是约翰的错 _________________ 他的那些玩具
即时训练
一、单项选择
( ) 1. This is ______ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.
A. Ann and Jane B. Ann’s and Jane’s
C. Ann’s and Jane D. Ann and Jane’s
( ) 2. —Whose room is this —It’s ______.
A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s
C. Lucy’s and Lily’s D. Lucy’s and Lily
( ) 3. —______ bookcase is this —It must be ______.
A. Who’s; Tom B. Who’s; Tom’
C. Whose; Tom’s D. Whose; Tom
二、根据括号中的汉语提示完成句子
1. This is not my dictionary. It’s ____ (我姐姐的). She lent it to me this morning.
2. —How far is your home from school
—It’s about two _______(两小时) walk.
3. I got the gift from ____________________ (我父亲的一个朋友).
4. I am doing my homework at _________ (克拉克家里).
5. What’s your ________(妈妈的) favorite color
后测
一、单项选择
( ) 1. My uncle’s daughters are my __________.
A. parents B. sisters C. brothers D. cousins
( ) 2. Are ________ your ________, Andy
A. this; cup B. this; cups C. these; cup D. these; cups
( ) 3. —What color is your new dress
—It’s ________.
A. orange B. in green C. a pink D. an orange
( ) 4. —Ms. Green, I don’t know this word.
—Jenny, you can use your ________.
A. watch B. card C. dictionary D. computer game
( ) 5. Lucy is a middle school student. Her ________ is 39.
A. parents B. father C. little brother D. grandparents
( ) 6. That’s a girl. Her name is ________.
A. LiXiaoQin B. Li Xiaoqin C. Lixiaoqin D. lixiaoqin
( ) 7. This robot dog has become one of ________favorite toys.
A. child B. child’s C. children D. children’s
二、根据所给提示完成下列句子
1. Ken has two favorite ________ (subject).
2. Can you believe people in Britain drink over 150 million ________ (cup) of tea a day
3. The 3rd East Asia Youth Chess Championship is taking place, and young chess ________ (play) compete in Shanghai.
4. Here are your ________ (photo).
5. Gina and Jane are ________ (friend).
6. Those two girls in the photo are my mother’s d________.
7. Jeff and Helen are Jim’s p________. Jim is their son.
8. There are three l________ in the city. Each of them has many books.
9. What’s your telephone n________
10. Jenny wants to make f________ with you.