Unit 1 Science and Scientists
基础默写
Ⅰ.核心单词——写其形
1. severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
2. suspect vt.&vi.怀疑；疑有n.犯罪嫌疑人
3. blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责n.责备
4. handle n.把手；拉手；柄vt.处理；搬动；操纵
5. link n.联系；纽带vt.把……连接起来
6. decrease n.减少；降低vt.&vi.减少；降低
7. transform vt.使改观；使改变形态vi.改变；转变
8. cast vt.投射；向……投以（视线、笑容等）；投掷
9. shadow n.阴影；影子；背光处
10. pour vt.倒出；倾泻；斟（饮料）
11. outstanding adj.优秀的；杰出的；明显的
12. gifted adj.有天赋的；有天才的
13. concept n.概念；观念
14. brilliant adj.聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的
15. shift n.改变；转换；轮班vi.&vt.转移；转向
Ⅱ.拓展单词——通其变
1. frustrate vt.使懊丧；使沮丧→ frustrated adj.懊恼的；沮丧的→ frustrating adj.令人懊恼的；令人沮丧的→ frustration n.懊丧；懊恼；沮丧
2. infect vt.使感染；传染→ infection n.感染；传染
3. prove vt.证明→ proof n.证据；证明；检验
4. pure adj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的→ purify vt.使纯净；使洁净→ purity n.纯洁；纯净
5. defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解→ defence n.防御；防务
6. assist vt.&vi.帮助；协助→ assistant n.助理；助手→ assistance n.帮助；援助
7. lead v.领导；导致；通向→ leader n.领导者→ leadership n.领导；领导地位；领导才能→ leading adj.最重要的；一流的
Ⅲ.阅读单词——晓其意
1.contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的
2.subscribe vi. 认购（股份）；定期订购；定期交纳（会费）
3.multiple adj. 数量多的；多种多样的
4.substantial adj. 大量的；价值巨大的；重大的
5.statistic n.[pl.] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学
6.framework n. 框架；结构
7.solid adj. 可靠的；固体的；坚实的
8.rainbow n. 彩虹
9.concrete n. 混凝土 adj. 确实的；具体的
10.patriotic adj. 爱国的
11.trace vt. 追溯；查出 n. 痕迹；踪迹
12.abstract adj. 抽象的；理论上的 n. （文献等的）摘要
Ⅳ.核心短语——明搭配
1. in general 总的来说
2. thanks to 幸亏；由于
3. depend on/upon 依靠；信赖；取决于
4. calm down 平静下来
5. break out 突然开始；爆发
6. in charge of 主管；掌管
7. above all 最重要的是；尤其是
8.once and for all最终地；彻底地
9.subscribe to 同意；赞同
10.deal with 处理；应对；涉及
11.carry out 履行；执行
12.come down 患（病）；染上（小病）
Ⅴ.经典句式——会运用
1. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.（it seems/seemed that...）
该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。
2.Accordingly， he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. （have sth. done）
因此，他让人把水泵的把手拆掉，这样水泵就用不成了。
3.The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.（be likely to do）
与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用这种水（被污染的水）的人更容易染上霍乱。
4.However， what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things， such as music and drawing.（make＋宾语＋宾补）
然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐、绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。
语境自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写（用本单元词汇）
1.What she had said sounded convincing， but I suspected that she was telling a lie.
2.A man can fail many times， but he isn’t a failure until he begins to blame （责备） somebody else.
3.To tell the truth， I don’t know if I can handle （处理） the job.
4.Smog became a severe problem in Britain because people at that time burnt lots of fossil fuels.
5.There is strong evidence of a link between exercise and a healthy heart.
6.A sitting room can be transformed into a guest bedroom simply by adding a sofa-bed.
7.Thanks to the outstanding scholars and scientists， we have made great progress in many fields.
8.The pop star’s popularity decreased as he got older， which is only to be expected.
9. He is a gifted child who has an extraordinary memory for figures.
Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.To better defend our territory， our country should insist on the construction of national defence .（defend）
2.A leader should pay attention to leadership skills. Thus， he can make his company become a leading one.（lead）
3.John is my assistant .One day he came to my assistance when I needed his help. He assisted me in finishing the assignment of that day.（assist）
4.The machine can purify running water. So many people have bought one to get pure water.（pure）
5.His wound was infected with germs. The infection led to his fever.（infect）
Ⅲ.用方框内短语的适当形式完成句子
once and for all subscribe to thanks to break out
in charge of come down above all
1.We finally decided to handle this annoying matter once and for all .
2.Tom came down with flu and had to stay home.
3.An experienced engineer is in charge of the project.
4. Thanks to recent research， effective treatments are available.
5.We are in the habit of subscribing to morning papers so as to keep up with current events.
6.They had escaped to America shortly before the war broke out in 1939.
7.Looking back， Diana owes her competence and achievements to the goal she set， the education she received， and above all ， the efforts she made.
Ⅳ.句式仿写
1.他更有可能得到这个工作，因为他在所有申请者中是如此优秀。（be likely to do）
He is more likely to get the job ， because he is so outstanding among all the applicants.
2.尽管有人反对，但是似乎大多数人都同意这个观点。（it seems/seemed that...）
Although there was disagreement， it seemed that the majority of people agreed with this view.
3.如果你想周日去爬山，最好在那之前把作业都做完。（have sth. done）
If you want to climb the mountain on Sunday， you’d better have your homework finished before that.
4.对我来说，购物不仅是一个爱好，它还使我愉快和放松。（make＋宾语＋宾补）
To me， shopping is more than a hobby. It also makes me delighted and relaxed .Unit 1 Science and Scientists
Once upon a time， a severe disease broke out in a small country， making people easily infected and casting a shadow on their life. At first， people suspected it was linkedto some kinds of animals，blaming those who ate them or killed them for money. But some didn’t subscribe to this view. Medical workers across the country went to join in the fight，defending the country with their lives. They took effective measures，handled every case of infection immediately and，above all， never gave up on anyone. Thanks to their selfless efforts， people who came down with the disease soon recovered， and the number of infection cases decreased in a short time. Everything was a solid proof that they did a wonderful job in the fight against thevirus.
1 blamevt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n.责备；指责
1.[人教选必②－1]He was to blame （blame）for the accident because he drove on the wrong side of the road.
2.Some experts blamed the death of all the plants on a certain rare disease.
3.不要总把自己的失败归咎于他人，你更需要的是自我反思。 （建议信）
→①Don’t always blame your own failure on others ； what you need more is self-reflection.（blame v.）
→②Don’t lay/put the blame for your own failure on others ； what you need more is self-reflection.（blame n.）
4.由于演出失败受到责备，蒂姆感到一阵悲伤，忍不住痛哭。 （读后续写之情感描写）
Blamed for the failure of the performance ， Tim felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn’t help crying bitterly.
点拨
高考通常从以下几个角度设题对blame进行考查：
（1）to blame作表语时要用主动形式表示被动意义；
（2）通过非谓语动词结构对blame进行考查；
（3）blame后的介词既可以用on又可以用for，on后跟责怪的对象， for后跟责怪的原因。
★be to blame （for...）（因某事）应受责备；应（为……）承担责任 blame sb. for （doing）sth.责备某人（做了）某事 blame sth. on sb./sth.把某事归咎于某人/某事 ★bear/take/accept/shoulder the blame for sth.为某事承担责任 put/lay the blame for sth. on...把某事的责任归咎于……
2 linkn.联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联
1.[北师选必②－6]They realise that it does not matter how attractive the idea linked with/to the product is — most people know and anticipate that the main purpose of the advertisement is to make customers buy the product.
点拨
本题解题前应先分析句子结构，"linked with/to the product"在how引导的从句中作后置定语，修饰从句的主语idea。本题实际上考查的是link...with/to...的被动结构。
2.早在两千多年前，古丝绸之路就把中国和中亚的一些国家联系起来了。
The ancient Silk Road linked China to/with some countries in Central Asia as early as over 2，000 years ago.
3.研究者发现经常在外吃饭与体重的增长有直接的联系。
Researchers have found that there is a direct link between eating out frequently and the increase in weight.
★link...with/to...把……和……连接/联系起来 There is a link between...and...……和……之间有联系。 ★表示"联系"的短语：be related to，be associated with， be involved in， be connected with等。
3 decreasen.减少；降低；减少量 vt.&vi.（使大小、数量等）减少；减小；降低（reduce）
1.Compared with last year， the price of wheat has decreased by 15％ this year.
2.Fortunately，the number of cyclists running the red light is on the decrease.
点拨
run the red light闯红灯。
3.There are fewer and fewer poor people in China with its economy growing rapidly.
→The number of poor people in China is decreasing/on the decrease with its economy growing rapidly.（用decrease替换）
点拨
表示"减少、降低"的意思时，decrease既可以作及物动词也可以作不及物动词。
★decrease （from...） to...（从……）减少到…… decrease by减少了…… on the decrease在下降中，在减少中 ★increase表示"增长；增加"，与decrease的用法相同。
4 defendvt.&vi.保卫；防守 vt.辩解
1.[北师必修①－2]Many martial arts were invented because people needed to defend themselves （they） or protect others.
2.[外研选必①－6]In addition to blogging， taking photos and writing articles about the reef， he made a number of appearances on television to argue in favour of its defence （defend）.
3.The dam was built to defend the road from being washed （wash） away by the sea.
点拨
本题解题时不要一看到介词from就下意识填washing，分析句子结构并结合句意"建这个水坝是为了防止路被海水冲走"可知，应用被动结构be done，介词from后用动词-ing形式。
4.看到那条凶猛的蛇，他像箭一样冲过去保护他的儿子。 （读后续写之动作描写）
→①Seeing the fierce snake， he rushed to defend his son like an arrow. （defend）
→②Seeing the fierce snake， he rushed in defence of his son like an arrow. （defence）
★defend/protect...from/against... 保护……免受…… defend oneself为自己辩护；自卫 ★defencen.防御，保卫 in defence防御，保卫 in defence of为了保护…… in one’s defence为某人辩护 ★defensive adj.防御的，戒备的
5 breakout（战争、打斗等不愉快事件）突然开始；爆发
break out take place happen come about occur
1.[译林选必②－1]A terrible fire broke out on Sunday night， leaving the Henderson Tower seriously damaged.
2.How did it come about that you failed to turn up in time yesterday？
3.[译林必修①－4]The surgery took place more than a month ago， but Ella Edwards still suffers from daily pain.
4. [北师必修②－5]I am a strong swimmer and very used to swimming in the sea. One day last year， however， something terrible happened/occurred to me.
点拨
break out，take place，happen，come about均可表示"发生"，均为不及物动词（短语），没有被动语态。
break out指火灾、战争、打斗等不愉快事件突然开始，爆发。
take place常用来指按计划发生的事，不用于被动语态。
happen常带有偶然的意味，此时用物作主语（可与occur互换），不用于被动语态；还可意为"碰巧，恰好"，通常用人作主语，此时不能用occur代替。
come about多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么，常与how连用来要求对方说明或解释事情发生的缘由。
6 comedown患（病）；染上（小病）；降落，落下；崩塌，坍塌；下降，降低
1.给下列句子中的画线部分选择合适的英文释义
A. to get an illness B. to fall C. to break and fall to the ground D. to get lower
①The wind blew hard and the rain came down in sheets. B
②The ceiling came down with a terrific crash. C
③The price of gas is coming down. D
④I think I’m coming down with flu. A
2.You’re encouraged to imagine the difficulties and challenges you may come across and how you could overcome them.
3.[人教必修②－4]At night， the stars come out to tell us that all is well and my village grows quiet.
4.[人教选必②－1]Most great scientists have the ability to see the world in ways that other people do not， and to come up with new ideas that other people have never thought of.
5.谈到英语学习，我有下面这些实用的建议要分享。 （建议信）
When it comes to English learning， I have the following practical suggestions to share.
★come across（偶然）遇见；偶然发现 come out（太阳、月亮或星星）出现；盛开；出版 come up走到跟前；被提及 come up with提出 when it comes to...当谈及……
7 aboveall最重要的是；尤其是
1.above all first of all after all all in all
① Actually， it is not easy to get used to a completely new life. First of all ， she had to learn how to use public transport.
②[译林必修②－2]These types of exercise all play a role in a healthy routine. Above all ，choose activities you enjoy because， in this way， you’re more likely to stick with them.
③[人教选必③－2]To reach the goal of change， a person must show some discipline and repeatedly take many small steps. After all ， it is not easy to break bad habits.
④[人教选必②－4] All in all ， their trip from Vancouver to Toronto had taken a duration of four days.
2.我精通英语，非常了解中国的茶文化，最重要的是，我很擅长与他人沟通。 （申请信）
I have a good command of English and know China’s tea culture very well and above all， I’m really good at communicating with others .
★after all毕竟；终究 all in all总而言之，总的说来 first of all首先，第一
8 have＋宾语＋宾补
1.[人教必修②－3]Rather than going out to stores weekly or even daily， more and more people order things from clothes to toys to foods online and have them delivered （deliver） directly to their homes.
2.In cold winter， we always have the fire burning （burn） day and night to keep warm.
3.[外研必修②－5]He’s so cool！We’re going to keep in touch， so I now have someone to practise （practise） French with！
点拨
本题易误填practising。解答本题时不要一看到此处是"have＋宾语＋动词"结构，就下意识填practising。分析句子结构且结合句意可知，have在此句中意为"有"，而不是使役动词的"使"，故此处应用不定式作后置定语修饰不定代词someone。类似的表达还有：have a lot of work to do， have no friends to play with（注意不要忽略介词）等。
4.因为每个人的时间都是有限的，所以我们都应该珍惜时间，努力实现自己的梦想。
（读后续写之主旨升华）
Since everyone’s time is limited， we’re surely supposed to cherish it and work hard to have our dreams realized .
5.非常抱歉让你等了我这么长时间，因为刚才我有一件紧急的事情要处理。 （道歉信）
I am terribly sorry for having you waiting for me for so long ，because I had an urgent thing to attend to just now.
★have＋宾语＋do sth.：省略to的不定式作宾补，表示"主语使/让宾语干某事"。 ★have＋宾语＋doing：表示"让……一直做某事"，现在分词作宾补，表示持续的动作或状态。 ★have＋宾语＋done：表示"使某事被做/请人做某事/主语遭遇某事"。
前缀de-
通过构词法猜测单词在语境中的含义。
1.Work in the home is often ignored and devalued. 降低……的价值，贬低
2.Some people spread untrue messages or defame others， and such behavior will lead to a bad reputation of the victims. 诬蔑，诽谤，中伤
3.Two thirds of the region has been deforested in the past decade， which puts the animals here in danger. 砍伐树林
4.He was fined for defacing library books， which made his parents angry. 损伤……的外观 Unit 1 Science and Scientists
一、阅读理解
A
Scientists researching climate change in Antarctica are studying penguins in an effort to better understand the area’s environmental health. They’re measuring the growth and development of the penguin population on the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula. "We are counting penguin nests to understand how many penguins are in a colony（聚居地）， producing young animals every year， and whether that number is going up or down with the environmental conditions，" said Alex Borowicz， an ecology researcher at New York’s Stony Brook University.
The work is not easy for climate researchers in the icy， faraway reaches of Antarctica. But penguins are easier to follow than some other kinds of animals — they nest on land. And their black bodies and waste droppings can also be identified against the area’s white background.
Michael Wethington， another researcher from Stony Brook， told Reuters the penguin population can represent overall climate conditions and the health of the area’s whole ecosystem.
The researchers say counts of individual penguins can be combined with data from satellite images to get a more complete picture of how the animals are progressing.
Gentoo penguins prefer open water without broken pieces of ice floating around. So when temperatures on the Antarctic Peninsula began rising during the latter half of the 20th century， gentoo populations moved south. "Gentoo penguins don’t like sea ice，" David Ainley， a biologist who has been studying penguins for more than 50 years， told Reuters. "They mostly search for food over the continental shelf（大陆架） and don’t go far out to sea."
As sea ice has decreased along the western side of the peninsula， gentoos seem to have got used to the changed conditions. But those same conditions have been worse for the Adélie penguin species. This is because they depend on sea ice for feeding and reproduction（繁殖）. "When we find Adélie penguins， we typically know sea ice is nearby，" Wethington said. He added that whenever researchers see sea ice decreasing or disappearing， they also see Adélie penguin populations drop sharply.
气候变化一直以来都是人们普遍关注的问题。科学家从未放松对气候变化的研究。一些科学家通过对南极洲企鹅进行观察来研究南极洲的气候变化。
1. Why did the researchers choose penguins as their research subject？
A. Because their colony is in good condition.
B. Because Antarctica has a large population of penguins.
C. Because they are easier to follow and identified than other animals.
D. Because their number changes sharply with the environmental conditions.
解析 C 细节理解题。由第二段中的"But penguins are easier to follow than some other kinds of animals — they nest on land. And their black bodies and waste droppings can also be identified against the area’s white background"可知，研究人员之所以选择企鹅是因为它们更易于跟踪和辨认，故本题选C项。
2. What does the underlined word "picture" in Para. 4 probably mean？
A. Photo. B. Future.
C. Prediction. D.Situation.
解析 D 词义猜测题。结合关键性信息counts of individual penguins，data from satellite images，the animals are progressing以及常识我们不难推知，研究人员通过不同手段收集有关企鹅的各种信息，无非是想对企鹅这一动物族群的"发展状况"有一个更为全面的了解，那么picture在意义上与situation最为接近，故本题选D项。
3.What can we infer about Adélie penguins from the last paragraph？
A. They feed on ice and bring up their babies on ice too.
B. They compete for food and space with gentoo penguins.
C. They are responsible for the decrease or disappearance of ice.
D. They won’t live in the west of the Antarctic Peninsula in great numbers.
解析 D 推理判断题。由"This is because they depend on sea ice for feeding and reproduction（繁殖）"可知，Adélie penguins对海冰依赖性很强。再由"As sea ice has decreased along the western side of the peninsula， gentoos seem to have got used to the changed conditions. But those same conditions have been worse for the Adélie penguin species"可知，南极半岛西侧海冰数量减少，那里的环境条件自然不会适合Adélie penguins大量生存繁衍。综上可知，本题选D项。
4. Which is the best title for this text？
A. Climate Change Has Put Penguins in Danger
B. Scientists Use Penguins to Study Antarctic Climate Change
C. The Present Living Conditions for Penguins in Antarctica
D. Sea Ice Has Different Influences on Gentoo Penguins and Adélie Penguins
解析 B 标题归纳题。通读全文我们不难发现，文章首句是整篇文章的主题句，指明了文章的主要内容：科学家借助企鹅来研究南极洲的气候变化，故B项做文章的标题最佳。
B
[科技创新/2024湖北武汉部分学校调研]Personalized medicine changes conventional medicine， which typically offers blanket recommendations and offers treatments designed to help more people than they harm but that might not work for you. The approach recognizes we each possess unique characteristics， and that they have an outsize impact on our health.
Around the world， researchers are creating precision tools unimaginable just a decade ago： superfast DNA sequencing（测序）， tissue engineering， cell reprogramming， gene editing， and more. The science and technology soon will make it possible to predict your risk of cancer， heart disease， and countless other illnesses years before you get sick. The work also offers prospects for changing genes in removing some diseases.
Last spring， researchers at the National Cancer Institute reported the dramatic recovery of a woman with breast cancer， Judy Perkins. The team， led by Steven Rosenberg， an immune（免疫的） treatment pioneer， had sequenced her cancer cells’ DNA to analyze the changes in the genetic structure. The team also extracted a sampling of immune cells and tested them to see which ones recognized her cancer cells’ genetic faults. The scientists reproduced the winning immune cells by the billions and put them into Perkins to attack her cancer cells. More than two years later， Perkins， a retired engineer from Florida， shows no signs of cancer.
Thirty years ago， scientists thought that it would be impossible to understand our genetic rules and sequence the 3.2 billion pairs of different elements in our DNA. "It was like you were talking fairy tales，" RazelleKurzrock said. "The conventional wisdom was that it would never happen. Never！ And then in 2003， never was over."
It took the Human Genome Project 13 years， roughly one billion dollars， and scientists from six countries to sequence the first draft of the human genome. Today sequencing costs about a thousand dollars. The latest machines can produce the results in a day. The technology， combined with advanced cell analysis， clarifies the astonishing biochemical variations that make every human body unique.
个性化医疗正在改变常规医疗，基因测序技术的应用便是其具体表现。
【词语积累】 personalized adj.为某人特制（或特设）的 prospect n.可能性，希望；预期，展望；前景 sampling n.抽样，取样
【熟词生义】 blanket常用义：n.毯子；毛毯 文中义：adj.包括所有情形（或人员）的，总括的，综合的
1. What can we know about personalized medicine？
A. It has emerged a decade before.
B. It offers blanket recommendations.
C. It uses genetic information to help patients.
D. It administers treatment intended for most people.
解析 C 细节理解题。由第二段第一句和第三段的例子可知，个性化医疗利用基因信息帮助病人，故选C项。
2.Which best describes those precision tools？
A. Promising.
B. Highly risky.
C. Fruitless.
D. Strictly confidential.
解析 A 推理判断题。由第二段中的"The science and technology soon...in removing some diseases"可推知，精密工具很有前景，故选A项。
3.What happened in the process of treating Judy Perkins’ breast cancer？
A. Sequencing her immune cells.
B. Reprogramming her cancer cells.
C. Analysis of her lifestyle changes.
D. Identification of cancer-fighting cells.
解析 D 细节理解题。由第三段中的"The team also...tested them to see which ones recognized her cancer cells’ genetic faults...put them into Perkins to attack her cancer cells"可知，研究人员确认了抗癌细胞，故选D项。
4. What does the last paragraph mainly tell us about sequencing？
A. Its recent advances.
B. Its wide applications.
C. Its major disadvantages.
D. Its attractive prospects.
解析 A 段落大意题。由最后一段中今昔情况的对比可以看出，本段主要讲了基因测序的最新进展，故选A项。
二、完形填空
[2024河北沧州质量检测]Mawson was an Australian explorer and scientist who explored the Antarctic with a team of fellow adventurers in 1912. His travels in the frozen continent brought him worldwide 1 . In December of that year， Mawson and two other 2 left the main base at Commonwealth Bay， 3 a 300-mile exploration into the central part of the continent to gather scientific data and samples. 4 followed.
One of the men， a young British soldier named Belgrave Ninnis， 5 down an open crack on a sledge， along with several of their best dogs and many of the team’s supplies， dead. For several weeks， the two others， 6 with scurvy（坏血病） and other 7 ， struggled to return to camp， keeping living first on the 8 dogs， then on starvation food. 9 ， Xavier Mertz， a Swiss mountaineer and skiing champion， died from exhaustion， starvation and possible poisonousness from eating dogs’ livers.
10 to return with the research data， Mawson 11 the elements for 30 days. Finally he returned to the 12 in February of 1913， extremely thin， frost-bitten and exhausted — only to 13 he had missed the ship rescuing the rest of the 14 by hours. Mawson was regarded as a survivor hero. For his achievements as an explorer and scientist， he was knighted（封爵） in 1914. In addition to his other 15 ， Mawson edited and contributed to the 22-volume ReportsofAustralasianAntarcticExpeditions.
本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Mawson和另外两名探险者进行南极大陆中部探险时遇险，Mawson挣扎着生存下来，并将研究数据成功带回的故事。
1. A. praise B. trust
C. worry D. criticism
解析 A 由"Mawson was regarded as a survivor hero. For his achievements as an explorer and scientist， he was knighted （封爵） in 1914"可知，Mawson的探险受到了世界的赞誉，故选A。
2. A. celebrities B. explorers
C. athletes D. astronomers
解析 B 由"Mawson was an Australian explorer and scientist who explored the Antarctic with a team of fellow adventures in 1912"可知，本题选B。
3. A. putting off B. showing off
C. kicking off D. letting off
解析 C 此处说的是开始了对南极大陆中部的探索，故选C。
4. A. Wonders B. Bonuses
C. Fortune D.Tragedy
解析 D 由"... 5 down an open crack on a sledge， along with several of their best dogs and many of the team’s supplies， dead. For several weeks， the two others 6 with scurvy（坏血病）..."可知，开始探索之行后灾难随之而来，故选D。
5. A. took B.fell
C. looked D. wandered
解析 B Belgrave Ninns掉进了一个裂缝中，故选B。
6. A. adjusted B. circulated
C. infected D. confused
解析 C 另外两名感染了坏血病和其他疾病的人挣扎着回营地，他们先靠剩下的狗生活，然后靠抗饥饿的食物活着，故选C。
7. A. cures B. disabilities
C. errors D. illnesses
解析 D 参见上题解析。illness 疾病。
8. A. remaining B. wild
C. fierce D. hunting
解析 A 参见第6题解析。remaining剩下的。
9.A. Ultimately B. Nevertheless
C. Temporarily D. Meanwhile
解析 A 此处说的是"最终来自瑞士的Xavier Mertz死于疲劳、饥饿……"，故选A。
10. A. Discouraged B. Relieved
C. Determined D. Frightened
解析 C Mawson决心带着研究数据回去，故选C。
11. A. combined B. battled
C. contained D. introduced
解析 B Mawson决心带着研究数据回去，与恶劣的天气抗争了30天，故选B。
12. A. center B. normal
C. base D. campus
解析 C 最后，他在1913年2月回到基地（base）——骨瘦如柴、冻伤满布且疲惫不堪——但却发现（discover）错过了营救其他成员（crew）的船好几个小时。
13. A. predict B. discover
C. complain D. explain
解析 B 参见上题解析。
14. A. passengers B. witnesses
C. rescuers D.crew
解析 D 参见第12题解析。
15.A. achievements B. references
C. services D. subjects
解析 A 所填词指的是Mawson取得的成就，故选A。
三、语法填空
[科技创新/2023新疆乌鲁木齐一模]Over the past few years， scientists 1 （develop） a new artificial intelligence technology that can detect whether someone is lying through analyzing the muscles in his face.
Patches（贴片） placed on a person’s face detect muscle activity and then the machine learning technology is used. The machine is able 2 （calculate） whether or not the person is telling lies. 3 （invent） by Yael Hanein at Tel Aviv University in Israel， the machine showed an impressive success rate： 73 percent， implying it can catch liars with ease.
How would our facial expressions give 4 our lies？ According to researchers from the University of British Columbia， Canada， some of the muscles in our faces change "behavior" when we are lying. Liars 5 （usual） raise their eyebrows. They also blink a lot and hold 6 （they） eyes closed longer.
7 （close） the eyes is a way to buy time for the liars so that they can better perfect their stories.
Liars often blush（脸红）. Blood flows into the cheeks as they become nervous about the 8 （true） possibly being revealed.
Liars also have fake smiles.9 real smile often causes the eyes to light up or become smaller. This is because more muscles are used 10 we are happy. A fake smile is often accompanied by "dead" eyes instead.
科学家们开发了一种新的人工智能技术，可以通过分析人脸上的肌肉来判断某人是否在说谎。
1.have developed 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。由时间状语Over the past few years可知，此处用现在完成时；主语scientists与develop之间为主谓关系，故填have developed。
2.to calculate 考查非谓语动词。固定短语be able to do sth.表示"能够做某事"，故填to calculate。
3.Invented 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，空处应填非谓语动词。动词invent与the machine之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，非谓语动作已完成，故用过去分词形式Invented。
4.away 考查固定搭配。give away表示"泄露，暴露"。
5.usually 考查副词。所填词修饰动词，故应用副词作状语，所以填usually。
6.their 考查形容词性物主代词。所填词修饰名词eyes，应用形容词性物主代词their。
7.Closing 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，主句有系动词is，故is前的部分为主语。此处表示主动关系和一般性行为，故填Closing。
8.truth 考查名词。空处应填名词truth（事实，真相）。
9.A 考查冠词。分析句子成分可知，空处应用冠词。此处表示泛指，且real的发音以辅音音素开头，故填A。
10.when/if 考查状语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处应填连词。再结合句意可知，空处可以用when引导时间状语从句；空处也可以用if引导条件状语从句。Unit 1 Science and Scientists
Ⅰ.语法填空——词形转换、固定搭配
1.[2023浙江1月]Thanks to Beijing’s long history as the capital of China， almost every hutong has its stories， and some are even associated with historic events.
2.[2023浙江1月]Over the past few years， many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators（传粉昆虫）， resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction.
3.[2021天津]More engagement with the arts is linked to/with a higher level of people’s wellbeing.
4.[2020全国Ⅰ]It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity， however， says Jaclyn Norberg， an assistant （assist） professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem， Mass.
点拨
该句中an...（assist） professor... Mass作Jaclyn Norberg的同位语，此处表示助理教授，应用assistant professor。assistant为形容词，意为"助理的，副的"。
5.[浙江高考]Her friends came to help her when the war broke out .
6.[全国Ⅱ]Frank Hurley， a confident and gifted （gift） Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic， was hired to make the images， most of which have never before been published.
Ⅱ.阅读理解——一词多义、熟词生义
1.A. n.拉手；把手 B. v.处理 C. v.操纵
①[2023浙江1月]Consider turning your travel plan over to a travel agent and letting him double-check all the details， make suggestions， and then handle the actual reservations. B
②[2022全国甲]The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions. C
③[江苏高考]—What happened？ Your boss seems to fly off the handle.
—Didn’t you know his secretary leaked the secret report to the press？ A
点拨
handle"把手，拉手"。fly off the handle是固定短语，意为"勃然大怒"。
2.A. 倒出 B. （雨）倾盆而下 C. 不断涌向
①[2022全国甲]He poured water from a bottle into his hand and offered it to my dogs. A
②[2021全国乙]People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece. C
③[全国Ⅲ]Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave， it was pouring outside. B
点拨
pour sth. into sth.表示"向……投入大量金钱，大量投资于"，是一种更为生动形象的高级表达，写作时可酌情使用。比如：I have poured more time and energy into what I really like since then.
3.A. 改变 B.挪动 C. 移动
①[2021北京]In pre-Classical Greece， for instance， people "corrected" official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season. C
②[2020新高考Ⅰ]It’s better to leave your listeners wishing for more than shifting restlessly in their seats waiting for your speech finally to end. B
③[2020江苏]They shifted their viewpoints frequently. A
4.[2023新高考Ⅱ]More recently， as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway， artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers， pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. adj.未经加工的
5.[2020天津]"Small does not mean weak， sir，" she defended herself. "I was born in the country of Wisconsin. I’ve driven teams of horses and carried water. Making a full-length clay（黏土） figure would not exhaust my strength — and that is what I intend to do！" v.辩解
6.[天津高考]I liked facts， things that are concrete. I thought anything abstract left too much room for argument. adj.具体的
7.[江苏高考]People not only cast on-line votes themselves， but also urge others to vote for competitions like the "Most Beautiful Teacher" and the "Cutest Baby". v.投票
Ⅲ.写作——基础写作、读后续写
写作一 基础写作——学习的榜样
你校正在组织英语作文比赛，请以A role model to learn from为题，写一篇短文参赛，内容包括：
1.榜样的优秀品质；
2.获得的启示。
◎写作要点
1.屠呦呦是我学习的榜样，她是一位杰出的医学科学家。（outstanding）
A role model for me to learn from is Tu Youyou，an outstanding scientist in medicine.
2.她和她的团队即使失败了很多次，也从不气馁。（frustrated）
She and her team never got frustrated even though they failed many times.
3.此外，他们甚至在自己身上测试药物以确保其安全性。（besides）
Besides， they even tested medicine on themselves to make sure of its safety.
4.多亏了她，感染并死于疟疾的人数在减少。（thanks to，come down，decrease）
Thanks to her， the number of people who come down with and die from malaria is on the decrease.
5.屠呦呦是一位如此有天赋且勤奋的科学家，我决心向她学习，并把我的大部分精力都投入到学习中去。（gifted，pour）
Tu Youyou is such a gifted and hard-working scientistthat I am determined to learn from her and pour most of my effort into my study.
6.最重要的是，我将持续做我喜欢的并且对人类有用的事情。（above all）
Above all， I’ll keep doing what I like and what is helpful to humans.
◎连句成篇
请运用恰当的连接词将以上写作要点串联成一篇语意连贯的短文。
A role model to learn from
A role model for me to learn from is Tu Youyou， an outstanding scientist in medicine.
Of all her excellent qualities， what impresses me most is that she and her team never got frustrated even though they failed many times. Besides， they even tested medicine on themselves to make sure of its safety. Thanks to her， the number of people who come down with and die from malaria is on the decrease.
In my eyes， Tu Youyou is such a gifted and hard-working scientist that I am determined to learn from her and pour most of my effort into my study. Above all， I’ll keep doing what I like and what is helpful to humans.
写作二 读后续写——动作描写之"手部"动作
积累背诵 仿写运用
单 词 wave， throw， point， dig， drag/pull， push， fold， knock， tap， clap/applaud， press， touch， wipe， pat， rub， catch/grab/grasp 抓住， scratch抓挠， tear撕 根据左栏素材完成下列各句 1.当李老师给她颁奖的时候，全班热烈鼓掌。她羞涩地微笑了一下，掌声震耳欲聋。 The class clapped warmly as Mr Lee presented her with the award. She gave them a shy smile and the applause was deafening. 2.她伸出一根手指按在唇上，示意我们安静。 She lifted a finger to her lips ， signaling us to be quiet. 3.他提高声音，不耐烦地用手指咚咚地敲着桌子。 Raising his voice， he drummed his fingers on the table impatiently . 4.我想她可能也害怕，所以我伸出手来握住她的手，用另一只手拍她的背。 I thought she might be scared too， so I held out my hand to hold hers， patting her on the back with the other. （第二空现在分词作状语） 5.她温柔地将小鸟捧在手心，仔细查看它有没有受伤。 She cupped the little bird in her hands gently to check carefully whether it was injured. 6.这个女人放开了丈夫的手，她的头垂了下来，嘴唇开始颤抖。他们买不起五张票让所有孩子都去动物园。 The woman let go of her husband’s hand ， her head dropped， and her lips began to shake. They couldn’t afford five tickets to take all their children to the zoo.
词 组 1.hold out/reach out one’s hand伸出手 2.hand in hand手拉手 3.with one’s head in one’s hands双手抱头 4.cup ... in one’s hands将……捧在手心 5.raise/put up one’s hand举手 6.spread one’s hands摊开双手 7.lift/hold a warning finger伸出一根手指警告 8.lift/hold a finger to one’s lips伸出一根手指按在唇上 9.drum one’s fingers on sth.用手指咚咚地敲某处 10.shake hands warmly热情地握手 11.let go of one’s hand放开某人的手
佳 句 1.He slid his hands into his pocket，pulled outsome change and handed it to me.他把手伸进口袋，掏出一些零钱递给我。 2.He patted me on the head， held my hands gently and told me not to worry.他拍拍我的头，轻轻地握住我的手，告诉我不要担心。 3.His fingers were light on the keys， and they even danced on the keys like a joyful bird. 他的手指轻触琴键，甚至像一只欢快的小鸟一样在琴键上跳舞。
