Unit 4 History and Traditions
基础默写
Ⅰ.核心单词——写其形
1. individual adj.单独的；个别的n.个人
2. chief adj.最重要的；最高级别的n.（公司或机构的）首领；酋长
3. nearby adj.附近的；邻近的adv.在附近
4. conquer vt.占领；征服；控制
5. battle n.战役；搏斗；斗争vi.&vt.搏斗；奋斗
6. charge n.收费；指控；主管vt.&vi.收费vt.控告；充电
7. amount n.金额；数量
8. gallery n.（艺术作品的）展览馆；画廊
9. approach n.方法；途径；接近vt.接近；接洽；着手处理vi.&vt.靠近
10. ensure vt.保证；确保；担保
11. position n.位置；姿态；职位
12. feast n.盛宴；宴会；节日
13. roll vi.&vt.（使）翻滚；（使）滚动n.卷（轴）；翻滚
14. custom n.风俗；习俗；习惯
15. striking adj.引人注目的；显著的
Ⅱ.拓展单词——通其变
1. puzzle n.谜；智力游戏；疑问vt.迷惑；使困惑 → puzzling adj.令人困惑的 → puzzled adj.困惑的
2. defend vt.&vi.辩护；防护；保卫；防守 → defence n.防御；保卫 → defensive adj.防御的；保护的
3. legal adj.法律的；合法的 → illegal adj.不合法的 → illegally adv.非法地
4. surround vt.围绕；包围 → surrounding adj.周围的；附近的 → surroundings n.环境
5. evidence n.证据；证明 → evident adj.明显的
6. achieve vt.达到；实现 → achievement n.成就；成绩；达到
7. locate vt.确定……的准确地点；找出……的位置 → location n.地方；地点；位置 → located adj.坐落于；位于
8. fascinate vt.使着迷；迷住 → fascinating adj.极有吸引力的；迷人的 → fascinated adj.入迷的 → fascination n.着迷；魅力
9. announce vt.宣布；通知；声称 → announcement n.宣布；通告 → announcer n.广播员；（球类比赛的）解说员
10. generous adj.慷慨的；大方的；丰富的 → generously adv.慷慨地
11. eager adj.热切的；渴望的 → eagerly adv.热心地；急切地 → eagerness n.热切；渴望
12. poet n.诗人 → poem n.诗 → poetry n.诗歌（总称）
13. greet vt.问候；迎接 → greeting n.问候；致意
14. crowd n.人群；一群人；民众vt.挤满；使……拥挤 → crowded adj.拥挤的
Ⅲ.阅读单词——晓其意
1.philosophy n. 哲学
2.descendant n. 后裔；后代；子孙
3.heel n. 足跟；（脚、袜子、鞋等的）后跟
4.kingdom n. 王国；领域
5.currency n. 通货；货币
6.military adj. 军事的；军用的
7.port n. 港口（城市）
8.landscape n. （陆上，尤指乡村的）风景
9.ancestor n. 祖宗；祖先
10.courtyard n. 庭院；院子
11.snack n. 点心；小吃
12.county n. （英国、爱尔兰的）郡；（美国的）县
13.roar vi.&n. 吼叫；咆哮
14.scent n. 气味；气息
15.transition n. 过渡；转变；变迁
Ⅳ.核心短语——明搭配
1. join... to... 把……和……连接或联结起来
2. break away （from sb./sth.） 脱离；背叛；逃脱
3. belong to 属于
4. as well as 同（一样也）；和；还
5. keep one’s eyes open （for） 留心；留意
Ⅴ.经典句式——会运用
1.The United Kingdom， Great Britain， Britain， England - many people are confused by what these different names mean .（what引导宾语从句）
联合王国，大不列颠，英国，英格兰——许多人对这些不同名字的含义感到困惑。
2.So what is the difference between them， if any ？（if省略结构）
那么，如果有的话，它们之间的区别是什么呢？
3.They use the same flag， known as the Union Jack ， as well as share the same currency and military defence. （过去分词短语作后置定语）
他们拥有同样的货币和国防，也使用同一面被称为联合杰克的国旗。
4. If you keep your eyes open ， you will be surprised to find that you can see both its past and its present. （keep＋宾语＋宾补）
如果你留心，你会吃惊地发现你既能看到它的过去又能看到它的现在。
5.The peaceful landscape of the "Emerald Isle" and its many green counties is a true feast for the eyes， with its rolling green hills dotted with sheep and cattle . （with复合结构）
"绿宝石（爱尔兰）岛"风光宁静秀美，郡县草木葱茏，青山连绵起伏，牛羊点缀其中，堪称一场名副其实的视觉盛宴。
语境自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写（用本单元词汇）
1.On the Lunar New Year’s Eve， the entire family get together for a feast （盛宴） and the elder members give the younger generation lucky money in red envelopes.
2.The horse had been the chief （最重要的） means of transportation till the 20th century when it was gradually replaced by the car.
3.Rather than staying at home during the holiday， they decided to take a short trip to a nearby （附近的） port to enjoy the fascinating scenery.
4.The patient fought a tough battle （斗争） against the cancer， not giving up hope.
5.The workers went on repairing the railway for as long as twelve hours to ensure （确保） the train was in service on time.
6.I think he is fit for the position （职位）； therefore， I’ll put him forward for chief secretary.
7.The food， clothes and customs （风俗） all reflect the tradition and history of your destination.
8.Climate-related natural disasters strike more often than ever， causing huge economic loss to countries and individuals （个人）.
9.The company is exploring ideas to produce the highest value from products while consuming the least amount （数量） of money.
10.To our amazement， the pub charged us only $5 for the snack that day. It was well worth it.
Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.The famous poet lives in a small country after retirement. He enjoys the pleasant surroundings . His house is surrounded by trees and flowers. He sometimes takes a walk to the surrounding areas. （surround）
2.It was evident that all the evidence we collected proved him to be guilty. （evident）
3.There was a puzzled look on the little girl’s face because a puzzling problem puzzled her. （puzzle）
4.In time of war， huge amounts of money will be spent on defence and many measures will be taken to defend a country from being attacked. （defend）
5.The chief manager announced that the company would provide fruits for the staff free of charge from next month. The announcement would be sent to everyone by email. （announce）
6.I hold the firm belief that you are bound to achieve your dream of being admitted to a key university， which will give you a wonderful sense of achievement . （achieve）
7.John showed his eagerness to join the club. After sending his application， he eagerly checked his phone a hundred times for response. （eager）
8.There are many fascinating sights. For example， Mount Tai’s pretty scenery has fascinated many poets and painters， who are also fascinated by its history and legends.（fascinate）
Ⅲ.用方框内短语的适当形式完成句子
join...to... break away （from sb./sth.）
belong toas well as keep one’s eyes open （for）
1.He is considering selling the old house which belongs to his grandparents and using the money to start a business of his own.
2.You should keep your eyes open for your belongings when going on a trip.
3.When preparing meals， we need to think about variety and taste as well as nutritional value.
4.To solve the population problems， many farmers are encouraged to move to the island， which is joined to the mainland by a bridge.
5.Great changes have taken place in this country since they broke away from conventions and allowed girls to receive education.
Ⅳ.句式仿写
1.你在上一封邮件中问我中国学生通常使用什么社交软件。（what引导宾语从句）
You asked me in your last email what social apps Chinese students usually use .
2.如果有必要，你可以在周末联系我。（if省略结构）
You can contact me on the weekend， if necessary .
3.去年政府提出的垃圾分类对环境保护有很大好处。（过去分词短语作后置定语）
Garbage sorting put forward by the government last year is greatly beneficial to environmental protection.
4.说到餐桌礼仪，吃饭时要小声说话。（keep＋宾语＋宾补）
Speaking of table manners， keep your voice low during the meal.
5.随着时间的推移，越来越多的学生和老师都渴望加入我们的英语口语俱乐部。（with复合结构）
With time going by ， more and more students as well as teachers are eager to join our Oral English Club.Unit 4 History and Traditions
Are you eager to know about the United Kingdom？ The country’s fascinatinglandscapes offer a true feast for your eyes and inspire great poets. But are you puzzled by its several names？ Since I visited galleries and approached the local individuals，I’ve known more about its history. In the 16th century， the nearby country of Wales was joinedto the Kingdom of England. Later，Scotlandaswellas Ireland was joined to the country. In the 20th century， the southern part of Ireland announced that it brokeawayfrom the UK， resulting in the full name we have today： the United Kingdom of Great Britain and NorthernIreland.
Belongingto the UK， the four countries use the same flag and share the same currency and militarydefence. However， they have different education systems and legal systems. Almost everywhere you go， you’ll find yourself surrounded by amounts of evidence of four different groups of people who took charge of the land at different times. Studying its history will ensure your visit is much more enjoyable.
1 surroundvt.围绕；包围
1.[人教选必③－3]The beautiful Li River and its amazing surrounding （surround） scenery is one of the most well-known tourist destinations in China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
2.[外研必修③－1]When Riley moves to a new city， she has a hard time adjusting to her new surroundings （surround）.
3.绿树环绕，这个农场坐落于我们学校附近的山脚下。一条小河穿行其中。（景色描写）
Surrounded by green trees ， the farm is located at the foot of the hill near our school.There is a small river flowing through the farm.
★surround...with... 用……包围…… be surrounded by/with... 被……包围 ★surrounding adj.周围的，附近的 surroundings n.环境
2 chargen.收费；指控；主管 vt.&vi.收费 vt.控告；充电
4.[人教选必②－1]He（Qian Xuesen） received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme.
5.[人教选必④－1]Whoever is charged with a crime should be presumed innocent until proven otherwise.
6.The fees they charge for their guarantee of quality will be raised next month.
7.得知这些花是给孤儿院的孩子们的，慷慨的店主把花免费给了我们。
Knowing the flowers were for the kids in the orphanage， the generous shop owner gave us the flowers free of charge .
8.我是"Talk and Talk"节目的负责人。我很荣幸能邀请您参加现场脱口秀。 （邀请信）
I am in charge of the program "Talk and Talk" . I am much honored to invite you for a live talk show.
★charge for... 收……的费用 charge sb. money for sth.因某事向某人收费 charge sb. with （doing） sth. 控告/指控某人（做）某事 ★free of charge （＝for free）免费 take charge of 掌管，负责 in charge of 主管，负责 in the charge of sb.＝in sb.’s charge由某人掌管
3 amountn.金额；数量 vi.总计；相当于，等于
1.[外研选必④－5]Although the brain amounts to only about 2％ of total body weight， it uses up to 20％ of the body’s energy - more than any other organ.
2.[北师必修③－8]The amount of waste in landfills in China has risen （rise） exponentially（以指数方式） over the last decade.
点拨
the amount of表示"……的数量"，修饰不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，再根据句中的"over the last decade"可知，空处应用现在完成时。注意rise的过去分词形式为risen。
3.[北师必修③－8]A huge amount of waste — 800，000 tonnes — is imported （import） each year to produce Sweden’s electricity.
4.[北师选必②－6]As present-day advertisers often have large budgets， huge amounts of money are spent （spend） on applying modern design techniques to make these advertisements as visually attractive as possible.
点拨
1.句意：由于当今的广告商往往有庞大的预算，他们花了大量的钱来应用现代设计技术，使这些广告尽可能地具有视觉吸引力。
2.a huge amount of和huge amounts of都表示"大量的"，修饰不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词的数要与amount保持一致。易混点："large quantities/amounts of＋n."作主语时谓语动词用复数，而"a large quantity of＋n."作主语时谓语动词的数取决于of后面的名词。
★amount to 共计，总计 ★the amount of ＋不可数名词……的数量（作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式） a large/small amount of＋n. [U]＋v. （单数） large/small amounts of＋n. [U]＋v. （复数）
4 approachn.方法；途径；接近 vt.接近；接洽；着手处理 vt.&vi.靠近
1.给下列句子中的画线部分选择合适的英文释义
A. a method B. movement towards or near to sth. C. to deal with
①[外研必修③－1]Approached in this way， your friendship will soon be repaired. C
②While this approach is effective in losing weight， it is not as beneficial as keeping a balanced diet. A
③She stood up to greet him as soon as she noticed his approach. B
2.The best approach to achieving （achieve） a goal is to devote 100％ of your time and energy to it.
点拨
approach后的to为介词，其后要用动词-ing形式作宾语。常见的其后跟介词to的名词还有answer， key， solution， entrance等。
3.With the coming of the spring， everything is coming to life again.
→① As the spring approaches ， everything is coming to life again. （as引导状语从句，approach）
→② With the spring approaching ， everything is coming to life again. （with复合结构，approach）
★the approach to... ……的方法；通往……的道路（to为介词） the approach to （doing） sth.（做）某事的方式/方法 the approach of... ……的来临/临近 ★其他表示"方式、方法"的表达： in a（n）...manner；in this way；by means of...；with this method；the method of/for （doing） sth.
5 eageradj.热切的；渴望的
1.[人教选必②－2]British people are fascinated by our culture and eager to learn （learn） more about it， so I’m keen to share my culture with them.
2.[外研必修①－1]I woke up early and rushed out of the door in my eagerness （eager） to get to know my new school.
3.As the Spring Festival is approaching， the children eagerly （eager） look forward to meeting their grandparents in the hometown.
4.面对这么多问题，我渴望得到你的帮助。 （求助信）
→① Facing so many problems， I am eager for your help. （现在分词作状语， be eager for）
★be eager for... 渴求得到…… be eager to do sth. 渴望做某事 ★eagerly adv.急切地 eagerness n.渴望，热切 ★"渴望做某事"的其他表达： long to do sth.； be dying to do sth.； be anxious to do sth.
→② Faced with so many problems， I am eager to get your help. （过去分词作状语， be eager to do）
6 breakaway（fromsb./sth.）脱离；背叛；逃脱
用break的相关短语完成句子
1.He was charging his car when the fire broke out .
2.[外研必修②－6]It takes hundreds of years for plastic to break down ， but much less time for paper.
3.My dog suddenly broke away from me， charged at the door and began to bark fiercely.
点拨
此处charge作动词，意为"向……方向冲去"。如：
The children charged down the stairs. 孩子们冲下了楼梯。
4.This story of friendship is touching because it shows how friendship can break through our physical weaknesses to connect our hearts.
5.Her little face broke into a smile when her father came around the corner. （读后续写之神态描写）
★break down破坏；（使）分解；（机器等）出故障，（车辆等）抛锚；（身体）出毛病，垮掉；（计划等）失败；消除（某种感情或态度） break in 打断，插话；破门而入 break into强行闯入；突然开始 break out（战争、火灾等）爆发，突然发生 break through 突破，冲破 break up破碎；解散；结束
7 belongto属于
1.When I was waiting on the stage to be awarded， I couldn’t help thinking that this prize belonged to every one of our team.
2.Please make sure you have all your belongings （belong） with you when leaving the plane.
3.Family albums create a strong sense of belonging （强烈的归属感） for family members.
4.这个酒馆是我邻居的，他为了独立已经脱离了家庭。
The pub belongs to my neighbor， who has broken away from his family to be independent. （who引导非限制性定语从句）
★belong to无被动语态和进行时态；其后接名词或代词作宾语，但不能接名词所有格或名词性物主代词。 ★belonging n. [U]归属；[pl.]所有物 a sense of belonging归属感
8 aswellas同（一样也）；和；还
1.[外研必修②－6]This includes keeping the original environment from being touched， as well as adopting （adopt）new， sustainable ways of feeding farm animals.
2.[人教选必②－2]As well as studying （study） hard， I’ve been involved in social activities.
点拨
此处as well as为介词，表示"除……之外"，故其后应用动词-ing形式作宾语。句意：除了努力学习，我还参加了社交活动。
3.The fascinating landscape as well as the unique local dishes makes （make） the island one of America’s most popular tourist destinations. （景点介绍）
点拨
as well as在此连接两个并列主语，谓语的数应与前面的The fascinating landscape保持一致。有类似用法的词语还有with， along with， together with， rather than， besides， but， except等，如：
The mother，together with her children， has gone to the countryside to visit their grandparents.
4.I am fond of listening to English songs， and I also like reading English novels.
→I am fond of listening to English songs as well as reading English novels . （写作升级）
★作并列连词，表示"和，也"，连接并列成分；连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与as well as前面的成分在人称和数上保持一致。 ★作介词，表示"除……之外"，相当于besides和in addition to。 ★表示同级比较，意为"和……一样好"，此时well是副词。
9 with复合结构
1.With so many problems to approach （approach）， we decided to hold another meeting as soon as possible.
2.The moment I walked into the gallery， I noticed the painter， with his eyes focused （focus） on a statue.
3.The park is always crowded on weekends， with large numbers of people enjoying （enjoy） themselves there.
★with＋宾语＋adj./adv./介词短语 with＋宾语＋to do（表示动作尚未发生） with＋宾语＋doing（表示主动、动作正在进行） with＋宾语＋done（表示被动、动作已完成）
4. With tears in his eyes （眼里含着泪水）， the elder soldier stood there still， watching the red flag rising to the air. （读后续写之神态描写）
10 if省略结构
if not if any if possible if so if necessary
1.[外研必修①－1]You must have had some moments when you were disappointed. If so ， how did you deal with them？
2.Does this bag belong to you？ If not ， we surely must find the owner.
3. If possible ， keep a spare pair of glasses accessible in case your main pair is broken or lost.
4. If necessary ， you can ring me and I will come in no time.
★if any即使有，如果有的话 if not如果不是这样的话；不然 if so如果是这样的话 if ever如果有过/发生过的话 if necessary如果有必要的话 if possible如果可能的话
5.After finishing writing， we need to exchange the poems with our partners， and correct each other’s mistakes if any .
常见的动词词缀
前缀en-，后缀-en，-ize/-ise，-ify都是常见的动词词缀。
en- 使处于……状态 -en 使，使成为，变得 -ize/-ise 使……化 -ify 使……化
本单元 ensure vt.保证；确保；担保
拓展 enlarge vt.&vi.扩大 broaden vi.变宽，变阔 modernize vi.&vt.使现代化 unify vi.&vt.统一，使成一体
endanger vt.使遭受危险；危害 blacken vi.&vt.（使）变黑 realize vt.实现 purify vt.提纯；使洁净
encourage vt.鼓励；激励 sadden vt.使悲伤 civilize vt.教化；使文明 classify vt.将……分类
1.It’s important to memorize （memory） these regulations before taking the contest.
2.Only by practising day in and day out can you sharpen （sharp） your skills.
3.Our tour also includes a chance to walk in the footsteps of Xu Xiake. Fields of flowers， tile-roofed（瓦屋顶）villages and tasty meals enrich （rich） this wonderful experience.
4.The theme of the Expo was to promote cultural exchange and strengthen （strength） mutual cooperation between the countries along the Silk Road.
5.The computer has simplified （simply） the difficult task of teaching reading to the deaf.Unit 4 History and Traditions
一、阅读理解
A
Each April Thais celebrate their "Thai New Year" with a great water fight on the streets. People throw water at everyone passing by and even block the road so they can enter buses and "paint the faces" of all the passengers. But there are a few people who don’t wish to participate in the fun. When I first experienced this celebration， I was one of them.
The first time our bus was stopped， 4 people coming into the bus intended to paint everyone’s face. I slowly shook my head to say "No， thank you"， but a man came from behind me and quickly painted my face. Then the other three felt inspired and added a little more "paint" to my face. I didn’t actively stop them for fear that if I did， they would become more aggressive and throw even more water at me and possibly my backpack， which would damage whatever was inside.
Even though it happened only once， emotionally it was very frightening because I felt so powerless. The experience caused me to think a lot about respect and moral autonomy or individual judgment vs "permission" from the authorities. On this day， people of Thailand， including the police， give "permission" for these activities. So what about respect for the individual？ If someone does not want to be painted， is it OK to do it anyhow because the majority is having a good time and sincerely believes it is harmless fun， or because the police allow it？
In my opinion， if someone does not want to have something done to them， then you’re supposed to respect their decision. You can’t rely on the authorities or some group to tell you if something is right or wrong or if you should or shouldn’t do something. I believe this is a much healthier way of living with one another in this world.
每年四月，泰国人都会在街头举行大规模的"水仗"来庆祝他们的"泰国新年"。人们向每个过路的人泼水，甚至堵住道路，进入公共汽车给所有乘客"涂脸"。但也有少数人不愿参与其中，作者就是其中之一。
1. How does the author introduce the topic？
A. By raising a question.
B. By making an assumption.
C. By providing a comparison.
D. By supporting a celebration.
解析 C 推理判断题。由第一段可知，每年四月，泰国人都会在街头举行大规模的"水仗"来庆祝他们的"泰国新年"。人们向每个过路的人泼水，甚至堵住道路，进入公共汽车给所有乘客"涂脸"。但也有少数人不愿参与其中，作者就是其中之一。再结合下文作者的经历可知，作者是通过对比的方法引入本文的主题的。综上可知，C项正确。
2. Why did the author inactively resist being painted？
A. He was afraid of causing conflict.
B. He wanted to protect things in his backpack.
C. The activity got official permission.
D. The majority was in favor of the behavior.
解析 B 细节理解题。由第二段中的"I didn’t actively stop them for fear that if I did， they would become more aggressive and throw even more water at me and possibly my backpack， which would damage whatever was inside"可知，作者没有积极反抗是为了保护背包里的东西，故选B。
3. What did the author think of the experience？
A. It was unpleasant.
B. It was invaluable.
C. It was informative.
D. It was acceptable.
解析 A 细节理解题。由第三段中的"emotionally it was very frightening because I felt so powerless"可知，从情感上来说，这是一次非常可怕的经历，因为作者感到很无力。由此可知，对于作者来说，这次经历是不愉快的。
4. What is mainly conveyed in the last paragraph？
A. Do as you would be done by.
B. Fear always springs from ignorance.
C. When in Rome do as the Romans do.
D. Respect matters in interpersonal communication.
解析 D 推理判断题。由最后一段可知，作者认为，如果有人不想被如此对待，那么你应该尊重他们的决定。你不能依赖官方或某个团体来告诉你某事是对是错，或者你应该或不应该做某事。他相信这是一种更正常合理的与人相处的方式。综上可知，本题选D。
B
College sports have many traditions. The tradition in the University of Iowa （UI） is the Hawkeye Wave. When the first quarter is over at Kinnick Stadium， Hawkeye fans turn to UI Stead Family Children’s Hospital. Together， they wave to the kids receiving treatment and their families.
On the top floor of the hospital is a Press Box， which has an almost perfect view of the field below. Patients and families come together there for Iowa football home games. Kids often tape posters or signs to support the team in their rooms， which fans can see from their seats. If it’s a night game， Hawkeye fans will turn on their cellphone lights to wave to the kids watching the game so that this tradition is never missed.
Hawkeye fans derived the idea of the Hawkeye Wave from social media. When the fans reached out for ideas for what they could do during the game， one person posted a suggestion on a social media platform that they could think of a way to give hope， comfort or encouragement to the kids in the hospital and brighten up their day.
Although this sports tradition is relatively new， it is developing into something better. This year， each home game will feature a "Kid Captain" in the hospital. They’ll get to choose the song that accompanies the Hawkeye Wave. The Kid Captain program began in 2009 to honor patients at UI Stead Family Children’s Hospital and celebrate their inspirational stories. A Kid Captain is picked for each Iowa football game， and each child selected receives a commemorative jersey（纪念球衣） as well as special recognition from the hospital and the football team， and enjoys other behind-the-scenes activities.
Mind-body connections that involve positive thinking have shown wellness benefits for people of all ages. They can help improve an individual’s outlook， no matter how seriously he might be ill. That process starts by simply smiling more. The Hawkeye Wave certainly does that when the kids get to experience it.
本文是说明文。大学里的体育运动有许多传统。文章介绍了爱荷华大学美式橄榄球运动的传统Hawkeye Wave及其背后的故事。
【熟词生义】 1.quarter常用义：n.四分之一；一刻钟 文中义：n.（某些分四节进行的体育比赛的）节
2.brighten常用义：v.（使）明亮 文中义：v.（使）快活起来，（使）更有趣
3.celebrate常用义：v.庆祝，庆贺 文中义：v.歌颂，赞美
【长难句解读】 When the fans reached out for ideas for (whatthey could
When引导的时间状语从句，其中包含一个what引导的宾语从句
do duringthe game), one person posted a suggestion on a social media platform that they
could think of a way to give hope， comfort or encouragement to the kids in
that引导的同位语从句，解释说明suggestion的内容
the hospital and brighten up their day.
译文：当球迷们询问他们在比赛期间能做些什么时，一个人在社交媒体平台上发帖，建议他们可以想办法给医院里的孩子们带来希望、安慰或鼓励，让他们开心。
1. What does the Press Box serve as？
A. A watching platform.
B. A room for get-togethers.
C. A small-sized stadium.
D. A place for entertainment.
解析 A 细节理解题。由第二段中的"On the top floor of the hospital is a Press Box...Patients and families come together there for Iowa football home games"可知，孩子们和其家人来到顶楼的Press Box是为了观看比赛。由此可知，Press Box充当的是观看平台。
2. What does the underlined word "derived" in paragraph 3 mean？
A. Tested. B.Obtained.
C. Promoted. D. Discussed.
解析 B 词义猜测题。由第三段中的"When the fans reached out for ideas for what they could do during the game ... brighten up their day"可知，当球迷们询问他们在比赛期间能做些什么时，一个人在社交媒体平台发帖，建议他们可以想办法给医院里的孩子们带来希望、安慰或鼓励，让他们开心。由此可知，球迷们从社交媒体上得到了Hawkeye Wave这个想法。derive的含义应是"得到，获得"，故选B。
3. What can we learn about the Kid Captain program？
A. It enriches the Hawkeye Wave.
B. It features kids’ choice of songs.
C. It excites kids’ interest in football.
D. It offers gifts to kids in hospital.
解析 A 推理判断题。由倒数第二段第一句"Although this sports tradition is relatively new， it is developing into something better"可知，虽然这一体育传统相对较新，但它在向更好的方向发展。接着，文中提到"今年，每一场主场比赛都有一名来自医院的‘儿童队长’，他们可以选择Hawkeye Wave的伴奏歌曲"。由此可知，作者通过列举"儿童队长"项目的相关内容来具体说明Hawkeye Wave这一传统是如何向更好的方向发展的。因此，"儿童队长"项目丰富了Hawkeye Wave这一体育传统。综上可知，本题选A。
4. Which can be a suitable title for the text？
A. Kid Captain： a particular honor to sick kids
B. College sports： a fuel to mind-body connections
C. Kinnick Stadium： a stage for unusual interaction
D. Hawkeye Wave： a sports tradition to cheer sick kids
解析 D 标题归纳题。结合全文内容，尤其是第一段中的"College sports have many traditions. The tradition in the University of Iowa（UI） is the Hawkeye Wave"、第三段中的"to give hope， comfort or encouragement to the kids in the hospital and brighten up their day"和最后一段中的"They can help improve an individual’s outlook... The Hawkeye Wave certainly does that when the kids get to experience it"可知，本文主要介绍了爱荷华大学美式橄榄球运动的传统Hawkeye Wave、其背后的故事以及这一传统对生病的孩子的影响，故D项做文章标题最佳。
C
[艺术文化/2024河南焦作期中]In 1879， an 8-year-old girl made a discovery that would rock our understanding of human history. On the walls of Altamira cave in northern Spain， she spotted amazing drawings of bison， painted in vivid red and black. More striking even than the images was their age： They were made thousands of years ago by modern humans’ supposedly primitive ancestors. Today， nearly 400 caves across Europe have been found decorated with hand stencils（用模板印的文字或图案）， mysterious symbols and beautiful images of animals created by these skillful artists.
The discoveries led to the view that artistic talent arose after modern humans arrived in the region some 40，000 years ago， as part of a "cultural explosion" reflecting a flowering of the human mind. But more recent evidence has blown this idea out of the water. For a start， modern humans might not have been the first artists in Europe. What’s more， a collection of cave paintings emerging in Indonesia has dismissed the idea that Europe was the centre of creativity.
Local people have long known that the caves of the island of Sulawesi， Indonesia， contain many painted images. Modern humans are thought to have reached the region some 65，000 years ago， but nobody imagined the art could be very old because ancient paintings seem unlikely to survive in the environment of high temperatures. A team of researchers led by Maxime Aubert， now at Griffith University in Australia，upended this idea using a technique that is shifting our understanding of cave art. Using this technique in seven caves， they found a hand stencil was at least 39，900 years old， making it the oldest known hand stencil at that time.
This opened a floodgate to new discoveries in Indonesia. These included a hunting scene created at least 43，900 years ago， and by far the oldest descriptive artwork. "When we found that image， we were absolutely delighted， but when it turned out to be that old， we were almost jumping with joy，" says Adam Brumm， also at Griffith University.
印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛洞穴壁画的发现挑战了欧洲是艺术创作中心的观点，揭示了人类艺术才能的历史更为悠久。
【词语积累】 supposedly adv.据信，据传，据说 dismiss v.去除，消除，摒除（思想、感情等）；驳回，不受理 blow...out of the water 彻底摧毁……，毁灭……
1. What did the girl find in the cave？
A. Wild animals.
B. Ancient images.
C. Painting techniques.
D. Recording artists.
解析 B 细节理解题。由第一段中的"she spotted amazing drawings of bison...the images was their age： They were made thousands of years ago"可知，B项正确。
2. What was a misunderstanding removed by the more recent evidence？
A. Artistic talent can be traced back to Europe.
B. Artistic talent reflected the flowering of human minds.
C. Modern humans led to artistic talent’s rise in Indonesia.
D. Modern humans might not have been real artists.
解析 A 推理判断题。由题干中的"removed by the more recent evidence"可以将线索信息定位到第二段中的"more recent evidence has blown this idea out of the water"。由语境可知，被证据推翻的"idea"指的是上文中提到的"artistic talent arose after modern humans arrived in the region some 40，000 years ago"，故A项正确。
3. What does the underlined word "upended" in paragraph 3 mean？
A. Proved. B. Strengthened.
C. Overturned.D. Overemphasized.
解析 C 词义猜测题。分析语境可知，画线词后面的宾语this idea指的是上文中的"古画好像不可能在高温环境中被保存下来，所以这项艺术不会很古老"。由下文中的"they found a hand stencil was at least 39，900 years old"可知，研究人员利用技术手段推翻了之前人们认为洞穴里的艺术不可能很古老的说法，故C项与画线词在意义上最为接近。
4. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about？
A. The amazing discoveries.
B. The researchers’ expectations.
C. The benefits of the technique.
D. The description of the cave art.
解析 A 段落大意题。由最后一段中的"This opened a floodgate to new discoveries in Indonesia"和Adam Brumm的话"When we found that image...we were almost jumping with joy"可以看出，本段主要讲了研究人员在印度尼西亚的惊人发现，故A项正确。
二、七选五
[2023山东联考]It seems a bit strange to imagine the ancient Greeks celebrating their birthdays with layered cakes topped with lighted candles. 1
The first birthday cakes were nothing of what they are today and weren’t even called birthday cakes. 2 At that time only they could afford to celebrate with something sweet. That is how cakes became associated with special occasions.
The ancient Egyptians are credited with "inventing" the birthday celebration. And the ancient Greeks borrowed the tradition but rightfully realized that a dessert would make the celebration more meaningful. So they baked moon-shaped cakes to offer up to the moon. 3
It wasn’t just the ancient Greeks who celebrated with sweet cakes. 4 And it’s believed that the original birthday cake came from them. Rather than just celebrating birthdays， though， ancient Rome was known for celebrating all things with a cake including weddings， but there was an exception — the birthdays celebrated were only for men who were citizens， and they had to be famous.
Modern birthday parties are said to get their roots from the 18th-century German celebration. On the morning of a child’s birthday， he or she would receive a cake with lighted candles that added up to the child’s age plus one. 5 The birthday child would make a wish， try to blow out all the candles in one breath， and dig in.
A. The ancient Romans also had their traditions.
B. Rather， they were symbolic of the noble class.
C. The ancient Greeks made the first birthday cakes.
D. On birthday， children would eat cakes made by their mums.
E. They also decorated the cakes to make them shine like the moon.
F. This extra candle was called the light of hope for another new year.
G. However， they’re the ones who first came up with the idea to do so.
文章分别介绍了生日蛋糕、生日庆祝传统及现代生日聚会的起源。
1.G "It seems a bit strange to imagine the ancient Greeks...layered cakes topped with lighted candles"与G项之间为转折关系。
2.B "The first birthday cakes were nothing of what they are today..."与B项之间为递进关系。
3.E 由空前的"So they baked moon-shaped cakes to offer up to the moon"可知，本空填E项。
4.A "It wasn’t just the ancient Greeks who celebrated with sweet cakes"与A项衔接自然。
5.F 空前的"On the morning of a child’s birthday...added up to the child’s age plus one"与F项吻合。Unit 4 History and Traditions
Ⅰ.语法填空——词形转换、固定搭配
1.[2023浙江1月]InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to "low-impact" solar development， which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land.
点拨
句意：InSPIRE正在研究"低影响"开发太阳能的实用方法，该方法侧重于以对土地更友好的方式建造和运营太阳能农场。
"做某事的方法"多样表达：①an approach to doing sth. ②a way to do sth. / a way of doing sth. ③a method of doing sth. ④a means of doing sth.
2.[2022新高考Ⅰ]A workout partner usually needs to live close by. If you plan on working out in a gym， that person must belong to the same gym.
3.[2022北京]This was the very door I carefully guided the children through to ensure （sure）their safety from the bitter cold.
4.[2021全国乙]The patient looked puzzled （puzzle）， and then replied： "Oh this isn’t for the care I had..."
5.[2021全国乙]As she was leaving she was eager to say （say） goodbye to each of us in the nursing team.
6.[2021浙江]It was tiring work， but I looked forward to the pay， even though I wasn’t sure how much it would amount to .
7.[2020浙江]The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp， which was surrounded （surround） by a high wire fence.
follow one’s nose 凭嗅觉指引；凭直觉办事；一直向前走。
8.[全国Ⅰ]Does Kilimanjaro deserve its reputation as a crowded （crowd）mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace？
9.[江苏高考]Wild camping is illegal （legal） in England. To avoid being caught， the Winns had to get their tent up late and packed it away early in the morning.
10.[全国Ⅰ]Yet there is evidence （evident）suggesting that the trend is growing.
点拨
句意：然而有证据表明，这一趋势正在增长。空处后的"suggesting that the trend is growing"为现在分词短语作后置定语，说明evidence的内容。
Ⅱ.阅读理解——一词多义、熟词生义
1.
A. n.方法 B.v.靠近
C. v.与……接洽/商量 D.v.着手处理
①[2023浙江1月]I stopped， and she soon took wing but did not immediately fly away. Hovering（悬停）， she approached within six inches of my face. B
点拨
She指的是蜂鸟。前文语境："我"在朋友的农场救了一只蜂鸟。当"我"离开时，这只蜂鸟飞了过来，停在了"我"的面前一直看着"我"，然后吱吱叫。
②[2022新高考Ⅱ]So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior， lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach： They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. A
③[2021天津]Human qualities also involve how you think， how you approach problems， and how you break them down... D
④[北京高考]With her dad’s permission， she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a recipe that was both tasty and tooth-friendly. She also approached dentists to learn more about teeth cleaning. C
点拨
approach在高考中较常出现，其中作名词表示"方法"和作动词表示"临近"最为常见，它也是写作中的高级词汇。如：
With the exam approaching， I get rather anxious.随着考试的临近，我变得很焦虑。
Intangible cultural heritage is an important approach to appreciating ancient civilizations.非物质文化遗产是欣赏古代文明的一条重要途径。
2.
A. adj.最高级别的 B.n.首领
C. adj.最重要的
①[2022新高考Ⅱ]That is partly because people are driving more， but Mark Rosekind， the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration， said distracted（分心） driving was "only increasing， unfortunately." B
②[全国Ⅲ]"It’s no secret that China has always been a source（来源） of inspiration for designers，" says Amanda Hill，chief creative officer at A＋E Networks， a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion（时尚） shows. A
③[全国Ⅲ]Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762. C
3.[2022全国甲]A year later， much to my delight， this man produced a little box with a ring and proposed to me. v.求婚
Ⅲ.写作——基础写作、读后续写
写作一 基础写作——中国传统文化
[2021全国甲]假定你是李华。你校计划举办介绍中国传统文化的主题班会，并在英文网站展示。请你写一封邮件给外国朋友Chris，向他了解哪些中国传统文化更吸引外国友人。邮件内容包括：
1.阐明写信事由；
2.征求建议；
3.表示感谢。
◎写作要点
1.我们学校宣布了一项介绍中国传统文化的活动。（announce）
Our school has announced an activity to introduce traditional Chinese culture.
2.作为班长，我负责我们的班会，所以我现在急需你的帮助。（charge， eager）
As a monitor， I am in charge of our class meeting， so I am eager for your help now.
3.众所周知，中国有许多迷人而独特的传统文化和习俗。（fascinating， as well as， custom）
It is widely acknowledged that China has large numbers of fascinating and unique traditional cultures as well ascustoms.
◎连句成篇
请运用恰当的连接词将以上写作要点串联成一篇语意连贯的短文。
Dear Chris，
How’s everything going？
Our school has announced an activity to introduce traditional Chinese culture. The activity is scheduled to be held on May 15 in the form of class meetings and the display will start on May 25.
As a monitor， I am in charge of our class meeting， so I am eager for your help now. It is widely acknowledged that China has large numbers of fascinating and unique traditional cultures as well as customs. I am wondering which ones would attract you foreigners most. Given your passion for traditional Chinese culture， your suggestions will be greatly helpful to us.
I am looking forward to your early reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
写作二 读后续写——情感描写之害怕与恐惧（二）
积累背诵 仿写运用
词 组 1.be open-mouthed with horror吓得目瞪口呆 2.shake/tremble with fear 吓得发抖 3.freeze with terror 吓呆了 4.stand rooted to the spot with fear 吓得呆若木鸡 5.be scared to death 害怕得要命 6.tremble from head to toe全身颤抖 7.be seized/overwhelmed by a sense of horror害怕极了 8.a flood of fear wells up in sb. 恐惧涌上心头 根据左栏素材完成下列各句 1.一阵恐慌涌上心头。我能感觉到我的心在胸口狂跳。 A flood of panic welled up in me . I could feel my heart beating wildly in my chest. 2.当看到那只凶恶的狼时，我吓呆了，不敢动弹。 At the sight of the fierce wolf， I froze with terror/was frozen with fear ， and didn’t dare to move an inch. 3.小男孩藏在树后，吓得不敢出声。 The little boy hid himself behind the tree， too frightened to make a sound . 4.听到熊在屋外咆哮，我害怕极了，浑身发抖，手心都出汗了。 Hearing the bear roaring outside the house， I was extremely scared ， trembling from head to toe ， and my palms were sweating. （第二空现在分词短语作状语） 5.弗兰克从屋子里冲出来，眼中充满恐惧。 Frank burst out of the room， with terror in his eyes . （with复合结构） 6.他脸色苍白，吓得浑身发抖。"我打碎了桌子中间的雕像。"他哭喊道。 He was pale and shaking with fright . "I broke the statue at the centre of the table，" he cried.
佳 句 1.When Albert suddenly realized that the brakes weren’t working， he turned to me，withhiseyesfullofhorror. 当阿尔伯特突然间意识到刹车失灵了，他转身看着我，眼中充满了恐惧。 2.Whenever I think of what happened in that house，fearseizedmyheart. 每当我想起那幢房子里发生的事，我心中都满是恐惧。 3.The man was toofrightenedtosayaword at the sight of the tiger. 那人一看到老虎就吓得一句话也不敢说。 4.Mark heard a scream and raced into the kitchen just in time to see a mouse running across the floor. He was frozenwithfright. 马克听到一声尖叫，跑进厨房，正好看到一只老鼠在地板上跑过。他吓得僵住了。
