Unit 3 Diverse Cultures
一、阅读理解
A
[2023山东枣庄一模]I still remember my father’s embarrassment the day when he was invited to have dinner at a colleague’s house. Freshly arriving in Brazil， and not being able to look up on the Internet， he offended his hosts by making a hand gesture — a circle with the thumb and index finger. He had always understood it to mean "OK"， but in Brazil， it meant something different.
The episode was swiftly forgotten. My father’s colleague understood that he probably wasn’t yet aware of the local meaning of the gesture. He gently explained it meant something rude， and then it was filed away under "things not to be done in Rio".
I was reminded myself in China. After I replied to a friend’s WeChat message with a Van Gogh sticker that I thought meant "keep fighting"， another friend told me I used it wrong.
"The Chinese version is a bit different，" she said， taking out her phone and showing it to me. "See these characters？ They mean ‘I will hit you！’"
Life is full of crossed meanings. In India， you sign to someone to come over with your palm down， not up. And in the Middle East， you never use your left hand for anything public.
As adults， we understand that even if it hurts， a mistake is only an insult（侮辱） when it is deliberate. Yet， many conflicts come from misunderstanding， and history is full of the unfortunate outcomes of cross-cultural communication.
My father’s pre-Internet Brazilian mistake was forgiven because of context — he had just arrived and he didn’t know its local meaning. But when context is absent or simply differently understood — especially in the social media — perhaps we all should think twice before typing or talking， especially when the consequences can be more severe than the misuse of a WeChat sticker.
本文为说明文，通过一些例子介绍了文化差异。
1. What is the topic of the text？
A. Cultural difference.
B. Language and culture.
C. Sign language.
D. Good manners.
解析 A 文章主旨题。由第一段中的"He had always understood it to mean‘OK’， but in Brazil， it meant something different"和第三段中的"After I replied to a friend’s WeChat message with a Van Gogh sticker that I thought meant ‘keep fighting’， another friend told me I used it wrong"以及第五段中的"In India， you sign to someone to come over with your palm down， not up. And in the Middle East， you never use your left hand for anything public"可知，文章主要讲述文化差异，故选A。
2. What does the author want to show by telling his father’s story？
A. The OK sign means differently in Brazil.
B. Cross-cultural mistakes are common.
C. The Internet helps to avoid mistakes.
D. Misunderstandings lead to bad results.
解析 B 推理判断题。由第一段中的"He had always understood it to mean‘OK’， but in Brazil， it meant something different"及第二段中的"My father’s colleague understood that he probably wasn’t yet aware of the local meaning of the gesture"可推知，作者想通过讲述父亲的故事来表明跨文化错误是常见的，故选B。
3. What did the author mean to do by using the Van Gogh sticker？
A. To greet his friend.
B. To encourage his friend.
C. To threaten his friend.
D. To make fun of his friend.
解析 B 细节理解题。由第三段中的"After I replied to a friend’s WeChat message with a Van Gogh sticker that I thought meant ‘keep fighting’， another friend told me I used it wrong"可知，作者打算鼓励他的朋友，故选B。
4. What might happen if there is no context？
A. Cultural conflicts.
B. Forgiveness.
C. Cultural gaps.
D. Mutual respect.
解析 A 细节理解题。由最后一段中的"But when context is absent or simply differently understood — especially in the social media — perhaps we all should think twice before typing or talking， especially when the consequences can be more severe than the misuse of a WeChat sticker"可知，本题选A。
【易错点拨】 部分学生可能会辨别不清cultural conflicts和cultural gaps的区别而错选C项。cultural conflicts强调的是文化冲突，cultural gaps强调的是文化差异，而文中最后一句中的"the consequences can be more severe than the misuse of a WeChat sticker"表明，不知道事情的背景或来龙去脉，很容易引起文化冲突。
B
[2023内蒙古包头一模]The Chinese new year begins on 22 January， 2023 and lasts until 9 February， 2023. While most of Asia celebrates the year of the rabbit， Vietnam celebrates the year of the cat. In the Chinese zodiac（十二生肖）， there are 12 animals， and the 4th animal is the rabbit， while in the Vietnamese zodiac， the 4th position is occupied by the cat. How the cat covered for the rabbit in Vietnam’s zodiac is still the subject of debate.
It was said that the Jade Emperor organized a race across a river for all the animals in the world. The first 12 to reach the other side would appear in the zodiac. In the Chinese version of the story， the cat and the rat were riding across a river on an ox when the rat pushed the cat into the water. The rat won the race， turning the two animals into enemies. That is why cats have been hunting rats ever since. However， in the Vietnamese version — which did not have a rabbit — the cat could swim and ended up arriving.
One possible explanation for replacing rabbit with cat might have to do with language. In old Chinese， there’s a word tied to the sign of the rabbit that is pronounced mao（卯）. The pronunciation is similar to mèo， the Vietnamese word for cat.
Quyen Di， a lecturer at UCLA， said the custom has to do with the landscape of Vietnam. "Initially， the Chinese lived in the savanna（稀树草原） area， while the Vietnamese lived in the lowland area，" he says. "The people of the savanna preferred a nomadic life， close to the wilderness， and they chose the rabbit as an animal that lived in the wild fields. In contrast， the lowland people of Vietnam considered rabbits as animals that were used for food and chose the cat because they believed cats were friends living in their houses."
This year， many Vietnamese are buying new cat-themed cases for their mobile phones. And one of the top online searches in Vietnam is "why there is no cat in the Chinese zodiac".
本文为说明文，主要介绍了越南生肖与中国生肖的区别，重点介绍了猫和兔。
1. What does the underlined phrase "covered for" in paragraph 1 probably mean？
A. Took charge of. B. Fought for.
C. Took the place of. D. Depended on.
解析 C 词义猜测题。由第一段中的"In the Chinese zodiac（十二生肖）， there are 12 animals， and the 4th animal is the rabbit， while in the Vietnamese zodiac， the 4th position is occupied by the cat"可知，与中国的十二生肖中的第四位是兔不同的是，在越南的十二生肖中，第四位是猫，即：兔的位置被猫代替了，由此可知，covered for应与took the place of意义相同，故选C。
2. What can we learn from the Vietnamese zodiac story？
A. The Jade Emperor showed favor to the cat.
B. The rabbit fell into the river in the zodiac race.
C. The cat finished fourth by swimming across the river.
D. The rat and the rabbit were enemies in ancient times.
解析 C 细节理解题。由第二段中的"In the Chinese version of the story， the cat and the rat were riding across a river on an ox when the rat pushed the cat into the water. The rat won the race， turning the two animals into enemies. That is why cats have been hunting rats ever since. However， in the Vietnamese version — which did not have a rabbit — the cat could swim and ended up arriving"可知，由于在越南的生肖中没有兔，所以猫游过河并获得了第四名，故选C。
3. According to Quyen Di， what made the Vietnamese choose the cat？
A. Their living environment.
B. Their language pronunciation.
C. Their lifestyle of raising cats as pets.
D. Their custom of hunting rabbits for food.
解析 A 细节理解题。由第四段中的"In contrast， the lowland people of Vietnam considered rabbits as animals that were used for food and chose the cat because they believed cats were friends living in their houses"可知，越南人在选择生肖的动物时，猫的选择受到了他们的生存环境的影响，生活在低地区的人认为兔子是可以用来作为食物的动物，而猫则是作为他们家里的朋友而存在的动物，故选A。
4. Which can be a suitable title for the text？
A. The History of the Chinese Zodiac
B. Ways of Celebrating the Year of the Rabbit
C. The Popularity of Chinese Traditional Culture
D. The Origin of the Year of the Cat in Vietnam
解析 D 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了越南生肖与中国生肖的区别，重点介绍了猫和兔。文章提供了关于越南猫年的起源的信息，并探讨了可能的原因，因此D项做文章标题最佳。
二、七选五
Moving from one culture to another is exciting， but it is also a stressful experience. Transitioning（过渡） to a completely new culture almost always results in a culture shock for all people. 1 Some hardly notice its effect at all， while others can find it very difficult to adapt to their new environment.
I grew up in Kazakhstan， where most of the information I had about America came from its movies. The purpose of those movies was always to entertain viewers， while details of American life may not be accurately described. I had been dreaming about coming here for so long. 2
Americans find it easy to make casual friends. They become friends first and build trust later if at all. Americans make friends and become relatively close in no time. 3 In my culture， we believe in building friendships and staying connected after the trust is built. Only after coming to America did I realize that my self-identification as a reserved person is part of my cultural identity with Kazakh culture.
4 Americans find it uncomfortable if others stand too close. When friends or family greet， they give a short hug and step aside to have some distance for conversation. We Kazakh people like to speak sitting or standing close to each other. Also， it’s considered disrespectful to keep a large distance during the conversation.
Part of the excitement of living in a new culture is learning about how it differs from my own culture. 5 By learning to understand and navigate（正确处理） the culture of another country， I have become a more open-minded person. It has taught me to shape my own cultural identity.
A. But it’s easy for them to disappear from one another’s life.
B. Different people might experience culture shock differently.
C. It is therefore necessary to know how to handle culture shock.
D. But I had never expected that I would have a culture shock in America.
E. Another shocking observation for me was the informality of the Americans.
F. I always compare my values and customs with the values and customs in America.
G. American culture is also different from mine in terms of a sense of personal space.
本文介绍了作者经历的文化冲击。
1.B 空前提到对所有人来说，过渡到一个全新的文化几乎总会带来文化冲击，空后提到一些人几乎注意不到它的影响，而另外一些人发现适应新环境非常难。由此可知，B项（不同的人经历文化冲击的方式可能不同）与上下文联系紧密，故选B项。
2.D 由上文的"I had been dreaming about coming here for so long"及下文内容可知，空处内容应与作者经历文化冲击有关。D项（但是我从未想过我会在美国经历文化冲击）与上文构成转折关系，且能引出下文内容，故选D。
3.A 空前提到美国人很容易交上朋友并很快变得亲近，空后提到哈萨克斯坦人则是在信任建立后建立友谊并保持联系。由此可知，空处前后形成对比，故A项（但是他们很容易从彼此的生活中消失）符合语境，故选A。
4.G 由空后内容，尤其是"Americans find it uncomfortable if others stand too close"和"We Kazakh people like to speak sitting or standing close to each other"可知，本段主要介绍的是作者发现的美国文化和自己国家文化的另一个不同之处，且它与个人空间有关，G项与此相符，可充当段落的主题句，故选G。
5.F 由空前的"Part of the excitement...my own culture"和空后提到的了解和正确处理另一个国家的文化教会作者塑造自己的文化身份可知，空处应涉及两种文化的对比。F项（我总是对比我自己国家和美国的价值观和风俗）符合语境，故选F。
三、完形填空
[2023辽宁葫芦岛二模]I was born in the Netherlands and lived there until I was 30 years old. In the Dutch context， I was emotionally intelligent， and I 1 expected that this could be any different.
When at the University of Michigan， I joined a discussion on 2 . I introduced myself in an understated （Dutch） way as "interested in culture and emotion". The professor， to fit American 3 ， added that I was one of the world’s experts on culture and emotion. In response， I looked down in 4 and said in a low voice that "expert" was a big word.
I lived in North Carolina and had new friends coming over to dinner. Conversations were lively that evening. When my guests left， they 5 me for dinner. My heart sank， because in the Netherlands， "thanking for dinner" means the relationship is 6 .
The Netherlands and the US do not have massively different 7 . But emotional interactions between individuals from these different cultures are not 8 . The professor meant to make me feel good， but instead made me 9 . My friends meant to show gratitude， but they made me think they were distancing themselves from us instead. Where did it go wrong in these interactions？
I now think the answer is that we were interacting with different 10 in mind. In the US， it is important that people feel good about themselves： other people help you 11 and have self-esteem（自尊）. You are an expert， and you made the special effort to cook us this delicious dinner. 12 ， in the Netherlands， it is important to make true 13 with other people， and not to pretend you are better than anybody else. The daily dances of emotions are 14 ： Americans dance to the music of making each other special， while the Dutch dance to the music of true connection. And when you 15 them up， people start stepping on each other’s toes.
作者一直生活在荷兰，但在美国与人情感交流的经历让他意识到美国和荷兰的情感交流目的不同，美国重视夸赞，荷兰重视坦诚。
1.A. never B. rarely
C. usually D. sometimes
解析 A 作者从未（never）想过情感表达上会有什么不同，故选A。
2.A. manners B. emotions
C. literature D. intelligence
解析 B 由"interested in culture and emotion"中的"emotion"可知，作者对情感感兴趣，由此可知，作者参加了一个关于情感（emotions）的讨论，故选B。
3.A. standards B. procedures
C. policies D. requirements
解析 A 由最后一段中的"In the US， it is important that people feel good about themselves"可知，在美国，人们自我感觉良好是很重要的。由此可知，教授是以美国的标准（standards）介绍作者是"世界上文化和情感方面的专家之一"，故选A项。
4.A. anger B. delight
C. disappointment D. embarrassment
解析 D 由"‘expert’ was a big word"可知，作者认为用"专家"来形容过誉了，由此可知，作者尴尬地低下了头，故选D项。
5.A. asked B. praised
C. thanked D. blamed
解析 C 由"thanking for dinner"中的"thanking" 可知，客人们对作者的晚餐表示感谢，故选C项。
6.A. distant B. insincere
C. harmonious D. meaningful
解析 A 由"they made me think they were distancing themselves from us instead"中的"distancing"可知，在荷兰，"谢谢你的晚餐"意味着这段关系是疏远的，故选A。
7.A. origins B.cultures
C. environments D. languages
解析 B 荷兰和美国的文化没有太大的不同，但来自这两种不同文化的人之间的情感互动并不流畅，故选B。
8.A. complicated B. interesting
C. fluent D. regular
解析 C 由"My friends meant to show gratitude， but they made me think they were distancing themselves from us instead"可知，作者和朋友间的情感互动并不流畅，故选C。
9.A. annoyed B. anxious
C. humble D. uncomfortable
解析 D 由"In response， I looked down in 4 and said in a low voice that ‘expert’ was a big word"可知，作者认为用"专家"来形容过誉了，由此可知，教授的话让作者感到不舒服，故选D项。
10.A. methods B. purposes
C. expectations D. feelings
解析 B 由"In the US， it is important that people feel good about themselves"和"in the Netherlands， it is important to make true 13 with other people， and not to pretend you are better than anybody else"可知，美国人互动时的目的是夸赞，荷兰人互动时的目的是与他人坦诚相待，由此可知，美国人和荷兰人在互动时考虑到了不同的目的，故选B。
11.A. stand out B. show off
C. calm down D. cheer up
解析 A 由"You are an expert， and you made the special effort to cook us this delicious dinner"可知，美国人喜欢赞美别人，由此可知，他们会帮助你从人群中脱颖而出，故选A。
12.A. In turn B. Above all
C. After all D. By contrast
解析 D 由上文美国人重视夸赞，下文荷兰人重视坦诚相待可知，文中把美国和荷兰的交流方式进行了对比，"By contrast"意为"相比之下"，符合语境，故选D。
13.A. promises B. contributions
C. connections D. comparisons
解析 C 由"while the Dutch dance to the music of true connection"中的"true connection"可知，荷兰人重视与他人建立真正的联系，故选C。
14.A. personal B. different
C. important D. widespread
解析 B 由"Americans dance to the music of making each other special， while the Dutch dance to the music of true connection"可知，美国和荷兰情感交流的方式不同，故本题选B。
15.A. build B. take
C. pick D. mix
解析 D 由上文可知，美国和荷兰情感交流的方式不同。那么，当两种文化相遇时，就会引起混乱和误解，故选D。build up"创建；增强"；take up"开始从事"；pick up"拿起，举起"；mix up"弄混，弄乱"。Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations
一、阅读理解
A
[中华传统/2024云南开远开学考]Elaine Su shared her experience of asking her neighbors to put up Chinese Lunar New Year decorations to help her two-year-old son experience the festival as part of the large community. In a neighborhood mostly consisting of non-Chinese residents， more than half of the households observed the tradition as well.
Interviewing her about the story provoked my own memories of celebrating Chinese Lunar New Year. The holiday was a big deal for me as a kid growing up in Jiangsu.
Legend says the holiday originated with the fight against a mythical beast called Nian， who came down from the mountains to hunt people on New Year’s Eve. Villagers discovered that Nian feared the colour red， candle light and loud noise. So they began to decorate their houses in the vibrant hue， light their homes with lanterns and set off firecrackers to prevent its return.
On New Year’s Eve， my family would come together to celebrate with food prepared by my grandma. Moments before the countdown， the sound of firecrackers would fill every corner of our apartment and the celebrations continued into the next day.
For breakfast， we would eat yuanxiao， a kind of glutinous rice ball， which symbolizes the idea of reunion. Then， we set off to visit my grandparents， who were already awaiting us with lucky money and more traditional delicacies！
My favourite part of the holiday came when the adults were playing mahjong. My cousins and I were finally freed from our parents. With all the lucky money， we hit the streets and bought more snacks and firecrackers！
Having been in Canada for years， I further lost touch with my Chinese culture as I gradually dived into my new life in a new country. Maybe it’s time for me， like her， to reclaim Chinese Lunar New Year.
本文主要讲述了作者通过采访Elaine Su在另一个国家庆祝中国农历新年，回忆起了自己庆祝中国农历新年的事情。
1.What can we infer about Elaine Su from paragraph 1？
A. She missed her family in China very much.
B. She forced her son to accept Chinese customs.
C. She shared her happy memories with her neighbors.
D. She celebrated Chinese Lunar New Year in another country.
解析 D 推理判断题。由第一段"Elaine Su shared her experience of asking her neighbors to put up Chinese Lunar New Year decorations to help her two-year-old son experience the festival as part of the large community. In a neighborhood mostly consisting of non-Chinese residents， more than half of the households observed the tradition as well"可推知，Elaine Su在另一个国家庆祝中国农历新年，故选D。
2.What does the underlined word "provoked" in paragraph 2 probably mean？
A. Stirred up. B. Wiped out.
C. Took after. D. Set down.
解析 A 词义猜测题。结合画线词所在句以及下文作者对自己过年的经历的描述可知，Elaine Su的故事让作者忆起自己庆祝中国农历新年的经历。再结合四个选项不难推知，画线词的意思应该是"激起"，故本题选A。
3.How does the author develop the text？
A. By analyzing studies.
B. By answering questions.
C. By explaining factors.
D. By sharing experiences.
解析 D 写作手法题。由第二段中的"Interviewing her about the story provoked my own memories of celebrating Chinese Lunar New Year"、第四段中的"On New Year’s Eve， my family would come together to celebrate with food prepared by my grandma"、第五段中的"For breakfast， we would eat yuanxiao， a kind of glutinous rice ball， which symbolizes the idea of reunion"以及第六段中的"My favourite part of the holiday came when the adults were playing mahjong"可推知，作者通过分享自己的经历来展开文章，故选D。
4.What can be the best title for the text？
A. The Origin of Chinese Lunar New Year
B. The Spring Festival Stored in My Memory
C. An Unforgettable Interview on New Year’s Eve
D. A Chinese Celebrating the Spring Festival Abroad
解析 B 标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的"Interviewing her about...my own memories of celebrating Chinese Lunar New Year"和最后一段中的"Maybe it’s time for me， like her， to reclaim Chinese Lunar New Year"可知，文章主要讲述了作者通过采访Elaine Su在另一个国家庆祝中国农历新年，回忆起了自己庆祝中国农历新年的事情。由此可知，B项（记忆中的春节）做文章标题最佳。
B
[2023陕西安康质量监测]Immersed（沉浸） in folk， tradition， culture， religion， and digital arts， the Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown（DLR）Festival of World Cultures presented a various program of concerts & club nights， fairs & markets， performances， street events， workshops， and was Ireland’s first Global Carnival.
The Festival was committed to presenting a wide mix of world artists as well as offering a "passport to the world" program of events， many of which were free to all. Staged throughout the historic port town of Dún Laoghaire， the DLR Festival of World Cultures was an annual international arts festival celebrating cultural diversity.
New this year， are an exciting range of themed events， which include the anticipated Feast Americana that offers a banquet of live music and food in celebration of the typical American country fair. The new Health and Harmony fair offers a chance to regain control of your well-being， while Salon Culture offers traditional decoration techniques！
A definite highlight will be the spectacular audio-visual show Hotel Kiev， a night time visual montage（蒙太奇） projected onto the front wall of the Royal Marine Hotel. The show features a live performance by the fascinating Ukrainian quartet（四重奏乐团） DakhaBrakha，who last year received standing applause on the main stage.
The Festival would not be complete without the Global Village， in association with Oxfam Ireland， the World Dance Plaza and the Mela festival in celebration of South Asian Arts. Now in its 9th year， the Festival attracts over 250，000 people， making it Ireland’s largest intercultural celebration. With a diverse world music line-up， food fairs， art exhibitions， workshops and cultural demonstrations as well as a Festival newspaper and nightly Festival Club where Irish artists jam with world musicians， this family-friendly celebration is a round-trip ticket to a world of culture.
And， with over 90％ of the events free of charge， the Festival is the top value-for-money event on the summer calendar， appealing to all the senses as well as to the wallet.
本文为说明文，主要介绍了爱尔兰的节日DLR世界文化节。
1. Which can best describe the DLR Festival of World Cultures？
A. Diverse. B. Free.
C. Crowded. D. Valuable.
解析 A 推理判断题。由第一段内容不难得知，DLR世界文化节是丰富多彩的，故本题选A。
【易错点拨】 一些学生可能会根据最后一段中的"the Festival is the top value-for-money event"而误选D项。D项valuable意为"有价值的"，而此处指"90％的活动是免费的，但这个节日是最值得花钱的活动"，通过这句话推断D项是断章取义了。
2. Which is probably the most eye-catching event？
A. The Feast Americana.
B. The Health and Harmony fair.
C. Salon Culture.
D. The Hotel Kiev show.
解析 D 细节理解题。由第四段中的"A definite highlight will be the spectacular audio-visual show Hotel Kiev， a night time visual montage（蒙太奇） projected onto the front wall of the Royal Marine Hotel"可知，本题选D。
3. What can we know about the Festival from the text？
A. It has a history of several decades.
B. Sports and health are involved in the carnival.
C. It is worthwhile to attend it.
D. The heavy traffic jam is part of the large celebration.
解析 C 推理判断题。由最后一段"And， with over 90％ of the events free of charge， the Festival is the top value-for-money event on the summer calendar， appealing to all the senses as well as to the wallet"可推知，该节日值得参加，故本题选C。
【易错点拨】 一些学生可能会误选A项，忽略了原文第五段中的"Now in its 9th year"，此处说明了该节日还不足十年，故A项"该节日有几十年的历史"是错误的。
4. What is the purpose of the text？
A. To introduce the Festival to the world.
B. To encourage artists to visit and stay in Ireland.
C. To attract live performances to the Royal Marine Hotel.
D. To promote the cultures of South Asian Arts.
解析 A 意图推断题。文章介绍了爱尔兰DLR世界文化节的举办地、特点、内容、影响以及今年的亮点等，这些都是对该文化节的介绍和宣传，所以文章的目的自然是介绍这个节日，故选A。
二、七选五
[2024重庆一中10月阶段考]Celebrations， after the pattern of Thomas Alva Edison’s famous quote， often appear to be one percent inspiration and 99 percent preparation. 1 Many of them are willing to go to great effort and expense to plan and attend public celebrations.
2 Logic suggests the first public celebrations were related to the patterns of existence. In hunter-gatherer societies， success in the search for food and shelter must have triggered the need to celebrate together. The earliest parades may have been processions of successful hunters returning to a joyful welcome by their thankful families. 3 And they served a broader social purpose.
Parades and other public celebrations have also become important economic events worldwide. In some places， the commercial aspect has made us forget the original reason for the celebration. 4 It was a festival on the day before the solemn six-week religious period known as Lent. Now lots of visitors attend the celebrations in Venice. Most of the city’s inhabitants would leave the city’s public areas to the crowds of tourists. But their purchases of meals， accommodations， and Carnival masks bring great sums of money into the economy of the city. One cannot blame the tourists. 5
Throughout history， the experience of a heartfelt celebration is always worth the time and money spent on planning， preparing， organizing， and carrying out an event. The priority given to celebrating seems to put it alongside food， shelter， love， and freedom as a fundamental need of humanity.
A. Take the Carnival celebrations in Venice for example.
B. People around the world take celebrating seriously.
C. Gradually， such celebrations became more regular and formal.
D. They are attracted by Venice’s unique and undeniable magic.
E. This does not mean modern celebrations are not socially conscious.
F. Exactly when and where humans began celebrating as a group is unknown.
G. There are records of religious parades and processions dating back to 3，000 BC.
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了庆祝活动的起源、经济作用以及组织庆祝活动的意义。
1.B "Many of them are willing to go to great effort and expense to plan and attend public celebrations"是B项（People around the world take celebrating seriously）的具体表现。
【技巧点拨】 空后的"are willing to go to great effort and expense"表示"愿意花时间和精力"，B项中的"take celebrating seriously"表示"严肃认真对待庆祝"，这两者含义一致，为同义复现。
2.F 第二段空后的部分是针对"庆祝活动起源于何时、何地"展开的，所以F项填在此处符合语境。
3.C 空前的句子提及了最早的公开庆祝活动，而C项指出了庆祝活动变得越发频繁和正式，C项放在此处的话，前后句子之间能体现出"庆祝活动的发展"；而空后的句子应是对C项的进一步说明。C项中的"such celebrations"指前面提到的家人感激猎人狩猎成功归来而举行的庆祝活动；空后的"they"指代C项中的"such celebrations"。
4.A A项放在此处能起到承上启下的作用，它承接"In some places， the commercial aspect has made us forget the original reason for the celebration"而来，是针对该句举的例子；而空后的内容是对A项的进一步说明。空后的"It"指代A 项中的"the Carnival celebrations"。
5.D "One can’t blame the tourists"与D项（They are attracted by Venice’s unique and undeniable magic）之间是因果关系。D项中的"They"指代空前的"tourists"。
【技巧点拨】 利用代词指代解题是做七选五常用的解题技巧之一。代词通常指代前面提及的名词、短语、句子等，根据代词的单复数形式、代词表意一致性和连贯性等可快速锁定答案。如上第3、4、5题都可通过代词指代来解题。
三、完形填空
[2024黑龙江哈尔滨三中开学考]It’s said that Mother’s Day was first suggested in the United States by Julia Ward Howe in 1872 as a day dedicated to peace after the Franco Prussian War. The holiday gained its 1 mainly due to the efforts of Anna M. Jarvis.
Anna began a letter-writing 2 to gain support for a national Mother’s Day holiday when her mother passed away in 1905. 3 influential leaders， including William Taft， Theodore Roosevelt， and John Wanamaker， Anna poured out a stream of requests for support of the idea. She believed， mothers 4 their own special day and that it would help strengthen family bonds.
She 5 a religious organization in West Virginia to celebrate Mother’s Day on the second anniversary of her mother’s 6 ， the 2nd Sunday of May. By 1911， Mother’s Day was celebrated in almost every state， and flowers quickly became a lasting 7 to express love on the occasion. In 1914， Congress 8 a law designating the second Sunday in May as Mother’s Day， "a public 9 of love and respect for the mothers of our country". President Woodrow Wilson issued the statement， making it a（n） 10 US holiday.
But Anna’s accomplishment soon turned 11 for her. Annoyed by the 12 of the holiday， she filed a lawsuit（诉讼） to stop a 1923 Mother’s Day festival and was even arrested for 13 the peace at a war mothers’ conference where women sold white carnations（康乃馨）— Anna’s symbol for mothers — to raise money， "This is not what I 14 ，" Jarvis said. "I wanted it to be a day of sentiment， not 15 ！"
Today Mother’s Day has become a very popular holiday in the USA.
本文为记叙文，主要讲述了安娜在母亲去世后通过努力使母亲节在美国流行并成为官方节日的故事。
1. A. liberty B. freedom
C. independence D.popularity
解析 D 该节日的流行（popularity）主要是因为安娜的努力。liberty自由，freedom自由，independence独立。
2. A. plot B. campaign
C. attempt D. trip
解析 B 1905年，安娜的母亲去世后，安娜开始了一场写信运动（campaign），与下文中的"Anna poured out a stream of requests for support of the idea"衔接，说明安娜开始不断写信争取官方对母亲节这一想法的支持。plot情节，attempt尝试，trip旅行。
3. A. Reaching out to B. Giving in to
C. Coming up with D. Breaking away from
解析 A 安娜联系（Reaching out to）了包括威廉·塔夫脱、西奥多·罗斯福和约翰·奥纳梅克在内的有影响力的领导人，提出了一系列支持这一想法的请求。
4. A. observed B. marked
C. spent D.deserved
解析 D 她认为，母亲们值得（deserved）拥有她们自己的特殊节日，这有助于加强家庭纽带。observe观察，mark标记，spend花费。
5. A. expected B. persuaded
C. ordered D. begged
解析 B 她说服（persuaded）西弗吉尼亚州的一个宗教组织在她母亲去世两周年的纪念日，即5月的第二个星期天庆祝母亲节。expect期盼，预计；order命令；beg乞求。
6. A. illness B.death
C. recovery D. operation
解析 B 参见上题解析。death死亡。
7. A. habit B. manner
C. mode D.tradition
解析 D 到1911年，几乎每个州都庆祝母亲节，鲜花很快成了在这个场合表达爱的持久传统（tradition）。habit习惯，manner方式，mode模式。
8. A. passed B. declined
C. denied D. received
解析 A 1914年，国会通过（passed）了一项法律，将5月的第二个星期日定为母亲节，以"公开表达对母亲的爱和尊重"。decline拒绝，deny否认，receive收到。
9. A. impression B. expression
C. discussion D. conclusion
解析 B 参见上题解析。expression表达，表示。
10. A. natural B. physical
C. official D. racial
解析 C 伍德罗·威尔逊总统发表了这一声明，使其成为美国的官方（official）节日。natural自然的，physical身体的，racial种族的。
11. A. bitter B. sweet
C. ripe D. joyful
解析 A 但安娜的成就很快让她感到痛苦（bitter）。
12. A. globalization B. organization
C. civilization D. commercialization
解析 D 由于对这个节日的商业化（commercialization）感到不满，她提起诉讼，要求停止1923年的母亲节庆祝活动，甚至还因扰乱（disturbing）和平而被捕。
13. A. disturbing B. creating
C. making D. designing
解析 A 根据空前的"arrested for"可知，空处应填含有贬义色彩的词汇，选项中只有disturb"扰乱"符合语境。create创造，make制作，design设计。
14. A. purchased B. cherished
C. intended D. evaluated
解析 C 在那次会议上，妇女们出售白色康乃馨来筹集资金。贾维斯说："这不是我的本意。"purchase购买，cherish珍视，intend想要，evaluate评估。C项符合语境。
15. A. profit B.victory
C. sadness D. labor
解析 A 我希望这是一个充满感情的日子，而不是赚钱的日子。profit利润，收益；victory胜利；sadness悲伤，难过；labor劳动。A项符合语境。Unit 2 Morals and Virtues
一、阅读理解
A
[2023江西南昌一模]Wangari Maathai， the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize winner， once told a story of a hummingbird. When a forest fire broke out， the hummingbird volunteered to do its best to fight the fire despite its small size and little impact， while larger animals like the elephants just sat by and watched. In many Kenyan people’s eyes， the youth group Komb Green Solutions is such a hummingbird.
Formed in 2017，Komb Green Solutions is a community-based organization in Nairobi. Though it started off with no support at all， it was armed with a passion to change the environment in their slum（贫民窟）.
Fredrick Okinda， the group’s founder， said that before the group was formed， some young people in Korogocho were engaged in crime to earn a living. This always resulted in gang fights， with Okinda having lost many friends to crime.
During an upgrading project where a new bridge linking Dandora and Korogocho slums was being built，Okinda and his co-founders saw an opportunity. Having worked as casual laborers and security officers for the project， the youth decided to carry on by restoring the river under the bridge on a voluntary basis.
"When we started， our main focus was the dumpsite（垃圾场） under the bridge，" Okinda said. "It was a hiding place for thieves and a place where criminals would go to conduct their illegal activities， so we wanted to create a green and safe place for children to play and for young people to relax."
With limited resources， insufficient funds and an enormous task，Komb Green Solutions has slowly but surely started turning the city’s Korogocho slum from an eyesore into a safe place where children can play and adults can live healthy lives.
本文主要讲述了一个肯尼亚青年组织Komb Green Solutions努力将贫民窟改变为一个宜居宜玩耍之地的故事。
【词语积累】upgrade v.提高（设施、服务等的）档次，改善；使升级 on a voluntary basis在自愿的基础上 eyesore n.碍眼的建筑，丑陋的东西，令人厌恶的东西
1. Why does the author mention the hummingbird in paragraph 1？
A. To introduce a Kenyan youth group.
B. To show Wangari Maathai’s theory.
C. To amuse readers with a funny story.
D. To stress the importance of hummingbirds.
解析 A 推理判断题。从第一段中的"When a forest fire broke out...little impact"和"the youth group...a hummingbird"可以看出，蜂鸟虽小却敢于承担责任，而Komb Green Solutions正是这样的组织。因此，作者提到蜂鸟的主要目的在于引出后面要讲的Komb Green Solutions，故A项正确。
2. What made Okinda start Komb Green Solutions？
A. Saving wild birds.
B. Making a living.
C. Solving the drug problem.
D. Changing the community.
解析 D 细节理解题。由第二段中的"it was armed with a passion to change the environment in their slum（贫民窟）"可知，Okinda成立Komb Green Solutions的目的是改变社区环境，故D项正确。
3. Which of the following best describes Okinda？
A. Reserved. B. Devoted.
C. Polite. D. Honest.
解析 B 推理判断题。由本文内容，尤其是最后一段中的"With limited resources， insufficient funds and an enormous task...from an eyesore into a safe place"可知，在资源有限、资金短缺、任务艰巨的情况下，Okinda还是设法改变了贫民窟的面貌。由此可以推测，Okinda是一个意志坚定、全身心投入的人，故B项正确。
4.What is a suitable title for the text？
A. Living a Healthy Life
B. A Dream Come True
C. Transforming the City Slum
D. Volunteering in Communities
解析 C 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了Komb Green Solutions这一青年组织努力将贫民窟改变为一个宜居宜玩耍之地的故事，故C项适合做本文的标题。
B
[品德修养/2024重庆育才中学、西南大学附中联考]Jose Alberto Gutierrez’s life would never be the same again after finding a copy of AnnaKarenina by Leo Tolstoy in the garbage 20 years ago. It happened when he was driving his garbage truck through wealthier neighborhoods at night and saw deserted books. It sparked his desire to start rescuing books from the garbage. He took home between 50 and 60 books every morning after his nine-hour shift. Eventually， he turned his book collection into a community library.
Colombia’s capital city of Bogota has 13 million residents and 19 public libraries. However， these libraries tend to be far away from where rural and poorer communities live. The option of buying new books is non-existent for families struggling to make ends meet. Having access to a library of books and being taken away to another world while absorbed in a book is a luxury for the kids who visit Gutierrez’s library.
Gutierrez grew up poor， and his family could not afford to educate him beyond primary school. Nevertheless， his mother was a keen reader and read stories to him every night. Her love for books left a deep impression on Gutierrez， who never let a lack of formal education stop him from reading classics by the likes of Victor Hugo， Mario Vargas Llosa and Gabriel García Márquez.
Today， his community library， called "The Strength of Words"， occupies most of his home and is piled from floor to ceiling with fiction and non-fiction titles. Everything from school textbooks to story books can be found in his collection of more than 20，000 books！
The Strength of Words library opens every weekend. It is not just school-going children who are enjoying the benefits of The Strength of Words library. Adults are also welcome to expand their horizons and develop new skills to build a better life for themselves.
Despite having done so much for his community， Gutierrez is not yet content to call it a day. He continues to search through bins for reading material and has even travelled to book fairs in Mexico and Chile to sell his idea of building libraries from unwanted books.
本文为一篇记叙文，讲述了清洁工Gutierrez将废弃书籍收集起来，创建社区图书馆，为低收入家庭提供阅读机会的故事。
1. What inspired Gutierrez to build the community library？
A. The dilemma he faced on the night shift.
B. The hobby he has started since childhood.
C. Famous novelists he liked very much.
D. Abandoned books he came across at work.
解析 D 细节理解题。由第一段中的"It happened when he was driving his garbage truck through wealthier neighborhoods at night and saw deserted books. It sparked his desire to start rescuing books from the garbage. He took home between 50 and 60 books every morning after his nine-hour shift. Eventually， he turned his book collection into a community library"可知，Gutierrez在工作中偶然发现的废弃书籍启发了他创建社区图书馆，故选D项。
2. What can we learn about Gutierrez’s mother？
A. She was born into a poor family.
B. She bought Gutierrez many books.
C. She influenced Gutierrez greatly.
D. She enjoyed reading Hugo’s works.
解析 C 推理判断题。由第三段中的"Nevertheless， his mother was a keen reader and read stories to him every night. Her love for books left a deep impression on Gutierrez， who never let a lack of formal education stop him from reading classics by the likes of Victor Hugo， Mario Vargas Llosa and Gabriel García M rquez"可知，Gutierrez的母亲对书籍的热爱让Gutierrez即使贫困也坚持阅读。由此可知，她对Gutierrez的影响很大，故选C项。
3. What does the underlined phrase "call it a day" in the last paragraph mean？
A. Take the time.
B. Stop the work.
C. Make a change.
D. Receive a reward.
解析 B 词义猜测题。由"Despite having done so much for his community"及"He continues to search through bins for reading material and has even travelled to book fairs in Mexico and Chile to sell his idea of building libraries from unwanted books"可知，Gutierrez并没有停下从垃圾箱里找书籍的目标，甚至还想推广自己的想法，因此，call it a day与stop the work意思相近，故选B项。
4. What does Gutierrez’s story tell us？
A. A book holds a house of gold.
B. The early bird catches the worm.
C. Good things come to those who wait.
D. One man’s trash is another man’s treasure.
解析 D 推理判断题。结合全文内容，尤其是第一段中的"It sparked his desire to start rescuing books from the garbage. He took home between 50 and 60 books every morning after his nine-hour shift. Eventually， he turned his book collection into a community library"可知，本文讲述了Gutierrez将废弃书籍收集起来，创建社区图书馆，为低收入家庭提供阅读机会的故事，故D项切题。A项"书中自有黄金屋"；B项"早起的鸟儿有虫吃"；C项"好事总是青睐有准备的人"。
二、完形填空
In a local Goodwill store in Gilbert， Rose was to find a costume for her daughter. However， her trip took a（n） 1 turn when she decided to search the book section.
An older lady beside her picked up a book and out 2 a note. It read， "Believe， Trent — Believe you’re loved！ Let’s get going. The ride may not be 3 but we’ll get there. When you 4 yourself as much as I do， you’ll be there. Dad." Rose could feel the love and hope 5 the lines. She bought the book 6 . But her journey with this note had just begun.
7 to return it to its owner， Rose turned to the power of community. She posted the message in a social media group， hoping someone might 8 the name. Hundreds shared the post and offered 9 . One group member commented， "I feel like maybe all moved by the 10 are indeed a Trent. Thanks for sharing the love note."
The community’s 11 was obvious. And lots of people 12 Rose. She said， "Sometimes it takes a stranger to lift you up and say，‘I believe in you. You can 13 any difficulty.’"
As days turned into weeks， Rose’s 14 became a journey of hope for many in the community. The story behind the note remains a（n） 15 . However， Rose’s efforts serve as a proof of the power of community and the lengths we’ll go to for love and connection.
Rose在一家慈善商店给女儿买戏装的时候，偶然看到一本书中掉落一张便签。她被便签中满满的父爱触动，把书买了下来，并自此踏上了寻找便签主人的旅程。
1. A. fortunate B.unexpected
C. confusing D. intelligent
解析 B 然而当她决定去图书区域逛逛的时候，她的这趟慈善商店之行发生了意想不到的（unexpected）转变。
2. A. escaped B. remained
C. dropped D. hidden
解析 C 她旁边一位比她年长的女士拿起一本书，一张便签从书中掉落（dropped）。
3. A. interesting B. challenging
C.independent D. smooth
解析 D 此行或许不会一片坦途，可我们终会到达。smooth平稳的，顺利的。
4. A. deal with B. believe in
C. set up D. care for
解析 B 当你像我一样信任（believe in）你的时候，你终会做到的。
5. A. between B. above
C. beyond D. beside
解析 A Rose可以感受到字里行间的爱与希望。between the lines在此意为"字里行间"。
6. A. suddenly B.immediately
C. surprisedly D. sufficiently
解析 B 她立即（immediately）把这本书买了下来。
7. A. Surprised B. Curious
C.Determined D. Nervous
解析 C Rose决心（Determined）将这一便签交还到主人手中，于是她求助于社区的力量。
8. A. doubt B. compare
C. recognize D. investigate
解析 C 她将便签内容发布到了一个社交媒体群中，希望有人能认出（recognize）这个名字。
9. A. clues B. desires
C. examples D. memories
解析 A 数百人分享了帖子并提供了线索（clues）。
10.A.opportunity B. research
C. accident D. note
解析 D 我觉得所有被便签（note）感动的人或许都是Trent。
11. A. benefit B.support
C. argument D. analysis
解析 B 社区的支持（support）显而易见。
12. A. cheered on B. picked out
C. turned to D. depended on
解析 A 并且有许多人为Rose加油鼓劲（cheered on）。
13. A. cause B. discover
C. experience D.overcome
解析 D 你能克服（overcome）任何困难。
14. A. business B. program
C. mission D. adventure
解析 C 随着数日变成了数周，Rose的任务（mission）变成了社区中许多人的希望之旅。
15. A. wonder B.mystery
C. honor D. resource
解析 B 便签背后的故事仍然是未解之谜（mystery）。
三、语法填空
[2023甘肃酒泉一模]Herman Travis， 55， lives in Holly Courts， a low-income neighborhood in San Francisco and he doesn’t have so many 1 （possess）. Every Tuesday， Travis fills a shopping cart（购物车） with groceries from a local food bank. Then he makes home deliveries to his elderly and disabled neighbors. He began doing it in 2007 and when he first started， people were doubtful. They didn’t welcome it as he had expected. "At first people were 2 （caution）. They didn’t let me in."
"However， only after they 3 （get） to really know me were they pleased to see me eventually. But I wish that I had started doing it earlier." Travis once told me. I am one of Travis’ neighbors 4 receive deliveries from him. To some degree， I depend on him to live my life. Like everyone else， on the one hand， I sincerely appreciate his help， and on the other hand， I expect 5 （see） the joy Travis gets out of making 6 （he） rounds. If he didn’t come to see me， I should miss him very much now. When we meet with each other on the way， he may stop to chat with me for some time so I know much about him. He often says it is not so stressful a job. Having kept doing such a thing for about fifteen years already， he is admired and respected by everybody.
Some people once asked him， "Do you think it is worthwhile doing such kinds of things？" He nodded his head， saying， "I think so." He’s so kind and warm， always 7 （smile）， as if he were doing 8 favor for his own family.
What he does always appeals 9 other people in nearby neighborhoods that have been trying to poach（挖走）Travis for years. They suggest paying him to go and deliver food for them when they run out of food. But he simply wouldn’t do it for money.
It might be a small thing that Travis is doing so， but he does that with big love. It’s 10 （spiritual） rewarding for him.
本文讲述的是55岁的赫尔曼·特拉维斯做志愿工作，给年迈和残疾的邻居做家庭派送，让得到帮助的人感受到了他的善意和温暖。
1.possessions 考查名词复数。空处应使用possess的名词复数形式possessions，意为"财产"。
2.cautious 考查形容词。空处应使用形容词cautious（谨慎的）作表语。
3.got 考查时态和语态。所填词作谓语，主语与get为主谓关系，且此处表示过去的动作，故填got。
4.that/who 考查定语从句。空处所填词引导限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词指人，故填that或who。
5.to see 考查不定式。expect to do sth.为固定短语，故填to see。
6.his 考查代词。空后的"rounds"作名词，在此表示"递送路线"。所以空处应使用形容词性物主代词作定语，故填his。
7.smiling 考查非谓语动词。He与smile之间为主谓关系，且此处表示伴随状况，故填smiling。
8.a 考查冠词。do a favor for sb.为固定短语，意为"帮助某人"，故填a。
9.to 考查介词。appeal to为固定短语，意为"吸引"，故填to。
10.spiritually 考查副词。空处应使用spiritual的副词形式spiritually作状语，spiritually意为"精神上"。Unit 4 Space Exploration
一、阅读理解
A
[素材创新/]During space missions， astronauts can experience a loss of some of the inner structural support in their bones， reducing the density（密度） of them. For trips in space lasting at least 6 months， the bone loss is equal to about 20 years of aging. Fortunately， a new study finds a year back on earth rebuilds about half of strength lost in the affected bones.
"Our bones are always remodeling（重塑），" notes exercise scientist Leigh Gabel. "But they’ll lose some of their strength when in space."
Gabel was part of a team that tracked 17 astronauts. Each of these 14 men and 3 women had spent from 4 to 7 months in space. The team measured the 3-D structure of their bones. They focused on the structure of the tibia（胫骨） in the lower leg and the lower-arm bone. The researchers took images of the bones 4 times — before spaceflight， then when the astronauts returned from space， and again six months and one year later. From the pictures， they got to know an astronaut’s bone strength and density at each of those times.
Astronauts in space for less than six months recovered their preflight bone strength after a year back on earth. But those who stayed in space longer suffered permanent bone loss in their tibias. That loss was equal to a decade of aging. The lower-arm bones showed almost no loss. That was likely because these aren’t weight-bearing bones on earth， Gabel explains. In fact， those arms can get a bigger workout in space than on earth as astronauts use them to move around their craft by pushing off handles and doorways.
"Increasing weight-lifting exercises in space could help reduce bone loss in legs，" says exercise scientist Steven Boyd.
"With longer spaceflight， we can expect bigger bone loss — and probably a bigger problem with recovery，" says physiologist Laurence Vico. "Space agencies should also consider other bone heath measures to reduce bone loss and increase bone formation."
身处太空中的宇航员会出现骨质流失的情况，而且他们在太空中待的时间越长，这种情况会越严重。如果待的时间少于6个月的话，返回地球一年后，骨骼强度会恢复到进入太空前的状态；时间超过6个月的话，骨质流失将会是永久性的。
1. What may the author think of the new study’s discovery？
A. It shows bone loss in space can be ignored.
B. It’s really beyond the researchers’ expectations.
C. It shows people on earth don’t suffer bone loss.
D. It’s probably good news for astronauts back from space.
解析 D 细节理解题。由第一段中的"Fortunately， a new study finds a year back on earth rebuilds about half of strength lost in the affected bones"可知，研究的发现对于从太空归来的宇航员来说理应是好消息，故本题选D。
2. What does Para. 3 mainly talk about？
A. The focus of the researchers’ study.
B. How Gabel’s team carried out their research.
C. Why the researchers took pictures four times.
D. Changes of the astronauts’ bone strength and density.
解析 B 段落大意题。通读第三段可知，本段主要讲述的是Gabel的团队如何开展他们的研究，故本题选B。
3. What does the underlined word in Para. 4 probably mean？
A. Regular. B. Limited.
C. Everlasting. D. Typical.
解析 C 词义猜测题。结合第四段中的"Astronauts in space for less than six months recovered their preflight bone strength after a year back on earth"、画线词所在句中的关键词But以及最后一段中的"With longer spaceflight， we can expect bigger bone loss — and probably a bigger problem with recovery"不难推知，permanent应该与recovered在意义上相对立，再结合四个选项可知，在太空中待的时间更长的宇航员的胫骨遭受的骨质流失应该是永久性的，故本题选C。
4. Which of the following statements may Boyd agree with？
A. A spaceflight less than half a year does no harm to astronauts.
B. Astronauts can avoid bone loss through doing enough exercise.
C. Spaceflight should be limited as much as possible for astronauts’ safety.
D. Using some exercise devices for legs may help the astronauts in space.
解析 D 细节理解题。由倒数第二段中Boyd的话"Increasing weight-lifting exercises in space could help reduce bone loss in legs"可知，本题选D。
B
[科技创新/2024四川绵阳零诊]Nuclear bombs. That’s the go-to answer for incoming space objects like asteroids（小行星） and comets as far as Hollywood is concerned. Movies like DeepImpact and Armageddon rely on nuclear weapons， delivered by stars like Bruce Willis， to save the world and deliver the drama.
But planetary defense experts say in reality， if astronomers spotted a dangerous in-coming space rock， the safest and best answer might be something more subtle， like simply pushing it off course by crashing it with a small spacecraft.
That’s just what NASA did on Monday evening， when a spacecraft headed straight into an asteroid called Dimorphos， which is around 7 million miles away and poses no threat to Earth. It’s about 525 feet across and orbits another larger asteroid.
In images streamed（传输） as the crash neared， the egg-shaped asteroid grew in size from a little spot on screen to have its full rocky surface come quickly into focus before the signal went dead as the craft hit right on target.
Events happened exactly as engineers had planned， they said， with nothing going wrong. "As far as we can tell， our first planetary defense test was a success，" said Elena Adams， the mission systems engineer， who added that scientists looked on with "both terror and joy" as the spacecraft neared its final destination.
The crash was the peak of NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test （DART）， a 7-year and more than $300 million effort which launched a space vehicle in November of 2021 to perform humanity’s first-ever test of planetary defense technology. It will be about two months， scientists said， before they will be able to determine if the crash was enough to drive the asteroid slightly off course， probably shortening its original orbit.
NASA plans to launch an asteroid-hunting space telescope named NEO Surveyor in 2026. "We’ve tracked lots of space rocks， especially the larger ones that could cause extinction-level events. Thankfully， none currently threatens Earth. But many asteroids the size of Dimorphos haven’t yet been discovered， and those could potentially take out a city if they came crashing down，" explains Lindley Johnson， NASA’s Planetary Defense Officer.
文章主要介绍了美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的行星防御专家实施行星防御测试，利用小型航天器撞击一块即将到来的危险太空岩石，使太空岩石偏离轨道的事情。
1. Why does the author mention the movies？
A. To make a prediction.
B. To introduce the topic.
C. To provide a possibility.
D. To make a comparison.
解析 B 推理判断题。由第一段中的"Movies like DeepImpact and Armageddon rely on nuclear weapons， delivered by stars like Bruce Willis， to save the world and deliver the drama"和第二段"But planetary defense experts say in reality， if astronomers spotted a dangerous in-coming space rock， the safest and best answer might be something more subtle， like simply pushing it off course by crashing it with a small spacecraft"可推知，作者提到电影是为了引出下文用小型航天器撞击危险的太空岩石，介绍文章的话题，故选B。
2. What can we infer from the passage？
A. NASA pushed Dimorphos by crashing.
B. The 7-year program has drawn a conclusion.
C. NEO Surveyor has tracked lots of space rocks.
D. Dimorphos could cause extinction-level events.
解析 A 推理判断题。由第二段"But planetary defense experts say in reality， if astronomers spotted a dangerous in-coming space rock， the safest and best answer might be something more subtle， like simply pushing it off course by crashing it with a small spacecraft"和第三段中的"That’s just what NASA did on Monday evening， when a spacecraft headed straight into an asteroid called Dimorphos"可推知，本题选A。
3. Which statement does Lindley Johnson most possibly agree with？
A. Larger asteroids will not be a threat to Earth.
B. NASA should shoulder the responsibility for the crash.
C. Asteroids like Dimorphos are more destructive than other larger ones.
D. NEO Surveyor is expected to discover asteroids the size of Dimorphos.
解析 D 推理判断题。由最后一段中的"NASA plans to launch an asteroid-hunting space telescope named NEO Surveyor in 2026"和Lindley Johnson的话"But many asteroids the size of Dimorphos haven’t yet been discovered， and those could potentially take out a city if they came crashing down"可推知，计划发射NEO Surveyor是为了发现像Dimorphos这样大小的小行星，从而帮助人类及时规避风险，Lindley Johnson作为美国国家航空航天局的行星防御官会同意这一观点，故选D。
4. What is the best title for the passage？
A. The impact of planetary defense technology
B. A threat to Earth from asteroids
C. The contribution to space safety
D. An intentional crash in space
解析 D 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了美国国家航空航天局的行星防御专家实施行星防御测试，利用小型航天器撞击一块即将到来的危险太空岩石，使太空岩石偏离轨道的事情。由此可知，D项最能概括文章大意，适合做文章标题。
二、完形填空
Katya Echazarreta， 26， made history when she became the first Mexican-born woman to travel into space.
"It’s been my life’s goal to get into the space 1 and reach space，" she said.
Born in Mexico， Katya moved with her family to San Diego at 7. At that young age， she asked her mother，"What do you think is the most 2 thing somebody can do？" Her mother 3 ， "For you， I think maybe being a（n） 4 ."
At that time， Katya 5 to someday meet that challenge and travel to space.
As a child， she would look up to the stars and believe she would someday reach them. She worked so hard in order to make that big 6 come true.
When her parents’ marriage came to an end， she helped 7 her younger brothers and sisters and started a job at McDonald’s. Though she had to work long hours， she never lost sight of her dream.
After college， she accepted an internship（实习） at NASA， achieving her first 8 of working in the space industry. She did a great job and was 9 a full-time job later.
In 2019， Katya heard of a 10 opportunity offered by Space for Humanity. The organization looked for applications for its first Citizen Astronaut program， which would 11 one person to join a six-person space flight as part of a June 2022 mission. 12 ， Katya was chosen from thousands of people.
"One of the most 13 things of this was getting to tell my mom，" Katya shared. She always thinks it was her mother’s 14 that kept her working hard and dreaming big. "The 15 in space was absolutely wonderful，" Katya added. "And I finally achieved my lifelong dream."
本文为记叙文，主要讲述了Katya Echazarreta实现飞向太空的梦想的故事。
1. A. wish B. information
C. industry D. organization
解析 C 投身太空行业（industry）和抵达太空一直是我的目标。
2. A. official B. popular
C. formal D.challenging
解析 D 你认为一个人所能做的最有挑战的（challenging）事情是什么？challenging与第5空所在句中的meet that challenge相吻合。
3. A. replied B. shouted
C. explained D. ordered
解析 A 结合上文的问题可知，此处说的应该是"母亲回答说……"，故用replied。
4. A. engineer B. scientist
C. reporter D. astronaut
解析 D 结合下文内容可知，空格所填词表示的应是"航天员"，故选D。
5. A. stopped B. refused
C. agreed D. determined
解析 D 此处说的是"那时，Katya决定（determined）将来迎接挑战，飞向太空"。
6.A. imagination B.dream
C. difficulty D. difference
解析 B 此处说的是"为了让远大的梦想（dream）变成现实，她学习非常努力"，故选B。
7. A. care for B. turn around
C. pick out D. prepare for
解析 A 此处说的是Katya帮忙照看（care for）年幼的弟弟和妹妹，故选A。
8.A. discussion B. responsibility
C. mission D. education
解析 C 此处说的是"完成她的第一个任务（mission）——进入太空行业工作"，故选C。
9.A. offered B. lent
C. prevented D. advised
解析 A Katya表现突出，之后获得了全职工作。offer在此表示"给予，提供"。
10.A. serious B. basic
C. precious D.various
解析 C 此处指Katya获悉了一个宝贵的（precious）机会，故选C。
11.A. warn B.allow
C. invite D. cause
解析 B 此处说的是该计划可以允许一个人加入一个六人的航空之旅。allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事。
12.A. Luckily B. Suddenly
C. Probably D. Generally
解析 A 幸运的是（Luckily），Katya从数千人中脱颖而出。
13.A. popular B. beautiful
C. careful D. surprising
解析 B 此处说的是"这一切之中最美好的（beautiful）事情之一是得以告诉妈妈"，故选B。
14.A. doubt B. success
C. worry D. support
解析 D 她一直认为是妈妈的支持（support）让她努力工作和心怀远大梦想，故选D。
15.A. experience B. celebration
C. challenge D. imagination
解析 A 所填词指的应该是飞入太空的这一经历（experience），故选A。
三、语法填空
[2023江西南昌一模]A small device， MOXIE， has produced oxygen on the surface of Mars，1 （bring） the chances of surviving on the red planet a step closer. Research published in 2 journal ScienceAdvances reported that MOXIE produced breathable oxygen in seven-hour-long tests conducted in various weather and atmospheric（大气的） conditions last year. The research also found that even in extreme 3 （temperature） and after a Martian dust storm， MOXIE 4 （continue） to produce high-purity oxygen.
"This is the first demonstration of actually using resources on the surface of Mars and transforming 5 （they） chemically into something useful for a human mission，" Jeffrey Hoffman， a 6 （retire） astronaut， said.
"The thin atmosphere on Mars is 96 percent carbon dioxide and much more7 （change） than that on Earth and the temperature can vary by 100 degrees，" Hoffman said. "One aim is to show we can run MOXIE in all seasons."
The device， MOXIE， uses some special pumps，8 suck in carbon dioxide. The gas 9 （heat） to 800 ℃ and pressed to separate the carbon and oxygen. Carbon monoxide is sent out as waste while the pure oxygen is left behind.
Despite the challenges， MOXIE has proved durable in the extreme conditions on Mars and scientists regard the test results 10 a great achievement.
本文主要讲述了一个小设备MOXIE在火星表面合成了氧气这一事件。这是人类首次利用火星表面的资源并将其转化为对人类任务有用的东西。
1.bringing 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，本句的谓语动词是has produced，空处所填词为非谓语动词；结合语境可知，此处应用现在分词形式表示自然而然的结果，且此处表示主动关系，所以空处填bringing。
2.the 考查冠词。分析语境可知，此处表示特指，所以空处填定冠词the。
3.temperatures 考查名词的数。由空前的extreme可知，空处应用名词，此处表示各种极端温度，所以空处填名词复数temperatures。
4.continued 考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子结构可知，空处所填词在句中作宾语从句的谓语。结合主句的谓语found可知，此处时态也用一般过去时；主语MOXIE与continue之间是主动关系，所以空处填continued。
5.them 考查代词。分析句子结构可知，空处所填词作transforming的宾语，应用宾格形式，所以空处填them。
6.retired 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处所填词修饰空后的名词astronaut，应用形容词，所以空处填retired（已退休的）。
7.changeable 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处所填词在句中作表语，表示事物的特征，应用形容词，所以空处填changeable。
8.which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处所填词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指物，关系词在从句中作主语，所以空处填which。
9.is heated 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处所填词在句中作谓语。结合语境可知，时态用一般现在时；主语The gas与heat之间是被动关系；主语The gas表第三人称单数概念，所以空处填is heated。
10.as 考查介词。此处考查固定表达regard...as...（把……看作……）。Unit 5 The Value of Money
一、阅读理解
A
Brian Chevalier was in bed at his Rhode Island home， worrying his pipes might freeze and burst. It was Dec.19 of last year. The outside temperature was expected to drop to -7℃. Finally， he gave in： He turned on the heat. The data marked a new personal record for an annual challenge — one he hopes to beat this year. Every year， Chevalier， who works in digital marketing in the automotive industry， avoids turning on his heat for as long as he can.
Chevalier started the challenge when he was in his 20s， living in a poorly equipped house and working as a part-time waiter. "Heating the structure was useless — the heat was just going out the window. It made me think： How warm do I really need to be to survive？ Just layer up，" Chevalier says. Two years ago Chevalier made it to Dec.3 without the heat. Last year， he went further， with the help of layers and layers of clothes.
Chevalier has about 28，000 followers on the social media platform who are now cheering him on and sharing their own attempts to keep the heat off. Since heating oil and electric rates have increased over the years， and are expected to continue edging up this winter， more and more people participate in this year’s challenge.
It isn’t necessary to have all that much heat， insists Mr. Tabor， 40， who makes videos online and lives in his old house built in the 1880s. "If your pipes don’t freeze and you can sleep and work， that’s enough — the rest is luxury（奢侈的享受），" he says. "Normal electrical equipment and lights give off a surprising amount of heat."
When asked if he has the confidence to break the record this year， Chevalier says that the threshold（临界点） differs from person to person. "I’m not sure actually. Mine is obviously very low. But the forecast might not be in my favor，" he adds.
本文是记叙文。由于取暖油的价格和电费逐年上涨，越来越多的人加入Brian Chevalier，挑战在冬天尽可能晚开暖气，以节约生活成本。
【词语积累】 burst v.（使）爆裂，（使）胀破 layer up多穿几层 cheer sb. on为……鼓气，为……加油 forecast n.预测，预报 in sb.’s favor 有利于某人，有助于某人
【熟词生义】 1.rate常用义：n.速度，进度；比率 文中义：n.价格，费用
2.edge常用义：n.边，边缘 文中义：v.略为增加（或减少）
1. What is Chevalier’s annual challenge？
A. Delaying using the heating.
B. Preventing his pipes from freezing.
C. Observing temperature changes.
D. Breaking the record for digital marketing.
解析 A 细节理解题。由第一段中的"It was Dec.19 of last year... turned on the heat"和"Every year， Chevalier... avoids turning on his heat for as long as he can"可知，去年12月19日，Brian Chevalier打开了暖气，这一数据刷新了个人年度挑战纪录，他每年都会尽可能长时间地避免打开暖气，故选A。
2. How did Chevalier complete last year’s challenge？
A. By wearing more clothes.
B. By equipping his house well.
C. By finding a warmer home.
D. By strengthening the windows.
解析 A 细节理解题。由第二段中的"Just layer up"和"Last year， he went further， with the help of layers and layers of clothes"可知，他是通过穿很多层衣服来完成去年的挑战的，故选A。
3. Why do more and more people join Chevalier this year？
A. To give him moral support.
B. To reduce their energy bills.
C. To promote a new lifestyle.
D. To protect the environment.
解析 B 推理判断题。由第三段中的"Since heating oil and electric rates have increased over the years， and are expected to continue edging up this winter， more and more people participate in this year’s challenge"可知，由于取暖油的价格和电费逐年上涨，预计今年冬天还会继续上涨，越来越多的人参与到今年的挑战中来。由此可推断，越来越多的人加入是为了减少能源支出。综上可知，本题选B。
4. What’s Mr. Tabor’s attitude to the challenge？
A. Skeptical. B. Objective.
C. Concerned. D. Supportive.
解析 D 态度推断题。由题干中的"Mr. Tabor"可将解题信息定位至倒数第二段。由倒数第二段可知，Mr. Tabor认为，没有必要使用那么多的热量。如果你的管道不结冰，你可以睡觉和工作，这就足够了——其余的都是奢侈的享受。普通的电器和灯会散发出惊人的热量。由此可知，Mr. Tabor对这一挑战持支持的态度，故选D。
B
Hody Childress， a farmer from Geraldine， Alabama， lived the last 10 years of his life with a little secret that was doing a lot of good.
In the small town where he lived his entire life， Childress wanted to help his community. He knew there were families in his hometown who were struggling financially. So one day he asked his local pharmacist（药剂师）， Brooke Walker， a question that would lead to supporting a lot of people.
"He pulled me to the side and said，‘Do you ever have anybody that can’t pay for their medicine？’and I said，‘Well， yeah， unfortunately， that happens a good bit.’" Walker shared with the BBC.
So Childress donated $100 to the local pharmacy（药房） for anyone who couldn’t afford to pay for a prescription， saying， "Next time that happens， will you use this？ Don’t tell where it came from， and don’t tell me who needed it."
This act of generosity continued for nearly 10 years， until his death in January 2023. And his story only came to light at his funeral， when his daughter， Tania Nix， wanted to show what kind of man her father was.
In fact， the 80-year-old only revealed his generosity to his daughter when he was unable to get to the pharmacy himself. He asked his daughter to take a $100 bill to the drugstore at the first of the month.
Nix continued to drop off the money to the pharmacy and didn’t tell anybody about what her dad was doing.
With her brother Doug， Nix shared， "We had a really hard time whether to allow this story out to the public， but I feel like a small deed can turn into a big deed — or it can turn into something that gives people hope. If it can encourage anyone to be a better person and want to help others — it’s worth it."
According to the BBC， since the story was first published by the Washington Post， the pharmacy has received donations from all over the country.
本文主要讲述了一位心地善良且不图名利的老人默默地捐钱为有需要的人支付药费的故事。
1. According to Walker， .
A. Childress often fell ill
B. Childress made a good fortune from farming
C. most people in Geraldine lead a hard life
D. many people can’t pay for their medicine
解析 D 细节理解题。由第三段中的"Do you ever have anybody that can’t pay for their medicine？"和"Well， yeah， unfortunately， that happens a good bit"可知，本题选D项。
2. Which words best describe Childress？
A. Honest and generous.
B. Generous and noble.
C. Kindhearted and open-minded.
D. Kindhearted and easygoing.
解析 B 推理判断题。结合Childress捐钱为生活困难的人付药费可知，他是一个善良大方的人，而他做好事不留名的做法表明他是一个高尚的人，故本题选B项。
3. What can we infer about Nix from the passage？
A. She wanted to make her father famous.
B. She followed her father’s example and also donated some money.
C. She held different opinions about their father’s deed from Doug.
D. She hesitated about the decision to spread out her father’s secret.
解析 D 推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的"We had a really hard time whether to allow this story out to the public"可推知，对于是否将父亲的善行义举公之于众，Nix犹豫不决，故本题选D项。
4. What lesson can we learn from the last two paragraphs？
A. Actions speak louder than words.
B. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
C. What goes around comes around.
D. One good deed may probably lead to another.
解析 D 推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的"I feel like a small deed can turn into a big deed"和最后一段中的"since the story was first published by the Washington Post， the pharmacy has received donations from all over the country"可推知，本题选D项。
二、七选五
[2023河南郑州一测]Have you ever had such an experience — going shopping and buying more than you need when you feel upset？ 1
According to a study by University of Michigan researchers， shopping to relieve stress was up to 40 times more effective at giving people a sense of control and shoppers were 3 times less sad compared to those who only went window-shopping. More than half of the 1，000 consumers interviewed by Credit Karma said they had shopped to deal with feelings of stress or anxiety. 2
In fact， shopping to reduce stress can actually help you live a healthier life by making sure that your blood pressure is lowered. Shopping to relieve stress is also jokingly called "retail therapy（购物疗法）" as a form of regulating stress. 3 And that feeling following those purchases was long-lasting.
However， the side effect of retail therapy， for many， can be relatively harmless at first but in the long term it could possibly use up savings and cause conflicts， thus adding a significant amount of stress to a person’s life.
Preparing a list before shopping is the best way to avoid the side effect of retail therapy. Whether you’re purchasing presents or buying groceries， having the items you need written down will make you quite clear and sensible while you’re shopping. 4 That way you’ll be more likely to commit to it. You can buy a cup of coffee while shopping or plan a fun activity when you return home.
5 Everyone’s financial situation is parison usually leads to debt and dissatisfaction with what you already have. Appreciate what you currently have by practicing gratitude.
A. Reward yourself for sticking to your list.
B. Why do people tend to shop to reduce stress？
C. Does overspending really make you feel happier？
D. Think about what you struggle with most financially.
E. Give up the needs to keep up with your neighbors and friends.
F. The study also found 82％ had a positive feeling about their purchases.
G. 23％ of them said they had used up their credit cards in the past year.
作者在文章中分析了过度消费的优点和缺点，并结合例子给出了合理的建议。
1.C 由空前的"going shopping and buying more than you need when you feel upset"可推知，空处内容应与过度消费相关；结合下文提到的"一项研究表明购物可以让人们不那么悲伤"可知，此处应该与过度购物是否会让人们开心有关以引出下文，故选C。
2.G 由空前的"More than half of the 1，000...said they had shopped"可知，空处内容应与被采访的消费者有关，G项符合语境，且G选项中的"them"与空前一句中的"consumers"相对应。
3.F 空格所在段主要在讲购物疗法的好处，再由空后的"And that feeling following those purchases was long-lasting"可推知，空处内容应与某种情感相关，F项中的"a positive feeling"与空后的that feeling相呼应，故选F。
4.A 由语境可推知，空处内容应与让自己更加忠于购物清单的方法有关；结合空后第二句可知，该方法是奖励自己，故A项（对自己坚持按清单购买商品给予奖励）符合语境。
5.E 由空后内容可知，每个人的财务状况不同，比较通常会带来不利后果，所以本段主要在讲不要比较，故E项"放弃与你的邻居和朋友们攀比的欲望"符合语境。
三、完形填空
[2024湖南长沙雅礼中学开学考]Amy Taylor had weathered some tough years. Her husband suffered a lot from kidney failure and in 2020， the poor mother 1 her job in the economic depression.
During the spring break， her 14-year-old daughter， Emily Moore， took a part-time job， and 2 minimum wage. But before she could spend the money， Emily had an idea. The news in Kansas City that week had been filled with stories about a police officer， Jimmy Moss， who was badly hurt in a car accident in the line of duty. He was in 3 condition. Emily and her unemployed mother had never forgotten how 4 the police had been when Taylor was robbed in the street one day. Emily decided to 5 the money to Officer Moss’s family. Her mom 6 agreed.
Taylor called the police and made an anonymous（匿名的） donation. Moved by her 7 expression of thanks， the officers did what they do best — they 8 Taylor. When she explained the family’s 9 ， the officers could hardly believe it. "With her current financial 10 ， we encouraged her to keep the money，" the department later explained. "She 11 ， saying the officer’s family needed it and the police needed to know they were 12 ."
By then， that feeling of support was mutual. The police set up a GoFundMe page for Taylor， whom they named "The Woman with the Heart of Gold". As of January 11， 2023， they had 13 $165，405. Even better： Officer Moss， who had a 1 percent chance of 14 ， is out of the hospital and 15 .
本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了 Amy Taylor 一家和警察相互支持的故事。
1. A. changed B. lost
C. quit D. finished
解析 B 由"Emily and her unemployed mother"可知，Amy Taylor失业了，故选B。
2. A. offered B. suggested
C. set D.earned
解析 D 在春假期间，她 14 岁的女儿兼职挣（earned）了一点钱，故选D。
3. A. critical B. rare
C. stable D. fair
解析 A 由上文中的"Jimmy Moss， who was badly hurt in a car accident in the line of duty"可推知，此处指这位警察伤情很严重，情况很危急，故选A。
4. A. annoyed B. nice
C. disappointed D. wise
解析 B 由"the police had been when Taylor was robbed in the street one day"可推知，此处指警察非常好（nice），帮助了她们，故选B。
5. A. lend B. pass
C. donate D. show
解析 C 由"made an anonymous（匿名的） donation"可知， Emily 决定将她挣的钱捐（donated）给Moss警官一家，故选C。
6. A. temporarily B. hesitantly
C. readily D. cautiously
解析 C 由"Taylor called the police and made an anonymous（匿名的） donation"可知，妈妈欣然同意她捐款，故选C。
7. A. generous B. distant
C. written D. public
解析 A 由" made an anonymous（匿名的） donation"可知，Taylor捐了钱，这说明她表达感谢的方式很慷慨（generous），故选A。
8. A. came across B. tracked down
C. turned to D. calmed down
解析 B 由"When she explained the family’s 9 ， the officers could hardly believe it"可知，警察找到（tracked down）了Taylor，故选B。
9. A. motivation B. faith
C. tradition D. principle
解析 A 由"the officers could hardly believe it"可知，Taylor解释了一家人的捐赠动机（motivation），警官不敢相信，故选A。
10. A. credit B. security
C. service D. hardship
解析 D 由"Her husband suffered a lot from kidney failure and in 2020， the poor mother 1 her job in the economic depression"可推知，她目前经济困难，故选D。
11. A. agreed B. complained
C. refused D. guessed
解析 C 由"saying the officer’s family needed it"可推知，她拒绝（refused）了警察的建议，故选C。
12. A. supported B. promised
C. treated D. defeated
解析 A Taylor拒绝拿回捐赠的钱，说警察需要这些钱，也需要知道她们都支持（supported）他们，故选A。
13. A. kept B. added
C. taken D.raised
解析 D 由"The police set up a GoFundMe page"可推知，他们建立了基金会，筹集（raised）资金，已经筹集了165405 美元，故选D。
14. A. promotion B. survival
C. freedom D. growth
解析 B 由"is out of the hospital"可知，这里指存活机会，故选B。
15. A. regretting B. collapsing
C. recovering D. escaping
解析 C 由"is out of the hospital and"可知，尽管只有 1％的存活机会，Moss警官现在已经出院了，在恢复中（recovering），故选C。
