Unit 2 Bridging Cultures
These years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of people studying abroad.However， leaving one’s comfort zone and being exposed to another culture in a new and complex environment can never be easy. Cultureshock is unavoidable.But never get depressed.Here are some tips to help with your adaptation.
First， don’t deny the big change in your life and always be optimistic— you are mature enough to handle any challenge. Second，grasp every chance to get familiar with your surroundings and try to behave as the locals do. Third， always be ready toparticipate in social activities， since getting involved in the natives will help you gain considerable insight into the local society and cooperating with people from different cultures can help you view the world from different angles.
All of these are helpful for you to engage in the foreign culture. Do as mentioned above， and I believe you will soon feel at home and strengthen your ability to live independently.
1 comfortn.安慰，令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸 vt.安慰；抚慰
1.[北师必修③－8]In many ways， life has become far more comfortable （comfort） and convenient in the past few decades.
2.[人教必修②－3]First of all， there’s the golden rule of the Internet： If you see or read something that makes you feel uncomfortable （comfortable）， leave the site immediately.
3.[外研必修③－5]Last year， hundreds of people spent good money on an experience that they knew would include crowds， discomfort （comfort） and danger.
点拨
第1、3小题所填词均为and连接的并列成分之一，因此可根据这一特点解题。此外，一些单词通常含有一定的感彩，这也是解题的关键。比如，第3题空前的crowds和空后的danger都属于偏消极的名词，那么空处填名词discomfort（不舒服，不安）；第1题空后的convenient的感彩偏积极，因此空处填形容词comfortable。此外，第3小题中的"experience"指攀爬珠穆朗玛峰这一经历。
4.看到我哭得全身颤抖，我的老师站起来，走到我跟前，给我一个温暖的拥抱来安慰我。
（读后续写之动作描写）
Seeing I was shaking from crying， my teacher rose to his feet， came up to me and comforted me with a warm hug .
★be a comfort to sb.对某人来说是个安慰 ★comfortable adj.舒适的；舒服的；安逸的 comfortably adv.舒适地；安逸地（＝in comfort） uncomfortable adj.不舒服的；不自在的 discomfort n.不安；不适
2 engagevi.参加；参与（活动） vt.吸引（注意力、兴趣）
1.给下列句子中的画线部分选择合适的英文释义
A. take part in B. attract （one’s interest or attention） C. employ or hire
①We should improve our ability to engage in international communication so as to tell the stories of China well. A
②Tom’s father engaged a tutor to improve his math. C
③This film has become a hit because it engages both the mind and the eye. B
2.Recently， I have been busy preparing for the college entrance examination.
→Recently， I have been engaged in preparing for the college entrance examination.（结合engage的用法对画线部分进行升级）
3.尽管你忙于工作，你也应该抽出一些时间来参与户外活动，这有利于你的身体健康。
（建议信）
Although （you are） engaged in your work ， you should set aside some time to engage （yourself） in outdoor activities ， which is helpful for your health. （engage）
★engage oneself in（使）从事，参与 be engaged in （doing）sth.忙于做某事 be/get engaged to sb.与某人订婚
3 involvevt.包含；需要；涉及；影响；（使）参加
1.结合语境写出下列句子中画线部分的含义
①[北师必修③－8]It is by acting together， in this exciting way， that we can involve thousands — millions — of people， and this is what is going to change the world. 使参加
②The work of a teacher involves love and devotion. 包含，需要
③There was a serious incident involving a group of youths. 涉及，影响
2.[外研必修②－3]It（Tai chi） involves doing （do）very slow physical exercises to relax your mind and calm your body.
3.[外研选必③－4]I admit that more advanced AI could be helpful in solving the world’s problems， but there is a high level of risk involved （involve）.
点拨
注意本题考查involve的过去分词形式作后置定语。用法类似的还有left，concerned等。如：There is little time left. The loss was a tragedy for all concerned.
4.All the teachers and students take an active part invarious activities on Earth Day. （活动介绍）
→All the teachers and students actively involve themselves in various activities on Earth Day.
★involve doing sth.包含/需要做某事 involve oneself in参加……（＝participate in/take part in） ★be/get involved in参与，卷入；专注于
4 exposevt.使接触；使体验；显露；使暴露于（险境）
1.结合语境写出下列句子中画线部分的含义
①We want to expose the kids to as much art and culture as possible. 使接触
②High levels of radiation may expose astronauts to greater risks of cancer and other diseases. 使暴露于（险境）
③[译林选必①－3]However， some critics suggest that on closer inspection， the painting actually exposes serious political and social problems. 显露，暴露
2.[人教选必②－2] Exposure/Being exposed （expose） to another culture and its people can give exchange students great insights into the world. This is an advantage of studying abroad.
3.在中国期间，我强烈建议你参加一些传统文化活动，这是你接触中国文化的好机会。 （建议信；中国文化）
During your stay in China， I strongly recommend that you （should） get involved in some traditional cultural activities， which will be a good opportunity for you to be/get exposed to Chinese culture .（involve；expose）
★be/get exposed to暴露于……，接触…… expose oneself to...使自己面临/暴露于…… ★exposure n.暴露；揭露；接触；体验
5 behavevt.表现 vi.&vt.表现得体；有礼貌
1.As you know， family rules， which let us know how to behave ourselves （we） and develop healthily， are greatly beneficial to us.
2.[外研选必①－1]Humour has been an essential part of human behavio（u）r （behave） for thousands of years.
3.在公共场合举止得体对我们来说很重要。
It is very important for us to behave ourselves in public.
★behave oneself 表现得体，有礼貌 well-behaved/badly-behaved adj.表现好的/表现差的 ★behaviour（behavior）n.行为；举止；态度
6 denyvt.否认；否定；拒绝
1. The suspect at last admitted having received the stolen goods but denied selling （sell） them.
2.不可否认，互联网在我们的生活和工作中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
There is no denying that/It can’t be denied that the Internet plays an increasingly important role in our life and work.
★deny doing sth.否认做某事 ★There is no denying that...＝It can’t be denied that... 不可否认……
7 participatein参加；参与
1.Ann is an active participant （participate） in all kinds of activities.She always participates in different competitions and says that participation （participate） gives her a chance to put what she has learned in class into practice.
2.Each team has selected outstanding players， who are both strong and swift， to participate in the sports meeting （参加运动会）. （活动介绍）
点拨
此处参加运动会，也可以用take part in the sports meeting或者compete in the sports meeting。
3.上周日我参加了一个由学生会组织的名为"认识我们身边的植物"的有意义的活动。
（活动介绍）
Last Sunday witnessed my participating/participation in a meaningful activity named "Getting to Know the Plants Around Us" organized by the Students’ Union.
★表示"参与，参加"的其他表达： take part in， get involved in， join， join in， attend ★participant n.参与者，参加者 ★participation n.参与；参加
8 Itwasthefirsttime（that）...
1.My eyes filled with uncontrollable tears. It was the first time that I had felt （feel） heartbroken. （读后续写之心理描写）
2.Obviously， it is high time that we took/should take （take） some measures to solve the problem.
3.[译林选必①－4]Romanticism was a cultural movement from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. It was a time when many painters， musicians， novelists and poets looked at the world in new and different ways.
4.Although I’m here for the first time， your friendly reception has made me feel at home.
→Although it’s the first time that I have been here ， your friendly reception has made me feel at home.（句式升级）
★It/This/That＋was＋the first/second/...time （that） sb. had done sth.某人第一/二/……次做某事。 It/This/That＋is＋the first/second/...time （that） sb. have/has done sth.某人第一/二/……次做某事。 ★It’s high time that...should do/did sth.是该做某事的时候了（should不可省略）。 ★There/It was a time when...曾经一度……/曾经有段时间……
9 疑问词＋不定式
1.[外研必修③－1]Ben was in an awkward situation， and Agony Aunt gave him suggestions as to how to deal （deal） with his problems.
2.[北师必修①－1]He feels so happy that he followed his heart when choosing what to do with his life， even though it may not be what others expected of him.
3.[译林选必②－1]So， you are interested in becoming a good journalist but don’t know where to start （start）？
4.[译林选必④－3]However， you’ll also need to pay attention to the interviewer’s responses to determine whether to provide more details or not.
5.我们都知道经常锻炼很重要，但是很少有人知道如何正确地锻炼。 （建议信）
We all know that regular exercise is important， but few of us know how to exercise properly .
★"疑问词＋不定式"通常在句中作宾语，也可作主语、表语、宾语补足语等。此时，不定式一般用主动式而不用被动式。 ★whether后可接不定式，而if不可以。Unit 1 Science and Scientists
Once upon a time， a severe disease broke out in a small country， making people easily infected and casting a shadow on their life. At first， people suspected it was linkedto some kinds of animals，blaming those who ate them or killed them for money. But some didn’t subscribe to this view. Medical workers across the country went to join in the fight，defending the country with their lives. They took effective measures，handled every case of infection immediately and，above all， never gave up on anyone. Thanks to their selfless efforts， people who came down with the disease soon recovered， and the number of infection cases decreased in a short time. Everything was a solid proof that they did a wonderful job in the fight against thevirus.
1 blamevt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n.责备；指责
1.[人教选必②－1]He was to blame （blame）for the accident because he drove on the wrong side of the road.
2.Some experts blamed the death of all the plants on a certain rare disease.
3.不要总把自己的失败归咎于他人，你更需要的是自我反思。 （建议信）
→①Don’t always blame your own failure on others ； what you need more is self-reflection.（blame v.）
→②Don’t lay/put the blame for your own failure on others ； what you need more is self-reflection.（blame n.）
4.由于演出失败受到责备，蒂姆感到一阵悲伤，忍不住痛哭。 （读后续写之情感描写）
Blamed for the failure of the performance ， Tim felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn’t help crying bitterly.
点拨
高考通常从以下几个角度设题对blame进行考查：
（1）to blame作表语时要用主动形式表示被动意义；
（2）通过非谓语动词结构对blame进行考查；
（3）blame后的介词既可以用on又可以用for，on后跟责怪的对象， for后跟责怪的原因。
★be to blame （for...）（因某事）应受责备；应（为……）承担责任 blame sb. for （doing）sth.责备某人（做了）某事 blame sth. on sb./sth.把某事归咎于某人/某事 ★bear/take/accept/shoulder the blame for sth.为某事承担责任 put/lay the blame for sth. on...把某事的责任归咎于……
2 linkn.联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联
1.[北师选必②－6]They realise that it does not matter how attractive the idea linked with/to the product is — most people know and anticipate that the main purpose of the advertisement is to make customers buy the product.
点拨
本题解题前应先分析句子结构，"linked with/to the product"在how引导的从句中作后置定语，修饰从句的主语idea。本题实际上考查的是link...with/to...的被动结构。
2.早在两千多年前，古丝绸之路就把中国和中亚的一些国家联系起来了。
The ancient Silk Road linked China to/with some countries in Central Asia as early as over 2，000 years ago.
3.研究者发现经常在外吃饭与体重的增长有直接的联系。
Researchers have found that there is a direct link between eating out frequently and the increase in weight.
★link...with/to...把……和……连接/联系起来 There is a link between...and...……和……之间有联系。 ★表示"联系"的短语：be related to，be associated with， be involved in， be connected with等。
3 decreasen.减少；降低；减少量 vt.&vi.（使大小、数量等）减少；减小；降低（reduce）
1.Compared with last year， the price of wheat has decreased by 15％ this year.
2.Fortunately，the number of cyclists running the red light is on the decrease.
点拨
run the red light闯红灯。
3.There are fewer and fewer poor people in China with its economy growing rapidly.
→The number of poor people in China is decreasing/on the decrease with its economy growing rapidly.（用decrease替换）
点拨
表示"减少、降低"的意思时，decrease既可以作及物动词也可以作不及物动词。
★decrease （from...） to...（从……）减少到…… decrease by减少了…… on the decrease在下降中，在减少中 ★increase表示"增长；增加"，与decrease的用法相同。
4 defendvt.&vi.保卫；防守 vt.辩解
1.[北师必修①－2]Many martial arts were invented because people needed to defend themselves （they） or protect others.
2.[外研选必①－6]In addition to blogging， taking photos and writing articles about the reef， he made a number of appearances on television to argue in favour of its defence （defend）.
3.The dam was built to defend the road from being washed （wash） away by the sea.
点拨
本题解题时不要一看到介词from就下意识填washing，分析句子结构并结合句意"建这个水坝是为了防止路被海水冲走"可知，应用被动结构be done，介词from后用动词-ing形式。
4.看到那条凶猛的蛇，他像箭一样冲过去保护他的儿子。 （读后续写之动作描写）
→①Seeing the fierce snake， he rushed to defend his son like an arrow. （defend）
→②Seeing the fierce snake， he rushed in defence of his son like an arrow. （defence）
★defend/protect...from/against... 保护……免受…… defend oneself为自己辩护；自卫 ★defencen.防御，保卫 in defence防御，保卫 in defence of为了保护…… in one’s defence为某人辩护 ★defensive adj.防御的，戒备的
5 breakout（战争、打斗等不愉快事件）突然开始；爆发
break out take place happen come about occur
1.[译林选必②－1]A terrible fire broke out on Sunday night， leaving the Henderson Tower seriously damaged.
2.How did it come about that you failed to turn up in time yesterday？
3.[译林必修①－4]The surgery took place more than a month ago， but Ella Edwards still suffers from daily pain.
4. [北师必修②－5]I am a strong swimmer and very used to swimming in the sea. One day last year， however， something terrible happened/occurred to me.
点拨
break out，take place，happen，come about均可表示"发生"，均为不及物动词（短语），没有被动语态。
break out指火灾、战争、打斗等不愉快事件突然开始，爆发。
take place常用来指按计划发生的事，不用于被动语态。
happen常带有偶然的意味，此时用物作主语（可与occur互换），不用于被动语态；还可意为"碰巧，恰好"，通常用人作主语，此时不能用occur代替。
come about多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么，常与how连用来要求对方说明或解释事情发生的缘由。
6 comedown患（病）；染上（小病）；降落，落下；崩塌，坍塌；下降，降低
1.给下列句子中的画线部分选择合适的英文释义
A. to get an illness B. to fall C. to break and fall to the ground D. to get lower
①The wind blew hard and the rain came down in sheets. B
②The ceiling came down with a terrific crash. C
③The price of gas is coming down. D
④I think I’m coming down with flu. A
2.You’re encouraged to imagine the difficulties and challenges you may come across and how you could overcome them.
3.[人教必修②－4]At night， the stars come out to tell us that all is well and my village grows quiet.
4.[人教选必②－1]Most great scientists have the ability to see the world in ways that other people do not， and to come up with new ideas that other people have never thought of.
5.谈到英语学习，我有下面这些实用的建议要分享。 （建议信）
When it comes to English learning， I have the following practical suggestions to share.
★come across（偶然）遇见；偶然发现 come out（太阳、月亮或星星）出现；盛开；出版 come up走到跟前；被提及 come up with提出 when it comes to...当谈及……
7 aboveall最重要的是；尤其是
1.above all first of all after all all in all
① Actually， it is not easy to get used to a completely new life. First of all ， she had to learn how to use public transport.
②[译林必修②－2]These types of exercise all play a role in a healthy routine. Above all ，choose activities you enjoy because， in this way， you’re more likely to stick with them.
③[人教选必③－2]To reach the goal of change， a person must show some discipline and repeatedly take many small steps. After all ， it is not easy to break bad habits.
④[人教选必②－4] All in all ， their trip from Vancouver to Toronto had taken a duration of four days.
2.我精通英语，非常了解中国的茶文化，最重要的是，我很擅长与他人沟通。 （申请信）
I have a good command of English and know China’s tea culture very well and above all， I’m really good at communicating with others .
★after all毕竟；终究 all in all总而言之，总的说来 first of all首先，第一
8 have＋宾语＋宾补
1.[人教必修②－3]Rather than going out to stores weekly or even daily， more and more people order things from clothes to toys to foods online and have them delivered （deliver） directly to their homes.
2.In cold winter， we always have the fire burning （burn） day and night to keep warm.
3.[外研必修②－5]He’s so cool！We’re going to keep in touch， so I now have someone to practise （practise） French with！
点拨
本题易误填practising。解答本题时不要一看到此处是"have＋宾语＋动词"结构，就下意识填practising。分析句子结构且结合句意可知，have在此句中意为"有"，而不是使役动词的"使"，故此处应用不定式作后置定语修饰不定代词someone。类似的表达还有：have a lot of work to do， have no friends to play with（注意不要忽略介词）等。
4.因为每个人的时间都是有限的，所以我们都应该珍惜时间，努力实现自己的梦想。
（读后续写之主旨升华）
Since everyone’s time is limited， we’re surely supposed to cherish it and work hard to have our dreams realized .
5.非常抱歉让你等了我这么长时间，因为刚才我有一件紧急的事情要处理。 （道歉信）
I am terribly sorry for having you waiting for me for so long ，because I had an urgent thing to attend to just now.
★have＋宾语＋do sth.：省略to的不定式作宾补，表示"主语使/让宾语干某事"。 ★have＋宾语＋doing：表示"让……一直做某事"，现在分词作宾补，表示持续的动作或状态。 ★have＋宾语＋done：表示"使某事被做/请人做某事/主语遭遇某事"。
前缀de-
通过构词法猜测单词在语境中的含义。
1.Work in the home is often ignored and devalued. 降低……的价值，贬低
2.Some people spread untrue messages or defame others， and such behavior will lead to a bad reputation of the victims. 诬蔑，诽谤，中伤
3.Two thirds of the region has been deforested in the past decade， which puts the animals here in danger. 砍伐树林
4.He was fined for defacing library books， which made his parents angry. 损伤……的外观 Unit 5 First Aid
It is necessary for us to grasp some basic and practical first aid techniques in case some minor but dangerous incidents happen in our daily life.You may see someone bleeding， getting an electric shock，collapsing suddenly or slipping carelessly in front of you. However urgent and desperate the situation seems， never scream in panic. Offering timely first aid to victims without delay before the ambulance arrives is important because it can ease discomfort and sometimes may even save lives.For example， when seeing someone choking on food， you’re supposed tohelp him to his feet and slap him on the back to force out the obstruction.
Anyhow， we can never justify sitting there and doing nothing， since we all have a responsibility to look after one another’s welfare and any of us may be out of shape and need help some day.
1 urgentadj.紧急的；急迫的；急切的
1.[外研选必②－3]And even if we could remember a number and needed to call it urgently （urgent）， it would still be more convenient to borrow a mobile phone from someone else than walk around looking for a phone box.
2.The pandemic highlights the urgency （urgent） to build a community with a shared future for mankind.
3.Our teacher urges us to study hard with the exam drawing near.
→Our teacher urges that we should study hard with the exam drawing near.（用urge that...改写句子）
★urge vt.敦促；竭力主张 urge sb.to do sth.催促某人做某事 urge that...（should） do sth.敦促做某事 ★urgently adv.迫切地；急切地 urgency n.紧急；迫切
2 easevi.&vt.（使）宽慰；减轻；缓解 n.容易；舒适；自在
1.[译林选必②－3]Hold burnt skin under cool running water for several minutes， until the pain eases （ease）.
点拨
ease表示"减轻，缓解"时，既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。常与ease搭配使用的名词有worry，pain，pressure，burden，stress等。
2.Pay more attention to what you’ve achieved rather than what you’ve failed to do， and it will make your restless mind at ease and build your self-confidence.
3.The pleasant atmosphere and his humorous speech brought us joy and got us relaxed.
→The pleasant atmosphere and his humorous speech brought us joy and put us at ease .（结合ease的用法对画线部分升级）
4.网络的迅猛发展让我们能够在网上轻松地获得大量学习资料。
The rapid progress of the Internet enables us to obtain a large quantity of learning materials online with ease .
★at ease舒适；自由自在 put sb. at ease使某人放松 feel at ease感到心情放松 with ease轻易地，毫不费力地（＝easily） ★ease one’s mind使某人安心
3 delayvi.&vt.推迟；延期（做某事） vt.耽误，耽搁 n.延误；耽搁（的时间）；推迟
1.Research shows that the older people become， the less likely they are to delay doing（do） their work until the last minute.
2.Having learned that I was in trouble， he came to my aid quickly.→Having learned that I was in trouble， he came to my aid without delay .（词语升级）
点拨
postpone和put off也表示"推迟"，但put off没有delay和postpone正式。如：
I used to put off making difficult decisions.我过去常常在要做困难的决定时拖拖拉拉。
We have to postpone/delay the meeting until next week. 我们不得不将会议推迟到下周举行。
★delay doing sth. 推迟/耽搁做某事 without delay 毫不拖延地，立刻 ★delayed adj.延误的，延时的 a delayed flight 延误的航班
4 panic（panicked，panicked，panicking）vi.&vt.（使）惊慌 n.惊恐；恐慌
1.Many people got into a total panic when the typhoon pulled the roofs off their houses.
2.The tsunami became more violent and many people were panicked into leaving （leave） the beach.
3.看到李华被一些食物噎住了，无法呼吸，同学们惊慌地拨打了急救电话。
Seeing Li Hua choking on some food and unable to breathe， his classmates called the emergency number in panic .
★get into a panic 陷入恐慌 in panic 惊慌失措地；处在恐慌中 throw sb. into a panic 使某人陷入恐慌 ★panic sb. into doing sth.使某人仓促做某事
5 desperateadj.绝望的；孤注一掷的；非常需要的
1.[北师选必①－1]My friends try to drag me away from my phone， but as soon as I’m alone again， I’m desperate to get （get）back to the online world and the intense activity that it provides.
2.Having walked for half an hour in such hot weather， I was desperate for a cold drink.
3.The fire spread through the house quickly and the firefighters tried desperately （desperate） to put it out.
4.我们从小就被教育要向那些迫切需要帮助的人伸出援助之手。
We’ve been educated to offer a helping hand to those who are in desperate need of help/who are desperately in need of help/who are desperate for help since we are very young.
5.我渴望尽快找到解决这个问题的办法。
I am desperate to find a solution to the problem as quickly as possible.
点拨
表示"渴望某物/做某事"的短语还有：be eager for sth./be eager to do sth.， be anxious for sth./be anxious to do sth.， long for sth./long to do sth.， be dying for sth./be dying to do sth.等。
★be desperate for sth.迫切渴望某物 be desperate to do sth. 渴望做某事 ★desperately adv.（因绝望而）拼命地；非常
6 helpsb.toone’sfeet帮助某人站起身来
1.我们看到李华在三千米长跑中跌倒了，但最后挣扎着站了起来。 （读后续写之动作描写）
We saw Li Hua slip during the 3-km run but struggle to his feet at last.
2.听到我们班在比赛中获胜的好消息，我们都激动地跳起来。 （读后续写之情绪描写）
Hearing the news that our class won the competition， we all jumped to our feet in excitement .
3.我扶着妈妈从床上站起来，并端给她一杯热水。 （读后续写之动作描写）
I helped Mom to her feet from the bed and offered her a cup of hot water.
★jump/spring/leap to one’s feet跳起来 struggle to one’s feet挣扎着站起来 rise to one’s feet站起来 stand on one’s own feet自立，独立
7 outofshape健康状况不好
1.我爷爷已经八十多岁了，对这个年纪的人来说，他身体不错。 （读后续写之人物描写）
My grandpa is in his eighties and he is in good shape for a man of his age.
2.灯笼是各种水果的形状，看起来很有意思。
The lanterns are in the shape of various fruits and look very interesting.
3.即将到来的期末考试让我很焦虑，以至于我近来健康状况不佳。
The upcoming final exam makes me so anxious that I have been out of shape/in bad shape recently .
点拨
在out of shape中，shape作名词，指the physical condition of sb./sth.，而out of则表示"没有，缺少，脱离"之意。类似的短语还有：out of work失业，out of control失控，out of mind心不在焉，out of sight在视野之外，out of order有毛病，出故障。
★in good/bad shape 健康状况良好/不佳 stay/keep/be in shape 保持健康 in the shape of 呈……的形状
8 unless引导的条件状语从句
1.[北师选必②－5]Her words puzzled me very much because I did not then understand anything unless I touched it.
点拨
背景语境：本句指的是盲人海伦·凯勒初期学习语言文字的状态。
2.When Mr. Wang is delivering the lecture，you’re supposed to keep silent unless asked （ask） to speak.
3.如果你不均衡饮食，你很可能会增加体重。
→① Unless you have a balanced diet ， you are likely to put on weight.（unless）
→② If you don’t have a balanced diet ， you are likely to put on weight.（if）
★unless引导的条件状语从句可与if...not互换。 ★unless引导的条件状语从句常用一般现在时表示将来意义，主句多用一般将来时。 ★unless引导的条件状语从句的主语和谓语有时可以省略。
9 as引导的非限制性定语从句
1.[外研必修①－5]The oldest zoo in China is Beijing Zoo， which was founded in 1906.
点拨
as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，区别如下：
as ★as有"正如，像"等意思，作关系词指代整个主句的内容。 ★从句位置可在主句前，主句中或主句后。 ★先行词作主语且定语从句为被动语态形式时，通常用as。
which ★which常译为"这一点，这件事"等，作关系词可以指代整个主句，又可以指代主句中的一部分。 ★引导的从句放在主句后。 ★在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时，要用which。
2.[外研选必④－4] As is often the case all over the world with new areas of economic activity， the sharing economy is developing faster than existing regulations or ongoing supervision.
3.They take the same subjects as you do， like Maths and English.
4.正如我们所看到的，近年来我们的生活发生了翻天覆地的变化。
As we can see， our life has changed greatly in recent years.
点拨
as引导非限制性定语从句时，常用结构有：as we can see正如我们所看到的；as is reported正如报道的那样；as is known to all/as we all know众所周知；as is often the case这是常有的事；as is mentioned above正如上面所提到的。
★as引导限制性定语从句时，常与such，the same等连用，表示"像……的，……的一类人或物"。 ★as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句的内容，as常在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，从句可位于句首、句中或句末。Unit 4 Journey Across a Vast Land
During my two years of study in China， I collected a bunch of wonderful memories and gained massively extensive knowledge about this great country. One of the pleasant memories was the visit to Zijin Mountain， which was literally challenging because of the long hours of journey before reaching the peak. Wearose early in the misty morning when the trees were still covered with frost， and the cold weather seemed to freeze my hands off. However， the sight of the awesome sceneries alongside the mountain road took my breath away.
When we arrived at the top， the spectacular sunrise really astonished us. One of my friends， acting as our photographer， took a photo of us. All in all， I think the highlight of climbing mountains is what we experience all the wayrather than what we finally see at the peak. The experience is bound to leave a deep impression on me.
1 arise（arose，arisen）vi.起身；出现；由……引起；起床
1.结合语境写出下列句子中画线部分的含义
①If any problem arises later， you must take her to the hospital without delay. 出现
②[外研选必④－1]Of course， the greatest dilemmas arise from moral problems， when we are uncertain which choice results in doing the right thing. 由……引起
③When a guest pays a visit to your family， you’d better arise from your chair immediately to show your warm welcome. 起身
④[人教选必②－4]The next morning， the two girls arose early to take the train to Lake Louise， passing through the Canadian Rockies. 起床
2.His carelessness resulted in his failure in the final exam.
→ His failure in the final exam arose from/out of his carelessness. （用arise改写）
点拨
（1）arise（arose，arisen）表示"产生，出现，引起"时，主语多为抽象名词，如problem，quarrel，argument，question，happiness，crisis等；表示"起立，起身"时，同rise。
（2）rise（rose，risen）意为"升起；上升；起立"，说明主语自身移向较高的位置，既可表示具体的动作，又可表示抽象的动作，如日、月等升起，烟、雾、水面等升高，人站立起来。如：
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳从东方升起，在西方落下。
（3）raise（raised，raised）意为"（使）直立，站立"和"举起，提起，抬起"时，说明主语发出的动作是要作用于其他人或事物的。如：
She raised her finger to her lips as a sign for silence.她抬起一根手指放在唇边，示意安静。
★arise from/out of（＝result from）由……引起/产生 arise from one’s chair/seat从椅子/座位上站起来
2 breathn.呼吸的空气
1.hold one’s breath take a deep breath take one’s breath away
①[外研选必④－4]Feeling dizzy， Zhang Yue took a deep breath as she struggled to finish her presentation， "And that is why I need your help in turning my new and exciting business into a successful one."
②They boarded the train to Lake Louise， where the blue water took their breath away with its exceptional beauty.
③[译林选必①－2]I turned up the volume and stood staring at the radio， holding my breath and waiting for the first notes of the song.
2.他跑回家，上气不接下气，脸都红了。 （读后续写之神态描写）
He ran back home， out of breath/breathless and with his face red.
★hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸 take a deep breath 深吸一口气 take one’s breath away 令某人惊叹 out of breath 喘不上气来，上气不接下气 ★breathe vt.&vi.呼吸 ★breathless adj.气喘吁吁的，上气不接下气的
3 freeze（froze，frozen）vi.&vt.结冰；（使）冻住
1.The first thing he did was to find shelter from the freezing （freeze）wind and snow.
2.[外研必修②－1]Once a week， we do a big shop and buy a lot of frozen （freeze） food.
3.当他看到有个黑影朝他走来，他吓得僵住了。 （读后续写之神态描写）
When he saw a dark figure approaching him， he froze in horror/he was frozen in horror .
★freezing adj.极冷的；冰冻的 freezing cold极冷的；冻僵的 ★frozen adj.冷冻的；结冰的 be frozen to death被冻死 freeze/be frozen with/in sth.惊呆；吓呆
4 astonishvt.使十分惊讶；使吃惊（amaze，surprise）
1.[外研选必①－1]Again， the man whispered in the tiger’s ear. The tiger looked shocked and hurried away. "What did you say to my animals？" said the emperor， astonished （astonish）.
点拨
结合语境可知，空处所填词修饰the emperor，应用形容词作状语。
2.[北师选必②－4]When he looks at the menu， an astonished （astonish） look quickly appears on his face.
点拨
astonishing为形容词，意为"令人惊讶的"；astonished为形容词，意为"感到惊讶的"。一般情况下，astonishing用来修饰物，astonished用来修饰人。当用于修饰look，smile，voice，expression等情绪类名词时，应用astonished。
3.[外研选必①－4]It is absolutely astonishing （astonish） to see a superhighway world map made entirely of wires and cables.
4.你拒绝了出国留学的机会，这使我非常吃惊，因而写信询问原因。 （建议信）
→①You turned down the opportunity to study abroad， which astonished me greatly ， so I’m writing to ask the reason.（astonish，定语从句）
→② It greatly astonished me that you turned down the opportunity to study abroad， so I’m writing to ask the reason.（astonish，it作形式主语）
→③ To my great astonishment ， you turned down the opportunity to study abroad， so I’m writing to ask the reason.（astonishment）
→④ I’m greatly astonished to learn that you turned down the opportunity to study abroad， so I’m writing to ask the reason.（astonished）
★It astonishes sb. that...令某人惊讶的是…… ★astonished adj.感到惊讶的 be astonished at/by sth.对……感到惊讶 be astonished to find/hear/learn/see sth.因发现/听说/得知/看到某事而惊讶 ★astonishing adj.令人十分惊讶的 It’s astonishing that...令人惊讶的是…… ★astonishment n.惊讶，惊奇 in astonishment 惊讶地 to one’s astonishment令某人惊讶的是
5 owevt.欠（账、债、情等）
1.The company went bankrupt and owed money to more than 60 banks.
2.我没能和你一起去商场，我该向你道歉。 （道歉信）
I owe you an apology/owe an apology to you for failing to go to the shopping mall with you.
3.Thanks to your encouragement and guidance， I made dramatic progress in my English writing. （感谢信）
→① Owing to your encouragement and guidance， I made dramatic progress in my English writing. （owing to）
→② I owe the dramatic progress in my English writing to your encouragement and guidance. （owe...to...）
★owe sb. sth.＝owe sth. to sb.欠某人某物 owe...to...把……归功于…… owe an apology to sb./owe sb. an apology应向某人道歉 ★owing to因为，由于（＝thanks to/because of/due to/as a result of/on account of）
6 ratherthan而不是
1.[外研必修②－2]People are also discovering the fun of interacting with the celebrations，rather than simply watching （watch） as part of an audience.
2.They said the young man， rather than the passengers， was （be） responsible for the incident.
3.从现在开始，我要更注意我的健康而不是体重。
From now on， I’ll pay more attention to my health rather than my weight.
4.有些同学宁愿与其他人合住，也不愿跟父母住在家里。
Some students would share a room with others rather than live at home/would rather share a room with others than live at home/prefer to share a room with others rather than live at home with their parents.
★rather than连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语与rather than前面的成分在人称和数上保持一致。 ★表示"宁愿做……也不愿做……"的句型： would do...rather than do.../would rather do...than do.../prefer to do...rather than do...
7 alltheway一路上；完全地
1.结合语境写出下列句子中画线部分的含义
①You can feel that the audience is with her all the way. 完全地
②She didn’t speak a word to me all the way back home. 一路上
2.on the way in the way in a way in this way
①[译林必修①－3]Friends should be carefully chosen and relationships carefully developed. In this way ，we can better walk the "path of life" with the comfort，advice and help from our trusted friends.
②[北师必修②－5]While he was on the way to Antarctica， he received a message from the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen which said he was going south， too.
③I recommend you to participate in some activities， but never let your social life get in the way of your study. （建议信）
④[北师选必②－5]Anne answered Helen by explaining that love was like the sun and clouds in a way .
★in a way在某种程度上 by the way顺便提一下 in the way妨碍；挡道 in this way用这种方法 on the way to...在去……的途中 in no way一点也不，决不
8 too＋形容词/副词＋to do sth.
1.[外研必修①－1]"Nice to know we share the same name，" said my new teacher.I had been too nervous to pay （pay） attention when he introduced himself！
2.He isn’t mature enough to know how to act and talk on such occasions.
→He is too young to know how to act and talk on such occasions. （too...to...）
3.如果有幸能得到你的指导，那真是再好不过了。 （求助信）
It can’t be too good if I can get your guidance. （can’t be too）
★too...to...表示否定意义，意为"太……而不能……"。 ★can never/can’t be too...再……也不为过Unit 3 Food and Culture
Scientists have found that poor health has a closeassociationwith sugar rather than fatty food. This is true regardless of how healthy the rest of your diet might be. High-calorie food，which is usually junk food with a large amount of sugar， like desserts， should be cut out of your diet if you want to keep healthy. Beyond this， you’re supposed to consume different categories of foods， like fruit and vegetables， meat， beans， rice， and dairy products， since theyconsist of a quantity of fundamental nutrients. After all， the ideal diet is a balanced one. Finally， to have a healthy eating habit， you’d better chew slowly and eat a modest amount of food each time. Overall， there is no trickto healthy eating. You need to be careful with your recipe and your health will somewhat get improved.
1 associationn.协会；关联
1.[北师必修③－9]A closer look at the reading tests， shows the interesting fact that girls are outperforming boys in reading and that this is associated （associate） with girls’ greater enjoyment of reading.
点拨
（1）本句中两个that均引导同位语从句，解释说明the interesting fact的具体内容。空前的this指的是第一个that引导的从句所说的内容。
（2）注意本句中的outperforming。outperform为复合动词，表示"胜过，超过"。2021年全国乙阅读D篇对该词进行了考查：...however， the participants in the 70 decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups.
2.We are working in association （associate） with a number of local companies to raise money for the homeless.
3.Generally speaking， people tend to associate famous brands with good quality.
4.下周六我们班将联合其他班级组织一次中国文化展。 （活动介绍）
→①We’re going to organize an exhibition on Chinese culture next Saturday in association with other classes .（association）
→②We’re going to organize an exhibition associated with Chinese culture next Saturday together with other classes. （associate）
★in association with与……合作；与……有关联 ★associate vt.联想；联系 associate...with...把……和……联系在一起 be associated with和……有关
2 quantityn.数量；数额
1.[译林选必②－4]When passenger drones are flying above our cities in large quantities， the sky will get more and more crowded.
2.Until now，large quantities of money have been spent （spend） on bringing up the three children.
3.每天都有大量的食物被浪费掉，这已引起了全社会的关注。
Large quantities of food are being wasted/A large quantity of food is being wasted every day， which has caused the whole society’s concern.
★in quantity/in large quantities大量地 ★a large quantity of...大量的……（作主语时，谓语同of后的名词保持数的一致） large quantities of...大量的……（作主语时，谓语用复数）
3 trickn.诀窍；计谋；把戏 vt.欺骗；欺诈
1.结合语境写出下列句子中画线部分的词性及含义
①[外研选必①－1]While the doctor concentrates on examining Lara’s ankle， I get her attention by doing a magic trick. n.把戏
②[译林必修①－3]When I found out that I was tricked by him， I was really hurt and let go of our friendship. vt.欺骗
③[外研必修②－1]Sometimes there are so many knives and forks that you dare not pick them up in case you get it wrong.The trick is to start with the ones on the outside. n.诀窍
2.[外研选必①－1]Even newspapers， radio and TV stations play tricks on their readers and audiences.
3.That man tricked me into lending （lend） him 200 dollars， and I have lost touch with him ever since.
★play a trick/tricks on sb.捉弄某人 ★trick sb. out of sth.（＝cheat sb. out of sth.）骗取某人某物 trick sb. into doing sth.骗某人做某事
4 consistof由……组成（或构成）
1.[人教选必②－3]For example， America’s most popular Chinese dish is General Tso’s chicken， which consists （consist） of fried chicken covered in a sweet sauce，flavoured with hot red peppers.
点拨
本题中，所填词在which引导的非限制性定语从句中作谓语，其数应与先行词General Tso’s chicken（一道菜名）保持一致，故填单数consists。
2.The beauty of air travel consists in its speed and ease.
3.养育孩子不仅有欢乐，还有焦虑和沮丧。
Raising a child consists of not only happiness， but also anxiety and depression.
点拨
（1）本题除了可以填consists of外，还可以填is made up of，is composed of，is comprised of。
（2）使用表示"由……组成（或构成）"的几个短语时应注意：consist of没有进行时态和被动语态，这是它与其他几个短语的主要区别。consisting of作状语或后置定语时，可替换为made up of/composed of/comprised of。
★表示"由……组成（或构成）"的短语还有：be made up of， be composed of， be comprised of。 ★consist in在于，存在于（＝lie in）
5 regardlessof不管；不顾
1.The plan for a new office building went ahead regardless of local opposition.
2.生活中不仅有阳光，还有风雨。但无论发生什么，我们都要保持积极的态度。
（读后续写之主旨升华）
Life consists of not only sunshine but also storms. But we should be optimistic regardless of what happens. （consist； regardless）
3.尽管雨下得很大，我们仍然决定按计划举行食品文化节。 （通知）
→① Regardless of the heavy rain/Regardless of the fact that it rains heavily ，we still decide to hold the Food Culture Festival as scheduled.（regardless of）
→② Despite the heavy rain/Despite the fact that it rains heavily ， we still decide to hold the Food Culture Festival as scheduled.（despite）
点拨
despite和in spite of后不可以直接跟从句。若接从句，常在其后加the fact that，即despite/in spite of the fact that。
★regardless of后既可跟名词、动名词，也可跟whether，what，how引导的从句。 ★regardless of＝despite＝in spite of
6 形容词（短语）作状语
1. Surprised （surprise）， Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
点拨
通过本题比较形容词作状语与副词作状语的区别：
☆Surprised，Tony stood up and accepted the prize.（Surprised描述Tony的状态，即Tony自己感到惊讶）
☆Surprisingly， Tony stood up and accepted the prize.（Surprisingly修饰整个句子，即"Tony站起来去领奖"这件事让人很意外）
2.我聚精会神地读书，都没注意到已经半夜了。
Absorbed in reading ， I didn’t notice that it was already midnight. （absorbed）
3.既兴奋又感动，他们泪流满面。 （读后续写之情绪描写）
Excited and moved， they were in tears.
4.Because I was unable to afford the time， I had to give up the plan.
→ Unable to afford the time ， I had to give up the plan. （句式升级）
形容词（短语）作状语： ★说明谓语动词表示的动作发生时，主语所处的状态；表示行为方式、伴随状况、原因、时间或条件等。 ★有些由动词的过去分词转化而来的形容词作状语时，表示状态而非被动，这样的词有lost，occupied，absorbed，involved等。
7 倍数表达法
1.[北师选必①－3]They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times faster （fast） than normal.
2.The number of the students in our school is four times what it was ten years ago.
3.我的家乡过去十年变化特别大，人们的收入是之前的好几倍。
→①Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. People’s income is several times higher than before .（倍数＋adj.比较级＋than）
→②Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. People’s income is several times as high as before .（倍数＋as＋adj.原级＋as）
→③Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. People’s income is several times what it was before . （倍数＋what从句）
★A＋be＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级＋as B ★A＋be＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than B ★A＋be＋倍数＋the＋名词（size/weight/height/length...）＋of B ★A＋be＋倍数＋what从句
前缀over-
1.over-：在上，在外，从上，越过
2.over-：过度，太甚；颠倒，翻转
over（过度）＋use（使用）＝overuse（使用过度）
over（过度）＋drink（饮酒）＝overdrink（饮酒过度）
over（翻转）＋throw（扔）＝overthrow（推翻）
通过构词法猜测单词在语境中的词性及含义。
1.I wonder （that） he didn’t hurt himself when overleaping that wall. v.跳过
2.An overbridge is standing over there， making it convenient for people to cross the road， especially in the rush hour. n.天桥
3.Permission has not yet been given for the airline to overfly Tanzania. v.飞过；飞越
4.As the urban districts are overcrowded， you can hardly find a parking lot. adj.过度拥挤的
