Unit 5 The Value of Money
Wearing old blue jeans and a loose T-shirt， Gary walked by a tailor’s shop byaccident when he wasaboutto go home. After spotting a business suit in the window， he had the intention to go in to have a look. However， the shop assistant frowned at Gary inan extremely unpleasant manner and told him they didn’t make the sort of suit any more. Asamatteroffact， he felt a little uncomfortable then. Hesitating for a while， he asked to try another suit， but was just ignored. Then he knew he was judged by what he was wearing. The next day he went straight to the shop， dressed more properly. This time， the assistant was perfectly willing to receive him， introducing a broad range of suits with great patience. However， Gary said， "I bet you didn’t recognize me. Tobehonest， I’m the guy you treated badly yesterday. You indeed hurt me to some extent." The assistant blushed with shame，apologising for his neglect of duty. Eventually， the shop owner said， "To make up for your unpleasant experience， please permit me to offer you a permanent discount. Our best tailor will serve you here for free incase you want to have your suit maintained." Inreturn， Gary said he accepted the apology and would make a suit there. What would you do if you were inthatcase？
1 apologise（apologize）vi.道歉；谢罪
1.We ought to apologise to our customers for the poor quality of the toy dinosaurs they bought.
2.[北师选必③－8]Even though I forgive you personally，for the sake of the honour of my family I cannot accept your apology （apologise）.
3.I am terribly sorry for the fact that I cannot go out with you this weekend. （告知信）
→①I owe you an apology for the fact that I cannot go out with you this weekend.（apology）
→②I apologise to you for the fact that I cannot go out with you this weekend.（apologise）
4.无论如何，我为我的过错给你带来的不便再次道歉，希望你能理解我的处境并原谅我。
（道歉信）
Anyway， I apologise again for any inconvenience caused by my fault ， and I do hope you can understand my situation and forgive me.
★apologise（to sb.） for （doing）sth. 因（做）某事（向某人）道歉 ★apology n.道歉 make an apology to sb. for sth.因某事向某人道歉 owe sb. an apology应向某人道歉
2 judgevt.&vi.评价（尤指批评）；裁判；判断 vt.审判 n.法官；裁判员
1. Judging （judge） by the rate of the development of lunar exploration， it is certain that China will successfully complete the three stages of the program.
点拨
judging by/from...放在句首作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语可以不一致，且动词-ing形式不受主语影响，为独立成分。类似的表达还有：generally speaking一般来说，frankly speaking坦率地说，considering...考虑到……，等等。
2.As the saying goes， "Don’t judge a book by its cover." Our judg（e）ment（s） （judge） should be based on facts.
点拨
judge变名词形式时，结尾的e可以保留也可以去掉，然后再加-ment。
3.如果您能作为裁判出席周五的比赛，我将不胜感激。 （邀请信）
I would appreciate it if you could attend the contest as a judge on Friday.
★judge...by/from/on...根据……评判…… as far as I can judge据我判断 judging from/by...根据……判断 ★judg（e）mentn.看法；判决；判断力
3 spot（spotted，spotted，spotting）vt.看见；注意到 n.地点；斑点；污迹；一点
1.Neighbours spotted smoke coming （come） out of the house.
2.James was called to see the producer and got the job on the spot.
3.I bet another person will slip at the spot where I did downstairs.
4.He showed me the exact spot that/which he thought was the best place to play the scene of the opera.
点拨
spot后接定语从句时：若关系词在从句中作地点状语，关系词要用where；若作主语或宾语则用that/which。有类似用法的名词还有case，point，situation，stage，position，scene等。
5.The climate here is mild and pleasant， which makes it one of the most popular tourist/scenic spots （使它成为最受欢迎的旅游景点之一）. （景点介绍）
6.We lay on the grass， staring at the night sky spotted with （凝望着布满……的夜空） twinkling stars. （读后续写之景色描写）
★spot sth./sb. doing sth.看到某物/某人正在做某事 be spotted with...布满…… ★on the spot/scene当场；在现场 tourist spots/scenic spots旅游景点
4 patiencen.耐心；忍耐力；毅力
1.People have lost patience with the slow pace of the construction of the skyscraper， which keeps making loud noises even in the evening.
2.The father is so patient that whenever his children make mistakes， he is willing to tell them with patience and never shouts at them impatiently . （patience）
3.我们的英语老师不仅知识渊博，对我们也很有耐心。每当我们遇到不会的问题，她总是耐心地给我们讲解。 （人物描写）
Our English teacher is not only knowledgeable， but also patient with us — she always explains patiently/with patience every time we come across problems. （not only...but also...）
★with patience耐心地 have the patience to do sth.有耐心做某事 be/run out of patience with...不耐烦…… lose patience with...对……失去耐心 ★patient adj.有耐心的；能忍耐的n.病人 be patient with sb./sth.对……有耐心 ★patiently （＝with patience）adv.耐心地 impatiently adv.没有耐心地
5 hesitatevi.犹豫；迟疑；顾虑
1.[外研必修③－2]She’s usually very shy， but she’s generous and never hesitates to help （help）.
2.[译林选必①－4] People with the impression that poetry is difficult to understand often hesitate about/over reading poetry.
3.如果你需要更多的信息或帮助，请尽管与我联系。 （告知信）
→①If you require further information or assistance， please do not hesitate to contact me . （hesitate）
→②If you require further information or assistance， please contact me without hesitation . （hesitation）
★hesitate to do sth.不愿意做某事，迟疑做某事 hesitate about/over （doing）sth.对（做）某事犹豫不决 ★hesitation n.犹豫，疑虑 without hesitation毫不犹豫
6 permitvt.&vi.（permitted，permitted，permitting）允许，准许（allow）；使有可能 n.许可证
1.[人教选必①－4]For example， in many Middle Eastern countries， men and women are not socially permitted to make （make） eye contact.
2.[北师必修③－7]Some think it is a crime if done without a property owner’s permission （permit）， while others see this as a rich form of non-traditional cultural expression.
3.The library doesn’t permit carrying （carry） food in case it leaves spots on books.
4.If weather permits， the competition to be held in our school stadium will begin at 2 pm and last for roughly 3 hours. （通知）
Weather permitting ， the competition to be held in our school stadium will begin at 2 pm and last for roughly 3 hours.（独立主格）
★permit doing sth.允许做某事 permit sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事 ★a residence/parking permit居住/停车许可证 ★permission n.准许，批准；许可证 with one’s permission经某人许可 without permission未经许可
7 inreturn作为回报；作为回应
1.[人教选必④－3]African royal families sent gifts such as giraffes as gestures of friendship in return for gold， silk， and spices.
点拨
gesture此处意为"（表明感情或意图的）姿态，表示"。句意：非洲王室送来长颈鹿等礼物作为友谊的象征，以换取黄金、丝绸和香料。
2.Unlike printed books， which must be checked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live， book files can be downloaded at home.
3.[人教选必①－5]This affects the crops grown on the land and， in turn， the animals and humans who digest them.
4.During the summer vacation， teachers in our school were on duty by turns.
5.[人教选必④－3]Henry Norman Bethune devoted his life and profession to helping people without expecting anything in return （帮助人们，不期望任何回报）.
点拨
devote sth. to （doing）sth.把……用于（做）某事，其中to是介词，其后的动词要用-ing形式。
★in return for sth.作为对……的回报/回应 return to...from...从……返回到…… return sth. to sb.把某物还给某人 return to...恢复/重新开始做…… ★in turn转而，相应地；依次，轮流 by turns轮流；交替 take turns to do sth.轮流做某事
8 byaccident偶然地；意外地（bychance）
1.[外研必修③－4]His[Han Gan’s] artistic talent was discovered by accident when he was sent to the poet Wang Wei’s house to collect payment for some wine.
2.Indeed， I did it on purpose to some extent. He needed to know his fault.
3.他们不小心打碎了花瓶，那是他们妈妈最爱的一只。
They broke the vase by accident/by chance/accidentally ， which was their mother’s favorite one.
★"偶然，意外"的其他表达： by chance； accidentally ★"故意，有意"的常用表达： by design； on purpose； deliberately
9 incase以防；以防万一
1.[北师必修①－2]Wear gloves and mouth guards in case something happens （以防有事发生）.
2. In case of emergency （如遇紧急情况）， break the glass and press the button.
点拨
in case和in case of都表示"以防，万一"。不同的是，in case作连词，其后跟句子；而in case of为介词短语，其后跟名词。
3.I know you are occupied with your schoolwork， but you have to have a rest in any case （无论如何你都必须休息一下）.
4.I could never have got the prize without your timely help with my spoken English. （感谢信）
→ In no case could I have got the prize without your timely help with my spoken English.（in no case，倒装）
5.根据天气预报，明天多云，我们最好带上雨伞，以防万一。 （告知信）
According to the weather forecast， it should be cloudy tomorrow， and we’d better take umbrellas with us just in case .
点拨
in case除了作连词，引导状语从句外，还可以作副词，单独使用。
★in case of （n./v-ing）如果；以防 in some cases某些情况下 in any case无论如何；不管怎样 in that case既然那样 in no case决不（位于句首时，句子需要用部分倒装语序） as is often the case 这是常有的事
10 否定副词/词组＋部分倒装
1. Nowhere else can you find （别处你找不到） such an ancient building with such delicate design and so long a history.
2.我们不仅放松了，还对劳动有了更好的了解。 （活动感想）
Not only are we relaxed ， but we have gained a better understanding of labor. （not only，倒装）
3.我们刚到山顶，雪就下起来了。
→① Hardly had we reached the top of the mountain when the snow began to come down. （hardly...when...倒装句）
→② No sooner had we reached the top of the mountain than the snow began to come down. （no sooner...than... 倒装句）
点拨
注意在not only...but （also）...， hardly...when...， no sooner...than...结构中，表示否定的not only， hardly， no sooner置于句首时，其后的句子要倒装，但but（also），when，than后的句子要用正常语序。
★当具有否定意义的词语位于句首时，句子要用部分倒装语序：否定词＋助动词/情态动词＋主语＋动词原形＋其他。 ★表示否定意义的词语 全部否定意义副词：not，never，neither，nor， nowhere 部分否定意义副词：seldom， hardly， rarely， little， scarcely 表示"绝不"的短语：in no way， by no means， at no time， on no condition， under no circumstances， on no account等
词根-tent-/-tend-/-tens-
本单元：ex-（向外）＋-tent-（延伸）→伸展到的结果→extent 程度；限度；大小；范围
in-（向内）＋-tent-（延伸）＋-ion（动作、状态或结果）→向内延伸的结果→intention 意图；打算；计划；目的
拓展：
从[构词示例]中选择适当的单词，并用其正确形式填空。
1.[译林选必②－1]Fire engines and ambulances， called at 9：30 p.m.， reached the scene within 15 minutes. By this time， the fire had extended to the 15th floor.
点拨
句意：晚上9点30分呼叫的消防车和救护车于15分钟之内赶到了现场。此时，大火已蔓延至15楼。空处表示"过去的过去"，故用过去完成时。
2.[人教必修①－3]In sports， there is no use pretending to fall down or be hurt， because in the end， the audience will see through it.
点拨
there/it is no use doing sth.做某事没有用处。
3.[人教必修①－2]I want to experience some Chinese culture and see the natural beauty there，but my main goal is to find out which university is the best for me to attend .
4.[外研选必①－1]I walk through the doors into the waiting area， where there’s a familiar atmosphere of boredom and tension .
5.[北师必修②－6]It is important to understand the emotions，behaviours and intentions of characters in a story.
点拨
根据空前and可知，空处与emotions和behaviours并列，故也应用名词。intention表示"打算，意图，目的"。Unit 3 Diverse Cultures
After a seriesof activities， I am back in San Francisco. I have to admit that it definitely feels good to be back again. The city rebuilt itself after the earthquake occurred in 1906， which claimed over 3，000 lives and destroyed most of the constructions. My hotel is near downtown in the Mission District， which used to be a poor area， but now it is a centre for art， music， and diverse food. First I walked along the neat streets appreciating the street art. Afterwards， I ate some ethnic dishes and spicy snacks. In the afternoon， I headedto a local museum where a collection of items showed the historical changes in California and bought some souvenirs there. In 1848， gold was discovered near San Francisco，bringingabout the gold rush. A large number of immigrants came to seektheirfortune in San Francisco. To earnaliving， some Chinese opened up restaurants and bars in Chinatown and settled in the city. In the evening， I selected a Cantonese restaurant in Chinatown for dinner. The moment I tasted the super meal， a sigh of satisfaction escaped my lips. What great food！
1 admit（admitted，admitted，admitting）vt.&vi.承认 vt.准许进入（或加入）
1.[人教选必③－1]No one will be admitted into/to the exhibition after 4：30 p.m.
2.I apply for admission （admit） to your society because I am keen on historical novels like you. （申请信）
点拨
society此处意为"社团，协会"，be keen on＝be very interested in表示"对……很感兴趣"。
3.After a few seconds of silence， she admitted being hurt （hurt）by what I had said.
4.得知你最终被心仪的大学录取，我写信向你表示热烈的祝贺。 （祝贺信）
Knowing that you finally got admitted/admission into/to your ideal university ， I’m writing to express my hearty congratulations to you.（分词短语作状语）
★admit （to） doing sth.承认做某事 admit （to sb.）（that）（向某人）承认…… be admitted to/into被录取；被接收 It is admitted that 人们认为…… ★admission n.加入权，进入权；入场费；（对过错等的）供认，承认
2 occur（occurred，occurred，occurring）vi.发生；出现
1.[北师选必①－3] And the fifth event， which occurred （occur） 66 million years ago， caused the death of the dinosaurs.
2.[外研选必②－3] I was watching a superhero film the other day and a thought occurred to me： where does Superman get changed these days？
3.他突然想到那个小男孩可以通过卖爆米花赚钱。
It suddenly occurred to him that the little boy could earn money by selling popcorn.
点拨
表示"某人想起某事"可以用sth. occurs to sb.。此处主语较长，用it作形式主语，变换成it occurs to sb. that...句式。"某人想起某事"的其他表达有：sb. thinks of sth.，es to sb./one’s mind，sth. strikes/hits sb.。主语较长时，也可用it作形式主语。
★occur没有被动语态，不用于进行时态；作谓语时，主语不能是人。 ★sth. occurs to sb.某人突然想起某事 It occurs to sb. that.../to do sth.某人想起……/做某事。 ★occurrence n.发生的事情；发生，出现
3 seek（sought，sought）vt.&vi.寻找；寻求；争取；（向人）请求 vi.试图
1.[译林选必④－2]Seek to understand （understand） the other person’s emotions， by putting yourself in their shoes and looking at the situation from their perspective.
点拨
本句为祈使句。be in sb.’s shoes/put yourself in sb.’s shoes表示"处于某人的境地；设身处地"。
2.[外研选必④－4] Though she welcomes the new entrepreneurial spirit， she advises that people be realistic and seek guidance from expert consultants before rushing into things.
点拨
句意：尽管她欢迎这种新的创业精神，但她建议人们要现实一点，在仓促行事之前先寻求专家顾问的指导。seek的常见动宾搭配：seek jobs/employment寻找工作；seek help/assistance寻求帮助；seek advice征求建议；seek funding筹募资金。
3.In the pumpkin field， I competed with my brothers to seek out the biggest pumpkin （挑选出最大的南瓜）. （读后续写之情景描写）
4.[外研选必③－2]However， he （Qian Xuesen） sought no fame/didn’t seek fame （不求名望） and shunned the spotlight， returning to China with great resolution.
点拨
句意：然而，他（钱学森）不求名望，避开聚光灯，非常坚定地返回中国。shun"避开，回避"。
5.It was not long before they left their village to try their luck and seek their fortune （寻找发财机会） in the south during the gold rush.
6.我在英语方面遇到了一些困难，因此我只得寻求你的帮助。 （求助信）
I meet with some difficulties with my English， so I have no choice but to seek your help .
★seek （for）sth./sb.寻找某物/某人 seek to do试图做 seek...from sb.向某人寻求…… seek one’s fortune寻找发财机会；闯世界 seek out挑选出，物色；找到
4 claimvt.夺取（生命）；声称；断言；索要；认领；获得 n.断言；所有权；索赔，索款
1.结合语境写出下列句子中画线部分的词性及含义
①[人教选必①－5]When people present important facts， they usually give some evidence to support their claims. n.断言
②Heavy snowfall within a short period of time destroyed buildings and forests， and claimed at least 256 lives. v.夺取（生命）
③She has finally claimed a place on the team after a series of practices. v.获得
④At this point， no one had called to claim the dog， so Ann decided to keep it. v.认领
⑤[外研选必①－6]Sitting back in my seat， I can’t quite believe that I’m about to travel along the railway that many foreign experts claimed was "impossible". v.声称
2.由于货物损坏，我写信要求退款。 （投诉信）
I’m writing to claim my money back since the goods are damaged.
3.几天后，劳拉声称她已从膝盖受伤中恢复过来，想要参加比赛。 （读后续写之语言描写）
A few days later， Laura claimed to have recovered from her knee injury and wanted to participate in the race.
4.据说这位老人对鸟类了如指掌。
It’s claimed that the old man knows everything about birds.
★It is claimed that...据说…… claim to do sth.声称做某事 claim to have done sth.声称做过某事 claim sth. back要回某物
5 escapevt.&vi.逃走；摆脱；避开 vt.被忽视 vi.（气体、液体等）泄漏 n.逃跑；解脱，消遣
1.结合语境写出下列句子中画线部分的词性及含义
①[译林选必②－1]When something newsworthy comes about， it may escape the attention of ordinary people... vt.被忽视
点拨
newsworthy"有新闻价值的"，come about"出现；发生"。句意：当有新闻价值的事情发生时，它可能会被普通人忽视……
②We should keep an eye on poisonous waste escaping into the sea. vi.（气体、液体等）泄漏
2.To escape punishment/being punished （punish） is one of the most obvious reasons bringing about lies.
3.It seemed that no one knew how the dog escaped from the cage.
4.For me， travel is an escape/to escape from the boredom of my everyday life （摆脱日常生活的无聊）.
5.最后，我们死里逃生，幸运地逃过了被那头饥饿的北极熊伤害。
At last， we had a narrow escape ， fortunately escaping being hurt by the hungry polar bear.（escape n.， escape v.）
6.愤怒的男孩逃进人群，挤上公交车，不见了。 （读后续写之动作描写）
The angry boy escaped into the crowds ， squeezed onto the bus， and disappeared.
★escape from...从……中逃离 escape doing sth.避免做某事 narrowly escape...侥幸逃脱…… escape death/have a narrow escape死里逃生 escape one’s attention/notice被某人忽视
6 settlevt.&vi.解决（纠纷）；定居；（使）平静下来 vt.（最终）决定；安放
1.[外研必修③－1]Accepting sadness as part of life helps Riley deal with the emotional complexity of growing up， and settle down in her new life.
2. All problems were settled （一切问题都解决了）. He settled himself comfortably （舒服地坐下） in his usual chair after a whole day of hard work.
3.他们冲下车，搭起帐篷，舒适地坐在草地上，欣赏着周围令人惊叹的景象。 （读后续写之动作描写）
They dashed out of the car， put up the tent and settled down on the grass ， enjoying the surrounding breathtaking sights.
★settle down（在某地）定居下来；（使）平静下来；舒服地坐下（或躺下） settle down to （doing）sth.定下心来做某事 settle on选定/决定…… settle in/into习惯于/适应…… ★settler n.殖民者；移民 settlement n.（解决纷争的）协议；定居点；解决；处理；移民
7 bringabout导致；引起（cause，leadto，resultin，contributeto）
1.In a meeting last year， he brought up a practical idea that the company should bring in a collection of the latest facilities， which has brought in a lot more money.
2.A new policy to bring down the high prices brought about more purchases of diverse goods in that supermarket.
3.The renowned（著名的） writer’s poetry newly brought out brings back my happy memories of my childhood.
点拨
newly brought out为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰poetry，第一空后的brings为句子的谓语。
4.Whether we should wear uniforms on weekdays brought about a heated discussion （引发了一场激烈的讨论） in our school last week. （正反观点）
5.他全身心地投入，最大限度地激发学生的潜能。
He is totally dedicated and brings out the best in students/brings out students’ full potential .
★bring up抚养；提出；呕吐 bring in 引进；获利，赚钱 bring out 出版；使显现 bring down 使倒下；减少，降低 bring sth. back 使某物恢复；使回想起某事 bring along把……带来
8 独立主格结构
1.No agreement reached （reach）， the representatives wanted another round of talks.
点拨
"n./pron.（主格）＋过去分词"表示被动意义，此处意为协议未被达成。
2.They were talking to the natives， the guide acting （act） as an interpreter.
点拨
"n./pron.（主格）＋现在分词"表示主动意义，此处意为导游充当翻译。
3.The exam to be held （hold） tomorrow， I can’t go to the cinema tonight. （告知信）
点拨
"n./pron.（主格）＋动词不定式"表示没有发生或即将发生的动作，此处意为考试将要被举行，要用被动语态。
4. Time permitting （如果时间允许）， a Peking Opera performance will be given in the end. （活动介绍）
5.他专心地听王老师讲话，眼睛盯着她的脸。 （读后续写之神态描写）
He was listening attentively to Miss Wang， （with） his eyes fixed on her face .（fix）
★结构：n./pron.（主格）＋现在分词/过去分词/动词不定式 n./pron.（主格）＋（being）＋adj./adv./n./prep. ★功能：在句中作状语，表示原因、条件、时间、方式、伴随等，可和with复合结构互换。 ★位置：可置于句首或句尾，常由逗号将其与句子其他成分分开。
词根-gram-/-graph-
本单元：dia-（穿过，两者之间）＋-gram（＝write写、画，文字，图表）→交叉着画→diagram图表；示意图
拓展：
通过构词法猜测单词在语境中的词性及含义。
1.[外研必修③－2]Most biographies are organised in the order in which events happened. n.传记
点拨
bio-＝life，表示"生命，生物"，比如biology生物学；-y是名词后缀，表示"性质，状态"。biography →书写关于人生的状态→传记。
2.A new telegraph line has been set up between the two cities. n.电报
点拨
tele-表示"远"，比如telescope"望远镜"。telegraph→远方来的文字→电报。同理，telegram也表示"电报"。
3.The whole team has autographed a football at the fans meeting， which will be used as a prize. v.（在……上）签名
点拨
auto-表示"自己"，如automatic"自动的"。autograph→自己写的字→签名。autograph还可作名词，表示"亲笔签名"。Unit 2 Morals and Virtues
Life is precious to Lin Qiaozhi， who had delivered over 50，000 babies in her lifetime. When people entrusted her with their lives， it was her virtue that carriedherthroughdecades of hard choices. When she was 18， she chose to study medicine instead of entering into a marriage like the majority of girls. Unfortunately， her brother responded negatively to her choice，complaining about the high tuitionfees. However， nothing could scare her off. After graduation， Lin Qiaozhi won a scholarship and was appointed as a residentphysician in a famous hospital. After a few years， she was sent to study in Europe and then the US， where she greatly impressed her colleagues， who invited her to stay but were rejected， for she was determined to return to China. Then during the war， she opened her own clinic to shield the injured from harm. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China， she was elected to many important positions， but this didn’t weaken her interest at all in tending patients and training the next generation of doctors who could replace her. Dr Lin didn’t retire until the day she passedaway.
During her whole life， Dr Lin publishedagreatdealof medical research， leaving massive wealth to the world， and her savings were used on children and medical development. Inmemoryof her contributions， a memorial park was built in 1984 on Kulangsu Island.
1 respondvt.&vi.回答，回复（reply） vi.作出反应，回应（react）
1.[外研选必②－6]Temperatures are rising， and nations are failing to respond to it.
2.[译林选必④－2]More importantly， whether you approve of the speaker’s words or not， you need to be honest in your response （respond）.
3.我写信是响应网站上发布的通知，申请一份城市篮球比赛的志愿工作。 （申请信）
I’m writing to apply for a voluntary job in the City Basketball Competition in response to the notice posted on the website .
★respond to...（with...）（以……）回答/响应…… ★response n.回答，答复；反应；响应 in response to 作为对……的答复；响应
2 tendvt.&vi.照顾；照料（attendto，carefor，lookafter，takecareof） vi.往往会；倾向；趋于
1.[译林必修②－2]It has also been proven that active people tend to have （have） better immune systems and are at lower risk of diseases.
2.There is a widespread tendency （tend） that more and more young people choose online shopping rather than go to brick-and-mortar stores（实体店） to buy what they like.
（引入话题）
点拨
此处that引导同位语从句，作tendency的同位语。
3.Every time I get tired of studying， tending （to） the flowers （照料花儿） on the balcony makes me feel energetic again.
点拨
主句谓语为makes，所以空处应填非谓语形式作主语，且此处表示习惯性的动作，所以用v-ing作主语。
4.然而，许多人往往会以成败论英雄。
→①However， many people tend to judge a person by his/her success or failure. （tend）
→②However， many people have a tendency to judge a person by his/her success or failure. （tendency）
★tend （to） sb./sth.照料某人/某物 tend to do sth.往往会发生某事；易于做某事 tend to/towards...趋向于…… ★tendency n.倾向；趋势 have a tendency to do sth.有做某事的倾向 tendency to/towards...……的倾向 ★其他表示"趋势"的词： trend， current， tide
3 scarevt.惊吓；使害怕 vi.受惊吓
1.Some parents try to scare their naughty children into behaving themselves.
2.After watching a scary film， she was scared in the dark at midnight.（scare）
3.[外研选必①－1]Although she is clearly still in some pain， her scared （scare） and anxious look has been replaced — first by a small smile， and then by loud laughter...
4.Scared of losing control of their life， some people tend to follow the path that others suggest because they are scared to fail （fail）.
5.When I realized that the bear was coming back to attack us， I was nearly scared to death （几乎要吓死了）. （读后续写之心理描写）
★scare sb. away/off把某人吓跑 scare sb. into doing sth.恐吓某人做某事 ★scared adj.害怕的 be scared of （doing）sth.害怕（做）某事 be scared to do sth.害怕做某事 be scared to death害怕得要死 ★scary adj.恐怖的，吓人的
4 replacevt.接替；取代；更换；把……放回原处
1.结合语境写出下列句子中画线部分的含义
①You have to replace the books on the shelves before you leave. 把……放回原处
②[译林必修②－2]In response to public interest，our aerobics class has been replaced with several fun options，including modern dance. 取代
2.我强烈推荐我的朋友李明，他是最适合下周代替鲍勃的人。 （推荐信）
I strongly recommend my friend Li Ming， who is the most suitable person to replace/take
the place of Bob next week.
★replace A （with/by B）（用B）接替/取代A ★replacement n.[U]替换，更换；[C]替代品 replaceable adj.可替换的；可代替的 ★"代替，取代"的其他表达： in place of sb.＝in one’s place take one’s place＝take the place of sb.
5 harmn.&vt.伤害；损害
1.[北师选必①－3]High-tension power lines， as well as clear-cut corridors， pipelines， roads of rocks and painted lines on the ground do no harm to animals.
2.Not only continued Antarctic tourism but also the introduction of some harmful （harm） foreign things could threaten the balance of the local ecosystem. （环境保护）
3.The experienced physician prescribed the pregnant woman some medicine harmless （harm） to her baby.
点拨
句意：医生给孕妇开了一些对孩子无害的药。高考语法填空题中，若提示词为名词，需要变成形容词时，还要根据语境看空处是表示否定意义还是肯定意义。
4. There is no harm in turning off the light （关上灯没有害处） when you go out.
5.花太多时间上网会损害我们的视力。 （个人观点）
Spending too much time online can harm /do harm to/be harmful to our eyesight .
★do sb. harm/do harm to sb.对某人有害 There is no harm in doing sth.做某事没有害处。 ★harmful adj.有害的 be harmful to...对……有害 ★harmless adj.无害的
6 carrysb.through（sth.）帮助某人渡过难关
1.结合语境写出下列句子中画线部分的含义
①It’s a difficult job but she’s the person to carry it through. 成功完成（工作）
②In the past tough years， his determination has carried him through. 帮助他渡过难关
点拨
through可以作介词，后接名词；也可以作副词，后不接任何成分。
③He has proved he can carry through on his promises. 履行他的承诺
2.[外研必修②－6]Carry out the survey and use the results to come up with ways to reduce carbon footprint.
3.[人教必修③－4]This is because people believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration despite the huge risks.
4.With her company and continual encouragement， I successfully went through those tough years.
→ It was her company and continual encouragement that carried me through those tough years. （强调句型）
点拨
go through在此处意为"经历，经受（尤指苦难或艰难时期）"，除此之外，还可表示"检查；通读，查阅；（法律、协议、决定）获得通过"。
5.大海的气味勾起了她童年的回忆。
The smell of the sea carried her back to her childhood .
★carry sth. through成功完成某事 carry through （on/with sth.）履行（承诺） ★carry on继续，坚持；继续移动 carry out sth.履行（诺言）；执行/完成（计划、研究等） carry sb. back （to sth.）使某人回想起（某事）；使某人回忆（某事）
7 inmemoryof作为对……的纪念
1.The text is so important that we should memorize/memorise （memory） it.
点拨
-ize（-ise）为常见的动词后缀，如modernize，industrialize，globalize等。
2.We will hold a series of activities in memory of those brave firefighters （纪念那些勇敢的消防队员）.
点拨
类似的"in＋n.＋of "型短语还有：in praise of 称赞，歌颂；in celebration of 庆祝；in search of 寻找；in favour of支持，赞同；in charge of负责，管理；in support of支持；in terms of就……而言；in aid of为帮助；in honour of向……表示敬意；in need of 需要。
★memorise（NAmE memorize）vt.记住，熟记 memorable adj.值得纪念的，难忘的 memorial adj.纪念的，悼念的n.纪念碑；纪念物
8 agreatdeal（of）大量
1.A great deal of nervous tension before the performance often leads （lead） to a total mess on stage.
2.This time he drove a good deal faster （fast） so we didn’t arrive late like last Sunday.
点拨
本句中没有明显的比较级标志词than，但由句首的This time和so后的句子可知此处暗含比较意义，且空前有a good deal修饰，故填fast的比较级。常见的修饰比较级的词还有any， much， even， far， a lot等。
3.Your advice and guidance mean a great/good deal to us （对我们意义重大） in the English Drama Festival. （感谢信）
4.我花了大量时间阅读您推荐的相关文献，从中学到了很多。 （感谢信）
I spent a great/good deal of time （in） reading relevant literature you recommended， from which I have learned a great/good deal .
★a great/good deal of＋n. [U]＋v.（单数） a great/good many of＋n. [C]＋v.（复数） ★a great/good deal（副词短语）可修饰adj./adv.比较级，也可修饰v.。 a great/good deal（名词短语）意为"大量，许多"，作主语或宾语。
9 "否定词＋adj./adv.比较级"表示最高级意义
1.如果您能抽出一点时间给我一些指导，我将不胜感激。 （求助信）
I couldn’t be more grateful if you could spare some time to give me some guidance.
点拨
"不胜感激"还可以用"I can’t thank you enough"表达。
2."我从来没吃过比这更美味的早餐了！"妈妈满意地回答道。
" I’ve never had a more delicious breakfast than this ！ "Mom replied in a satisfied voice.
★此结构常译为"没有比……更……，再……不过了"。 ★常用的否定词有nothing， no， not， never， nobody等。
10 wouldratherdosth.宁愿做某事
1.It’s so hot outside！ I would rather stay （stay） at home doing housework.
2.[外研选必②－3]After all， how many of us today would rather send a message packed with emojis than make a telephone call？
3.如今，人们宁愿用高科技产品来交流和消磨时间，也不愿与朋友及家人出去。
→①Nowadays， people would rather communicate and kill time by using hi-tech products than go out with friends and families .（would rather）
→②Nowadays， people prefer to communicate and kill time by using hi-tech products rather than go out with friends and families .（prefer）
★would rather为情态动词短语，后接动词原形。 ★would rather do sth. than do sth. （＝would do sth. rather than do sth.＝prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.）宁愿做某事也不愿做某事
一对反义前缀：in-（im-）& ex-
本单元：im-（向内）＋port（港口）→进入港口内→import 进口
ex-（向外）＋port（港口）→到港口外→export 出口
拓展：
从下列方框中选择适当的单词，并用其正确形式填空。
inside include involve express expose exact
1.[人教必修②－4]An idiom is an expression which means something different from the meaning of the individual words.
2.[人教选必③－2]For example， some of them may become involved in tobacco or alcohol abuse， which can lead to physical and mental health problems.
点拨
be/become/get involved in...专心/沉迷于……。注意involve和include的区别：involve表示"包含；牵涉；（使）参加"，而include表示"包含；使成为……的一部分"。
3.[北师必修③－9]Countries need to think about ways to inspire interest for boys in reading and ensure that they are exposed to a wide variety of different types of literature from a young age.
4.[人教必修①－1]Design an eye-catching logo for your club and make a poster including the club’s name， slogan， and logo.
5.[人教必修①－5]Chinese calligraphy has developed along with China’s civilisation. It is difficult to say when exactly calligraphy started.
6.[人教选必③－4]It took him a lot of energy to move all the items of furniture inside the house.Unit 4 Space Exploration
For thousands of years，lack of sufficientdataresultsin the fact that space is still a mystery to us. Mankind keeps an ongoingdesire for space exploration， hoping to figureout how stars and planets operate， although some people argue that we should stop wasting money on it， which is a rather shallow belief. Intelligent people have always attached great importance to universe exploration inthehopeof discovering more resources， which on earth are limited and runningout.
Decades ago， many scientists were determined to make space flight come true with special vehicles. With the first satellitelaunched and orbiting around Earth successfully， Yuri Gagarin became the first astronaut to be sent into space. After that， Neil Armstrong succeeded in stepping onto the moon，signaling a giantleap for mankind. Despite some disappointing failures， human beings are still keen to carryon exploring universe soasto learn its secrets.
After sending humans into space independently in 2003， China has made great progress beyond expectations — Tiangong 2 docked with Tianzhou 1， Chang’e 4 landed on the moon， and so on.
1 determinevt.查明；确定；决定
1.She determines to carry （carry） on with her education independently.
2.[外研必修③－2]This insight grew from the determined （determine） attitude of a six-year-old boy who had the courage and perseverance to make his dream a reality.
3.[外研选必③－1]What impress me most are her courage， skill and determination （determine）...
4.家庭教育对于一个人性格的形成起着重要作用。 （个人观点）
Family education plays an important part in determining a person’s character .
5. Determined to reach the finish line （决心冲向终点线）， he ignored the pain from his bleeding ankles and ran as fast as his legs could carry him. （读后续写之动作描写）
★determine to do sth.决定做某事（强调动作） ★determined adj.意志坚定的；有决心的 be determined to do sth.决心/决定做某事（强调状态） ★determination n.决心；坚定 ★"决定做某事"的表达还有decide to do sth.， make up one’s mind to do sth.等。
2 desiren.渴望，欲望 vt.渴望；期望
1.[外研必修③－5]Research also suggests that our desire to seek （seek） risks can be connected to how much we expect to benefit from the result.
2.[外研选必③－2]There is greater public interest in old stories and traditions， as well as a desire for high-quality products.
3.After a few months， her only desire is that her son （should） recover （recover） from the serious illness.
点拨
desire作动词后接宾语从句，以及desire作名词后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用"should＋动词原形"形式，should可省略。
4.如果你渴望用英语与外国人流利地交流，我呼吁你立即加入我们的英语口语角。
（邀请信）
→①If you desire to communicate fluently with foreigners in English ，I appeal to you to join our Spoken English Corner right away. （desire v.，不定式）
→②If you have a strong desire that you （should） communicate fluently with foreigners in English ， I appeal to you to join our Spoken English Corner right away. （desire n.，that从句）
点拨
appeal to sb. for/to do sth. 呼吁某人做某事；appeal to sb.还可意为"对某人有吸引力"，例如：The design has to appeal to all ages and social groups.设计得要雅俗共赏，老幼皆宜。
★have a （strong） desire for sth./that...（should） do sth.（强烈）渴望得到某物/……做某事 a desire to do sth.做某事的愿望 ★desire （sb.） to do sth.渴望（某人）做某事 desire that... （should） do sth.渴望……做某事 ★desirable adj.可取的，值得做的
3 signalvt.标志着，表明（indicate）；表示，表达 vt.&vi.发信号 n.信号；标志（sign）；信号灯
1.A police car drew abreast（并排） of us and signaled us to stop （stop）.
2. The moment the bell signal（l）ed （铃声一响起）， Richard rose to his feet， seized his schoolbag and rushed out of the classroom like an arrow. （the moment引导的时间状语从句） （读后续写之动作描写）
点拨
注意signal可直接加-ed或-ing，也可以双写l后再加。signal（l）ed； signal（l）ing。
3.司机小心地抱起受伤的男孩，把他安置在车后排，不顾路边的红绿灯，赶紧把他送到医院。（读后续写之动作描写）
The driver carefully picked up the injured boy， settled him in the back of the car and rushed him to the hospital， ignoring the traffic signals along the road .（分词短语作状语）
★signal （to） sb. to do sth.示意某人做某事 signal （to sb.） that示意（某人）…… ★traffic signals/lights 红绿灯
4 lackn.缺乏；短缺 vt.没有；缺乏
1.[人教选必①－4]His lack of eye contact when talking with people shows that he lacks confidence.
2.They gave up carrying on the plan for lack of money.
3.Though Jack was lacking in experience， he made up for it by working extra hard.
4.由于个人信息的泄露和频繁的高科技诈骗，在这个信息时代，我们似乎缺乏安全感。
→①Because of the leak of personal information and frequent high-tech fraud， it seems that we lack a sense of security in this information era. （lack v.）
→②Because of the leak of personal information and frequent high-tech fraud， it seems that we are lacking in a sense of security in this information era. （lacking）
→③The leak of personal information and frequent high-tech fraud seem to cause a lack of a sense of security in this information era. （lack n.）
★（a/the） lack of... 缺乏…… for lack of... 因缺乏…… no lack of... 不缺…… ★lacking adj.缺少的，不足的 be lacking in... 缺少……
5 arguevt.&vi.论证；争辩 vi.争吵
1.Recently the couple have argued with each other a great deal since they have different analysis on the mystery.
2.[人教选必②－3] Put more simply， while people continue to argue about/over whether or not fatty food is dangerous， we already know that sugar is a killer.
3.The workers managed to argue their boss into giving them a pay rise.
点拨
注意into为介词，后跟动词时，需要用其-ing形式。
4.[北师选必③－7]You and your parents are having an argument （argue） about you staying out late on Friday night.
点拨
注意argue变成名词时，去-e再加-ment。
5.Some students think that wearing uniforms saves a lot of time for them. （正反观点）
→ Some students argue that wearing uniforms saves a lot of time for them.（词汇升级）
6.Currently， 60％ respondents argue for （支持） garbage classification and people who argue against （反对） it are in the minority. （正反观点）
★argue with sb. about/over sth.就某事与某人争吵/争论 argue that主张/认为…… argue for/against （doing）sth.赞成/反对（做）某事 argue sb. into/out of doing sth.说服某人做/不做某事 ★argument n.争论，争吵；论点 have an argument with sb. about/over sth.就某事与某人发生争吵/争论
6 attachvt.系；绑；贴；附上
1.[北师必修①－3]Next， the Chinese character Fu was attached upside down to our front door.
2.[外研选必④－1]As stated in my attached （attach） CV， I can speak both English and French fluently.
点拨
句意：如所附简历所述，我能流利地说英语和法语。 CV在此表示"简历"，相当于resume。
3.Generally， children are more attached （attach） to their mother than their father.
4.她发现桌子上放着一个盒子，盒子上贴着一张卡片，上面写着"母亲节快乐"。
She found a box lying on the table with a card attached to it ，saying "Happy Mother’s Day".
5.学校应该重视学生的全面发展，而不仅仅是他们的成绩。 （个人观点）
Schools should attach significance/importance to students’ all-round development rather than only their grades.
点拨
be attached to中to为介词，后跟动词时，需要用其-ing形式。
★attach...to把……系/绑/贴/附在……上 attach （great） importance/significance/value to认为……（极为）重要/有价值 ★attached adj.热爱……的；附属的 be attached to喜欢，依恋；附属于 ★attachment n.附件；附属物；拥护；爱慕
7 carryon继续做，坚持干（keep，continue，goon，stickto）
1.[外研选必①－3]...Stephen was thought...to be too short， too thin and too weak to follow in his father’s footsteps. But Stephen carried on . Playing basketball was his dream.
2.Carry on exercising （exercise） and you will be in good shape.
3.Lacking sufficient oxygen， the astronaut could not carry on with the mission.
4.If you continue working like that， you will break down sooner or later.
→If you carry on working like that， you will break down sooner or later.（词汇升级）
★carry on with/doing sth.继续做某事 carry sth. on＝carry on sth.继续某事
8 resultin导致，造成（cause，leadto，bringabout，contributeto，accountfor）（后跟结果）
1.[北师选必①－3]Reduced rainfall in Canada resulted in a huge forest fire in May 2016.
2.[译林选必②－1]There have been a number of changes to the Pulitzer Prizes over time. Some of these resulted from advances in technology.
3.Kids will feel that parents don’t care and， as a result （结果）， may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
点拨
常见的表示结果的衔接词语还有：so， therefore， consequently， as a consequence， thus， hence， accordingly等。
4.毫无疑问，人类活动造成了恶劣的环境。
→①There is no doubt that human activities result in the bad environment . （result v.）
→②There is no doubt that the bad environment results from human activities . （result v.）
→③There is no doubt that the environment becomes worse as a result of human activities . （result n.）
★result from由……造成（后跟原因） ★as a result结果 as a result of由于……
9 runout用完，耗尽（beusedup）；（文件）过期，失效（物作主语，无被动语态）
1.Tom started to run after Jerry at the sight of him， so Jerry had to run away . Jerry was so nervous that he ran into a tree accidentally after a few minutes’ chase. Finally， their strength ran out .
2.I ran through the text message in a hurry， not understanding a word of it.
3.我们的汽油快用完了，所以我们不得不在加油站停下来，在那儿我们又偶然遇见了那个男人。
We were running out of petrol /Our petrol was running out ， so we had to stop at the filling station， where we ran into/across the man again .
点拨
run out （of）常用进行时表示将来。run out为不及物动词，通常物作主语；而run out of后可跟宾语，通常人作主语。
★run out of （＝use up）用完（人作主语） run away （from...）逃离；避开 run for 竞选 run after 追求；追逐 run into 撞上；偶然遇见；遇到（困难等）；途中遭遇（恶劣天气） run across偶然遇到；穿过 run through 快速阅读；迅速传遍
10 动词不定式作后置定语
1.[人教必修②－3]She realised that one of the greatest benefits of the Internet was its ability to remove （remove） the distance that usually exists between people.
2.The first person to arrive （arrive） was Tony Garcia from Colombia， closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.
3.There was no signal in that faraway village and all my attempts to contact （contact） you failed.
4.我个人认为，我是从事这项工作的最佳人选。 （申请信）
Personally， I think I am the best person to take up the job .
★当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级、the next/only/last/very/right等修饰或限定时，常用不定式作后置定语。 ★动词不定式作后置定语常用来修饰抽象名词，常见的这类名词有：way， time， ability， chance， ambition， anxiety， belief， attempt等。
前缀pro-/pre-/fore-
本单元：pro-（在前，向前）＋-ced-（行走，前进）＋-ure结果→前面经过的历程→procedure程序；步骤；手续
拓展：
其他表示"在前，向前"的前缀：
通过构词法猜测单词在语境中的词性及含义。
1.No one could have foreseen that things would turn out this way. It is so surprising！ v.预见
点拨
see"看"，foresee→提前看到→预见。
2.[人教选必④－2]The Eiffel Tower...wasn’t always so popular. In fact， in 1886， just after its construction was first proposed， many were strongly against it. v.提议
点拨
-pos-"放置"，词尾＋e ，propose→提前摆放出来→提议，打算。
3.[2022全国乙]However， we all witness that preschool children are remarkably bad at hiding.They often cover only their eyes with their hands， leaving the rest of their bodies exposed. adj.学龄前的
点拨
school"学校"，preschool→上学前的→学龄前的。
4.None of us can foretell what lies ahead， so what we can do is to value every moment of our lives. v.预言，预测，预知
点拨
tell"说"，foretell→预先说→预言。Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations
Festivals， generally representing cultural and ethnic diversity， are celebrated all around the world. They are occasions when people dressup in traditional costumes， attend ceremonies，decorate their houses， express or receive blessings， love，respect，gratitude， or congratulations and so on， usually in a joyfulatmosphere.
Festivals have a wide range of origins， such as the seasons of the year，religions， famous figures and important events. Of all the traditional festivals， the harvest festival can be found in almost every culture. This agricultural festival takes place after all the crops have been gathered in. People setoff to celebrate， showing they are grateful for the year’s supply of food.
Customs play a significant role in festivals but sometimes they can change over time. With the development of modern society and the spread of new ideas， some traditions may fadeaway and others may be established. However， festivals are becoming more and more commercial， with businesses takingadvantageof the celebrations.
In general， festivals reflect people’s wishes，beliefs，faiths and attitudes towards life. Studying festivals carefully， you may be surprised to realize that different cultures actually havealotincommonafterall.
1 congratulationn.祝贺；恭喜
1.[译林必修②－2] Congratulations （congratulate）！You have just taken your first step towards a new and improved you！
点拨
（1）congratulation表示抽象意义的"祝贺"时，为不可数名词，如a letter of congratulation；表示祝词、贺词时，为可数名词，常用复数形式。（2）注意本句中的"new"和"improved"分别为形容词和过去分词作前置定语，共同修饰核心词"you"。
2.[人教必修③－1]Miss， congratulations on becoming an adult！
3.我写信是为了祝贺你在英语演讲比赛中的出色表现。 （祝贺信）
→①I’m writing to express/offer/send my congratulations to you for your excellent performance in the English speech contest. （congratulation）
→②I’m writing to congratulate you on your excellent performance in the English speech contest.（congratulate）
★express/offer/send one’s congratulations to sb. for sth. 因某事向某人致以祝贺 a letter of congratulation 一封贺信 congratulations on sth.祝贺某事 ★congratulate vt.祝贺 congratulate sb. on （doing）sth. 祝贺某人（做了）某事
2 rangen.一系列；范围，界限 vi.包括；（在一定范围内）变化
1.With the help of the Internet， people can have quick and easy access to a huge amount of information， ranging from the weather to military affairs （从天气到军事事务）.
2.Although her description sounded wonderful， the car was beyond/outside/out of our price range （超出了我们的价格范围），so we declined.
点拨
该句中的decline在此表示"拒绝"。句意：虽然她的描述听起来很好，但这辆车的价格超出了我们的价格范围，所以我们拒绝了。
3.在这个节日里，我参与了从戏剧表演到艺术作品展览等各种精彩活动。 （活动介绍）
At the festival，I got involved in a wide range of amazing activities from drama performance to art works exhibition.
★a whole/wide/broad/full range of各种各样的 in/within range （of sth.）在（……）可及的范围内；在视觉（或听觉）范围内 out of/outside/beyond range （of sth.）超出（……的）范围 ★range from...to.../range between...and...包括从……到……之间，在……到……之间变化
3 figuren.人物；人影；身材；雕像；数字；算术；图，表；图形 vt.认为（think/guess）；计算 vi.出现，包括（在……中）
5.Only if you stick to a balanced diet and regular exercise can you keep your figure （你才能保持体形）. （建议信）
点拨
"only＋状语从句"位于句首时，后面的主句需使用部分倒装，即把be动词/助动词/情态动词提到主语前面。
6.[译林选必②－3]We have to figure out （弄明白） how to keep the technology from running wild.
★figure out弄清楚，弄明白；计算出 figure that...认为…… ★keep one’s figure保持体形
4 reflectvt.显示，表明（show）；映出（影像）；反射（声、光等） vt.&vi.沉思
4.[北师必修③－9]We need to train ourselves to be better learners — to actively take part in the learning process and to reflect on/upon what we have learnt.
5.[译林必修②－3]She looked at her reflection （reflect） in the mirror carefully again.
6.你将主要学习唐诗，它反映了中文的美以及中国的传统文化。 （中国文化）
You will mainly learn Tang poems， which reflect the beauty of the Chinese language and traditional Chinese culture . （定语从句）
★reflect sb./sth. in sth.在……中映出……的影像 reflect on/upon认真思考；反省 ★reflection n.显示；映像；反射；沉思 self-reflection n.反省 ★reflective adj.反射的，反光的；反映……的，代表的；沉思的
5 representvt.象征，表示；代表（onbehalfof）；相当于（beequalto）；描述，描绘
1.结合语境写出下列句子中画线部分的含义
①[人教选必②－2]They told me that in China， people won’t celebrate a birthday without these noodles， because long noodles represent the longevity of life. 表示，象征
②All the nations of the world will be represented at the conference. 代表
③These pictures represent the landscapes of my hometown at all seasons of the year. 描绘
④This figure， which represents 40％ of the company’s expenses， is rising rapidly. 相当于
2.On Friday， representatives （represent） from all over the country attended the ceremony.
3.As we all know， classic literature is the representation （represent） of our outstanding art.
点拨
第2题中的representative是名词，意为"代表"，指人；在be representative of sth.结构中，representative是形容词，意为"有代表性的"。第3题中的representation也是名词，表示"代表"，指"代表"这个动作或者事实，多为不可数名词。
4. Representing/On behalf of all the teachers and students in our school （代表我们全校的师生）， I’d like to extend a warm welcome to our visitors. （演讲稿）
★representative adj.典型的；有代表性的 n.代表；典型人物 ★representation n.代表；描绘；抗议
6 respectn.尊敬；尊重；方面（aspect） vt.尊敬；尊重；遵守
1.结合语境写出下列句子中画线部分的词性及含义
①[人教选必④－5]I want to become a lawyer because I think fairness and justice is of great importance to society， and I hope I can make some contribution in that respect. n.方面
②It is about time that tour operators respected the law and their own code of conduct. v.遵守
2.[外研选必③－2]Such objects are produced through a combination of skill， respect for materials， devotion to tradition， and focus on the task.
3.[人教选必③－1]The art competition gives young artists a chance to gain recognition from the most respected （respect） art professionals.
4.我们的英语老师是我最尊敬的人之一。我因她渊博的知识和耐心而尊敬她。 （人物介绍）
Our English teacher is one of the people I respect most . I respect her for her wide knowledge and patience .
5.请代我向你的家人致意。 （信件结尾）
Please give my respects to your family.
★respect sb./sth. for sth.因某事而尊敬…… ★have/show respect for sb./sth.尊敬某人/某事 give/pay one’s respects to sb.向某人表示敬意 in this respect在这方面 in respect of/with respect to至于，关于 ★respected adj.受尊敬的 respectable adj.体面的，可敬的；可观的 respectful adj.表示敬意的，尊敬的
7 dress（sb.）up穿上盛装；装扮；装饰，掩饰
1.To her joy， the party is informal， so she doesn’t need to dress up .
2.He dressed up as an eagle on this occasion to play tricks on other kids.
3.She is often wearing yellow， which makes her look more energetic.
→ She is often dressed in yellow， making her look more energetic. （dress，分词短语作状语）
4.[译林必修②－3]There were hundreds of guests， all dressed up in formal，colourful clothes （穿着正式、多彩的衣服）.
点拨
表示"穿……颜色"用be dressed in，不需要加up；而表示"穿（正装）"，则要用be dressed up in，需要加up。表示穿正装还可直接用dress，如：Do they expect us to dress for dinner？他们希望我们穿正式服装赴宴吗？
★dress （sb./oneself） up as... （把某人/自己）装扮成…… be dressed up in 穿上（正装）；穿上（特别的服装）装扮 ★dress sb./oneself （in ＋衣服）给某人/自己穿（上……）衣服 be/get dressed in ＋衣服/颜色穿着…… ★dress穿（宾语是人） put on 穿上，戴上（强调动作） wear穿着，戴着（强调状态，后可跟颜色、衣服、鞋袜、配饰、香水等） be in穿着……（强调状态，后可跟颜色）
8 takeadvantageof利用；欺骗；占……的便宜
1.You should take full advantage of daytime或make good/full use of daytime或make the most of daytime （充分利用白天的时间） in order not to stay up late at night.
2.我相信我比其他人更有优势，因为我有在一家当地的疗养院当3年志愿者的经验。
（申请信）
→①I’m confident that I am at/have an advantage over others because of my three-year voluntary experience at a local nursing home.
→②I’m confident that my three-year voluntary experience at a local nursing home gives me an advantage over others .
3.在线学习有利也有弊。 （正反观点）
Online learning has its advantages and disadvantages.
★（近）make （good/full） use of（充分）利用 make the most of充分利用 ★advantages and disadvantages利与弊 be at/have an advantage over胜过，优于 sth. gives sb. an advantage 某事/物使某人有优势 be to one’s advantage对某人有利
9 setoff出发（setout）；使（炸弹等）爆炸；拉响（警报）；引发，激起
3.We gathered at the school gate at 8 a.m. and then set off for the camping spot by bus. The moment we arrived there， we set up camp， near which we set aside an area for playing in the evening. After that， we set out to fish. A silent competition began in the breeze（微风）. The weight of fish each person caught in two hours was set down . Simon won out at last， so what he needed to do was only set the table when we set about cooking dinner. That unforgettable day away from the city ended up when we set off some fireworks and danced joyfully beneath a starry sky.
点拨
"搭帐篷"用set up camp或put up a tent；搭建临时建筑用set up或put up均可，但set up 不用于搭建永久性的建筑。set out后跟to do，set about后跟doing，因为about为介词。
4.Her diligence（勤奋） is most impressive， and sets an example to us all （为我们所有人树立了榜样）. （人物描写）
★set off作"出发"讲时为不及物动词短语，其他义项均为及物动词短语，后可直接跟宾语。 set off for someplace动身去某地 ★set up建立；安排；开办；引发 set out （to do）/set about doing着手做 set aside留出，省出；置……于不顾 set down记下；制定（规则等） set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样
10 现在分词作伴随状语
1.During these years， he led a hard life， writing （write） poems about the events he witnessed.
点拨
"过着艰辛的生活"和"写诗"两个动作同时发生，该句可扩展为：During these years， he led a hard life and wrote poems about the events he witnessed.
2.The young man looked her straight in the eye， waiting for an answer （等待着答案）. （读后续写之神态描写）
3.Wild with joy， he rose to his feet immediately， ran out of the room and hugged me tightly， shouting loudly/at the top of his voice （高声喊叫）. （读后续写之动作描写）
★现在分词作伴随状语，表示伴随谓语动作发生的动作，通常相当于并列分句。 ★高考写作中常可使用现在分词作伴随状语对简单的并列句进行升级（若表示一连串的动作，则使用并列的动词更佳）。
词根-spect-
本单元：re-（再，又）＋-spect-（看）→一再注视→respect 尊敬
拓展：
从下列方框中选择适当的单词，并用其正确形式填空。
expect prospect suspect aspect perspective
1.[人教选必④－5]The prospect of welcoming exchange students to our country is very exciting， and I am keen to use my skills to give them a warm welcome and an experience they will always remember.
2.[人教必修①－4]Thousands of people are still missing， and the number of deaths is expected to grow even higher over the next few days.
3.[北师选必③－9]The DNA is stored in a database， where policemen can find the same or similar DNA to track down suspects and victims.
4.[北师选必②－6]From my perspective ， it seems that you are constantly checking your phone for notifications or messages.
5.[人教选必④－5]With my proficiency in Chinese calligraphy， I could also conduct classes for your visitors to help them learn more about this beautiful aspect of Chinese culture.
