阅读理解之议论文
(
2023
年高考真题
)
【2023.全国乙卷】
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many
literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written
reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors knowhow to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact ( 联 系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the
objects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
(
2021-2022
年高考真题
)
【2022.北京卷】
Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps
keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing
researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me
back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those
concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we
are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims I don’t know.
I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as
I trust Johnson.
31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels .
A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited
32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing
A. His dominance in physics.
B. The competition in the field.
C. His confidence in PyQuantum.
D. The investment of tech companies.
33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor
B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology
C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being
D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype
【2021.新高考 I 卷】
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional ( 情感 的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them
move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not
necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public
and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention
will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades,
advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 视 角) from which to study how people manage their lives.
Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.
B. It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills.
D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2
A. To explain a rule.
B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact.
D. To make a prediction.
34. What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence
A. Its appeal to the public.
B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application.
D. Scientists with new perspectives.
(
2023
年名校模拟题
)
（2023·河北保定 · 统考一模）The two terms nature and nurture have been subjects of comparison since the
16th century. The argument is centered on the question as to whether it is nature or nurture that makes us who we
are.
Nature provides the starting point for an organism that will interact with nurture, the environment, during the organism’s life. Nature does not just affect an organism during its lifetime, but it also can directly affect the expression of genes in offspring (后代). For the Geneticists, they believe that our lives are entirely determined by genetics, which is nature. An opposing view is that there is no indication that genes ( 基 因) determines one’s personality, rather there is growing evidence that nurture serves as the determining factor in personality
development.
Nurture refers to the conditions under which living things grow and develop after birth. When applied to human beings, it means how the person is raised, which includes nutrition, education, care, as well as the kind of
surroundings, such as cultural influence, family and friends.
The argument of nature and nurture as to which is more important is necessitated by an attempt to differentiate how much effect genetics has on a person’s development against how easily humans are influenced
by one’s environment.
While nurture undeniably plays its part on the growth and development of one’s personality, nature dramatically outweighs nurture, for nature can be likened to a foundation. The impact of nurture on the development of persons cannot be totally denied. However, nature is regarded as being of most importance because of the fact that it affords an opportunity and creates a foundation and the basis for the question of nurture to arise at the very first instance. Even without nurture, the nature impact can still stand independently without necessarily causing destruction. More so, even when the nurture impact is successfully effected, it does not remove the genetic characteristics of a person. It therefore stands correctly that nature is that which determines the
substance of a person.
1 ．What can we learn from Paragraph 2
A ．Nature’s role is supported by additional evidence.
B ．Personality development is determined by nurture.
C ．Nature impacts gene expression in later generation.
D ．Environment shapes personality more than genetics.
2 ．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A ．What nurture means to human beings.
B ．How living things develop afterbirth.
C ．How nurture shapes human development.
D ．How surroundings influence human beings.
3 ．How does the author stress the greater importance of nature
A ．By giving examples.
B ．By making contrast.
C ．By conducting experiments.
D ．By citing research data.
4 ．What is the best title for the text
A ．A Long Story of Nature and Nurture
B ．A New Research on Nature and Nurture
C ．Who Can Tell What Makes Who We Are
D ．Which Is More Important, Nature or Nurture
（2023·辽 宁鞍 山 · 统考二模 ）We have long been attracted by quick solutions that could increase our intelligence. Today, people’s hopes lie in brain training apps, some of which claim to result in “smarter minds” .
But is this quick solution all it is said to be
There are plenty of brain training apps, but they all share the same characteristics: they turn mental exercises like simple arithmetic ( 算术), memory tests and logic and pattern-matching problems into quick games. Some
apps tell us that the more you play these mini-games, the smarter you will get. It is really a big promise.
Many of the apps say they are based on “science”, a claim I found surprising as a former neuroscientist (神经 系统科学家). The concept that increasing intelligence would be as simple as practicing a few mini-games every
day flies in the face of what we have discovered about how humans think and learn.
After surveying thousands of users across a wide variety of apps, researchers at Western University in Canada discovered that brain training had no great effect on cognitive (认知的) functioning in the real world. The positive effects that have been found are limited to the very specific mini-games and tasks that users are trained on, such as the ability to memorize lists of words or numbers, or perform mental arithmetic, with little benefit to
other skills.
If you are expecting them to improve your ability to write a novel or make a complex computer program, I am afraid you will want to look elsewhere. Puzzle video games such as “Baba Is You” and “Return of the Obra Dinn”, see players apply their skill at logic, memory and concentration in a far more complex way than any brain
training mini-game.
5 ．What does the author say about brain training apps
A ．They have scientific support. B ．They work in the form of games.
C ．They require problem-solving skills. D ．They are based on complex arithmetic.
6 ．What does the underlined part “flies in the face of” in paragraph 3 mean
A ．Goes into details of. B ．Takes advantage of.
C ．Goes against. D ．Comes from.
7 ．Which best describes the effects that brain training apps have on memory
A ．Limited. B ．Indirect. C ．Damaging. D ．Far-reaching.
8 ．What is the author’s attitude to “Baba Is You”
A ．Doubtful. B ．Intolerant. C ．Uninterested. D ．Favorable.
（2023 秋 · 辽宁沈阳 · 高三校联考一模）What may well be the oldest metal coins in the world have been identified at an ancient abandoned city known as Guanzhuang in China. Like many Bronze Age (青铜时代) coins from the region, they were cast in the shape of spades (铲) with finely carved handles. These ancient coins existed during an in-between period between barter ( 以 物 易 物) and money, when coins were a novel concept, but
everybody knew that agricultural tools were valuable.
Reading about this incredible discovery, I kept thinking about the way modern people represent computer networks by describing machines as having “addresses”, like a house. We also talk about one computer using a “port” to send information to another computer, as if the data were a floating boat with destination. It’s as if we are in the Bronze Age of information technology, grasping desperately for real-world reference to transform our
civilization.
Now consider what happened to spade coins. Over centuries. metalworkers made these coins into more abstract shapes. Some became almost human figures. Others’ handles were reduced to small half-circles. As spade coins grew more abstract. people carved them with number values and the locations where they were made. They became more like modern coins, flat and covered in writing. Looking at one of these later pieces, you would have
no idea that they were once intended to look like a spade.
This makes me wonder if we will develop an entirely new set of symbols that allow us to interact with our
digital information more smoothly.
Taking spade coins as our guide, we can guess that far-future computer networks will no longer contain any recognizable references to houses. But they still might bring some of the ideas we associate with home to our mind. In fact, computer networks — if they still exist at all — are likely to be almost the indispensable part of our houses and cities, their sensors inset (嵌入) with walls and roads. Our network addresses might actually be the same as our street addresses. If climate change leads to floods, our mobile devices might look more like boats than
phones, assisting us to land.
My point is that the metaphors ( 比 喻) of the information age aren’t random. Mobile devices do offer us comfort after a long day at work. In some sense, our desire to settle on the shores of data lakes could change the way we understand home, as well as how we build computers. So as we cast our minds forward, we have to think about what new abstractions will go along with our information technology. Perhaps the one thing we count on is
that humans will still appreciate the comforts of home.
9 ．Why were many Bronze Age coins made into the shape of a spade
A ．These coins also served as agricultural tools.
B ．This stylish design made the coins valuable.
C ．A lot of emphasis was put on agriculture.
D ．The handles made the coins easily exchanged.
10 ．Why does the author relate computers to spade coins
A ．To show they both used to be new concepts when first invented.
B ．To highlight their same importance in our civilizational transformation.
C ．To suggest computers will experience dramatic changes as coins did.
D ．To explain abstract digital worlds are different from concrete coins.
11 ．What does the underlined word “indispensable” in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A ．Flexible. B ．Wasteful. C ．Essential. D ．Alternative.
12 ．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A ．How Agriculture Loses to Digital Industry
B ．What Coins and Computers Bring Us
C ．What Bronze Age and Information Age Have In Common
D ．What Ancient Money Tells Us About the Future Digital World
（2023 春 · 河北 · 高三校联考一模）Even though people have been paralyzed (瘫痪的) playing sports like rugby and football, extreme sports take the whole ordeal (磨难) to the next level. Sports like downhill cycling are very dangerous because one would be going downhill, over rocky or dirt zone, through forests, even at potentially
deadly speeds. A slip up could be your downfall.
Nobody who gets into extreme sports goes with the desire to do harm to themselves. With that, athletes train for years and years before they attempt anything extreme. To most people, extreme sports are extreme simply because they take more skill than what an average person has. An athlete with skill and training makes an extreme
thing become a daily routine. That does not wipe out the danger, but it greatly reduces it.
Even when there is a lot of skill involved, things might not go the athlete’s way, not at all. Luck and circumstances have a lot to do with how things develop, whether above 8000 meters or in a wood, going downhill.
In some places, crossing the street is an extreme sport, considering how wild traffic can get.
Some view parkour — the sports of running, jumping and climbing under, around and through buildings — as an extreme sport, while it is more of a life philosophy, where the athlete does not have to do anything remotely dangerous. Free soloing, which means climbing a rock or ice face without safety gear, is absolutely deadly, where
one slip means almost certain death, depending on the height, of course. Skateboarding is relatively safe, but if
you constantly find ridiculous places to practice on, like the fence of a bridge, then things can get very
complicated. The extreme part depends on the athlete.
To summarize, yes, extreme sports are dangerous, but the danger depends on the athlete, their choice of sport, direction in which they take it, as well as the circumstances. Some things are out of our reach of control,
while others we can influence through exercise and healthier risk choices.
13 ．Why is downhill cycling mentioned in Paragraph 1
A ．To call for attention to extreme sports.
B ．To introduce the origin of extreme sports.
C ．To illustrate the danger of extreme sports.
D ．To show the complexity of the extreme sports.
14 ．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about regarding extreme sports
A ．Extreme sports differ from one another.
B ．Skill matters a lot in maintaining safety.
C ．Athlete’s luck is a key factor that influences safety.
D ．Extreme sports are more dangerous than regular sports.
15 ．Which would best describe the author’s attitude towards the danger of extreme sports
A ．Doubtful. B ．Objective.
C ．Intolerant. D ．Uninterested.
16 ．Which of the following is the best title of the text
A ．Do Extreme Sports Test Your Courage
B ．Why Should Extreme Sports Be Banned
C ．Why Do We Love Extreme Sports so Much
D ．Are Extreme Sports Really That Dangerous
（2023 秋 · 辽宁大连 · 高三统考一模）We live in an age when all scientific knowledge — from the safety of vaccines ( 疫苗) to the reality of climate change — faces organized and often angry opposition. Doubters have
declared war on the consensus (共识) of experts. It seems that people have turned argumentative overnight.
In a sense, all this is not surprising. Our lives are affected by science and technology as never before. The world seems full of real and imaginary dangers. Though scientists agree that the Ebola virus is spread only by direct contact with blood or body fluids (液体), if you type “airborne Ebola” into an Internet search engine, you’ll
find that some people believe that this virus has almost supernatural powers.
In this often confusing world, we need to rely on science to decide whether what we choose to believe has a
basis in the laws of nature or not. But science doesn’t come naturally to most of us. Science has often led us to truths that are really mind-blowing. For example, although the roundness of the Earth has been known for
thousands of years, some still feel it hard to accept.
Even when people become scientifically educated, most of them still try to make sense of the world by relying on personal experience, stories or emotions rather than statistics. When they hear a number of cancer cases in a town with a dangerous waste dump ( 垃圾场), they believe pollution caused the cancers. Yet two things happening together doesn’t mean one caused the other. Even when they turn to the Internet, they let in only the
information they agree with to strengthen beliefs that have already been shaped by their worldview.
How can scientists convince doubters Throwing more facts at people may not be enough. More efforts are
supposed to be made.
17 ．What’s the text mainly about
A ．How people view the world. B ．What challenges science faces.
C ．Whether science is worth respect. D ．Why people show disbelief in science.
18 ．What does the underlined word “mind-blowing” probably mean
A ．Unbelievable. B ．Desirable. C ．Dangerous. D ．Obvious.
19 ．How do “people” in paragraph 4 understand the world
A ．They apply logical thinking.
B ．They stick to their own beliefs.
C ．They form the views on assumptions.
D ．They rely on the information on the Internet.
20 ．How does the author prove his opinions
A ．Through comparison. B ．Through quotation.
C ．By giving examples. D ．By making definitions.
（2023 秋 · 浙江 · 高三德清县高级中学校联考一模）The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause.
Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.
Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient protection for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual
notice.
But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives.
As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure. Between
preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
Consequently and paradoxically laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those
jobs at risk.
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor
productivity growth record.
Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms
pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely
affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.
Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down
following the change in government later that year.
21 ．The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to .
A ．discipline dubious corporate practices B ．promote traditional hiring procedures
C ．regulate the privileges of the employers D ．safeguard the rights of ordinary workers
22 ．It can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may .
A ．hinder business development B．justify managers’ authority
C ．affect the public image of the firms D ．worsen labor-management relations
23 ．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage
A ．ERA’s sensible approach corresponds with the international trend of democracy.
B ．The society will see a rise in well-being with the ERA’s procedures carried out.
C ．Non-proficient managerial capabilities make employees suffer from salary cuts.
D ．High-income threshold in Australia is relatively beneficial to business owners.
24 ．What’s the author’s attitude towards the personal grievance provisions issued by ERA
A ．Appreciative B ．Skeptical C ．Optimistic D ．Contradictory
（2023·宁夏银川 · 银川一中校考一模）I have frequently taught Research Methods and Design to college students at several institutions. I love teaching this course. One reason, of course, is that I enjoy thinking about research methodology (方法学) and sharing it with others. The other reason, however, is the obvious impact that it has on students. Every term, one (if not more) student tells me how taking this course has affected him/her: “I used to just read articles and believe what they said, but now I find myself asking ‘Is this true How do they
know Is this a well designed study ” That is what I want the students to achieve in this course.
This brings to mind something written by Dorothy L. Sayers in 1948. One of her books, The Lost Tools of Learning speaks to Sayers’ thoughts on education. “By teaching our young men and women to read, we have left them at the mercy of the printed words. By the invention of the film and the radio,we have made certain that no dislike for reading shall protect them from the constant battery of words, words, words. They do not know what the words mean: they are victims to words in their emotions instead of being the masters of them in their
intelligence.”
We are well past the 1940s, but her observation is still relevant. Sayers’ point is well taken. In the world of 24-hour news and social media that often resembles (类似) the Wild West, the ability to carry out evaluations has never been more important. In order to resist the distortions with which we are constantly bombed in the media, as well as be able to present a persuasive argument, we must be able to reason well, and think and give a judgement
carefully.
When my students begin the Research Methods and Design course, they are generally not content to read all those research article I give. However, by the end of the course, they are excited about their newly obtained
abilities.
25 ．What is the author’s course goal for her students
A ．Thinking critically. B ．Reading deeply.
C ．Designing studies well. D ．Questioning themselves.
26 ．What did Sayers imply about education
A ．It was boring. B ．It was worrying.
C ．It was conventional. D ．It was useless.
27 ．What does the underlined word “distortions” in paragraph 3 refer to
A ．Popular news. B ．Various evaluations.
C ．Persuasive arguments. D ．Misleading information.
28 ．Why does the author write the text
A ．To review a book. B ．To introduce a writer.
C ．To suggest a practical skill. D ．To criticize social media.
（2023 春 · 河南 · 高三校联考一模）A worrying rise in social media posts, suggesting that people leave their Halloween pumpkins in the woods to feed wildlife after October 31, has made wildlife experts concerned. Thousands of pumpkins are discarded in woods across Britain. While well-meaning pumpkin carvers might think they are doing the local animals groups a kindness, leaving your leftover jack-o’-lantern in the woodland is
actually doing more harm than good.
“A myth seems to have built up that leaving pumpkins in woods helps wildlife, but behind it are many hidden issues.” said Paul Bunton, engagement and communication officer at The Woodland Trust, according to The
Telegraph.
One of the main issues is that the leftover of the Halloween pumpkins are often eaten by already struggling hedgehogs(刺猬). In early November, hedgehogs are looking to gain as much weight as possible to survive their winter hibernation. However, eating pumpkin is harmful to their little hedgehog stomachs, leading to diarrhea and
dehydration. This means they may struggle to put on weight, and in some cases can even be fatal.
Moreover, leftover Halloween pumpkins can contain candles and plastic decorations which can also be fatal to wildlife if mistakenly eaten. The rotting leftover can also attract less popular wildlife, such as rats, to an area. According to The Woodland Trust, the additional nutrients in the pumpkins can negatively affect the soil balance as well. “Pumpkin flesh can have a really harmful effect on woodland soils,plants, and fungi( 真菌),” Bunton
pointed out.
So what should you do with your beautifully carved pumpkin creation after October 31 Most experts recommend composting (堆肥) it yourself at home if you can, or asking if a local farm will accept it as a donation. You could even try some scientific experiments to produce more energy from the throw-away wasted. Either way,
the hedgehogs will thank vou.
29 ．What does the underlined word “discarded” mean in paragraph 1
A ．Processed. B ．Recycled. C ．Deserted. D ．Preserved.
30 ．Why do hedgehogs try to eat so many pumpkins in early November
A ．To enjoy the sweet food. B ．To fill their stomachs.
C ．To prepare for the winter. D ．To improve their health.
31 ．What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A ．The additional nutrients in the leftover pumpkins.
B ．The damages of candles and plastic in the pumpkins.
C ．The attraction of the rotting leftovers to some wildlife.
D ．Further explanation of the effect of leftover pumpkins.
32 ．What are people advised to do with the leftover pumpkins after Halloween .
A ．Stop leaving your pumpkins in the woods.
B ．Keep your beautiful pumpkin creations at home.
C ．Feed the hedgehogs with the leftover pumpkins.
D ．Bury the pumpkins leftover deep under the ground.阅读理解之议论文
(
2023
年高考真题
)
【2023.全国乙卷】
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many
literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written
reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors knowhow to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact ( 联 系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the
objects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳
入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
32.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不 能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里， 都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记
录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选 A。
33.推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将 文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断， 作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文 “From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一 个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船
长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选 D。
34.词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人 以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最 强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之
间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the
other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的 另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让 我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以 conversation
指的是“历史”。故选 B。
35.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段 不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文 字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我 们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好 的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100 件物品中的世界史》。故选
C。
(
2021-2022
年高考真题
)
【2022.北京卷】
Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps
keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing
researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests,
perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me
back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those
concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we
are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as
I trust Johnson.
31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels .
A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited
32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing
A. His dominance in physics.
B. The competition in the field.
C. His confidence in PyQuantum.
D. The investment of tech companies.
33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor
B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology
C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being
D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype
【答案】31 A32. C33. A34. D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ ”，计算机科学家克
里斯 约翰逊和物理学家菲利普 泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。
31.推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work ’s potential. If
researchers can ’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger,
Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最 糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、 失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. ”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信 约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic 同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned
不关心的；C. doubtful 怀疑的；D. excited 激动的。故选 A。
32.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 ) ” to building a “useful ” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise. ” He adds, “ People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others. ”（他说，这 家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上 ”接近于制造出“有用的 ”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响 力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题 ”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时 间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对 PyQuantum 的信心。故选
C。
33.词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum ’ stands for something cool you shouldn ’t be able to understand. ”（但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone 被炒作，可能是因为“量子 ”代 表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子 ”代表了一些你 不应该理解的酷东西 ”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故 prone 意为“易于……的 ”。A. Open.开放的；易受损
害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选 A。
34.主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “ cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. ”（现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》 报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊 感到恼火。”）” 以及最后一段 “ Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “ by a wide margin ”, as Taylor claims I don ’t know. I ’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum 真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势 ”领先所有竞争对手 吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一 样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ ”，计算机科学家克里斯 约翰逊 和物理学家菲利普 泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那
样成功吗？ ”。故选 D。
【2021.新高考 I 卷】
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional ( 情感 的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them
move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not
necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public
and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades,
advances in science will offer new perspectives ( 视 角) from which to study how people manage their lives.
Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.
B. It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills.
D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2
A. To explain a rule.
B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact.
D. To make a prediction.
34. What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence
A. Its appeal to the public.
B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application.
D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】322-35 DBAB
【导读】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了什么是情商以及情商普及的优势，并表达了作者自己的观点，同
时提出了对情商研究的未来期望。
32. D。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and ‘people skills’.”可知，许多人误把情商理解为一个人
的性格中无法被智商测试所衡量的几乎可取的一切，也就是指一个人的积极的品质。
33. B。推理判断题。第二段首句“We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.”是介绍情商的概念。由此推断出提到的“ 医生”和“骗子”是对
这一概念的解释。
34. A。推理判断题。根据题干中的“the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence”可 定位到第三段。根据第三段的首句“Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.”可知，作者认为情商普及利大于弊。又根据“The most positive aspect of this popularization...”和
“The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped...”可知，作者对于情商普及是赞成的。
35. B。主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.”可知，虽然情商的持续流行吸引力是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能引起人们对情感的科学研究 和学术研究的更大的兴趣。又根据下文的“It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.”可知，我们希望在未来的 数十年后，科学的进步提供新的视角来研究人们如何管理他们的生活。由此可知，这些是对未来研究的期
望。
(
2023
年名校模拟题
)
（2023·河北保定 · 统考一模）The two terms nature and nurture have been subjects of comparison since the
16th century. The argument is centered on the question as to whether it is nature or nurture that makes us who we
are.
Nature provides the starting point for an organism that will interact with nurture, the environment, during the organism’s life. Nature does not just affect an organism during its lifetime, but it also can directly affect the expression of genes in offspring (后代). For the Geneticists, they believe that our lives are entirely determined by genetics, which is nature. An opposing view is that there is no indication that genes ( 基 因) determines one’s personality, rather there is growing evidence that nurture serves as the determining factor in personality
development.
Nurture refers to the conditions under which living things grow and develop after birth. When applied to human beings, it means how the person is raised, which includes nutrition, education, care, as well as the kind of
surroundings, such as cultural influence, family and friends.
The argument of nature and nurture as to which is more important is necessitated by an attempt to differentiate how much effect genetics has on a person’s development against how easily humans are influenced
by one’s environment.
While nurture undeniably plays its part on the growth and development of one’s personality, nature dramatically outweighs nurture, for nature can be likened to a foundation. The impact of nurture on the development of persons cannot be totally denied. However, nature is regarded as being of most importance because of the fact that it affords an opportunity and creates a foundation and the basis for the question of nurture to arise at the very first instance. Even without nurture, the nature impact can still stand independently without necessarily causing destruction. More so, even when the nurture impact is successfully effected, it does not remove the genetic characteristics of a person. It therefore stands correctly that nature is that which determines the
substance of a person.
1 ．What can we learn from Paragraph 2
A ．Nature’s role is supported by additional evidence.
B ．Personality development is determined by nurture.
C ．Nature impacts gene expression in later generation.
D ．Environment shapes personality more than genetics.
2 ．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A ．What nurture means to human beings.
B ．How living things develop afterbirth.
C ．How nurture shapes human development.
D ．How surroundings influence human beings.
3 ．How does the author stress the greater importance of nature
A ．By giving examples.
B ．By making contrast.
C ．By conducting experiments.
D ．By citing research data.
4 ．What is the best title for the text
A ．A Long Story of Nature and Nurture
B ．A New Research on Nature and Nurture
C ．Who Can Tell What Makes Who We Are
D ．Which Is More Important, Nature or Nurture
（2023·辽 宁鞍 山 · 统考二模 ）We have long been attracted by quick solutions that could increase our intelligence. Today, people’s hopes lie in brain training apps, some of which claim to result in “smarter minds” .
But is this quick solution all it is said to be
There are plenty of brain training apps, but they all share the same characteristics: they turn mental exercises like simple arithmetic ( 算术), memory tests and logic and pattern-matching problems into quick games. Some
apps tell us that the more you play these mini-games, the smarter you will get. It is really a big promise.
Many of the apps say they are based on “science”, a claim I found surprising as a former neuroscientist (神经 系统科学家). The concept that increasing intelligence would be as simple as practicing a few mini-games every
day flies in the face of what we have discovered about how humans think and learn.
After surveying thousands of users across a wide variety of apps, researchers at Western University in Canada discovered that brain training had no great effect on cognitive (认知的) functioning in the real world. The positive effects that have been found are limited to the very specific mini-games and tasks that users are trained on, such as the ability to memorize lists of words or numbers, or perform mental arithmetic, with little benefit to
other skills.
If you are expecting them to improve your ability to write a novel or make a complex computer program, I am afraid you will want to look elsewhere. Puzzle video games such as “Baba Is You” and “Return of the Obra Dinn”, see players apply their skill at logic, memory and concentration in a far more complex way than any brain
training mini-game.
5 ．What does the author say about brain training apps
A ．They have scientific support. B ．They work in the form of games.
C ．They require problem-solving skills. D ．They are based on complex arithmetic.
6 ．What does the underlined part “flies in the face of” in paragraph 3 mean
A ．Goes into details of. B ．Takes advantage of.
C ．Goes against. D ．Comes from.
7 ．Which best describes the effects that brain training apps have on memory
A ．Limited. B ．Indirect. C ．Damaging. D ．Far-reaching.
8 ．What is the author’s attitude to “Baba Is You”
A ．Doubtful. B ．Intolerant. C ．Uninterested. D ．Favorable.
1 ．C 2 ．A 3 ．B 4 ．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。先天和后天这两个术语自 16 世纪以来一直是比较的主题。文章论述了究竟
是先天还是后天造就了我们。
1 ．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Nature provides the starting point for an organism that will interact with nurture, the environment, during the organism’s life. Nature does not just affect an organism during its lifetime, but it also can directly affect the expression of genes in offspring (后代). (在有机体的一生中，先天为有机体提 供了与滋养、环境相互作用的起点。先天不仅会影响一个生物体的一生，还会直接影响其后代的基因表
达)”可知，先天影响后代的基因表达。故选 C。
2 ．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Nurture refers to the conditions under which living things grow and develop after birth. When applied to human beings, it means how the person is raised, which includes nutrition, education, care, as well as the kind of surroundings, such as cultural influence, family and friends.(后天指的是生物出生后生长 发育的条件。当应用于人类时， 它指的是一个人是如何成长的， 包括营养、教育、照顾， 以及环境的类型，
如文化影响、家庭和朋友)”可知，第三段主要讨论了后天对人类意味着什么。故选 A。
3 ．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“While nurture undeniably plays its part on the growth and development of one’s personality, nature dramatically outweighs nurture, for nature can be likened to a foundation. The impact of nurture on the development of persons cannot be totally denied. However, nature is regarded as being of most importance because of the fact that it affords an opportunity and creates a foundation and the basis for the question of nurture to arise at the very first instance.(不可否认， 后天培养在一个人的个性成长和发展中起着一 定的作用， 但先天的作用远远超过后天培养， 因为先天可以被比作基础。后天对人的发展的影响是不能完 全否认的。然而， 先天被认为是最重要的， 因为它提供了一个机会， 创造了一个基础， 为后天问题的出现
提供了基础)”可推知，作者通过对比强调了先天的重要性。故选 B。
4 ．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The two terms nature and nurture have been subjects of comparison since the 16th
century. The argument is centered on the question as to whether it is nature or nurture that makes us who we
are.(先天和后天这两个术语自 16 世纪以来一直是比较的主题。争论的核心问题是， 究竟是先天还是后天造 就了我们)”及下文论述可知，文章主要论述了究竟是先天还是后天造就了我们。由此可知，Which Is More
Important, Nature or Nurture (先天和后天，哪个更重要？ )适合作文章最佳标题。故选 D。
5 ．B 6 ．C 7 ．A 8 ．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了大脑训练应用程序在提高认知能力和智力方面的有效性， 说明了 虽然这些应用程序可以提高一些特定技能， 例如算术和记忆能力， 但对其他技能的益处有限， 并且它们的 整体有效性是值得怀疑的。作者还建议， 解谜视频游戏可能提供了一种更复杂和有效的训练认知能力的方
式。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“There are plenty of brain training apps, but they all share the same characteristics: they turn mental exercises like simple arithmetic (算术), memory tests and logic and pattern-matching problems into quick games. (有很多大脑训练应用程序，但它们都有相后的特点：它们将简单的算术、记忆测试、逻 辑和模式匹配问题等心理练习变成了快速游戏。) ”可知，脑力训练应用程序的共同点是：把简单的算术、
记忆测试、逻辑匹配等脑力练习变成了快速游戏，它们以游戏的形式发挥作用。故选 B 项。
6．短语猜测题。根据第二段中“Some apps tell us that the more you play these mini-games, the smarter you will get. It is really a big promise. (一些应用程序告诉我们， 你玩这些迷你游戏越多， 你就会变得越聪明。这真的 是一个很大的承诺。) ”可知，作者认为靠玩游戏变聪明是一个很大的承诺。结合第四段中“The positive effects that have been found are limited to the very specific mini-games and tasks that users are trained on, such as the ability to memorize lists of words or numbers, or perform mental arithmetic, with little benefit to other skills. (已 经发现的积极影响仅限于非常特定的小游戏和用户接受训练的任务， 比如记忆单词或数字列表的能力， 或 进行心算的能力， 对其他技能几乎没有好处。) ”可知， 通过玩游戏进行的脑力训练对认知功能等其他技能 没有好处， 故可知这一很大的承诺并不能达成。因此， 可推测作者认为脑力训练的理念违背了人类思考和
学习的原理，并未达到预期效果。故可推测短语 flies in the face of 意为“与……相反 ”故选 C 项。
7 ．推理判 断题 。根据第 四段 “The positive effects that have been found are limited to the very specific mini-games and tasks that users are trained on, such as the ability to memorize lists of words or numbers, or perform mental arithmetic, with little benefit to other skills. (已经发现的积极影响仅限于非常特定的小游戏和 用户接受训练的任务， 比如记忆单词或数字列表的能力，或进行心算的能力，对其他技能几乎没有好 处。) ”可知， 已知的脑力训练的积极影响仅限于非常特定的一些小游戏和训练任务， 但对其他技能几乎没
有好处。由此推知，脑力训练对记忆力的提高具有局限性。故选 A 项。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Puzzle video games such as “Baba Is You” and “Return of the Obra Dinn”, see
players apply their skill at logic, memory and concentration in a far more complex way than any brain training
mini-game. (益智电子游戏，如“Baba Is You”和“Return of the Obra Dinn”使玩家能够以比任何脑力训练迷你 游戏复杂得多的方式运用他们的逻辑、记忆和注意力技巧。 ) ”可知， 作者认为“Baba Is You ”和“Return of the Obra Dinn ”这类益智游戏更能激发玩家在逻辑、记忆和注意力方面的能力，其复杂程度远超过任何
脑力训练小游戏。由此推知，作者是对“Baba ls You ”这类益智游戏持赞成态度。故选 D 项。
（2023 秋 · 辽宁沈阳 · 高三校联考一模）What may well be the oldest metal coins in the world have been identified at an ancient abandoned city known as Guanzhuang in China. Like many Bronze Age (青铜时代) coins from the region, they were cast in the shape of spades (铲) with finely carved handles. These ancient coins existed during an in-between period between barter ( 以 物 易 物) and money, when coins were a novel concept, but
everybody knew that agricultural tools were valuable.
Reading about this incredible discovery, I kept thinking about the way modern people represent computer networks by describing machines as having “addresses”, like a house. We also talk about one computer using a “port” to send information to another computer, as if the data were a floating boat with destination. It’s as if we are in the Bronze Age of information technology, grasping desperately for real-world reference to transform our
civilization.
Now consider what happened to spade coins. Over centuries. metalworkers made these coins into more abstract shapes. Some became almost human figures. Others’ handles were reduced to small half-circles. As spade coins grew more abstract. people carved them with number values and the locations where they were made. They became more like modern coins, flat and covered in writing. Looking at one of these later pieces, you would have
no idea that they were once intended to look like a spade.
This makes me wonder if we will develop an entirely new set of symbols that allow us to interact with our
digital information more smoothly.
Taking spade coins as our guide, we can guess that far-future computer networks will no longer contain any recognizable references to houses. But they still might bring some of the ideas we associate with home to our mind. In fact, computer networks — if they still exist at all — are likely to be almost the indispensable part of our houses and cities, their sensors inset (嵌入) with walls and roads. Our network addresses might actually be the same as our street addresses. If climate change leads to floods, our mobile devices might look more like boats than
phones, assisting us to land.
My point is that the metaphors ( 比 喻) of the information age aren’t random. Mobile devices do offer us comfort after a long day at work. In some sense, our desire to settle on the shores of data lakes could change the way we understand home, as well as how we build computers. So as we cast our minds forward, we have to think
about what new abstractions will go along with our information technology. Perhaps the one thing we count on is
that humans will still appreciate the comforts of home.
9 ．Why were many Bronze Age coins made into the shape of a spade
A ．These coins also served as agricultural tools.
B ．This stylish design made the coins valuable.
C ．A lot of emphasis was put on agriculture.
D ．The handles made the coins easily exchanged.
10 ．Why does the author relate computers to spade coins
A ．To show they both used to be new concepts when first invented.
B ．To highlight their same importance in our civilizational transformation.
C ．To suggest computers will experience dramatic changes as coins did.
D ．To explain abstract digital worlds are different from concrete coins.
11 ．What does the underlined word “indispensable” in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A ．Flexible. B ．Wasteful. C ．Essential. D ．Alternative.
12 ．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A ．How Agriculture Loses to Digital Industry
B ．What Coins and Computers Bring Us
C ．What Bronze Age and Information Age Have In Common
D ．What Ancient Money Tells Us About the Future Digital World
（2023 春 · 河北 · 高三校联考一模）Even though people have been paralyzed (瘫痪的) playing sports like rugby and football, extreme sports take the whole ordeal (磨难) to the next level. Sports like downhill cycling are very dangerous because one would be going downhill, over rocky or dirt zone, through forests, even at potentially
deadly speeds. A slip up could be your downfall.
Nobody who gets into extreme sports goes with the desire to do harm to themselves. With that, athletes train for years and years before they attempt anything extreme. To most people, extreme sports are extreme simply because they take more skill than what an average person has. An athlete with skill and training makes an extreme
thing become a daily routine. That does not wipe out the danger, but it greatly reduces it.
Even when there is a lot of skill involved, things might not go the athlete’s way, not at all. Luck and circumstances have a lot to do with how things develop, whether above 8000 meters or in a wood, going downhill.
In some places, crossing the street is an extreme sport, considering how wild traffic can get.
Some view parkour — the sports of running, jumping and climbing under, around and through buildings —
as an extreme sport, while it is more of a life philosophy, where the athlete does not have to do anything remotely dangerous. Free soloing, which means climbing a rock or ice face without safety gear, is absolutely deadly, where one slip means almost certain death, depending on the height, of course. Skateboarding is relatively safe, but if you constantly find ridiculous places to practice on, like the fence of a bridge, then things can get very
complicated. The extreme part depends on the athlete.
To summarize, yes, extreme sports are dangerous, but the danger depends on the athlete, their choice of sport, direction in which they take it, as well as the circumstances. Some things are out of our reach of control,
while others we can influence through exercise and healthier risk choices.
13 ．Why is downhill cycling mentioned in Paragraph 1
A ．To call for attention to extreme sports.
B ．To introduce the origin of extreme sports.
C ．To illustrate the danger of extreme sports.
D ．To show the complexity of the extreme sports.
14 ．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about regarding extreme sports
A ．Extreme sports differ from one another.
B ．Skill matters a lot in maintaining safety.
C ．Athlete’s luck is a key factor that influences safety.
D ．Extreme sports are more dangerous than regular sports.
15 ．Which would best describe the author’s attitude towards the danger of extreme sports
A ．Doubtful. B ．Objective.
C ．Intolerant. D ．Uninterested.
16 ．Which of the following is the best title of the text
A ．Do Extreme Sports Test Your Courage
B ．Why Should Extreme Sports Be Banned
C ．Why Do We Love Extreme Sports so Much
D ．Are Extreme Sports Really That Dangerous
9 ．C 10 ．B 11 ．C 12 ．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述的是作者以青铜时代的古钱币为视角，探讨未来电脑科技的发展。 9 ．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Like many Bronze Age (青铜时代) coins from the region, they were cast in the shape of spades (铲) with finely carved handles. These ancient coins existed during an in-between period between
barter (以物易物) and money, when coins were a novel concept, but everybody knew that agricultural tools were
valuable.(像很多青铜时代的硬币， 它们都被做成铁铲的形状。这些古币存在于物物交换和货币交换之间的 一个时期，当时硬币还是一个新奇的概念，但每个人都知道农业工具是有价值的)”可知，许多铜器时代的
硬币被制成铁锹的形状，因为当时非常重视农业。故选 C。
10 ．推理判断题 。根据第二段 中 “It’s as if we are in the Bronze Age of information technology, grasping desperately for real-world reference to transform our civilization.(我们仿佛处于信息技术的青铜时代，拼命地 寻找现实世界的参考来改变我们的文明)”可知，作者通过提及青铜时代的货币提到了如今的电脑科技世界， 是因为二者具有共同的特点即铁锹货币在青铜时代改变的文明中起着重要作用， 电脑科技在我们当今时代 改变文明中也发挥着重要作用。即强调它们在我们的文明变革中同样重要。由此推知， 作者把电脑和铲形
币联系起来，以强调它们在我们的文明转型中同样重要。故选 B。
11．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段中划线词 indispensable 后文“part of our houses and cities, their sensors inset (嵌入) with walls and roads. Our network addresses might actually be the same as our street addresses.(是我们房 屋和城市的一部分，它们的传感器嵌入了墙壁和道路。我们的网络地址实际上可能与我们的街道地址相 同)”可知，电脑网络与我们的街道地址相同，嵌入了我们的墙壁和道路，成为了我们房屋和城市的一部分，
这是必不可少的。由此可知，划线词与 C 选项“essential 必不可少的”意思相近。故选 C。
12．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Reading about this incredible discovery, I kept thinking about the way modern people represent computer networks by describing machines as having “addresses”, like a house.(读到这一令人 难以置信的发现，我一直在思考现代人如何而通过将机器描述为“地址”来表示计算机网络)”可知，文章由 第一段讲述的青铜时代的铁锹货币， 让作者联想到当今的电脑世界， 以及后文对受到货币演化过程的启发， 讲述了我们是否会开发出一套全新的符号， 让我们能够更顺畅地与数字信息进行交互， 展开了对未来数字 世界的畅想。本文通过硬币的发展介绍了从青铜时代到信息时代的发展变化。由此可知， D 项 What Ancient Money Tells Us About the Future Digital World(古代货币告知我们未来的数字世界)适合作本文最佳标题。故
选 D。
13 ．C 14 ．B 15 ．B 16 ．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了作者对于极限运动危险性的认识。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Sports like downhill cycling are very dangerous because one would be going downhill, over rocky or dirt zone, through forests, even at potentially deadly speeds. A slip up could be your downfall.(像高山自行车这样的运动是非常危险的， 因为你会下坡， 越过岩石或泥土地带， 穿过森林， 即使 以潜在的致命速度。一失足就可能导致你的失败)”可推知，作者第一段提及高山自行车是为了说明极限运
动确实有危险性。故选 C。
14 ．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“To most people, extreme sports are extreme simply because they take more
skill than what an average person has. An athlete with skill and training makes an extreme thing become a daily
routine. That does not wipe out the danger, but it greatly reduces it.(对大多数人来说， 极限运动之所以是极限运 动，仅仅是因为它们需要比普通人更多的技巧。一个运动员运用技巧和训练是一个极端的事情被提上日程。 这并不能完全消除危险，但可以大大减少危险)”可知，第二段主要讨论了在极限运动中，运动员的技巧在
保障自身安全的过程中是非常重要的。故选 B。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“To summarize, yes, extreme sports are dangerous, but the danger depends on the athlete, their choice of sport, direction in which they take it, as well as the circumstances. Some things are out of our reach of control, while others we can influence through exercise and healthier risk choices.(总之， 是的， 极限 运动是危险的， 但危险取决于运动员， 他们对运动的选择， 他们采取的方向， 以及环境。有些事情是我们 无法控制的，而有些事情我们可以通过锻炼和更健康的风险选择来影响)”可推知，作者对极限运动的看法
是客观的。故选 B。
16．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“To summarize, yes, extreme sports are dangerous, but the danger depends on the athlete, their choice of sport, direction in which they take it, as well as the circumstances. Some things are out of our reach of control, while others we can influence through exercise and healthier risk choices.(总之， 是的， 极限 运动是危险的， 但危险取决于运动员， 他们对运动的选择， 他们采取的方向， 以及环境。有些事情是我们 无法控制的，而有些事情我们可以通过锻炼和更健康的风险选择来影响)”及前文论述可知，作者认为极限 运动的危险和很多因素都有关，不能简单地把极限运动和危险等同起来。由此可知，Are Extreme Sports
Really That Dangerous (极限运动真的那么危险吗？ )适合作本文最佳标题。故选 D。
（2023 秋 · 辽宁大连 · 高三统考一模）We live in an age when all scientific knowledge — from the safety of vaccines ( 疫苗) to the reality of climate change — faces organized and often angry opposition. Doubters have
declared war on the consensus (共识) of experts. It seems that people have turned argumentative overnight.
In a sense, all this is not surprising. Our lives are affected by science and technology as never before. The world seems full of real and imaginary dangers. Though scientists agree that the Ebola virus is spread only by direct contact with blood or body fluids (液体), if you type “airborne Ebola” into an Internet search engine, you’ll
find that some people believe that this virus has almost supernatural powers.
In this often confusing world, we need to rely on science to decide whether what we choose to believe has a basis in the laws of nature or not. But science doesn’t come naturally to most of us. Science has often led us to truths that are really mind-blowing. For example, although the roundness of the Earth has been known for
thousands of years, some still feel it hard to accept.
Even when people become scientifically educated, most of them still try to make sense of the world by relying on personal experience, stories or emotions rather than statistics. When they hear a number of cancer cases
in a town with a dangerous waste dump ( 垃圾场), they believe pollution caused the cancers. Yet two things
happening together doesn’t mean one caused the other. Even when they turn to the Internet, they let in only the
information they agree with to strengthen beliefs that have already been shaped by their worldview.
How can scientists convince doubters Throwing more facts at people may not be enough. More efforts are
supposed to be made.
17 ．What’s the text mainly about
A ．How people view the world. B ．What challenges science faces.
C ．Whether science is worth respect. D ．Why people show disbelief in science.
18 ．What does the underlined word “mind-blowing” probably mean
A ．Unbelievable. B ．Desirable. C ．Dangerous. D ．Obvious.
19 ．How do “people” in paragraph 4 understand the world
A ．They apply logical thinking.
B ．They stick to their own beliefs.
C ．They form the views on assumptions.
D ．They rely on the information on the Internet.
20 ．How does the author prove his opinions
A ．Through comparison. B ．Through quotation.
C ．By giving examples. D ．By making definitions.
（2023 秋 · 浙江 · 高三德清县高级中学校联考一模）The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause.
Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.
Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient protection for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual
notice.
But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure. Between
preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
Consequently and paradoxically laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those
jobs at risk.
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor
productivity growth record.
Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms
pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely
affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.
Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down
following the change in government later that year.
21 ．The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to .
A ．discipline dubious corporate practices B ．promote traditional hiring procedures
C ．regulate the privileges of the employers D ．safeguard the rights of ordinary workers
22 ．It can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may .
A ．hinder business development B．justify managers’ authority
C ．affect the public image of the firms D ．worsen labor-management relations
23 ．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage
A ．ERA’s sensible approach corresponds with the international trend of democracy.
B ．The society will see a rise in well-being with the ERA’s procedures carried out.
C ．Non-proficient managerial capabilities make employees suffer from salary cuts.
D ．High-income threshold in Australia is relatively beneficial to business owners.
24 ．What’s the author’s attitude towards the personal grievance provisions issued by ERA
A ．Appreciative B ．Skeptical C ．Optimistic D ．Contradictory
17 ．D 18 ．A 19 ．B 20 ．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。我们生活在这样一个时代， 从疫苗的安全性到气候变化的现实， 所有的科学
知识都面临着有组织的、经常是愤怒的反对。文章论述了为什么人们对科学表示怀疑。
17．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“We live in an age when all scientific knowledge — from the safety of vaccines (疫苗) to the reality of climate change — faces organized and often angry opposition. (我们生活在这样一个时代， 从疫苗的安全性到气候变化的现实，所有的科学知识都面临着有组织的、经常是愤怒的反对)”，第二段中 的“In a sense, all this is not surprising.(从某种意义上说，这一切并不令人惊讶)”，第三段中的“But science doesn’t come naturally to most of us. (但科学对我们大多数人来说并不是天生的)”及第四段中的“Even when people become scientifically educated, most of them still try to make sense of the world by relying on personal experience, stories or emotions rather than statistics.(即使人们接受了科学教育， 他们中的大多数人仍然试图通 过个人经验、故事或情感而不是统计数据来理解世界)”可知，文章主要论述了为什么人们对科学表示怀疑。
故选 D。
18 ．词句猜测题 。根据划线词下文 “For example, although the roundness of the Earth has been known for thousands of years, some still feel it hard to accept.(例如，尽管地球的圆度已经有数千年的历史，但有些人仍 然觉得难 以接受)” 可知 ，有些事实和真相让一些人难 以接受 。 由此推知 ，划线词 mind-blowing 与
unbelievable(难以置信的)意思接近。故选 A。
19 ．推理判断题。根据第四段“Even when people become scientifically educated, most of them still try to make sense of the world by relying on personal experience, stories or emotions rather than statistics. When they hear a number of cancer cases in a town with a dangerous waste dump ( 垃圾场), they believe pollution caused the cancers. Yet two things happening together doesn’t mean one caused the other. Even when they turn to the Internet, they let in only the information they agree with to strengthen beliefs that have already been shaped by their worldview.(即使人们接受了科学教育， 他们中的大多数人仍然试图依靠个人经验、故事或情感来理解 世界， 而不是统计数据。当他们听说一个有危险垃圾场的小镇上有一些癌症病例时， 他们认为是污染导致 了癌症。然而， 两件事同时发生并不意味着一件事导致了另一件事。即使他们求助于互联网， 他们也只允 许他们同意的信息进入，以加强已经被他们的世界观所塑造的信念)”可推知，第四段中的人们依靠自己的
信念去理解世界。故选 B。
20 ．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Though scientists agree that the Ebola virus is spread only by direct contact with blood or body fluids (液体), if you type “airborne Ebola” into an Internet search engine, you’ll find that some people believe that this virus has almost supernatural powers.(尽管科学家们一致认为埃博拉病毒只能通过直 接接触血液或体液传播，但如果你在互联网搜索引擎中输入“空气传播埃博拉” ，你会发现一些人相信这种 病毒几乎具有超自然的力量)”，第三段中的“For example, although the roundness of the Earth has been known for thousands of years, some still feel it hard to accept.(例如， 尽管地球的圆度已经有数千年的历史， 但有些人
仍然觉得难以接受)”和第四段中的“When they hear a number of cancer cases in a town with a dangerous waste
dump ( 垃圾场), they believe pollution caused the cancers. Yet two things happening together doesn’t mean one caused the other.(当他们听说一个有危险垃圾场的小镇上有一些癌症病例时，他们认为是污染导致了癌症。 然而，两件事同时发生并不意味着一件事导致了另一件事)”可推知，作者通过举例来证明了他的观点。故
选 C。
21 ．D 22 ．A 23 ．D 24 ．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。作者针对新西兰《雇佣关系法》的个人申诉条款禁止雇主没有正当理由的情 况下解雇员工的条款发表个人观点， 他认为这一条款有利于保护普通工人的利益， 但是对企业和社会的发
展也带来一定的阻碍作用。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals.”（个人申诉程序旨在保护普通工人的工作不受“不正当解雇” 的影响。）
可知，个人申诉程序的目的是保护普通工人的权益。故选 D 项。
22．推理判断题。根据第三段“But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance.”（但 是当这些规定适用于高新经理和高管时，会给企业带来困难。正如无数的董事会和企业主将证明的那样， 限制公司解雇表现不佳，收入高的经理是提高生产率和整体业绩的一种阻碍。） 可知，由于雇佣关系法的
保护企业很难辞退业绩平庸的高管和经理，这就给企业的发展带来困难。故选 A 项。
23．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws.” （在塔斯曼海对岸， 澳大利亚应对不正当解雇谬论的方法， 是将收入超过特定“高收入门槛” 的雇员排除在其不公平解雇法的保护之外。） 可知，澳大利亚的企业主不接受雇佣关系法对高收入雇员的
保护，推断出澳大利亚的高收入门槛对企业主相对有利。故选 D 项。
24．推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives.” （但是当这些规定适用于高薪经理和高管时， 会给企业带来困难。）和第七段 “Society also suffers from excessive employment protections.”（社会也遭受了过度就业保护带来的困难。） 可 推知， 作者对于新西兰《雇佣关系法》的个人申诉条款所能带对于社会和企业的利益持有怀疑态度。故选
B 项。
（2023·宁夏银川 · 银川一中校考一模）I have frequently taught Research Methods and Design to college students at several institutions. I love teaching this course. One reason, of course, is that I enjoy thinking about research methodology (方法学) and sharing it with others. The other reason, however, is the obvious impact that it
has on students. Every term, one (if not more) student tells me how taking this course has affected him/her: “I
used to just read articles and believe what they said, but now I find myself asking ‘Is this true How do they
know Is this a well designed study ” That is what I want the students to achieve in this course.
This brings to mind something written by Dorothy L. Sayers in 1948. One of her books, The Lost Tools of Learning speaks to Sayers’ thoughts on education. “By teaching our young men and women to read, we have left them at the mercy of the printed words. By the invention of the film and the radio,we have made certain that no dislike for reading shall protect them from the constant battery of words, words, words. They do not know what the words mean: they are victims to words in their emotions instead of being the masters of them in their
intelligence.”
We are well past the 1940s, but her observation is still relevant. Sayers’ point is well taken. In the world of 24-hour news and social media that often resembles (类似) the Wild West, the ability to carry out evaluations has never been more important. In order to resist the distortions with which we are constantly bombed in the media, as well as be able to present a persuasive argument, we must be able to reason well, and think and give a judgement
carefully.
When my students begin the Research Methods and Design course, they are generally not content to read all those research article I give. However, by the end of the course, they are excited about their newly obtained
abilities.
25 ．What is the author’s course goal for her students
A ．Thinking critically. B ．Reading deeply.
C ．Designing studies well. D ．Questioning themselves.
26 ．What did Sayers imply about education
A ．It was boring. B ．It was worrying.
C ．It was conventional. D ．It was useless.
27 ．What does the underlined word “distortions” in paragraph 3 refer to
A ．Popular news. B ．Various evaluations.
C ．Persuasive arguments. D ．Misleading information.
28 ．Why does the author write the text
A ．To review a book. B ．To introduce a writer.
C ．To suggest a practical skill. D ．To criticize social media.
（2023 春 · 河南 · 高三校联考一模）A worrying rise in social media posts, suggesting that people leave their
Halloween pumpkins in the woods to feed wildlife after October 31, has made wildlife experts concerned.
Thousands of pumpkins are discarded in woods across Britain. While well-meaning pumpkin carvers might think they are doing the local animals groups a kindness, leaving your leftover jack-o’-lantern in the woodland is
actually doing more harm than good.
“A myth seems to have built up that leaving pumpkins in woods helps wildlife, but behind it are many hidden issues.” said Paul Bunton, engagement and communication officer at The Woodland Trust, according to The
Telegraph.
One of the main issues is that the leftover of the Halloween pumpkins are often eaten by already struggling hedgehogs(刺猬). In early November, hedgehogs are looking to gain as much weight as possible to survive their winter hibernation. However, eating pumpkin is harmful to their little hedgehog stomachs, leading to diarrhea and
dehydration. This means they may struggle to put on weight, and in some cases can even be fatal.
Moreover, leftover Halloween pumpkins can contain candles and plastic decorations which can also be fatal to wildlife if mistakenly eaten. The rotting leftover can also attract less popular wildlife, such as rats, to an area. According to The Woodland Trust, the additional nutrients in the pumpkins can negatively affect the soil balance as well. “Pumpkin flesh can have a really harmful effect on woodland soils,plants, and fungi( 真菌),” Bunton
pointed out.
So what should you do with your beautifully carved pumpkin creation after October 31 Most experts recommend composting (堆肥) it yourself at home if you can, or asking if a local farm will accept it as a donation. You could even try some scientific experiments to produce more energy from the throw-away wasted. Either way,
the hedgehogs will thank vou.
29 ．What does the underlined word “discarded” mean in paragraph 1
A ．Processed. B ．Recycled. C ．Deserted. D ．Preserved.
30 ．Why do hedgehogs try to eat so many pumpkins in early November
A ．To enjoy the sweet food. B ．To fill their stomachs.
C ．To prepare for the winter. D ．To improve their health.
31 ．What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A ．The additional nutrients in the leftover pumpkins.
B ．The damages of candles and plastic in the pumpkins.
C ．The attraction of the rotting leftovers to some wildlife.
D ．Further explanation of the effect of leftover pumpkins.
32 ．What are people advised to do with the leftover pumpkins after Halloween .
A ．Stop leaving your pumpkins in the woods.
B ．Keep your beautiful pumpkin creations at home.
C ．Feed the hedgehogs with the leftover pumpkins.
D ．Bury the pumpkins leftover deep under the ground.
25 ．A 26 ．B 27 ．D 28 ．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了人们应该学会批判性思考。
25．推理判断题。由第一段中的“Every term, one (if not more) student tells me how taking this course has affected him/her: “I used to just read articles and believe what they said, but now I find myself asking ‘Is this true How do they know Is this a well designed study ’”(每学期， 一名（如果不是更多的话） 学生都会告诉我这门课程 对他/她有何影响：“我过去只是读文章，相信他们说的话，但现在我发现自己在问‘这是真的吗？他们怎么 知道的？这是一项精心设计的研究吗？ ’)”和第三段中的“In order to resist the distortions with which we are constantly bombed in the media, as well as be able to present a persuasive argument, we must be able to reason well, and think and give a judgement carefully. (为了抵制媒体不断用歪曲的事实轰炸我们，并且能够提出一 个有说服力的论点，我们必须能够很好地推理，仔细地思考和作出判断)”可知，第一段学生说的话表明， 学生听完老师的课， 学会对所读文章进行反思， 质疑文章的真实性等， 结合第三段作者建议人们仔细地思
考再作出判断，说明批判性思考正是作者想让学生在她的课上学到的。故选 A 项。
26．推理判断题。由第二段中的“By teaching our young men and women to read, we have left them at the mercy of the printed words. By the invention of the film and the radio, we have made certain that no dislike for reading shall protect them from the constant battery of words, words, words. They do not know what the words mean: they are victims to words in their emotions instead of being the masters of them in their intelligence.(通过教我们 的年轻男女阅读， 我们让他们听任印刷文字的摆布。通过电影和收音机的发明， 我们已经确定， 对阅读的 厌恶不会保护他们免受文字、文字、文字的不断冲击。他们不知道文字的含义：他们情感上是文字的受害 者，而不是在智力上是文字的主人)”可知，Sayers 认为教育让年轻男女听任印刷文字的摆布，他们情感上
是文字的受害者，在智力上未成为文字的主人，说明当时的教育状况是令人担忧的。故选 B 项。
27．词句猜测题。由第二段中的“By the invention of the film and the radio, we have made certain that no dislike for reading shall protect them from the constant battery of words, words, words. They do not know what the words mean: they are victims to words in their emotions instead of being the masters of them in their intelligence. (通过电影和收音机的发明， 我们已经确定， 对阅读的厌恶不会保护他们免受文字、文字、文字的不断冲击。 他们不知道文字的含义：他们情感上是文字的受害者， 而不是在智力上是文字的主人)”和第三段中的“In order to resist the distortions with which we are constantly bombed in the media, as well as be able to present a persuasive argument, we must be able to reason well, and think and give a judgement carefully. (为了抵制媒体不
断用 distortions 轰炸我们，并且能够提出一个有说服力的论点，我们必须能够很好地推理，仔细地思考和
作出判断)”可知，在媒体信息下，不知道文字含义的人们容易成为文字的受害者，作者建议人们仔细地思 考再作 出判断 ，才能提 出一个有说服力 的论点 ，说 明媒体给人们提供 了“ 误导性信息（Misleading information） , 因此人们需要批判性思考信息是对是错， distortions 意为“Misleading information”。故选 D
项。
28．推理判断题。由第一段中的“Every term, one (if not more) student tells me how taking this course has affected him/her: “I used to just read articles and believe what they said, but now I find myself asking ‘Is this true How do they know Is this a well designed study ’”(每学期， 一名（如果不是更多的话） 学生都会告诉我这门课程 对他/她有何影响：“我过去只是读文章，相信他们说的话，但现在我发现自己在问‘这是真的吗？他们怎么 知道的？这是一项精心设计的研究吗？ ’)”和第三段中的“In order to resist the distortions with which we are constantly bombed in the media, as well as be able to present a persuasive argument, we must be able to reason well, and think and give a judgement carefully. (为了抵制媒体不断用歪曲的事实轰炸我们，并且能够提出一 个有说服力的论点，我们必须能够很好地推理，仔细地思考和作出判断)”可知，第一段学生说的话表明， 学生听完老师的课， 学会对所读文章进行反思， 质疑文章的真实性等， 结合第三段作者建议人们仔细地思 考再作出判断， 说明作者想让学生在她的课上学到批判性思考， 再结合最后一段中的“However, by the end of the course, they are excited about their newly obtained abilities. (然而， 在课程结束时， 他们对新获得的能力感 到兴奋)”呼应第一段的内容可知，作者的写作目的在于建议读者掌握一项实用的技能——批判性思考。故
选 C 项。
29 ．C 30 ．C 31 ．D 32 ．A
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章谈论了万圣节后剩下的南瓜丢弃到树林里所产生的不良影响， 建议人们不
要把南瓜丢弃到树林里。
29 ．词句猜测题 。划线词句前文 “A worrying rise in social media posts, suggesting that people leave their Halloween pumpkins in the woods to feed wildlife after October 31, has made wildlife experts concerned. (社交 媒体上有越来越多的帖子建议人们在 10 月 31 日之后把万圣节南瓜丢到树林里喂野生动物， 这让野生动物 专家感到担忧。)”说明有很多万圣节南瓜丢弃在了树林里，从而推知划线词句“Thousands of pumpkins are discarded in woods across Britain. (成千上万的南瓜被 discarded 在英国各地的树林里。)”中划线词汇意思应
为“丢弃” 。故选 C 项。
30．细节理解题。根据第三段中“One of the main issues is that the leftover of the Halloween pumpkins are often eaten by already struggling hedgehogs(刺猬). In early November, hedgehogs are looking to gain as much weight as possible to survive their winter hibernation. (其中一个主要问题是， 万圣节南瓜的剩余部分经常被已经在挣 扎的刺猬吃掉。在 11 月初，刺猬会尽可能地增重以度过冬眠期。)”可知，刺猬在 11 月初吃那么多南瓜是
为冬天做准备。故选 C 项。
31 ．主 旨大意题 。根据第 四段 中 “Moreover, leftover Halloween pumpkins can contain candles and plastic decorations which can also be fatal to wildlife if mistakenly eaten. The rotting leftover can also attract less popular wildlife, such as rats, to an area. According to The Woodland Trust, the additional nutrients in the pumpkins can negatively affect the soil balance as well. (此外， 万圣节剩下的南瓜可能含有蜡烛和塑料装饰品， 如果被误食， 对野生动物也是致命的。腐烂的剩菜还会吸引不太受欢迎的野生动物， 如老鼠， 来到一个区 域。林地信托基金会表示，南瓜中额外的营养物质也会对土壤平衡产生负面影响。)”可知，本段主要对剩
余南瓜的不良影响作进一步解释。故选 D 项。
32 ．推理判断题。根据第一段中“While well-meaning pumpkin carvers might think they are doing the local animals groups a kindness, leaving your leftover jack-o’-lantern in the woodland is actually doing more harm than good. (虽然好心的南瓜雕刻者可能认为他们是在为当地的动物群体做一件好事，但把你剩下的南瓜灯丢弃 到森林里实际上是弊大于利。)”和最后一段“So what should you do with your beautifully carved pumpkin creation after October 31 Most experts recommend composting (堆肥) it yourself at home if you can, or asking if a local farm will accept it as a donation. You could even try some scientific experiments to produce more energy from the throw-away wasted.(那么， 在 10 月 31 日之后， 你应该如何处理雕刻精美的南瓜呢？大多数专家建
