-2024届高三英语二轮复习非谓语动词学案（含答案）

高三一轮复习非谓语动词
动词不定式（to do）、分词(现在分词v+ing，过去分词done)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。
这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。
非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。
(一）1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。
语态式 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式
主 动 to do to have done to be doing to have been doing
被 动 to be done to have been done
2.动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用.
g. 1.做主语： To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.
3..不定式作表语
　1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。
4.动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：I don’t think it right to do it that way.
作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.
作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：①目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English
（二）-ing形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。
1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。-ing各种形式列表如下：
动词 语态 形式 及物动词 不及物动词go
主动语态 被动语态 主动语态
一般式 doing being done going
完成式 having done having been done 无
2、-ing形式的基本用法。
（1）作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。Talking is easier than doing. –ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing后置。如：It isn’t much good writing to them again. It’s no use waiting here.
（2）作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.
（3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much.
（4）作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate 注：-ing形式作定语用时，如果-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是-ing短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后，-ing作定语时，被-ing所修饰的名词就是该-ing的逻辑主语。另外，-ing作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的，如果不是同时进行的，就不能用-ing作定语，要使用定语从句，如：The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.
（5）作状语：①时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldn’t help thinking of his brother. 分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：When crossing street, you must be careful. ②原因状语：Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. ③方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
3、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.
（三 ）、过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：
（1）作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
（2）作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。 注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
（3）作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.
（4）作状语：过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）
注意、-ing形式与过去分词的区别：
（1）语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说；the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众。
（2）时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：The changing world正在发生的世界；the changed world已经起了变化的世界。
全国乙卷特点，只要不是谓语动词，括号中的词性是动词，那必然考察非谓语动词，因此非谓语动词的形式以及用法必须掌握。
非谓语动词-思维导图
非谓语动词基本题型
1.With the car_____(repair), she will go to a local garage.
2.I'm writing this email______(ask ) you for some advice.
3.The young boy is riding a bike with his younger sister_________( run) after him
4.________( live ) by the beach , he developed the habit of building castles
5.The policeman searched the stockroom only ________( find ) nothing left
6 .The little boy was frightened__________(jump) into the swimming pool.
7.lt was raining heavily and he could feel the rain___________( drop) on his face.
8.The boss kept his employees_________ ( work ) all day and night.
9.________( lie ) to your parents may cause a bad relationship with them.
10.1My father made my elder brother_______(clean)his room.
11.This young boy wants a book________(read ).
12.With the boat______( break), they jumped into the river and swam towards the bank
13.This hair salon is my favorite place to get my hair_____( do).
_____(see) from space, the Earth is blue.
The students were excited_____( go) on a picnic.
Ir's difficult______( find) a suitable job this year.
When I heard the alarm clock______(ring), I got up quickly.
Most people can afford the new shampoo_________(advertise) on TV.
______( hurt) in an accident, they have to call an ambulance.
The jewels______( take) by the thieves were sold to the United States.
Ryan hopes______( finish) the game quickly so he won't miss his favorite movie.
I don't know whether____( lend) him some money.
23.What he often says is_________(quit)his job.
24 .It is quite difficult to find_________(drink ) water in the desert.
答案：1.to be repaired 2.to ask 3.running 4. Living 5.to find 6.to jump 7.dropping 8. working 9.Lying 10.clean 11 .to read 12.broken 13. done 14. Seen 15. to go 16. to find 17. ring 18. advertised 19. Hurt 20. taken 21. to finish 22. whether to lend 23. quitting/to quit 24. drinking