易错点纠错练05 阅读理解：说明文易错练
名校阅读理解说明文易错题通关练
1.（2023·山东·高三校联考阶段练习）
“Just imagine it, chatting to a chimp in chimpanzee.” Whether portrayed by Rex Harrison, Eddie Murphy or Robert Downey, Jr.,Doctor Dolittle learned to talk to animals.But in reality, science has remained some distance from solving the long-standing question of how we humans learned to talk during our evolution.
Recently,a study by a team of researchers in Great Britain has demonstrated how the rapid succession of opening and closing mouth rhythms by chimpanzees—known as lip-smacking (砸吧嘴)—mimics the natural pace of human mouths talking.This phenomenon has been observed before in other ape species who performed lip-smacking movements at around 5 Hz, which falls within a range of mouth opens and closes characteristic of all spoken languages, namely between2 and 7 Hz.But it wasn’t until now that this lip-smacking timing connection had been made in our closest evolutionary relatives.The last years had seen accumulating evidence that these rhythms from deeper within our primate ancestry, recycled, so to speak,as a cornerstone for speech evolution.
“But the sense of evolutionary continuity towards speech still had a big gap to cross—the African apes.There was no evidence for speech like rhythm neither in gorillas, bonobos,nor chimpanzees”, says Adriano Lameira of the University of Warwick, who led the study. The study followed two domestic populations of chimpanzees, as well as two wild populations in Uganda. Researchers observed lip-smacking at an average of 4.15 Hz. They made all their observations whenever a chimpanzee was grooming(理毛；梳毛) another. Picture a hairdresser engaging in idle chatter with a customer at the beauty salon.
The confirmation of speech like rhythm of the mouth in chimpanzees does not reveal how language came about in our own ancestry, but it offers the final confirmation to scientists that we are looking at the right place, that we are on the right track to unlock this mystery and that great apes in enclosed areas and the wild still have to reveal all their secrets about human nature and human origins.
Lameira also notes that variation in lip-smacking times both between and within the chimp groups do not appear to be hard-wired. Rather, the lip-smacking variability likely reflects how individual differences and environmental factors, and even social conventions, affect how chimpanzees communicate with each other. Even Doctor Dolitle might well be amazed.
1．What does the new study reveal
A．We humans can talk to chimpanzees.
B．Chimpanzees like imitating humans talking.
C．A new clue of speech evolution has been found.
D．All apes perform the same lip-smacking rhythms as we humans do.
2．What is the significance of this study
A．Paving way for the following researches.
B．Proving the assumption of the scientists.
C．Confirming how language came into being.
D．Revealing the secrets about human evolution.
3．What does the underlined word “hard-wired” in the last paragraph mean
A．Tough. B．Cultivated. C．Variable. D．Inborn
4．What can be a suitable title for the passage
A．Cornerstone for Human Origin.
B．Research Value of Ape Species.
C．Human Speech Evolution Getting Lip-Smacking Evidence.
D．Chimpanzees Performing Speech like Lip-Smacking Movements.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究发现，该研究介绍了一项关于黑猩猩砸吧嘴行为的研究，并探讨了这种行为与人类语言起源之间的联系。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Recently, a study by a team of researchers in Great Britain has demonstrated how the rapid succession of opening and closing mouth rhythms by chimpanzees—known as lip-smacking (砸吧嘴)—mimics the natural pace of human mouths talking. This phenomenon has been observed before in other ape species who performed lip-smacking movements at around 5 Hz, which falls within a range of mouth opens and closes characteristic of all spoken languages, namely between2 and 7 Hz. But it wasn’t until now that this lip-smacking timing connection had been made in our closest evolutionary relatives.(最近，英国一组研究人员的一项研究表明，黑猩猩张嘴和闭口的快速连续节奏——被称为咂嘴——是如何模仿人类说话的自然节奏的。这一现象之前在其他类人猿身上也被观察到，它们在5赫兹左右的频率下进行咂嘴动作，这一频率属于所有口语的张嘴和闭口特征范围，即2到7赫兹之间。但直到现在，这种咂嘴的时间联系才出现在我们最亲近的进化亲戚身上。)”可知，这项研究揭示了一项语言进化的新线索。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The confirmation of speech like rhythm of the mouth in chimpanzees does not reveal how language came about in our own ancestry, but it offers the final confirmation to scientists that we are looking at the right place, that we are on the right track to unlock this mystery and that great apes in enclosed areas and the wild still have to reveal all their secrets about human nature and human origins.(对黑猩猩口型等语言的确认并不能揭示语言是如何在我们自己的祖先中产生的，但它向科学家们提供了最后的确认，即我们正在寻找正确的地方，我们正在正确的轨道上解开这个谜团，而在封闭地区和野外的类人猿仍然需要揭示他们关于人性和人类起源的所有秘密。)”可知，这项研究不能揭示语言是如何在我们自己的祖先中产生的，但是可以为后续研究铺平道路。故选A。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词下一句“Rather, the lip-smacking variability likely reflects how individual differences and environmental factors, and even social conventions, affect how chimpanzees communicate with each other. Even Doctor Dolitle might well be amazed.(相反，咂嘴的差异可能反映了个体差异和环境因素，甚至社会习俗如何影响黑猩猩彼此之间的交流。甚至连Dolitle医生都可能感到惊讶。)”可知，咂嘴这一行为反映了个体差异和环境因素的影响，也就是说并不是天生的。选项A“Tough (艰难的)”；选项B“Cultivated (有教养的)”；选项C“Variable (易变的)”；选项D“Inborn (天生的)”。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Recently, a study by a team of researchers in Great Britain has demonstrated how the rapid succession of opening and closing mouth rhythms by chimpanzees—known as lip-smacking (砸吧嘴)—mimics the natural pace of human mouths talking. This phenomenon has been observed before in other ape species who performed lip-smacking movements at around 5 Hz, which falls within a range of mouth opens and closes characteristic of all spoken languages, namely between2 and 7 Hz. But it wasn’t until now that this lip-smacking timing connection had been made in our closest evolutionary relatives.(最近，英国一组研究人员的一项研究表明，黑猩猩张嘴和闭口的快速连续节奏——被称为咂嘴——是如何模仿人类说话的自然节奏的。这一现象之前在其他类人猿身上也被观察到，它们在5赫兹左右的频率下进行咂嘴动作，这一频率属于所有口语的张嘴和闭口特征范围，即2到7赫兹之间。但直到现在，这种咂嘴的时间联系才出现在我们最亲近的进化亲戚身上。)”以及全文的内容可知，文章主要探讨了人类语言进化的新证据，特别是关于黑猩猩砸吧嘴行为的观察和研究。故选C。
2.（2023·山东·高三校联考阶段练习）
The best thing that has happened in Florida, since the beginning of July is that the electricity department has kept functioning. It is reported that daily maximum temperature is above 43℃. It is not just the United States, where 100 million people are under heat-warning notices, that is suffering. There is currently a series of such heat waves around the world. Temperatures exceed 40°C from Madrid to Cairo, where suffering power is unavailable. In Beijing July 18thsaw a 23-year-old record broken by a 27th consecutive day with a maximum temperature above35℃, which means people hadn’t even enjoyed one cool day during that period. By increasing the possibility of a wide range of extreme events, global warming also increases the chances that they will come in waves.
There are things to do as soon as the mercury (水银柱) rises. Get homeless people to cooling stations; encourage people to look in on elderly neighbors, the weak citizens and especially women over 80, who dominate the excess deaths associated with heatwaves; make it possible for those who must work outside to do so early in the morning;put hospitals on an emergency footing.
There are also things to be done in advance. It is crucial to work out where the people at greatest risk live. One thing that can help is deciding where to plant trees, which both provide shade and,as water evaporates through their leaves, cool the air. There are smart choices to be made about the built environment, from the best sort of pavement and courtyards designed for passive cooling to the popularity of white roofs. There are building codes to update so as to make those choices easier, as well as regulations to change so that workers are not endangered by midday heat.
All these measures are easier to take when a city has resources to devote to them. In the developing world, where a lack of air conditioning makes heat all the more deadly, such resources are scarce. What is needed for leaders is to take the issue seriously and for local politicians is to see cooling plans as a way to compete for votes. Unfortunately, such a strategy works best in places where voters have already felt the consequences of failing to act. Some studies re-veal that many places are at increasing risk of vicious heatwaves but have yet to experience one particularly troubling. Florida at least knows what to expect—and what it will have to go on expecting for decades to come.
5．Where is this text probably taken from
A．A textbook.
B．A news report.
C．An academic article.
D．A geography magazine.
6．What is the purpose of paragraph 1
A．To introduce the topic.
B．To draw people’s attention.
C．To give examples of heatwaves.
D．To compare the heat of different places.
7．Which is not mentioned to deal with heat
A．Planting trees in proper places.
B．Making rules relative to heat controlling.
C．Taking care of the old and the fragile.
D．Encouraging outdoor staff to work flexibly.
8．What can we learn from the last paragraph
A．Dealing with the issue of heat is complicated.
B．Politicians struggle to tackle the issue of heat.
C．Many places haven’t sustained the severest heatwaves.
D．A certain strategy operates best in the developing world.
【答案】5．D 6．A 7．D 8．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了如何应对极端高温天气和气候变化带来的挑战，提出了一些具体的措施和建议。
5．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The best thing that has happened in Florida, since the beginning of July is that the electricity department has kept functioning. It is reported that daily maximum temperature is above 43℃. It is not just the United States, where 100 million people are under heat-warning notices, that is suffering. There is currently a series of such heatwaves around the world. Temperatures exceed 40°C from Madrid to Cairo, where suffering power is unavailable. In Beijing July 18thsaw a 23-year-old record broken by a 27th consecutive day with a maximum temperature above35℃, which means people hadn’t even enjoyed one cool day during that period. By increasing the possibility of a wide range of extreme events, global warming also increases the chances that they will come in waves. (自7月初以来，佛罗里达州发生的最好的事情是电力部门一直在运作。据报道，日最高气温在43℃以上。受影响的不只是美国，那里有1亿人处于高温预警状态。目前，世界各地都出现了一系列这样的热浪。从马德里到开罗，气温超过40摄氏度，电力供应中断。7月18日，北京的最高气温连续第27天超过35℃，打破了23年来的纪录，这意味着人们在这段时间里甚至没有享受到一天的凉爽。全球变暖增加了各种极端事件发生的可能性，也增加了它们呈波浪状出现的可能性。)”可知，文章探讨了如何应对极端高温天气和气候变化带来的挑战，提出了一些具体的措施和建议。这与地理杂志可能会报道的内容相符。故选D。
6．推理判断题。根据文章第一段的内容“By increasing the possibility of a wide range of extreme events, global warming also increases the chances that they will come in waves. (全球变暖增加了各种极端事件发生的可能性，也增加了它们呈波浪状出现的可能性。)”以及第二段“There are things to do as soon as the mercury(水银柱)rises. (气温一升，就有事情要做。)”可推测，第一段是为了引出本文主题，也就是高温情况下，我们需要如何做。故选A。
7．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Get homeless people to cooling stations; encourage people to look in on elderly neighbors, the weak citizens and especially women over 80, who dominate the excess deaths associated with heatwaves; make it possible for those who must work outside to do so early in the morning;put hospitals on an emergency footing.”（把无家可归的人送到冷却站；鼓励人们照顾年迈的邻居、体弱的公民，尤其是80岁以上的女性，她们在与热浪相关的超额死亡中占绝大多数；让那些必须在外面工作的人能够在早上工作；使医院为紧急医疗事件做好准备。）以及第三段“There are also things to be done in advance. It is crucial to work out where the people at greatest risk live. One thing that can help is deciding where to plant trees, which both provide shade and, as water evaporates through their leaves, cool the air. There are smart choices to be made about the built environment, from the best sort of pavement and courtyards designed for passive cooling to the popularity of white roofs. There are building codes to update so as to make those choices easier, as well as regulations to change so that workers are not endangered by midday heat. (也有一些事情需要提前完成。弄清风险最大的人住在哪里是至关重要的。有一件事能帮上忙，那就是决定在哪里种树，这些树既能遮荫，又能通过树叶蒸发水分，给空气降温。建筑环境需要做出明智的选择，从最好的人行道和被动冷却庭院设计到流行的白色屋顶。有一些建筑规范需要更新，以使这些选择更容易，也有一些法规需要修改，以使工人不会受到正午高温的威胁。)”可知，选项D“Encouraging outdoor staff to work flexibly(鼓励户外员工灵活工作。)”并未提及。故选D。
8．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Unfortunately, such a strategy works best in places where voters have already felt the consequences of failing to act. Some studies re-veal that many places are at increasing risk of vicious heatwaves but have yet to experience one particularly troubling. Florida at least knows what to expect—and what it will have to go on expecting for decades to come. (不幸的是，这种策略在选民已经感受到不采取行动后果的地方效果最好。一些研究显示，许多地方遭受恶性热浪的风险正在增加，但尚未经历一次特别令人不安的热浪。佛罗里达州至少知道该期待什么，以及未来几十年它将不得不期待什么。)”可知，还有很多地方没有经历过严重的热浪。故选C。
3.（2023·全国·模拟预测）
When one is asked to consider coffee-producing nations, China may never cross his or her mind. Many associate China with the varieties of tea it exports worldwide. While tea is still the country’s top drink and export of choice, China’s production of coffee has been a slow but steady process that owes its success to one region in particular: Yunnan.
Yunnan accounts for roughly 95% of China’s coffee production. Yunnan’s beans have been shipped globally, and local traders have partnered with many institutes to ensure continued international trade as well as a better livelihood for their farmers. While other provinces are known for their production of Robusta used for instant coffee, Yunnan maintains its position as the top producer of Arabica coffee in China, and is best known for exporting its organic coffee. Arabica coffee has increased the export of Chinese coffee from 7.6 million to 158 million pounds in just 20 years.
While plantation-style, sun-grown coffee is the commonest, farmers have already started to plant shading trees in order to repel frost and other environmental factors that have proven problematic for coffee growth. Yunnan has a climate that draws comparison to that of Indonesia and Colombia, but the province’s unique location creates an interesting complexity in its beans. Due to the lower temperatures at night, the coffee faces a slower maturation process. This creates an overall sweeter bean.
Additionally, the altitude allows for better draining (排水) of the plants, leaving the flavors in Yunnan’s coffee more concentrated with lower levels of water content. The beans from the region have a mix of acids that makes Yunnan coffee taste fruity and bright. That explains why Yunnan coffee’s popularity is growing at home and abroad.
9．What can we learn about tea from paragraph 1
A．The global trade for tea is in decline. B．Prices of tea are increasing worldwide.
C．People prefer tea to coffee in China. D．The tea production is time-consuming.
10．Why do local traders cooperate with institutes
A．To improve farmers’ livelihood. B．To increase coffee production.
C．To monitor international trade. D．To maintain the quality of coffee.
11．What does the underlined word “repel” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Mix with. B．Benefit from.
C．Research into. D．Keep away.
12．What makes Yunnan coffee more popular
A．Its advanced farming. B．Its favorable flavor.
C．Its acid-free feature. D．Its reasonable price.
【答案】9．C 10．A 11．D 12．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是云南是中国咖啡产量最高的地区，其独特的气候和高海拔条件使得咖啡豆的品质和味道优良，在国内外市场上越来越受欢迎。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“While tea is still the country’s top drink and export of choice, China’s production of coffee has been a slow but steady process that owes its success to one region in particular: Yunnan.(虽然茶仍然是中国最主要的饮料和出口选择，但中国的咖啡生产一直是一个缓慢而稳定的过程，它的成功特别归功于一个地区：云南)”可知，在中国人们更喜欢茶而不是咖啡。故选C。
10．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Yunnan accounts for roughly 95% of China’s coffee production. Yunnan’s beans have been shipped globally, and local traders have partnered with many institutes to ensure continued international trade as well as a better livelihood for their farmers.(云南约占中国咖啡产量的95%。云南的豆子被运往世界各地，当地的贸易商与许多机构合作，以确保国际贸易的持续进行，并改善农民的生活)”可推知，本地贸易商与机构合作是为了改善农民生活。故选A。
11．词句猜测题。根据划线词后的“frost and other environmental factors that have proven problematic for coffee growth(霜冻和其他环境因素已经证明对咖啡生长有问题)”可知，霜冻和一些其他环境因素会对咖啡的生长造成危害，所以农民种植遮阴树的目的是避那些对咖啡生长不利的因素。由此可知，划线词repel意为“避开”，与Keep away意思相近。故选D。
12．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The beans from the region have a mix of acids that makes Yunnan coffee taste fruity and bright. That explains why Yunnan coffee’s popularity is growing at home and abroad.(来自该地区的咖啡豆含有多种酸，使云南咖啡尝起来果香和明亮。这就解释了为什么云南咖啡在国内外越来越受欢迎)”可知，咖啡的味道让云南咖啡更受欢迎。故选B。
4.（2023·黑龙江大庆·高三肇州县第二中学校考阶段练习）
A digital footprint is a record of a person’s online activity, and it’s becoming more common for companies to perform social media checks before hiring people, Business News Daily reported.
When posting on social media platforms, some students don’t think enough about how it could affect them in the future. Sometimes students post reckless (鲁莽的) content to their social media profiles without considering the potential consequences: They could be creating a damaging digital footprint that may prevent them from getting hired.
Before determining who to hire, 70 percent of companies screen potential applicants and look at their social media, with 18 percent of employees losing their job due to their social media posts, according to a September 2022 study by CareerBuilder, a company that helps employers hire in the United States. “Sometimes some people’s social media tell a lot more about somebody than an interview,” said Rithika Mothukuri, a senior media studies and production major.
A 17-year-old lost out on a job opportunity after the company performed a background check and saw her videos on TikTok, Buzzfeed reported. Many of the videos shared overly personal stories, which was enough to cost her a job.
Therefore, students should ensure a search for their name doesn’t surface inappropriate content because even one unprofessional post could potentially ruin job opportunities. They should perform a digital declutter if there is such content though it may be very challenging to do that. So the most important is to refrain (避免) from posting content that contributes to a negative image in the first place.
“I never had anything controversial or something that could get me fired from a workplace or school or something, but there are many cases of that happening and we should be learning from their mistakes,” said Kieran Mc Carney, a junior social work major.
While having a clean digital is important, it’s also important that students avoid doing anything that can be considered inappropriate in their real life. In this way, even others cannot post inappropriate images or videos of them on social media.
13．What problem is discussed in the second paragraph
A．Students have too many reckless behaviors in life.
B．Social media platforms could harm students’ future
C．Too much inappropriate content is present on social media.
D．What students post online may damage their images.
14．Why does the author mention that September 2022 study conducted by CareerBuilder
A．To recommend a way of understanding people.
B．To show interviews have become less important.
C．To show most companies consider social media content.
D．To prove companies are cautious when hiring people.
15．What does the underlined word “declutter” in Para-graph 5 mean
A．Clear-up. B．Add-up. C．Check-in. D．Take-over.
16．Which of the following statements shows the author’s opinion
A．Content founded on social media platforms is very reliable.
B．Students should avoid inappropriate behavior in life.
C．Companies shouldn’t care about people’s personal life.
D．Students should stop posting anything on social media.
【答案】13．D 14．C 15．A 16．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。据《商业新闻日报》报道，数字足迹是一个人在线活动的记录，公司在招聘人员之前进行社交媒体检查变得越来越普遍，学生在网上发布的内容可能会损害他们的形象，所以作者建议学生应该有一个干净的数字足迹。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“When posting on social media platforms, some students don’t think enough about how it could affect them in the future. Sometimes students post reckless (鲁莽的) content to their social media profiles without considering the potential consequences: They could be creating a damaging digital footprint that may prevent them from getting hired.(在社交媒体平台上发帖时，一些学生没有充分考虑这会对他们未来产生什么影响。有时，学生在社交媒体上发布不计后果的内容，而不考虑可能的后果：他们可能正在制造一种破坏性的数据痕迹，可能会阻止他们被聘用)”可知，第二段讨论的问题是学生在网上发布的内容可能会损害他们的形象，故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Before determining who to hire, 70 percent of companies screen potential applicants and look at their social media, with 18 percent of employees losing their job due to their social media posts, according to a September 2022 study by CareerBuilder, a company that helps employers hire in the United States.(根据美国凯业必达公司2022年9月的一项研究，在决定雇佣谁之前，70%的公司会筛选潜在的求职者，并查看他们的社交媒体，18%的员工因为社交媒体上的帖子而失业。凯业必达是一家帮助雇主招聘的公司)”可知，作者提到凯业必达公司于2022年9月进行的研究是为了表明大多数公司考虑社交媒体内容。故选C。
15．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“Therefore, students should ensure a search for their name doesn’t surface inappropriate content because even one unprofessional post could potentially ruin job opportunities.(因此，学生应该确保搜索他们的名字不会出现不适当的内容，因为即使是一个非专业的职位可能会破坏就业机会)”和划线单词所在句子“They should perform a digital declutter if there is such content though it may be very challenging to do that.(如果有这样的内容，他们应该执行数字declutter，尽管这可能是非常具有挑战性的)”可知，在搜索他们的名字时如果出现不适当的内容，这就会破坏学生们的就业机会。由此推知，如果搜索名字时出现不适当的内容，学生应该采取措施，即对那些数字内容进行清理，划线单词declutter与A项“Clear-up(清理)”意思一样，故选A。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“While having a clean digital is important, it’s also important that students avoid doing anything that can be considered inappropriate in their real life.(虽然拥有一个干净的数字足迹很重要，但同样重要的是，学生要避免在现实生活中做任何可能被认为不恰当的事情)”可推知，作者认为学生在生活中应避免不当行为。故选B。
5.（2023·黑龙江大庆·高三肇州县第二中学校考阶段练习）
When Richard Oswald was growing up in northwestern Missouri in the 1950s, his dad had a firm rule: Don’t plant corn until mid-May. But that rule has become a relic of the past. In Rock Port, a small farming community near the Nebraska border, the growing season now begins more than a month earlier.
That’s not surprising. Across much of the US, winter is not as cold as it used to be. The four warmest Januaries on record have all occurred since 2016. In Missouri, winters are about 4 degrees hotter on average than in 1970-and farmers are starting to feel the effects.
As the planet continues to warm, cold winter weather will become less common, said Amy Butler, a re-search scientist studying climate variability. “However, less cold does not mean never cold.” Butler said. In the past decade, Liz Graznak’s organic vegetable farm near Columbia, Missouri, has endured increasingly extreme swings in weather. “We don’t get a couple of inches of snow; we get 18 inches of snow all at once and then in five days, it’ s 70 degrees again.” Graznak said. “We don’t get a couple of inches of rain; we get a 12-inch downpour in the span of 24 hours. That’s devastating(毁灭性的)to a vegetable farm.”
To help protect her crops, Graznak has built four large greenhouses on her property in just over a decade. Inside, she’s able to grow delicate, high-value crops, including flowers, lettuce and spinach.
But these greenhouses come at a steep cost. Nearly seven years ago, Graznak spent more than $18,000 to build a greenhouse and since then, the price has more than doubled. “When I think about these costs, in my brain, I say, ‘OK, how many heads of lettuce is that ’” She said. “I know I can sell a head of lettuce for $4, so how many heads of lettuce do I have to sell to be able to pay for that greenhouse And that’s a lot of lettuce.”
17．What does the author want to show by telling Richard Oswald’s story
A．New farmers should learn to farm on their own.
B．New farmers aren’t as experienced as old ones.
C．Following traditional farming rules is essential.
D．Climate change is changing farming rules.
18．What did Liz Graznak experience in the past decade
A．Many extreme weather events.
B．A winter without any cold days.
C．Less snow and rain on the whole.
D．More stable temperature than before.
19．What can be inferred from Liz Graznak’s words in the last paragraph
A．The profits of her farm have increased.
B．She has lost hope in the future of farming.
C．The cost of farming has greatly increased.
D．Budgeting is important in modern farming.
20．What would be the best title for the text
A．Farmers in the US are troubled by floods
B．Farmers are worried about the future of farming
C．Farmers are feeling climate change’s effect in the US
D．Farmers are turning to greenhouses due to climate change
【答案】17．D 18．A 19．C 20．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了气候变化正在改变农业规则，在过去的十年里经历了许多极端天气事件，导致农业成本大大增加。
17．推理判断题。文章第一段讲到“But that rule has become a relic of the past. In Rock Port, a small farming community near the Nebraska border, the growing season now begins more than a month earlier.(但这一规则已经成为过去的遗迹。在内布拉斯加州边境附近的一个小农业社区洛克波特，生长季节提前了一个多月)”以及第三段讲到“In the past decade, Liz Graznak’s organic vegetable farm near Columbia, Missouri, has endured increasingly extreme swings in weather. (在过去的十年里，密苏里州哥伦比亚附近的Liz Graznak的有机蔬菜农场经受了越来越极端的天气变化)”可知，作者通过讲述理查德·奥斯瓦尔德的故事想表达的是气候变化正在改变农业规则。故选D。
18．细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“In the past decade, Liz Graznak’s organic vegetable farm near Columbia, Missouri, has endured increasingly extreme swings in weather. “We don’t get a couple of inches of snow; we get 18 inches of snow all at once and then in five days, it’ s 70 degrees again.” Graznak said. (在过去的十年里，Liz Graznak在密苏里州哥伦比亚附近的有机蔬菜农场经受了越来越极端的天气变化。“我们没有几英寸的雪;我们一下子下了18英寸的雪，然后在5天内，气温又回到了70华氏度。”Graznak说。)”可知，Liz Graznak在过去的十年里经历了许多极端天气事件。故选A。
19．推理判断题。文章最后一段讲到“Nearly seven years ago, Graznak spent more than $18,000 to build a greenhouse and since then, the price has more than doubled. (大约七年前，Graznak花了18000多美元建造了一个温室，从那时起，价格已经翻了一倍多)”可知，从最后一段莉兹·格拉兹纳克的话中可以推断出农业成本大大增加了。故选C。
20．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了气候变化正在改变农业规则，在过去的十年里经历了许多极端天气事件，导致农业成本大大增加。第一段讲到“But that rule has become a relic of the past. In Rock Port, a small farming community near the Nebraska border, the growing season now begins more than a month earlier.(但这一规则已经成为过去的遗迹。在内布拉斯加州边境附近的一个小农业社区洛克波特，生长季节提前了一个多月)”可知，这篇文章最好的标题是：“美国农民感受到了气候变化的影响”。故选C。
6.（2023·全国·模拟预测）
Some ants have figured out how to avoid getting lost: build taller anthills, according to a recent study.
Desert ants living in the hot, flat salt pans of Tunisia spend their days looking for food and reach as far as 1.1 kilometers from their nests. To find their way home, desert ants use a navigation system, relying on the sun’s position and counting their steps to track their location relative to their nest.
But this system becomes increasingly unreliable as the distance from the nest increases. “We realized that, whenever the ants in salt pans came closer to their nest, they suddenly pinpointed the nest hill from several meters distance,” says Markus Knaden, a researcher at Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology. “This made us think that the hill serves as a nest-defining landmark.”
So Knaden and colleagues captured ants from nests in the middle of salt pans and from along their shorelines. Only salt-pan nests had distinct hills, up to 40 centimeters tall, whereas the hills on shoreline nests were lower or barely noticeable. Next, the team removed any hills and placed the captured insects some distance away from their nests. Salt-pan ants struggled more than shore ants to find homes. Shore ants relied on the shoreline for guidance and weren’t affected by the hill removal, the researchers concluded.
The team further conducted another study to see if desert ants were deliberately building a taller hill when their surroundings lacked any visible landmarks. So, the researchers removed the hills of 16 salt-pan nests and installed (安装) two 50-centimeter-tall blocks near eight of them. The other eight nests were left without any artificial visual aid. After three days, the researchers found that seven ants from the unaided nests had rebuilt their hills. But only two ants from the nests with man-made blocks nearby had bothered to rebuild.
“It implies that ants regularly assess the complexity of their environment and change their decisions based on their conclusion,” says ecologist Judith Bronstein of the University of Arizona.
21．What aspect of ants is the recent study mainly about
A．Challenges of survival. B．Landmarks of habitats.
C．Intelligence of navigation. D．Comparison of varieties.
22．What does the underlined word “pinpointed” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Explored. B．Recognized. C．Climbed. D．Crossed.
23．Why did researchers set shoreline ants in the experiment
A．To observe different ants’ reactions. B．To prove impacts of various habitats.
C．To disturb desert ants’ navigation system. D．To test anthills’ functions and significance.
24．What conclusion about desert ants can be drawn from the follow-up study
A．Evaluate and make changes. B．Visual aid is a must.
C．Cooperation brings victory. D．No man-made blocks are used.
【答案】21．C 22．B 23．A 24．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了沙漠蚂蚁的“智能化导航”。
【详解】1.细节理解题。根据第一段“Some ants have figured out how to avoid getting lost: build taller anthills, according to a recent study.(一些蚂蚁已经想出了如何避免迷路：根据最近的一项研究，就是建造更高的蚁丘)”以及第二、三段中的内容可知，研究发现沙漠蚂蚁利用太阳的位置和计算步数来确定自己相对于巢穴的位置，并且当它们离巢越远时，这种导航系统越不可靠。研究者进一步观察了沙漠盐田和海岸线地区的蚂蚁巢穴，发现只有沙漠盐田的巢穴上方有明显的小丘，而海岸线地区的巢穴则较低或几乎不可见。由此可知，这项研究主要关于蚂蚁导航的智能化。故选 C。
2.词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“This made us think that the hill serves as a nest-defining landmark.(这让我们觉得这座山就像是一个定义巢穴的地标)”可知，研究者认为这个小丘是沙漠蚂蚁定位巢穴的地标,它们在接近巢穴时会一下子在几米远的距离外辨认出巢穴小丘。由此可知，划线词pinpointed的意思是“辨认”。故选B。
3.推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知，研究者对沙漠蚂蚁和海岸线蚂蚁进行了实验，目的是比较它们在失去小丘后找回巢穴的情况。因此，研究者在实验中设置海岸线蚂蚁是为了观察不同蚂蚁的反应和表现。故选A。
4. 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“After three days, the researchers found that seven ants from the unaided nests had rebuilt their hills. But only two ants from the nests with man-made blocks nearby had bothered to rebuild.(三天后，研究人员发现，无人帮助的蚂蚁巢中有七只蚂蚁重建了它们的丘陵。但是只有两只来自附近有人造障碍的蚂蚁巢中的蚂蚁费心去重建)”以及最后一段中的“It implies that ants regularly assess the complexity of their environment and change their decisions based on their conclusion.(这意味着蚂蚁定期评估其环境的复杂性，并根据他们的结论改变他们的决定)”可知，研究者进行了一项后续研究，发现当人为移除沙漠蚂蚁的盐田巢穴的小丘时，一些蚂蚁重新建造了它们的小丘，而有一些蚂蚁利用人为搭建的地标建巢。由此可知，蚂蚁会定期评估周围环境的复杂性，并根据自己的结论改变决策。故选A。
7.（2023·全国·模拟预测）
Kelydra Welcker has always loved the Ohio River, which flows by her hometown, Parkersburg. With a father who is a chemist and a mother who is a biologist, it seemed natural for Kelydra to learn how the world worked by doing scientific experiments.
At the age of six, Kelydra joined the Ohio River Cleanup campaign and came to realize how polluted the river was, which led her to set up her own lab later and study the chemicals in the river water. Kelydra was 15 when news broke about a chemical called C8, also known as APFO, in her town’s water supply that might cause cancer. She wondered what she could do to help.
Through repeated experiments, Kelydra created an inexpensive, reliable test for people in her town to measure the amount of APFO in water that they use at home. However, she didn’t just want to measure the problem—she wanted to solve it, so she continued to work on a way to remove APFO from the water.
Kelydra finally succeeded by using a device called an electrolytic cell (电解池), consisting of a dry cell battery and two electrodes (电极). Where did Kelydra get the high-quality electrodes for her experiment They were her dad’s car wipers—minus the rubber attachments! Electrically charged, one of the electrodes became a stick that attracted the APFO in the polluted water. Then, Kelydra removed the stick and washed it off.
Using her invention, Kelydra developed a system people could use to treat their household drinking water. The system is being used by people in her community, and she hopes that it will be used more widely.
Kelydra went to college to study chemistry. “I hope to expand my horizons. I’m now looking at another chemical that may cause health problems.” She adds, “Technology helped create our problems and technology can help solve them. I want to be part of that effort.”
25．What can we learn about Kelydra from the first two paragraphs
A．She had a scientific mind. B．She enjoyed exploring nature.
C．She followed her parents’ path. D．She wanted to practice medicine.
26．Which of the following best describes Kelydra after creating a water test
A．Content. B．Determined. C．Grateful. D．Relieved.
27．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning car wipers
A．To show the practical challenge. B．To question Kelydra’s invention.
C．To illustrate Kelydra’s creativity. D．To explain the chemical principles.
28．What does Kelydra expect to do in the future
A．Teach chemistry in school. B．Create new water treatments.
C．Promote the application of chemicals. D．Address health issues through technology.
【答案】25．A 26．B 27．C 28．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Kelydra Welcker从小就热爱科学，在听说家乡水源中存在可能引起癌症的化学物质后, 她发明了一种可以测试水质的方法。之后，她使用父亲车上的雨刷作为电极，发明了家庭饮用水处理系统。
25．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“With a father who is a chemist and a mother who is a biologist, it seemed natural for Kelydra to learn how the world worked by doing scientific experiments.(父亲是化学家，母亲是生物学家，对凯利德拉来说，通过科学实验来了解世界是如何运作的似乎是很自然的。)”以及第二段中的“At the age of six, Kelydra joined the Ohio River Cleanup campaign and came to realize how polluted the river was, which led her to set up her own lab later and study the chemicals in the river water.(六岁时，凯莉德拉加入了俄亥俄河清理运动，并开始意识到这条河的污染程度，这促使她后来建立了自己的实验室，研究河水中的化学物质。)”可知，Kelydra 的父亲是一名化学家，母亲是一名生物学家，所以对于Kelydra来说，通过做科学实验来了解世界的运作方式似乎很自然，并且在6岁时，她就意识到河水污染问题，这促使她后来建立了自己的实验室，以研究河水中的化学物质。这些都表明她对科学有浓厚的兴趣，并且具备科学思维。故选A。
26．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“However, she didn’t just want to measure the problem—she wanted to solve it, so she continued to work on a way to remove APFO from the water.(然而，她不只是想测量这个问题——她想解决这个问题，所以她继续研究从水中去除APFO的方法。)”可知，Kelydra在发明了一种方法来帮助人们检测家庭饮用水中APFO的含量之后，还希望解决水质问题，她继续研究水中APFO的去除方法。这显示了她坚定不移的决心。故选B。
27．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“They were her dad’s car wipers—minus the rubber attachments! (那是她爸爸的汽车刮水器——除了橡胶附件！)”可知，Kelydra使用汽车雨刷作为电解池的电极，设计了一个系统来吸附污水中的APFO。由此可知，她在解决问题时有创造性思维和创新精神。故选C。
28．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Kelydra所说的“I’m now looking at another chemical that may cause health problems. (我现在正在研究另一种可能导致健康问题的化学物质。)” 以及“Technology helped create our problems and technology can help solve them. (技术帮助制造了我们的问题，技术也可以帮助解决这些问题。)”可知，Kelydra 正在研究可能引起健康问题的另一种化学物质，她希望通过技术解决健康问题。故选 D。
8.（2023·浙江·高三校联考阶段练习）
Nocturnal (夜间的) exposure to blue light containing short wavelength emissions (450-500 nm) — the kind of light produced by the screens of many devices raises blood sugar levels and increases sugar intake, according to a study performed on Sudanian grass rats.
“Much of the artificial light we are exposed to comes from LED lights and screens, which emit high levels of blue light,” said Anayanci Masis-Vargas from the Universities of Strasbourg and Amsterdam and his colleagues. According to their study, retinal (网膜的) cells of the eye are sensitive to this blue light and directly convey information to areas of the brain that control appetite.
In the study, the scientists exposed diurnal Sudanian grass rats to nighttime blue light (490 nm) and measured their food consumption and glucose (葡萄糖) tolerance the following day. “In order to better model human light exposure, the rats were diurnal, meaning awake during the day and asleep at night, rather than the typical nocturnal laboratory rats which are awake during nighttime hours,” the researchers explained. They found that after only one hour of nocturnal blue light exposure, glucose tolerance was changed in the rats, a warning sign of pre-diabetes.
To investigate what happens with appetite control and food choice after exposure to blue light at night, in the follow-up study, the rats were given the option to choose among a nutritionally balanced food, water, pig fat, and sugar water. After the exposure to blue light, the study authors observed that the rats preferred sugar water and drank more of it that night than during the nights with no blue light exposure. As the experiment continued, the researchers noticed more exposure to blue light caused rats’ heavier bodies as well.
“Limiting the amount of time that we spend in front of screens at night is, for now, the best measure to protect ourselves from the harmful effects of blue light,” Masis-Vargas said. “In case it is necessary to be exposed to device s at night, I would recommend the night mode features on the devices, which turn the screens more orange and less blue or the use of blue light filtering glasses that are already available in the market.”
29．According to the study,nocturnal exposure to blue light will ________.
A．affect blood pressure B．influence appetite
C．disturb the delivery of information D．decrease retinal cells of the eye
30．Why were diurnal rats used instead of nocturnal rats in the study
A．Their sleep model is simpler to follow.
B．Their sugar intake is easier to measure.
C．Their light contact is similar to that of humans.
D．Their glucose tolerance is close to that of humans.
31．Which was NOT considered in the follow-up study
A．Food choice. B．Animal weight.
C．Food consumption. D．Animal gender.
32．Which is the most effective way to lessen the harm of blue light according to Masis-Vargas
A．Upgrading phone mode. B．Changing the color of the screen.
C．Restricting night screen time. D．Wearing blue light filtering glasses.
【答案】29．B 30．C 31．D 32．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，一项研究表明，夜间暴露在蓝光下会提高血糖水平，增加糖的摄入量，研究人员建议限制晚上的屏幕使用时间，或者在电子设备上安装夜间模式功能或者使用蓝光过滤眼镜。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段中“According to their study, retinal (网膜的) cells of the eye are sensitive to this blue light and directly convey information to areas of the brain that control appetite.(根据他们的研究，眼睛的视网膜细胞对这种蓝光很敏感，并直接将信息传递给控制食欲的大脑区域)”可知，根据研究显示，夜间暴露在蓝光下会影响食欲，故选B。
30．细节理解题。根据第三段中“‘In order to better model human light exposure, the rats were diurnal, meaning awake during the day and asleep at night, rather than the typical nocturnal laboratory rats which are awake during nighttime hours,’ the researchers explained.(研究人员解释说：“为了更好地模拟人类的光暴露，这些老鼠是昼行性的，也就是说白天醒着，晚上睡觉，而不是典型的夜间活动的实验室老鼠，在夜间醒着。”)”可知，研究中使用昼行性老鼠是因为它们的光接触与人类相似。故选C。
31．细节理解题。根据第四段“To investigate what happens with appetite control and food choice after exposure to blue light at night, in the follow-up study, the rats were given the option to choose among a nutritionally balanced food, water, pig fat, and sugar water. After the exposure to blue light, the study authors observed that the rats preferred sugar water and drank more of it that night than during the nights with no blue light exposure. As the experiment continued, the researchers noticed more exposure to blue light caused rats’ heavier bodies as well.(为了研究夜间暴露在蓝光下后食欲控制和食物选择的变化，在后续研究中，让大鼠选择营养均衡的食物、水、猪脂肪和糖水。在暴露在蓝光下后，研究作者观察到老鼠更喜欢糖水，并且当晚喝的糖水比没有蓝光的夜晚要多。随着实验的继续，研究人员注意到更多的蓝光照射也会导致老鼠的体重增加)”可知，后续研究考虑到了食物选择、动物的体重和食物消耗，D项“动物性别”不符合题意，故选D。
32．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“‘Limiting the amount of time that we spend in front of screens at night is, for now, the best measure to protect ourselves from the harmful effects of blue light,’ Masis-Vargas said.(Masis-Vargas说：“目前，限制我们晚上在屏幕前的时间是保护我们免受蓝光有害影响的最佳措施。”)”可知，Masis-Vargas认为限制晚上的屏幕使用时间是减轻蓝光危害的最有效方法，故选C。
9.（2023·江苏常州·高三校联考阶段练习）
The commonly held belief that it takes 21 days to form a new habit can be traced back to a 1960 book by plastic surgeon Maxwell Maltz called Psycho-Cybernetics. In his work treating patients who had gone through facial recognition surgery, Maltz noticed that it typically took around three weeks for them to adjust to seeing their new faces in the mirror. He also found that individuals who had lost a limb still sensed “phantom” (幻觉的) pains in the missing arm or leg for about 21 days.
Based on these perceptions (认知) of recovery time after significant physical changes, Maltz theorized in his book that it likely takes a minimum of 21 days for the neurological pathways in our brains associated with old behaviors and habits to go away, and for new mental images and routines to take firm root. This idea of a standardized 21-day formation period for habits soon became widely accepted.
However, Maltz was drawing casual inferences rather than conducting strict scientific research. It was not until 2010 that health psychologist Phillipa Lally at University College London decided to properly study habit formation timelines. She designed a year-long experiment that tracked 96 participants as they each established a single new habit of their choosing. Every day, subjects reported on whether they successfully performed their intended behavior that day as well as how automatic the action felt.
Lally’s findings revealed that on average, it took 66 days before a habit became a normal part of a routine and felt automatic. But results varied widely, with habits forming anywhere from 18 days up to 254 days between individuals. Perseverance was the key factor in successfully making a behavior habitual, with sometimes missing days not stopping overall progress.
This landmark study disproved the assumed 21-day standard and showcased that a wide range of timelines are normal. Ultimately, being committed to consistently practising a new behavior for months, not weeks, is what allows real habit change and improvement to occur naturally in the brain. Understanding habit formation as a gradual, individualized process helps people develop positive routines without unrealistic expectations.
33．What is Maltz’s assumption based on
A．An intensive survey. B．Psychological work.
C．His personal observation. D．The strict scientific research.
34．Why did Lally’s team conduct the research
A．To prove Maltz’s theory on habit formation.
B．To identify timelines for establishing new habits.
C．To explore the factors in impacting habit formation.
D．To present advantages of developing good behavior.
35．What do we know about Lally’s findings
A．There are large individual differences in forming habits.
B．Most participants took 66 days to make a behavior habitual.
C．It is harder to form a new habit that to persist in an old one.
D．Occasional stops have a big effect on the progress of habit formation,
36．What is the purpose of the text
A．To introduce ways to establish a new habit.
B．To compare different studies of habit formation
C．To correct a misconception about habit formation
D．To involves readers in a 21-day habit formation activity
【答案】33．C 34．B 35．A 36．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是来自伦敦大学的健康心理学家Phillippa Lally通过研究推翻了人们所认同的21天养成新习惯的理论，他们团队研究发现形成新均需要66天，而个体差异巨大。
33．细节理解题。根据第一段的句子“In his work treating patients who had gone through facial recognition surgery, Maltz noticed that it typically took around three weeks for them to adjust to seeing their new faces in the mirror. He also found that individuals who had lost a limb still sensed “phantom” (幻觉的) pains in the missing arm or leg for about 21 days.(在治疗接受面部重建手术的病人时，马尔茨注意到，他们通常需要大约三周的时间来适应在镜子里看到自己的新面孔。他还发现，失去肢体的人在大约21天的时间里，仍然会在失去的手臂或腿上感到“幻痛”)”和第二段中的“Based on these perceptions (认知) of recovery time after significant physical changes, Maltz theorized in his book that it likely takes a minimum of 21 days for the neurological pathways in our brains associated with old behaviors and habits to go away, and for new mental images and routines to take firm root.(基于这些对重大身体变化后恢复时间的认知，Maltz在他的书中提出了一个理论，即我们大脑中与旧行为和习惯相关的神经通路可能需要至少21天的时间才能消失，而新的心理图像和常规则需要21天的时间才能牢固地扎根)”可知，Maltz基于这些对重大身体变化后恢复时间的认知，他得出一个结论，由此可知，他的假设应该是基于个人观察。故选C项。
34．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“However, Maltz was drawing casual inferences rather than conducting strict scientific research.(然而，Maltz是在进行因果推论，而不是进行严格的科学研究)”可知，Maltz的结论是推断出来的，而没又进行科学研究，结合该段“It was not until 2010 that health psychologist Phillipa Lally at University College London decided to properly study habit formation timelines.(直到2010年，伦敦大学学院的健康心理学家Phillippa Lally才决定适当地研究习惯形成的时间表)”可知，健康心理学家Phillippa Lally决定进行习惯形成的时间的研究，由此可知，Lally的团队进行研究的原因是认为Maltz的新习惯养成的时间结论不科学，所以他们要通过研究确定形成新习惯的时间表。故选B项。
35．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Lally’ findings revealed that on average, it took 66 days before a habit became a normal part of a routine and felt automatic. But results varied widely, with habits forming anywhere from 18 days up to 254 days between individuals. (Lally的研究结果显示，一个均需要66天才能成为日常生活的一部分，并让人觉得是自然而然的。但结果差异很大，个体之间的习惯形成时间从18天到254天不等)”可知，Lally的研究发现，一个均需要66天才能成为生活中的一部分，但是，个体之间的差异很大，从18天到254天不等，由此可知，在Lally的研究中发现习惯的形成有很大的个体差异。故选A项。
36．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“This idea of a standardized 21-day formation period for habits soon became widely accepted.(习惯的标准化21天形成周期的观点很快被广泛接受)”可知，本文第一二段中分析了被人们广泛接受的Maltz 通过观察发现人们需要21天形成一个新习惯，根据第三段中的“However, Maltz was drawing causal inferences rather than conducting strict scientific research. It wasn’t until 2010 that health psychologist Phillippa Lally at University College London decided to properly study habit formation timelines.(然而，马尔茨是在进行因果推论，而不是进行严格的科学研究。直到2010年，伦敦大学学院的健康心理学家Phillippa Lally才决定适当地研究习惯形成的时间表)”可知，伦敦大学学院的健康心理学家Phillippa Lally认为Maltz的结论缺乏科学依据，所以对习惯形成的时间表进行研究，并研究发现，一个习惯成为生活中的一部分平均需要66天，但是个体差异很大，结合尾段中的“This landmark study disproved the assumed 21-day standard and showed that a wide range of timelines are normal.(这项具有里程碑意义的研究推翻了假定的21天标准，并表明大范围的时间线是正常的)”可知，这一新的研究推翻了之前人们广泛接受的形成习惯需要21天的理论，所以本文的目的是纠正对习惯形成的误解。故选C项。
10.（2023·江苏·高三校联考阶段练习）
They say you catch more flies with honey than vinegar. But when it comes to tackling a tricky task, researchers have found that getting angry can also be a powerful motivator.
The experiments suggest people who are angry perform better on a set of challenging tasks than those who are emotionally neutral.
The study, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, details how researchers at Texas A&M University conducted experiments involving more than 1,000 people, and analysed survey data from more than 1,400 people to explore the possible impact of anger on people in various circumstances.
In one experiment, students were shown images previously found to cause anger, desire, amusement, sadness or no particular emotion at all. Participants were subsequently asked to solve a series of anagrams (变形词).
The results reveal that for a challenging set of anagrams, those who were angry did better — although no difference was seen for easy anagrams.
The researchers say one explanation could be down to a link between anger and greater persistence (坚持), with the team finding those who were angry spent more time on the difficult set of anagrams.
In another experiment, participants who were angry did better at avoiding flags in a skiing video game than those who were neutral or sad, and were on a par with (同水平) those who felt amusement or desire.
“This pattern could indicate that general physical arousal (激起) had a benefit for game scores, as this would be greater in anger, amused, and desire conditions compared to the sad and neutral conditions,” the researchers write. However, no such differences in performance was found when it came to an easier video game.
“People often prefer to use positive emotions as tools more than negative and tend to see negative emotions as undesirable,” said Lench, the first author of the study. “Our research adds to the growing evidence that a mix of positive and negative emotions promotes wellbeing, and that using negative emotions as tools can be particularly effective in some situations.”
37．What tasks did the researchers set for the students
A．Catching flies with honey.
B．Helping analyze survey data.
C．Putting tasks into different categories.
D．Performing tasks in various emotional states.
38．Why does anger enable people to perform better on challenging tasks
A．It brings team spirit into full play.
B．It promotes a deep insight into the tasks.
C．It increases effort toward attaining a goal.
D．It changes challenging tasks into easy ones.
39．What are paragraphs 7 and 8 mainly about
A．Research result consistent with previous findings.
B．Potential application of the research finding.
C．A further explanation of the research method.
D．A reasonable doubt about the research process.
40．What does Lench intend to do in the last paragraph
A．To present more proofs. B．To draw a conclusion.
C．To make a comparison. D．To criticize old practices.
【答案】37．D 38．C 39．A 40．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍的是一项研究表明：当面对艰巨任务时，愤怒也可以成为强有力的动力源。研究人员表示，使用负面情绪作为工具在某些情况下可能特别有效。研究结果表明，正面情绪和负面情绪的混合有助于促进幸福感。
37．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In one experiment, students were shown images previously found to cause anger, desire, amusement, sadness or no particular emotion at all. Participants were subsequently asked to solve a series of anagrams (变形词).(在一项实验中，研究人员向学生们展示了之前发现会引起愤怒、欲望、娱乐、悲伤或根本没有特定情绪的图片。随后，参与者被要求解决一系列字谜)”以及第五段中“The results reveal that for a challenging set of anagrams, those who were angry did better — although no difference was seen for easy anagrams.(结果显示，在一组具有挑战性的字谜游戏中，那些生气的人表现得更好——尽管在简单的字谜游戏中没有发现差异)”可知，研究过程中，研究人员向学生们展示了之前发现会引起愤怒、欲望、娱乐、悲伤或根本没有特定情绪的图片。随后，参与者被要求解决一系列字谜。由此可知，学生们在各种情绪状态下执行任务。故选D。
38．细节理解题。根据第六段中“The researchers say one explanation could be down to a link between anger and greater persistence (坚持), with the team finding those who were angry spent more time on the difficult set of anagrams.(研究人员表示，一种解释可以归结为愤怒和更强的毅力之间的联系，研究小组发现，愤怒的人花更多的时间在困难的字谜上)”可知，愤怒之所以能够让人们在完成困难任务上表现的更好是因为愤怒和更强的毅力之间有着联系，促使研究对象完成困难任务。由此可知，愤怒能让人们在具有挑战性的任务中表现得更好，因为它增加了实现目标的努力。故选C。
39．主旨大意题。根据第七段中“In another experiment, participants who were angry did better at avoiding flags in a skiing video game than those who were neutral or sad, and were on a par with (同水平) those who felt amusement or desire.(在另一项实验中，在滑雪视频游戏中，愤怒的参与者比那些中立或悲伤的参与者更能避开旗帜，与那些感到娱乐或欲望的参与者不相上下)”以及第八段中““This pattern could indicate that general physical arousal (激起) had a benefit for game scores, as this would be greater in anger, amused, and desire conditions compared to the sad and neutral conditions,” the researchers write.(研究人员写道：“这种模式表明，一般的身体激起会对游戏得分有益，因为在愤怒、好笑和渴望条件下，这种激起会比悲伤和中性条件更为强烈”)”可知，第七段和第八段通过描述另外的一项研究表述当面对艰巨任务时，愤怒也可以成为强有力的动力源。由此可知，研究结果与前人的发现一致。故选A。
40．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Our research adds to the growing evidence that a mix of positive and negative emotions promotes wellbeing, and that using negative emotions as tools can be particularly effective in some situations.(越来越多的证据表明，积极情绪和消极情绪的结合能促进健康，在某些情况下，将消极情绪作为工具尤其有效，我们的研究进一步证明了这一点)”可推知，最后一段中Lench倾向于得出结论。故选B。
11.（2023·江苏扬州·高三统考阶段练习）
It is now 16 years since Apple CEO Steve Jobs first showcased the iPhone. But at that time a lot of people were skeptical about it ever being a success. What about the lack of buttons to press But today, the iPhone is a common device in our lives.
But Apple is not resting easy on this success and recently announced the “Vision Pro”, and it is a headset that will let you do many of the things you do on a phone by wearing a pair of smart glasses.
The way it works is that in front of your eyes are a couple of screens, and then on the outside of the glasses, there are cameras that relay images from the outside world into your vision. To you, the wearer, it looks as though you're just existing normally in the world, but now Apple can add information digitally on top of the world around you.
So functionally, it works a bit like having a big, semi-transparent iPad floating in front of your face, and just like an iPad you can browse the web, make calls, and use apps, all without needing to hold anything in your hands.
Then there are some smart features that only an all-encompassing (包罗万象的) headset can do.
It’ll be able to perfectly interact with the world around you. For example, perhaps when watching a football match, it might be possible to shrink down the pitch (球场) and have it appear as though the match is playing out on the table in front of you. Sure, it sounds pretty crazy-but these sorts of ideas and headsets have been bubbling around for some time, a bit like how before the iPhone it was possible to buy Nokias and Ericssons where you could check your email. But now that Apple is getting involved, it has the influence to make this sort of technology go mainstream
41．Why does the author mention “the iPhone” in the beginning
A．To mark the time when Jobs first showcased it.
B．To show that people were suspicious about it.
C．To emphasize its importance in our lives.
D．To introduce a new technology, Vision Pro.
42．How does the headset work
A．It shows wearers the outside world via cameras.
B．It separates wearers from the world around them.
C．It involves the users in a totally virtual world.
D．It works completely in the same way as the iPad.
43．What’s the author’s attitude towards the headset
A．Unclear. B．Cautious. C．Favorable. D．Doubtful.
44．What’s the best title of the article
A．Visions of the future. B．Development of the iPhone.
C．Influences of Apple. D．Advance of technology.
【答案】41．D 42．A 43．C 44．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一款苹果的新产品 —— Vision Pro的详细情况。
41．推理判断题。根据第一段中“It is now 16 years since Apple CEO Steve Jobs first showcased the iPhone. But at that time a lot of people were skeptical about it ever being a success. (距苹果公司首席执行官史蒂夫·乔布斯首次展示iPhone已经过去了16年。但当时很多人对它能否成功持怀疑态度。)”和第二段中“But Apple is not resting easy on this success and recently announced the “Vision Pro”, and it is a headset that will let you do many of the things you do on a phone by wearing a pair of smart glasses.(但苹果并没有满足于这一成功，最近发布了“Vision Pro”，这是一款可以让你戴上一副智能眼镜做很多在手机上做的事情的耳机。)”可知，知作者提到iPhone的目的是为了介绍Vision Pro。故选D。
42．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The way it works is that in front of your eyes are a couple of screens, and then on the outside of the glasses, there are cameras that relay images from the outside world into your vision. (它的工作原理是，在你的眼前有几个屏幕，然后在眼镜的外面，有摄像头，将外部世界的图像传递到你的视野中。)”可知，它通过摄像头向佩戴者展示外面的世界，故选A。
43．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句话“But now that Apple is getting involved, it has the influence to make this sort of technology go mainstream (但现在苹果公司也参与进来，它有影响力使这种技术成为主流)”可知，作者持支持态度。故选C。
44．标题判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第二段中“But Apple is not resting easy on this success and recently announced the “Vision Pro”, and it is a headset that will let you do many of the things you do on a phone by wearing a pair of smart glasses. (但苹果并没有满足于这一成功，最近发布了“Vision Pro”，这是一款可以让你戴上一副智能眼镜做很多在手机上做的事情的耳机。)”可知，文章主要介绍了一款新产品——Vision Pro。故选A。
（2023·江苏扬州·高三统考阶段练习）
By now, it’s no secret that the phrase “bird brain” should be a compliment, not an insult (侮辱). Some birds are capable of complex cognitive (认知的) tasks, including tool use. Among the brainiest achievements that birds are capable of is vocal (声音的) learning, or the ability to learn to imitate sounds and use them to communicate. In birds, this leads to beautiful calls and songs; in humans, it leads to language. The best flying vocal learners such as parrots also tend to be considered the most intelligent birds. So it’s natural to think that the two characteristics could be linked.
To test whether there is such a link, biologist Jean-Nicolas Audet and his team conducted a massive analysis of 214 birds from 23 species. The researchers developed cognitive tests that could be adapted for different birds. They ultimately presented birds with seven cognitive tasks over six days Four of the tasks tested problem-solving ability. The team then analyzed whether the bird species with more complex vocal learning abilities also performed better on their intelligence tests.
Problem-solving, but not learning or self-control, is strongly associated with more complex vocal learning in birds, the researchers found. “The more advanced vocal learning ability, the more advanced problem-solving skills,” says study co-author Erich Jarvis. Take the tufted titmouse (凤头山雀) for example. This species learns around 63 vocalizations and can learn throughout its life. It completed the problem-solving tasks faster than the brown-headed cowbird, which learns only about nine vocalizations within a set developmental window.
The researchers next hope to search for the genes determining the linked characteristics. That work could further scientists' understanding of how human language evolved. “There is a chance that we will discover genes related to problem-solving and vocal learning that are possibly also used in humans for those same behaviors,” Audet says
45．What does the underlined word “compliment” in paragraph 1 mean
A．Praise. B．Joke. C．Fact. D．Reminder.
46．What did Jean-Nicolas Audet’s team intend to study
A．The impact of problem-solving tasks on bird cognition.
B．The effectiveness of cognitive tests in the study of birds.
C．The relation between vocal learning and bird intelligence.
D．The connection between sound imitation and communication.
47．What does the example of the tufted titmouse tell us about birds with more complex vocal learning
A．They are likely to have weaker self-control.
B．They are likely to be better problem-solvers.
C．They aren’t as intelligent as many have thought.
D．They aren't always able to learn more vocalizations.
48．What does Jean-Nicolas Audet’s team plan to find out next
A．What types of birds are included for upcoming experiments
B．What the genetic connections between different bird species are.
C．How vocal learning abilities affect the evolution of human language.
D．Which genes are related to birds’ problem-solving and vocal learning.
【答案】45．A 46．C 47．B 48．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了生物学家Jean-Nicolas Audet和他的团队对于声乐学习与鸟类智力的关系的研究。
45．词句猜测题。由文章第一段中“not an insult (侮辱) (而不是一种侮辱)”可知，这个应该是一种赞美，而不是一种侮辱，故划线词的含义是“赞美”。A. Praise赞美；B. Joke玩笑；C. Fact事实；D. Reminder提醒。故选A。
46．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Among the brainiest achievements that birds are capable of is vocal (声音的) learning, or the ability to learn to imitate sounds and use them to communicate. In birds, this leads to beautiful calls and songs; in humans, it leads to language. The best flying vocal learners such as parrots also tend to be considered the most intelligent birds. So it’s natural to think that the two characteristics co易错点纠错练05 阅读理解：说明文易错练
名校阅读理解说明文易错题通关练
1.（2023·山东·高三校联考阶段练习）
“Just imagine it, chatting to a chimp in chimpanzee.” Whether portrayed by Rex Harrison, Eddie Murphy or Robert Downey, Jr.,Doctor Dolittle learned to talk to animals.But in reality, science has remained some distance from solving the long-standing question of how we humans learned to talk during our evolution.
Recently,a study by a team of researchers in Great Britain has demonstrated how the rapid succession of opening and closing mouth rhythms by chimpanzees—known as lip-smacking (砸吧嘴)—mimics the natural pace of human mouths talking.This phenomenon has been observed before in other ape species who performed lip-smacking movements at around 5 Hz, which falls within a range of mouth opens and closes characteristic of all spoken languages, namely between2 and 7 Hz.But it wasn’t until now that this lip-smacking timing connection had been made in our closest evolutionary relatives.The last years had seen accumulating evidence that these rhythms from deeper within our primate ancestry, recycled, so to speak,as a cornerstone for speech evolution.
“But the sense of evolutionary continuity towards speech still had a big gap to cross—the African apes.There was no evidence for speech like rhythm neither in gorillas, bonobos,nor chimpanzees”, says Adriano Lameira of the University of Warwick, who led the study. The study followed two domestic populations of chimpanzees, as well as two wild populations in Uganda. Researchers observed lip-smacking at an average of 4.15 Hz. They made all their observations whenever a chimpanzee was grooming(理毛；梳毛) another. Picture a hairdresser engaging in idle chatter with a customer at the beauty salon.
The confirmation of speech like rhythm of the mouth in chimpanzees does not reveal how language came about in our own ancestry, but it offers the final confirmation to scientists that we are looking at the right place, that we are on the right track to unlock this mystery and that great apes in enclosed areas and the wild still have to reveal all their secrets about human nature and human origins.
Lameira also notes that variation in lip-smacking times both between and within the chimp groups do not appear to be hard-wired. Rather, the lip-smacking variability likely reflects how individual differences and environmental factors, and even social conventions, affect how chimpanzees communicate with each other. Even Doctor Dolitle might well be amazed.
1．What does the new study reveal
A．We humans can talk to chimpanzees.
B．Chimpanzees like imitating humans talking.
C．A new clue of speech evolution has been found.
D．All apes perform the same lip-smacking rhythms as we humans do.
2．What is the significance of this study
A．Paving way for the following researches.
B．Proving the assumption of the scientists.
C．Confirming how language came into being.
D．Revealing the secrets about human evolution.
3．What does the underlined word “hard-wired” in the last paragraph mean
A．Tough. B．Cultivated. C．Variable. D．Inborn
4．What can be a suitable title for the passage
A．Cornerstone for Human Origin.
B．Research Value of Ape Species.
C．Human Speech Evolution Getting Lip-Smacking Evidence.
D．Chimpanzees Performing Speech like Lip-Smacking Movements.
2.（2023·山东·高三校联考阶段练习）
The best thing that has happened in Florida, since the beginning of July is that the electricity department has kept functioning. It is reported that daily maximum temperature is above 43℃. It is not just the United States, where 100 million people are under heat-warning notices, that is suffering. There is currently a series of such heat waves around the world. Temperatures exceed 40°C from Madrid to Cairo, where suffering power is unavailable. In Beijing July 18thsaw a 23-year-old record broken by a 27th consecutive day with a maximum temperature above35℃, which means people hadn’t even enjoyed one cool day during that period. By increasing the possibility of a wide range of extreme events, global warming also increases the chances that they will come in waves.
There are things to do as soon as the mercury (水银柱) rises. Get homeless people to cooling stations; encourage people to look in on elderly neighbors, the weak citizens and especially women over 80, who dominate the excess deaths associated with heatwaves; make it possible for those who must work outside to do so early in the morning;put hospitals on an emergency footing.
There are also things to be done in advance. It is crucial to work out where the people at greatest risk live. One thing that can help is deciding where to plant trees, which both provide shade and,as water evaporates through their leaves, cool the air. There are smart choices to be made about the built environment, from the best sort of pavement and courtyards designed for passive cooling to the popularity of white roofs. There are building codes to update so as to make those choices easier, as well as regulations to change so that workers are not endangered by midday heat.
All these measures are easier to take when a city has resources to devote to them. In the developing world, where a lack of air conditioning makes heat all the more deadly, such resources are scarce. What is needed for leaders is to take the issue seriously and for local politicians is to see cooling plans as a way to compete for votes. Unfortunately, such a strategy works best in places where voters have already felt the consequences of failing to act. Some studies re-veal that many places are at increasing risk of vicious heatwaves but have yet to experience one particularly troubling. Florida at least knows what to expect—and what it will have to go on expecting for decades to come.
5．Where is this text probably taken from
A．A textbook.
B．A news report.
C．An academic article.
D．A geography magazine.
6．What is the purpose of paragraph 1
A．To introduce the topic.
B．To draw people’s attention.
C．To give examples of heatwaves.
D．To compare the heat of different places.
7．Which is not mentioned to deal with heat
A．Planting trees in proper places.
B．Making rules relative to heat controlling.
C．Taking care of the old and the fragile.
D．Encouraging outdoor staff to work flexibly.
8．What can we learn from the last paragraph
A．Dealing with the issue of heat is complicated.
B．Politicians struggle to tackle the issue of heat.
C．Many places haven’t sustained the severest heatwaves.
D．A certain strategy operates best in the developing world.
3.（2023·全国·模拟预测）
When one is asked to consider coffee-producing nations, China may never cross his or her mind. Many associate China with the varieties of tea it exports worldwide. While tea is still the country’s top drink and export of choice, China’s production of coffee has been a slow but steady process that owes its success to one region in particular: Yunnan.
Yunnan accounts for roughly 95% of China’s coffee production. Yunnan’s beans have been shipped globally, and local traders have partnered with many institutes to ensure continued international trade as well as a better livelihood for their farmers. While other provinces are known for their production of Robusta used for instant coffee, Yunnan maintains its position as the top producer of Arabica coffee in China, and is best known for exporting its organic coffee. Arabica coffee has increased the export of Chinese coffee from 7.6 million to 158 million pounds in just 20 years.
While plantation-style, sun-grown coffee is the commonest, farmers have already started to plant shading trees in order to repel frost and other environmental factors that have proven problematic for coffee growth. Yunnan has a climate that draws comparison to that of Indonesia and Colombia, but the province’s unique location creates an interesting complexity in its beans. Due to the lower temperatures at night, the coffee faces a slower maturation process. This creates an overall sweeter bean.
Additionally, the altitude allows for better draining (排水) of the plants, leaving the flavors in Yunnan’s coffee more concentrated with lower levels of water content. The beans from the region have a mix of acids that makes Yunnan coffee taste fruity and bright. That explains why Yunnan coffee’s popularity is growing at home and abroad.
9．What can we learn about tea from paragraph 1
A．The global trade for tea is in decline. B．Prices of tea are increasing worldwide.
C．People prefer tea to coffee in China. D．The tea production is time-consuming.
10．Why do local traders cooperate with institutes
A．To improve farmers’ livelihood. B．To increase coffee production.
C．To monitor international trade. D．To maintain the quality of coffee.
11．What does the underlined word “repel” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Mix with. B．Benefit from.
C．Research into. D．Keep away.
12．What makes Yunnan coffee more popular
A．Its advanced farming. B．Its favorable flavor.
C．Its acid-free feature. D．Its reasonable price.
4.（2023·黑龙江大庆·高三肇州县第二中学校考阶段练习）
A digital footprint is a record of a person’s online activity, and it’s becoming more common for companies to perform social media checks before hiring people, Business News Daily reported.
When posting on social media platforms, some students don’t think enough about how it could affect them in the future. Sometimes students post reckless (鲁莽的) content to their social media profiles without considering the potential consequences: They could be creating a damaging digital footprint that may prevent them from getting hired.
Before determining who to hire, 70 percent of companies screen potential applicants and look at their social media, with 18 percent of employees losing their job due to their social media posts, according to a September 2022 study by CareerBuilder, a company that helps employers hire in the United States. “Sometimes some people’s social media tell a lot more about somebody than an interview,” said Rithika Mothukuri, a senior media studies and production major.
A 17-year-old lost out on a job opportunity after the company performed a background check and saw her videos on TikTok, Buzzfeed reported. Many of the videos shared overly personal stories, which was enough to cost her a job.
Therefore, students should ensure a search for their name doesn’t surface inappropriate content because even one unprofessional post could potentially ruin job opportunities. They should perform a digital declutter if there is such content though it may be very challenging to do that. So the most important is to refrain (避免) from posting content that contributes to a negative image in the first place.
“I never had anything controversial or something that could get me fired from a workplace or school or something, but there are many cases of that happening and we should be learning from their mistakes,” said Kieran Mc Carney, a junior social work major.
While having a clean digital is important, it’s also important that students avoid doing anything that can be considered inappropriate in their real life. In this way, even others cannot post inappropriate images or videos of them on social media.
13．What problem is discussed in the second paragraph
A．Students have too many reckless behaviors in life.
B．Social media platforms could harm students’ future
C．Too much inappropriate content is present on social media.
D．What students post online may damage their images.
14．Why does the author mention that September 2022 study conducted by CareerBuilder
A．To recommend a way of understanding people.
B．To show interviews have become less important.
C．To show most companies consider social media content.
D．To prove companies are cautious when hiring people.
15．What does the underlined word “declutter” in Para-graph 5 mean
A．Clear-up. B．Add-up. C．Check-in. D．Take-over.
16．Which of the following statements shows the author’s opinion
A．Content founded on social media platforms is very reliable.
B．Students should avoid inappropriate behavior in life.
C．Companies shouldn’t care about people’s personal life.
D．Students should stop posting anything on social media.
5.（2023·黑龙江大庆·高三肇州县第二中学校考阶段练习）
When Richard Oswald was growing up in northwestern Missouri in the 1950s, his dad had a firm rule: Don’t plant corn until mid-May. But that rule has become a relic of the past. In Rock Port, a small farming community near the Nebraska border, the growing season now begins more than a month earlier.
That’s not surprising. Across much of the US, winter is not as cold as it used to be. The four warmest Januaries on record have all occurred since 2016. In Missouri, winters are about 4 degrees hotter on average than in 1970-and farmers are starting to feel the effects.
As the planet continues to warm, cold winter weather will become less common, said Amy Butler, a re-search scientist studying climate variability. “However, less cold does not mean never cold.” Butler said. In the past decade, Liz Graznak’s organic vegetable farm near Columbia, Missouri, has endured increasingly extreme swings in weather. “We don’t get a couple of inches of snow; we get 18 inches of snow all at once and then in five days, it’ s 70 degrees again.” Graznak said. “We don’t get a couple of inches of rain; we get a 12-inch downpour in the span of 24 hours. That’s devastating(毁灭性的)to a vegetable farm.”
To help protect her crops, Graznak has built four large greenhouses on her property in just over a decade. Inside, she’s able to grow delicate, high-value crops, including flowers, lettuce and spinach.
But these greenhouses come at a steep cost. Nearly seven years ago, Graznak spent more than $18,000 to build a greenhouse and since then, the price has more than doubled. “When I think about these costs, in my brain, I say, ‘OK, how many heads of lettuce is that ’” She said. “I know I can sell a head of lettuce for $4, so how many heads of lettuce do I have to sell to be able to pay for that greenhouse And that’s a lot of lettuce.”
17．What does the author want to show by telling Richard Oswald’s story
A．New farmers should learn to farm on their own.
B．New farmers aren’t as experienced as old ones.
C．Following traditional farming rules is essential.
D．Climate change is changing farming rules.
18．What did Liz Graznak experience in the past decade
A．Many extreme weather events.
B．A winter without any cold days.
C．Less snow and rain on the whole.
D．More stable temperature than before.
19．What can be inferred from Liz Graznak’s words in the last paragraph
A．The profits of her farm have increased.
B．She has lost hope in the future of farming.
C．The cost of farming has greatly increased.
D．Budgeting is important in modern farming.
20．What would be the best title for the text
A．Farmers in the US are troubled by floods
B．Farmers are worried about the future of farming
C．Farmers are feeling climate change’s effect in the US
D．Farmers are turning to greenhouses due to climate change
6.（2023·全国·模拟预测）
Some ants have figured out how to avoid getting lost: build taller anthills, according to a recent study.
Desert ants living in the hot, flat salt pans of Tunisia spend their days looking for food and reach as far as 1.1 kilometers from their nests. To find their way home, desert ants use a navigation system, relying on the sun’s position and counting their steps to track their location relative to their nest.
But this system becomes increasingly unreliable as the distance from the nest increases. “We realized that, whenever the ants in salt pans came closer to their nest, they suddenly pinpointed the nest hill from several meters distance,” says Markus Knaden, a researcher at Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology. “This made us think that the hill serves as a nest-defining landmark.”
So Knaden and colleagues captured ants from nests in the middle of salt pans and from along their shorelines. Only salt-pan nests had distinct hills, up to 40 centimeters tall, whereas the hills on shoreline nests were lower or barely noticeable. Next, the team removed any hills and placed the captured insects some distance away from their nests. Salt-pan ants struggled more than shore ants to find homes. Shore ants relied on the shoreline for guidance and weren’t affected by the hill removal, the researchers concluded.
The team further conducted another study to see if desert ants were deliberately building a taller hill when their surroundings lacked any visible landmarks. So, the researchers removed the hills of 16 salt-pan nests and installed (安装) two 50-centimeter-tall blocks near eight of them. The other eight nests were left without any artificial visual aid. After three days, the researchers found that seven ants from the unaided nests had rebuilt their hills. But only two ants from the nests with man-made blocks nearby had bothered to rebuild.
“It implies that ants regularly assess the complexity of their environment and change their decisions based on their conclusion,” says ecologist Judith Bronstein of the University of Arizona.
21．What aspect of ants is the recent study mainly about
A．Challenges of survival. B．Landmarks of habitats.
C．Intelligence of navigation. D．Comparison of varieties.
22．What does the underlined word “pinpointed” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Explored. B．Recognized. C．Climbed. D．Crossed.
23．Why did researchers set shoreline ants in the experiment
A．To observe different ants’ reactions. B．To prove impacts of various habitats.
C．To disturb desert ants’ navigation system. D．To test anthills’ functions and significance.
24．What conclusion about desert ants can be drawn from the follow-up study
A．Evaluate and make changes. B．Visual aid is a must.
C．Cooperation brings victory. D．No man-made blocks are used.
7.（2023·全国·模拟预测）
Kelydra Welcker has always loved the Ohio River, which flows by her hometown, Parkersburg. With a father who is a chemist and a mother who is a biologist, it seemed natural for Kelydra to learn how the world worked by doing scientific experiments.
At the age of six, Kelydra joined the Ohio River Cleanup campaign and came to realize how polluted the river was, which led her to set up her own lab later and study the chemicals in the river water. Kelydra was 15 when news broke about a chemical called C8, also known as APFO, in her town’s water supply that might cause cancer. She wondered what she could do to help.
Through repeated experiments, Kelydra created an inexpensive, reliable test for people in her town to measure the amount of APFO in water that they use at home. However, she didn’t just want to measure the problem—she wanted to solve it, so she continued to work on a way to remove APFO from the water.
Kelydra finally succeeded by using a device called an electrolytic cell (电解池), consisting of a dry cell battery and two electrodes (电极). Where did Kelydra get the high-quality electrodes for her experiment They were her dad’s car wipers—minus the rubber attachments! Electrically charged, one of the electrodes became a stick that attracted the APFO in the polluted water. Then, Kelydra removed the stick and washed it off.
Using her invention, Kelydra developed a system people could use to treat their household drinking water. The system is being used by people in her community, and she hopes that it will be used more widely.
Kelydra went to college to study chemistry. “I hope to expand my horizons. I’m now looking at another chemical that may cause health problems.” She adds, “Technology helped create our problems and technology can help solve them. I want to be part of that effort.”
25．What can we learn about Kelydra from the first two paragraphs
A．She had a scientific mind. B．She enjoyed exploring nature.
C．She followed her parents’ path. D．She wanted to practice medicine.
26．Which of the following best describes Kelydra after creating a water test
A．Content. B．Determined. C．Grateful. D．Relieved.
27．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning car wipers
A．To show the practical challenge. B．To question Kelydra’s invention.
C．To illustrate Kelydra’s creativity. D．To explain the chemical principles.
28．What does Kelydra expect to do in the future
A．Teach chemistry in school. B．Create new water treatments.
C．Promote the application of chemicals. D．Address health issues through technology.
8.（2023·浙江·高三校联考阶段练习）
Nocturnal (夜间的) exposure to blue light containing short wavelength emissions (450-500 nm) — the kind of light produced by the screens of many devices raises blood sugar levels and increases sugar intake, according to a study performed on Sudanian grass rats.
“Much of the artificial light we are exposed to comes from LED lights and screens, which emit high levels of blue light,” said Anayanci Masis-Vargas from the Universities of Strasbourg and Amsterdam and his colleagues. According to their study, retinal (网膜的) cells of the eye are sensitive to this blue light and directly convey information to areas of the brain that control appetite.
In the study, the scientists exposed diurnal Sudanian grass rats to nighttime blue light (490 nm) and measured their food consumption and glucose (葡萄糖) tolerance the following day. “In order to better model human light exposure, the rats were diurnal, meaning awake during the day and asleep at night, rather than the typical nocturnal laboratory rats which are awake during nighttime hours,” the researchers explained. They found that after only one hour of nocturnal blue light exposure, glucose tolerance was changed in the rats, a warning sign of pre-diabetes.
To investigate what happens with appetite control and food choice after exposure to blue light at night, in the follow-up study, the rats were given the option to choose among a nutritionally balanced food, water, pig fat, and sugar water. After the exposure to blue light, the study authors observed that the rats preferred sugar water and drank more of it that night than during the nights with no blue light exposure. As the experiment continued, the researchers noticed more exposure to blue light caused rats’ heavier bodies as well.
“Limiting the amount of time that we spend in front of screens at night is, for now, the best measure to protect ourselves from the harmful effects of blue light,” Masis-Vargas said. “In case it is necessary to be exposed to device s at night, I would recommend the night mode features on the devices, which turn the screens more orange and less blue or the use of blue light filtering glasses that are already available in the market.”
29．According to the study,nocturnal exposure to blue light will ________.
A．affect blood pressure B．influence appetite
C．disturb the delivery of information D．decrease retinal cells of the eye
30．Why were diurnal rats used instead of nocturnal rats in the study
A．Their sleep model is simpler to follow.
B．Their sugar intake is easier to measure.
C．Their light contact is similar to that of humans.
D．Their glucose tolerance is close to that of humans.
31．Which was NOT considered in the follow-up study
A．Food choice. B．Animal weight.
C．Food consumption. D．Animal gender.
32．Which is the most effective way to lessen the harm of blue light according to Masis-Vargas
A．Upgrading phone mode. B．Changing the color of the screen.
C．Restricting night screen time. D．Wearing blue light filtering glasses.
9.（2023·江苏常州·高三校联考阶段练习）
The commonly held belief that it takes 21 days to form a new habit can be traced back to a 1960 book by plastic surgeon Maxwell Maltz called Psycho-Cybernetics. In his work treating patients who had gone through facial recognition surgery, Maltz noticed that it typically took around three weeks for them to adjust to seeing their new faces in the mirror. He also found that individuals who had lost a limb still sensed “phantom” (幻觉的) pains in the missing arm or leg for about 21 days.
Based on these perceptions (认知) of recovery time after significant physical changes, Maltz theorized in his book that it likely takes a minimum of 21 days for the neurological pathways in our brains associated with old behaviors and habits to go away, and for new mental images and routines to take firm root. This idea of a standardized 21-day formation period for habits soon became widely accepted.
However, Maltz was drawing casual inferences rather than conducting strict scientific research. It was not until 2010 that health psychologist Phillipa Lally at University College London decided to properly study habit formation timelines. She designed a year-long experiment that tracked 96 participants as they each established a single new habit of their choosing. Every day, subjects reported on whether they successfully performed their intended behavior that day as well as how automatic the action felt.
Lally’s findings revealed that on average, it took 66 days before a habit became a normal part of a routine and felt automatic. But results varied widely, with habits forming anywhere from 18 days up to 254 days between individuals. Perseverance was the key factor in successfully making a behavior habitual, with sometimes missing days not stopping overall progress.
This landmark study disproved the assumed 21-day standard and showcased that a wide range of timelines are normal. Ultimately, being committed to consistently practising a new behavior for months, not weeks, is what allows real habit change and improvement to occur naturally in the brain. Understanding habit formation as a gradual, individualized process helps people develop positive routines without unrealistic expectations.
33．What is Maltz’s assumption based on
A．An intensive survey. B．Psychological work.
C．His personal observation. D．The strict scientific research.
34．Why did Lally’s team conduct the research
A．To prove Maltz’s theory on habit formation.
B．To identify timelines for establishing new habits.
C．To explore the factors in impacting habit formation.
D．To present advantages of developing good behavior.
35．What do we know about Lally’s findings
A．There are large individual differences in forming habits.
B．Most participants took 66 days to make a behavior habitual.
C．It is harder to form a new habit that to persist in an old one.
D．Occasional stops have a big effect on the progress of habit formation,
36．What is the purpose of the text
A．To introduce ways to establish a new habit.
B．To compare different studies of habit formation
C．To correct a misconception about habit formation
D．To involves readers in a 21-day habit formation activity
10.（2023·江苏·高三校联考阶段练习）
They say you catch more flies with honey than vinegar. But when it comes to tackling a tricky task, researchers have found that getting angry can also be a powerful motivator.
The experiments suggest people who are angry perform better on a set of challenging tasks than those who are emotionally neutral.
The study, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, details how researchers at Texas A&M University conducted experiments involving more than 1,000 people, and analysed survey data from more than 1,400 people to explore the possible impact of anger on people in various circumstances.
In one experiment, students were shown images previously found to cause anger, desire, amusement, sadness or no particular emotion at all. Participants were subsequently asked to solve a series of anagrams (变形词).
The results reveal that for a challenging set of anagrams, those who were angry did better — although no difference was seen for easy anagrams.
The researchers say one explanation could be down to a link between anger and greater persistence (坚持), with the team finding those who were angry spent more time on the difficult set of anagrams.
In another experiment, participants who were angry did better at avoiding flags in a skiing video game than those who were neutral or sad, and were on a par with (同水平) those who felt amusement or desire.
“This pattern could indicate that general physical arousal (激起) had a benefit for game scores, as this would be greater in anger, amused, and desire conditions compared to the sad and neutral conditions,” the researchers write. However, no such differences in performance was found when it came to an easier video game.
“People often prefer to use positive emotions as tools more than negative and tend to see negative emotions as undesirable,” said Lench, the first author of the study. “Our research adds to the growing evidence that a mix of positive and negative emotions promotes wellbeing, and that using negative emotions as tools can be particularly effective in some situations.”
37．What tasks did the researchers set for the students
A．Catching flies with honey.
B．Helping analyze survey data.
C．Putting tasks into different categories.
D．Performing tasks in various emotional states.
38．Why does anger enable people to perform better on challenging tasks
A．It brings team spirit into full play.
B．It promotes a deep insight into the tasks.
C．It increases effort toward attaining a goal.
D．It changes challenging tasks into easy ones.
39．What are paragraphs 7 and 8 mainly about
A．Research result consistent with previous findings.
B．Potential application of the research finding.
C．A further explanation of the research method.
D．A reasonable doubt about the research process.
40．What does Lench intend to do in the last paragraph
A．To present more proofs. B．To draw a conclusion.
C．To make a comparison. D．To criticize old practices.
11.（2023·江苏扬州·高三统考阶段练习）
It is now 16 years since Apple CEO Steve Jobs first showcased the iPhone. But at that time a lot of people were skeptical about it ever being a success. What about the lack of buttons to press But today, the iPhone is a common device in our lives.
But Apple is not resting easy on this success and recently announced the “Vision Pro”, and it is a headset that will let you do many of the things you do on a phone by wearing a pair of smart glasses.
The way it works is that in front of your eyes are a couple of screens, and then on the outside of the glasses, there are cameras that relay images from the outside world into your vision. To you, the wearer, it looks as though you're just existing normally in the world, but now Apple can add information digitally on top of the world around you.
So functionally, it works a bit like having a big, semi-transparent iPad floating in front of your face, and just like an iPad you can browse the web, make calls, and use apps, all without needing to hold anything in your hands.
Then there are some smart features that only an all-encompassing (包罗万象的) headset can do.
It’ll be able to perfectly interact with the world around you. For example, perhaps when watching a football match, it might be possible to shrink down the pitch (球场) and have it appear as though the match is playing out on the table in front of you. Sure, it sounds pretty crazy-but these sorts of ideas and headsets have been bubbling around for some time, a bit like how before the iPhone it was possible to buy Nokias and Ericssons where you could check your email. But now that Apple is getting involved, it has the influence to make this sort of technology go mainstream
41．Why does the author mention “the iPhone” in the beginning
A．To mark the time when Jobs first showcased it.
B．To show that people were suspicious about it.
C．To emphasize its importance in our lives.
D．To introduce a new technology, Vision Pro.
42．How does the headset work
A．It shows wearers the outside world via cameras.
B．It separates wearers from the world around them.
C．It involves the users in a totally virtual world.
D．It works completely in the same way as the iPad.
43．What’s the author’s attitude towards the headset
A．Unclear. B．Cautious. C．Favorable. D．Doubtful.
44．What’s the best title of the article
A．Visions of the future. B．Development of the iPhone.
C．Influences of Apple. D．Advance of technology.
（2023·江苏扬州·高三统考阶段练习）
By now, it’s no secret that the phrase “bird brain” should be a compliment, not an insult (侮辱). Some birds are capable of complex cognitive (认知的) tasks, including tool use. Among the brainiest achievements that birds are capable of is vocal (声音的) learning, or the ability to learn to imitate sounds and use them to communicate. In birds, this leads to beautiful calls and songs; in humans, it leads to language. The best flying vocal learners such as parrots also tend to be considered the most intelligent birds. So it’s natural to think that the two characteristics could be linked.
To test whether there is such a link, biologist Jean-Nicolas Audet and his team conducted a massive analysis of 214 birds from 23 species. The researchers developed cognitive tests that could be adapted for different birds. They ultimately presented birds with seven cognitive tasks over six days Four of the tasks tested problem-solving ability. The team then analyzed whether the bird species with more complex vocal learning abilities also performed better on their intelligence tests.
Problem-solving, but not learning or self-control, is strongly associated with more complex vocal learning in birds, the researchers found. “The more advanced vocal learning ability, the more advanced problem-solving skills,” says study co-author Erich Jarvis. Take the tufted titmouse (凤头山雀) for example. This species learns around 63 vocalizations and can learn throughout its life. It completed the problem-solving tasks faster than the brown-headed cowbird, which learns only about nine vocalizations within a set developmental window.
The researchers next hope to search for the genes determining the linked characteristics. That work could further scientists' understanding of how human language evolved. “There is a chance that we will discover genes related to problem-solving and vocal learning that are possibly also used in humans for those same behaviors,” Audet says
45．What does the underlined word “compliment” in paragraph 1 mean
A．Praise. B．Joke. C．Fact. D．Reminder.
46．What did Jean-Nicolas Audet’s team intend to study
A．The impact of problem-solving tasks on bird cognition.
B．The effectiveness of cognitive tests in the study of birds.
C．The relation between vocal learning and bird intelligence.
D．The connection between sound imitation and communication.
47．What does the example of the tufted titmouse tell us about birds with more complex vocal learning
A．They are likely to have weaker self-control.
B．They are likely to be better problem-solvers.
C．They aren’t as intelligent as many have thought.
D．They aren't always able to learn more vocalizations.
48．What does Jean-Nicolas Audet’s team plan to find out next
A．What types of birds are included for upcoming experiments
B．What the genetic connections between different bird species are.
C．How vocal learning abilities affect the evolution of human language.
D．Which genes are related to birds’ problem-solving and vocal learning.
