-2024届高考英语二轮复习定语从句讲解课件(共48张PPT)
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| 名称 | -2024届高考英语二轮复习定语从句讲解课件(共48张PPT) |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2024-03-09 21:42:30 | ||
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(共48张PPT)
定语从句
The Attributive Clause
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。主要有形容词，此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句。
汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
a beautiful girl
a ball pen/ an apple tree
his son/ some place
three students
定语的概念
the boy in the classroom
the shirt bought by her mom
the smiling boy
nothing to do
Complex sentence 复合句
由从属连词连接两个或多个主谓结构的句子，其中一个主谓结构是句子的主要部分（主句），另一个或一个以上的主谓结构只在句子中作某个成分（如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语）。
复合句 =
主句
+
定语从句
一个主谓结构是句子
的主要部分（主句）
另一个主谓结构只在句子中作某个成分（定语）
The students (who do not study hard )will not pass the exam.
主句主语
从句主语
从句谓语结构
主句谓语结构
定语从句中的基本概念及关系
定语从句
在句子中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句。这种从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，并作句子成分。
先行词：定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词，通常是由名词或代词充当。
关系词：用来引导定语从句，为避免先行词的重复出现用来代替先行词的 词。分关系代词和关系副词。
常见关系词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as, when, where, why
They are the boys who you like to play with.
2. Friends are those who make you smile, always share your happiness and sorrows.
先行词与关系词的联系
1. 先行词与关系词之间实质上是互等、互换的关系。也就是说，关系词将先行词所表达意义代到从句中来起作用。
The students who do not study hard will not pass the exam.
The students will not pass the exam.
The students don’t study hard.
Tell him to go to the classroom where we often have our English class.
Tell him to go to the classroom.
We often have our English class in the classroom.
2. 先行词的意义决定关系词的选择。关系词的选择往往是由先行词自身表达的意义，以及它在从句中的语法功能而决定的。
1. Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.
2. In our class, we have some students whose families are not in Pingyao.
1. 代替从句前面的先行词。
2. 在从句中作一定成分，比如主语、宾语、定语等。
3. 连接主句与从句。
关系词的三大作用
定语从句的分类
Attributive clause
限制性定语从句 restrictive
非限制性定语从句non-restrictive
是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，影响整个意义的表达。不用逗号隔开，可用that，作宾语可省略，不可修饰整个句子，常译作定语。
和主句关系不密切，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。用逗号隔开，不可用that，不可省略，可修饰整个句子（which/as），常译作并列句。
I was the only person who was invited
in my office.
Jenny, with whom I played tennis yesterday, lives in my next room.
In our school there are eight foreign teachers who come from Australia.
In our school there are eight foreign teachers, who come from Australia.
定语从句的关系词
定
语
从
句
的
引
导
词
关系
代词
关系
副词
指人
指物
who(主语、宾语)，whom(宾语)，
that(主语、宾语), whose(定语)
that(主语、宾语), which(主语、宾语), whose(定语)
where (地点状语)
when (时间状语)
why (原因状语)
关系代词
关系代词有
who, whom, whose, which, that和as
在从句中作主语，宾语（表语）
whose作定语
who用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词，在从句中作主语或宾语。
Do you know the man whom you just spoke to
I have no idea about the man whom wrote the article.
关系代词who
1. I have no idea about the man who wrote the article.
2. Do you know the man who you just spoke to
关系代词whom
用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词，在从句中只作宾语。
关系代词whose
用于代替"表示人或物意义"的先行词，在从句中作定语，往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。whose常表达"某人的、某物的"之意。
Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate
Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor.
Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.
I've got a novel which you may like to read.
关系代词which
用于代替"表示事物意义"的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。
既用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词，也用于代替“表示事物意义”的先行词；在从句中既可以作主语，也可以作谓语动词的宾语，但是不能作介词的宾语。
在一定范围内，that = who / whom / which 。
Views that (which) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.
Salaried people that (who) earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government .
Who is the girl to that you talked just now
关系代词that
Can you work out a way (that/in which) we can solve the problem
I still remember the days (that/when/on which) I helped my father on the farm.
I have never been to the places (that/where/in which) the Indians live.
the time/the way/the day/the place后面，that可代替where和when，也可省去。
that的特殊用法
做主语，指物，用that，which
做主语，指人，用that，who
做宾语，指物，用that，which， 不
做宾语，指人，用that，who，whom，不
做定语，指物，用whose
做定语，指人，用whose
关系代词使用口诀
1. People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays.
2. Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.
3. This is the same book as I lent you yesterday.
关系代词as
as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
引导的定语从句修饰表人或物的先行词，即先行词可以是人也可以是物；在定语从句中可以做主语或宾语；
在限制性定语从句中，常用于the same…as…/such…as…/as(so)…as…句型，as不论在定语从句中作何成分，均不能省略。
在非限定性定语从句中：as是指全句。
也就是说，将整个主句看成一件事或是一个事实；并对其进行补充、说明。这种非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。
1. As I know, she hasn't got married.
2. They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.
3. Professor Li is extremely popular among students, as is known to all of us.
关系副词有when，where，why
关系副词
在定语从句，关系副词 = 介词 + which 。也就是说，每个关系副词里本身就已经含有了一个介词：
when = 在什么时候，(on/at/in/during which)
where = 在什么地方，(in/on/at/to which)
why = 为什么原因，（for which）
至于用哪个具体的介词，就得依具体情况而定了。
关系副词when
1. People will always remember the time when (at which) Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland.
2. We don't know the exact time when (at which) the English Evening will be held.
when 代替表示时间的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。
time/year/month…
关系副词where
1. The place where (in which) we're to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet.
2. He is living in a newly-built house where (in which) there used to be a pond.
3. That is a beautiful campus where (in which) I made a lot dreams.
where 代替表示地点的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。
place/house/room/school/station…
当先行词为抽象地点或者模糊地点名词时，若它们在定语从句中作地点状语时，也可用where来引导。
condition/position/situation/case/point/activity…
I have come to the point where I can’t understand him.
Can you think of a situation where we can use this word
关系副词why
1. He didn't tell her the reason why he was so happy.
2. The reason why she was late is not so acceptable.
3. They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before.
why 代替表示原因的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。
reason
定语从句中的一些注意事项
1.关系代词的省略
2.定语从句中主谓一致问题
3. that和which的选择
4. as和which的选择
5. “介词+关系代词” 中介词的选择
6. 定语从句和同位语从句的区别
7. 定语从句和地点状语从句的区别
8. 定语从句与非谓语动词的转化
1. This is the book (which) you were looking for yesterday.
2. I don't like the novel (that) you are reading.
3. Who is the man (whom) you're talking about
关系代词的省略
如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。
1. Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon.
2. This is the magazine which was sent to me by post.
定语从句的主谓一致性
定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。
1. 当先行词为all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词或被其修饰时。
a. All that can be done has been done.
b. I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.
c. I’ve read all the books (that) you gave me.
that和which的选择
只用that的情况
2. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级，the only, the very, the last等修饰时。
a. This is the best book (that) I’ve ever read.
b. This is the first composition (that) he has written in English.
c. That white flower is the only one (that) I really like.
d. This is the very book (that) I want to find.
3.当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that而不用who (whom)和which引导。
He talked about the teachers and schools (that) he had visited.
4. 先行词是疑问词who, which, what 或被其提问时，定语从句用that而不用who, (whom)和which引导。
1. Who is the person that is standing at the gate
2. Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this
3. What that is on the table belongs to me
5. 当关系代词在从句中作表语时。
1. Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.
2. China is no longer the country that it used to be.
只能用which的情况
1. The world in which we live is made of matter.
2. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
3. The world that we live in is made of matter.
The world in that we live is made of matter.
1.当先行词表示事物意义，在从句中作介词的宾语且关系代词紧跟在介词之后，那么就只能用which。
2. 在非限定性定语从句中，当关系词表示事物意义时, 只能用which 。这是语法所规定的，没有任何解释。
1. The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow .
2. The most important form of energy is electrical energy, which is widely used in our daily life.
非限制性定语从句中
as和which的选择
位置上的区别：
as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，还可插在主句的中间；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后,常译为“这一点、这件事…”。
She is working hard, which everyone can see.
She is working hard, as everyone can see.
﹦As everyone can see, she is working hard.
2. as代表前面主句意思时，有“正如…”之意，因此在意义上不能和主句相抵触；which引导的非限制性定语从句则无此限制。
1. He won the match, as could be seen.
2. He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.
3. The police were looking for him, as he thought.
1. Our team lost the game, which was unexpected.
2. Our team won the game, as was expected.
as引导的从句中的动词常是expect/know/see/think/want/suppose等。
3. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。
1. She has been late again, as was expected.
2. Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.
4. 如果从句的内容对主句内容起着消极作用，或者说导致的结果，则用which。
1. He cheated his friend of much money, which was very disgraceful.
2. He came back late, which made his mother worried.
关系代词前介词的确定
当从句不缺主语或宾语时，可考虑用介词＋关系代词。这里的关系代词只能用which（指物）或者whom（指人）。
1. 根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系
Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles
(write articles for the newspaper)
2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配
1. He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar. (be familiar with reference books)
2. This is the book for which you asked.
(ask for the book)
3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯
1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded.
(the P.R.C. was founded in the year)
注意：有些“动词+介词”短语，如look for, look after等不可拆开，不能把介词置于关系代词之前。
The old man whom I am looking after is better.
非限制性定与从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用
“数词/代词 + of + 关系代词”的结构。
whose从句可转换为“of +关系代词”型。
There are 50 students in our class, two-thirds of whom have been to Beijing.
They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.
They live in a house, of which the door opens to the south.
They live in a house, the door of which open to the south.
1. The news that our team has won the game was true.
2. The news that he told me yesterday was true.
同位语从句与定语从句的区别
引导词that 在同位语从句与定语从句的区别
同位语从句
定语从句
定语从句中：是关系代词，既指代先行词，又在从句中作成分（主语，宾语），作宾语时可省略。
同位语从句中：单纯的连词，不作任何成分，但不可省略。
引导词when, where 在同位语从句与定语从句的区别
1. They have no idea where he has gone.
2. Go and get your coat. It's in the place where you left it.
定语从句中：when，where前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词；
同位语从句中：无此对应关系，而是为了从句意义的完整。
同位语从句
定语从句
idea/fact/news/hope/word/thought/doubt/truth/possibility/promise/order… 后常接同位语从句
同位语从句都可改成The fact/news/idea/order/truth is/was that… 的结构，而定语从句不可
The news that our team won the game excited us all.
可改为 The news was that our team won the game.
The news that the radio broadcast this morning is not true at all.
不可改为 The news was that the radio broadcast.
同位语从句
定语从句
I have a hope that all of you will go to college.
2. I hate the fact that he told me.
3. I hate the fact that he always tells lies.
4. I will never forget the day when I joined the army.
5. We have no idea when she was born.
同位语从句
同位语从句
同位语从句
定语从句
定语从句
1. The bookshop where I bought this book is very small.
2. I live where there are many trees.
定语从句中where翻译成“……的”，状语从句中的where翻译成“在……地方”。
定语从句用来修饰名词，而状语从句用来修饰动词。
我买这本书的
在……地方
地点状语从句与定语从句的区别
定语从句与非谓语动词的转化
转化为 ing 形式
（定语从句的谓语表示正在进行的动作或持续的状态）
1. The girl who is reading over there is my desk mate.
The girl reading over there is my desk mate.
2. That is my home which stands at the top of the mountain.
That is my home standing at the top of the mountain.
2. 转化成to do 形式
（定语从句的谓语动词表示将来要做的事情）
This is the best thing we can do in memory of our beloved teacher.
This is the best thing to do in memory of our beloved teacher.
3. 转化为 done 形式
（定语从句的谓语和先行词是被动关系）
I love the stories which were written by Mary.
I love the stories written by Mary.
谢谢观看
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING
定语从句
The Attributive Clause
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。主要有形容词，此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句。
汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
a beautiful girl
a ball pen/ an apple tree
his son/ some place
three students
定语的概念
the boy in the classroom
the shirt bought by her mom
the smiling boy
nothing to do
Complex sentence 复合句
由从属连词连接两个或多个主谓结构的句子，其中一个主谓结构是句子的主要部分（主句），另一个或一个以上的主谓结构只在句子中作某个成分（如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语）。
复合句 =
主句
+
定语从句
一个主谓结构是句子
的主要部分（主句）
另一个主谓结构只在句子中作某个成分（定语）
The students (who do not study hard )will not pass the exam.
主句主语
从句主语
从句谓语结构
主句谓语结构
定语从句中的基本概念及关系
定语从句
在句子中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句。这种从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，并作句子成分。
先行词：定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词，通常是由名词或代词充当。
关系词：用来引导定语从句，为避免先行词的重复出现用来代替先行词的 词。分关系代词和关系副词。
常见关系词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as, when, where, why
They are the boys who you like to play with.
2. Friends are those who make you smile, always share your happiness and sorrows.
先行词与关系词的联系
1. 先行词与关系词之间实质上是互等、互换的关系。也就是说，关系词将先行词所表达意义代到从句中来起作用。
The students who do not study hard will not pass the exam.
The students will not pass the exam.
The students don’t study hard.
Tell him to go to the classroom where we often have our English class.
Tell him to go to the classroom.
We often have our English class in the classroom.
2. 先行词的意义决定关系词的选择。关系词的选择往往是由先行词自身表达的意义，以及它在从句中的语法功能而决定的。
1. Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.
2. In our class, we have some students whose families are not in Pingyao.
1. 代替从句前面的先行词。
2. 在从句中作一定成分，比如主语、宾语、定语等。
3. 连接主句与从句。
关系词的三大作用
定语从句的分类
Attributive clause
限制性定语从句 restrictive
非限制性定语从句non-restrictive
是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，影响整个意义的表达。不用逗号隔开，可用that，作宾语可省略，不可修饰整个句子，常译作定语。
和主句关系不密切，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。用逗号隔开，不可用that，不可省略，可修饰整个句子（which/as），常译作并列句。
I was the only person who was invited
in my office.
Jenny, with whom I played tennis yesterday, lives in my next room.
In our school there are eight foreign teachers who come from Australia.
In our school there are eight foreign teachers, who come from Australia.
定语从句的关系词
定
语
从
句
的
引
导
词
关系
代词
关系
副词
指人
指物
who(主语、宾语)，whom(宾语)，
that(主语、宾语), whose(定语)
that(主语、宾语), which(主语、宾语), whose(定语)
where (地点状语)
when (时间状语)
why (原因状语)
关系代词
关系代词有
who, whom, whose, which, that和as
在从句中作主语，宾语（表语）
whose作定语
who用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词，在从句中作主语或宾语。
Do you know the man whom you just spoke to
I have no idea about the man whom wrote the article.
关系代词who
1. I have no idea about the man who wrote the article.
2. Do you know the man who you just spoke to
关系代词whom
用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词，在从句中只作宾语。
关系代词whose
用于代替"表示人或物意义"的先行词，在从句中作定语，往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。whose常表达"某人的、某物的"之意。
Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate
Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor.
Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.
I've got a novel which you may like to read.
关系代词which
用于代替"表示事物意义"的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。
既用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词，也用于代替“表示事物意义”的先行词；在从句中既可以作主语，也可以作谓语动词的宾语，但是不能作介词的宾语。
在一定范围内，that = who / whom / which 。
Views that (which) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.
Salaried people that (who) earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government .
Who is the girl to that you talked just now
关系代词that
Can you work out a way (that/in which) we can solve the problem
I still remember the days (that/when/on which) I helped my father on the farm.
I have never been to the places (that/where/in which) the Indians live.
the time/the way/the day/the place后面，that可代替where和when，也可省去。
that的特殊用法
做主语，指物，用that，which
做主语，指人，用that，who
做宾语，指物，用that，which， 不
做宾语，指人，用that，who，whom，不
做定语，指物，用whose
做定语，指人，用whose
关系代词使用口诀
1. People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays.
2. Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.
3. This is the same book as I lent you yesterday.
关系代词as
as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
引导的定语从句修饰表人或物的先行词，即先行词可以是人也可以是物；在定语从句中可以做主语或宾语；
在限制性定语从句中，常用于the same…as…/such…as…/as(so)…as…句型，as不论在定语从句中作何成分，均不能省略。
在非限定性定语从句中：as是指全句。
也就是说，将整个主句看成一件事或是一个事实；并对其进行补充、说明。这种非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。
1. As I know, she hasn't got married.
2. They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.
3. Professor Li is extremely popular among students, as is known to all of us.
关系副词有when，where，why
关系副词
在定语从句，关系副词 = 介词 + which 。也就是说，每个关系副词里本身就已经含有了一个介词：
when = 在什么时候，(on/at/in/during which)
where = 在什么地方，(in/on/at/to which)
why = 为什么原因，（for which）
至于用哪个具体的介词，就得依具体情况而定了。
关系副词when
1. People will always remember the time when (at which) Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland.
2. We don't know the exact time when (at which) the English Evening will be held.
when 代替表示时间的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。
time/year/month…
关系副词where
1. The place where (in which) we're to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet.
2. He is living in a newly-built house where (in which) there used to be a pond.
3. That is a beautiful campus where (in which) I made a lot dreams.
where 代替表示地点的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。
place/house/room/school/station…
当先行词为抽象地点或者模糊地点名词时，若它们在定语从句中作地点状语时，也可用where来引导。
condition/position/situation/case/point/activity…
I have come to the point where I can’t understand him.
Can you think of a situation where we can use this word
关系副词why
1. He didn't tell her the reason why he was so happy.
2. The reason why she was late is not so acceptable.
3. They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before.
why 代替表示原因的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。
reason
定语从句中的一些注意事项
1.关系代词的省略
2.定语从句中主谓一致问题
3. that和which的选择
4. as和which的选择
5. “介词+关系代词” 中介词的选择
6. 定语从句和同位语从句的区别
7. 定语从句和地点状语从句的区别
8. 定语从句与非谓语动词的转化
1. This is the book (which) you were looking for yesterday.
2. I don't like the novel (that) you are reading.
3. Who is the man (whom) you're talking about
关系代词的省略
如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。
1. Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon.
2. This is the magazine which was sent to me by post.
定语从句的主谓一致性
定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。
1. 当先行词为all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词或被其修饰时。
a. All that can be done has been done.
b. I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.
c. I’ve read all the books (that) you gave me.
that和which的选择
只用that的情况
2. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级，the only, the very, the last等修饰时。
a. This is the best book (that) I’ve ever read.
b. This is the first composition (that) he has written in English.
c. That white flower is the only one (that) I really like.
d. This is the very book (that) I want to find.
3.当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that而不用who (whom)和which引导。
He talked about the teachers and schools (that) he had visited.
4. 先行词是疑问词who, which, what 或被其提问时，定语从句用that而不用who, (whom)和which引导。
1. Who is the person that is standing at the gate
2. Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this
3. What that is on the table belongs to me
5. 当关系代词在从句中作表语时。
1. Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.
2. China is no longer the country that it used to be.
只能用which的情况
1. The world in which we live is made of matter.
2. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
3. The world that we live in is made of matter.
The world in that we live is made of matter.
1.当先行词表示事物意义，在从句中作介词的宾语且关系代词紧跟在介词之后，那么就只能用which。
2. 在非限定性定语从句中，当关系词表示事物意义时, 只能用which 。这是语法所规定的，没有任何解释。
1. The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow .
2. The most important form of energy is electrical energy, which is widely used in our daily life.
非限制性定语从句中
as和which的选择
位置上的区别：
as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，还可插在主句的中间；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后,常译为“这一点、这件事…”。
She is working hard, which everyone can see.
She is working hard, as everyone can see.
﹦As everyone can see, she is working hard.
2. as代表前面主句意思时，有“正如…”之意，因此在意义上不能和主句相抵触；which引导的非限制性定语从句则无此限制。
1. He won the match, as could be seen.
2. He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.
3. The police were looking for him, as he thought.
1. Our team lost the game, which was unexpected.
2. Our team won the game, as was expected.
as引导的从句中的动词常是expect/know/see/think/want/suppose等。
3. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。
1. She has been late again, as was expected.
2. Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.
4. 如果从句的内容对主句内容起着消极作用，或者说导致的结果，则用which。
1. He cheated his friend of much money, which was very disgraceful.
2. He came back late, which made his mother worried.
关系代词前介词的确定
当从句不缺主语或宾语时，可考虑用介词＋关系代词。这里的关系代词只能用which（指物）或者whom（指人）。
1. 根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系
Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles
(write articles for the newspaper)
2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配
1. He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar. (be familiar with reference books)
2. This is the book for which you asked.
(ask for the book)
3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯
1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded.
(the P.R.C. was founded in the year)
注意：有些“动词+介词”短语，如look for, look after等不可拆开，不能把介词置于关系代词之前。
The old man whom I am looking after is better.
非限制性定与从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用
“数词/代词 + of + 关系代词”的结构。
whose从句可转换为“of +关系代词”型。
There are 50 students in our class, two-thirds of whom have been to Beijing.
They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.
They live in a house, of which the door opens to the south.
They live in a house, the door of which open to the south.
1. The news that our team has won the game was true.
2. The news that he told me yesterday was true.
同位语从句与定语从句的区别
引导词that 在同位语从句与定语从句的区别
同位语从句
定语从句
定语从句中：是关系代词，既指代先行词，又在从句中作成分（主语，宾语），作宾语时可省略。
同位语从句中：单纯的连词，不作任何成分，但不可省略。
引导词when, where 在同位语从句与定语从句的区别
1. They have no idea where he has gone.
2. Go and get your coat. It's in the place where you left it.
定语从句中：when，where前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词；
同位语从句中：无此对应关系，而是为了从句意义的完整。
同位语从句
定语从句
idea/fact/news/hope/word/thought/doubt/truth/possibility/promise/order… 后常接同位语从句
同位语从句都可改成The fact/news/idea/order/truth is/was that… 的结构，而定语从句不可
The news that our team won the game excited us all.
可改为 The news was that our team won the game.
The news that the radio broadcast this morning is not true at all.
不可改为 The news was that the radio broadcast.
同位语从句
定语从句
I have a hope that all of you will go to college.
2. I hate the fact that he told me.
3. I hate the fact that he always tells lies.
4. I will never forget the day when I joined the army.
5. We have no idea when she was born.
同位语从句
同位语从句
同位语从句
定语从句
定语从句
1. The bookshop where I bought this book is very small.
2. I live where there are many trees.
定语从句中where翻译成“……的”，状语从句中的where翻译成“在……地方”。
定语从句用来修饰名词，而状语从句用来修饰动词。
我买这本书的
在……地方
地点状语从句与定语从句的区别
定语从句与非谓语动词的转化
转化为 ing 形式
（定语从句的谓语表示正在进行的动作或持续的状态）
1. The girl who is reading over there is my desk mate.
The girl reading over there is my desk mate.
2. That is my home which stands at the top of the mountain.
That is my home standing at the top of the mountain.
2. 转化成to do 形式
（定语从句的谓语动词表示将来要做的事情）
This is the best thing we can do in memory of our beloved teacher.
This is the best thing to do in memory of our beloved teacher.
3. 转化为 done 形式
（定语从句的谓语和先行词是被动关系）
I love the stories which were written by Mary.
I love the stories written by Mary.
谢谢观看
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING