2024届高考英语语法——限制性定语从句讲义
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| 名称 | 2024届高考英语语法——限制性定语从句讲义 |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-03-10 09:40:17 | ||
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英语语法——限制性定语从句
初识语法——在美文运用中体悟
Mary whose drawings were shown at the exhibition last month① is a model student who is often praised for her good work at school②.As soon as we got into the exhibition hall, our eyes were caught by a very large picture.The horse which was drawn in the picture③ was exactly like a real horse.The man who was riding on it④ looked like a living man.It was the best picture that I had ever seen⑤， and I should say Mary is the best young painter that I have ever heard of⑥.,①句为whose (作定语，修饰名词drawings)引导的限制性定语从句；
②句为who (先行词是a model student)引导的限制性定语从句；
③句为which (先行词是The horse)引导的限制性定语从句；
④句为who (先行词是The man)引导的限制性定语从句；
⑤句为that (先行词是the best picture)引导的限制性定语从句；
⑥句为that (先行词是the best young painter)引导的限制性定语从句。
慧学语法——运用“形式—意义—使用”三维动态语法观
根据定语从句与先行词的关系紧密程度不同，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句在意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省略，所修饰的先行词往往不明确，这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号。
一、关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
[先感知]
①He is the man who often helps me.
②If there was anyone whom she could turn to, it would be Mr Roberts.
③In front of her was a snowman whose head shattered into pieces on the snow.
④Miss Baugh fixed me with a stare that struck terror in my heart.
⑤I walked past a milking house which had apparently not been used in many years.
[会发现]
以上①②③句都是修饰人的限制性定语从句，其关系词分别是who，whom和whose，它们分别在定语从句中作主语、宾语和定语。④⑤句都是修饰物的限制性定语从句，其关系词分别是that和which，它们在定语从句中都作主语。
[明规则]
关系代词引导的限制性定语从句是指由连接代词who, whom, whose, that和which作关系词的限制性定语从句。它们的具体使用规则如下表：
关系代词 指代功能 句子成分
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 宾语
whose 人或物 定语
that 人或物 主语、宾语
which 物 主语、宾语
[对点练] (用适当的关系代词填空)
①I'm talking to my brother from Chicago whom/who I haven't seen in ages.
②Lao She is a powerful writer whose works have influenced quite a few generations.
③(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place that/which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life...
④(2022·浙江1月高考)Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics who/that are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
⑤There was also a small door on the side of the hen house that/which led to the nesting boxes.
二、关系副词引导的限制性定语从句
[先感知]
①One morning when Jenny came in late again, Mr Black, her class teacher, got very angry.
②They had driven their son several hours out of town to the university where he would soon be living and studying.
③The reason why I had looked up was for something far more serious and annoying.
[会发现]
以上①②③句分别是修饰时间、地点和原因的限制性定语从句，其关系词分别是when, where和why，它们在定语从句中充当的都是状语。先行词分别是表示时间的名词、表示地点名词和the reason。
[明规则]
关系副词引导的限制性定语从句是指由连接副词when, where和why作关系词的限制性定语从句。它们的具体使用规则如下表：
关系副词 指代功能 句子成分
when 时间 时间状语
where 地点 地点状语
why 原因 原因状语
[对点练] (用适当的关系副词填空)
①I couldn't tell her the real reason why I didn't ask for help.
②Saturday is my favorite day of the week for that is the day when I get to see my parents.
③This is an amazing program where you can share your ideas with students.
三、关系词的特殊用法
1．宜用that不用which的限制性定语从句
用法 例句
先行词为不定代词时，如all, everything, something, much, nothing, anything, little, none, no one等 I have said all (that) I want to say. Is there anything (that) I can do for you？
先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰，或本身就是最高级、序数词时 This is the best film that has been shown in the city. We'll never forget the first lesson (that) our English teacher gave us.
先行词被the only, the very, the last, just, all, every, no, little, few, any等修饰时 This is the very book (that) I want to buy.The only thing (that) I can do is to have a rest.There is little work (that) you can do.
先行词既指人又指物时 They talked about the man and the things that they saw.
当主句是以which或who开头的疑问句时 Which is the hotel that he stayed at last night？Who is the man that is reading over there？
[对点练] (根据汉语提示完成句子)
①The first place that_she_visited (她参观的) in China was the History Museum.
②It is the most expensive hotel that_he_has_ever_stayed/lived_in (他曾住过的)．
③The writer and his novel that_you_have_just_talked_about (你刚才谈到的) are really well known.
④“Did you go skating a lot last year？” I asked, blurting out the first thing that_came_to_my_mind (涌入我脑海的)．
⑤I can give this child all the advantages that you have mentioned here, plus money and everything that_money_can_buy (金钱能买到的)．
2．宜用which，who不宜用that的限制性定语从句
用法 例句
当关系代词前有介词时 This is the house in which he once lived.
一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which He bought an American magazine that could give him so much English knowledge and which could help him to kill time.
当先行词本身为that(指代)时 What about that which had appeared in recent activities？
先行词是指人的不定代词、人称代词、特殊词those或者there be句型中的先行词指人 Anyone who does that must be crazy. Those who have good manners will be highly respected.
[对点练] (根据汉语提示完成句子)
①He who_plays_with_fire (玩火者) is bound to get burned.
②Those who_want_to_go_to_the_party (想参加派对的) must be at the school gate by 5 pm.
③Anyone who_has_helped_to_save_the_old_man (帮助救那位老人的) is worth praising.
④The dog reappeared and kept barking in the direction from_which_it_came_back (从它回来的方向)．
3．关系词的省略
定语从句的关系词可以省略的原则是：先行词在定语从句中作表语、宾语(介词后的关系词除外)，先行词是time/place/reason/the way等且在定语从句中作状语。
①China is not the country (that) it was.
②He is the nicest teacher (that) the students consider him in their school.
③I don't know the exact time (when) the sports meeting will take place.
[对点练] (找出能省略关系词的限制性定语从句)
①He is no longer the boy that he used to be.
②That is the real reason why they left their hometown.
③The boy who/whom/that we saw yesterday was John's brother.
④The woman to whom my father spoke is my English teacher.
⑤I never forget the day when we met for the first time.
⑥He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
答案：①②③⑤句中的关系词可以省略。
4．关系代词作动词的间接宾语的情况
接双宾语的及物动词所在的定语从句中，如果关系代词作此类动词的间接宾语时，用to 或for。接 to 的动词有 bring, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write等。接 for 的动词有make, buy, call, choose, cook, do, fetch, find, get, keep, leave, save等。
①Who is the woman that he bought the flower for
②This is the book that she brought to the boy.
[对点练] (用定语从句合并句子)
①She wears a sweater.Her mother gave this sweater to her.
→She_wears_a_sweater_that_her_mother_gave_to_her.
②This is the story.He told the story to me.
→This_is_the_story_that_he_told_to_me.
5．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句的注意事项
有时定语从句中的介词可以提到关系代词前面，形成“介词＋关系代词”结构。
(1)先行词指人时，关系代词用whom，不可以用 who 或 that；先行词指物时，关系代词用 which，不能用that。但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，限制性定语从句中的关系代词还可以省去，尤其在口语中。
Do you know the girl to whom our teacher is talking
＝ Do you know the girl (that/who/whom) our teacher is talking to
你认识正和我们老师谈话的那个女孩吗？
The school in which my friend once studied is very famous.
＝The school (that/which) my friend once studied in is very famous.
我朋友曾经就读的那所学校很有名。
(2)有些固定的短语动词在定语从句中作谓语时，该短语动词中的介词一般不提至关系代词前，常见的此类短语动词有 look for，listen to, look after, take care of 等。如：
这就是我正在寻找的手表。
[误]This is the watch for which I am looking.
[正]This is the watch which/that I am looking for.
[对点练] (用关系词或介词填空)
①(2021·浙江1月高考)Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate.
②(2022·浙江6月高考写作)Those rooms are equipped with modern electronic facilities, all of which are linked to the Internet.
③In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
④There are many reasons for which people like traveling.
⑤The woman with whom you shook hands just now is head of our company.
活用语法——在针对训练中提能
Ⅰ.用定语从句合并句子
1．The scientist discovers a cure for cancer. The scientist is very great.
→The_scientist_who_discovers_a_cure_for_cancer_is_very_great.
2．We visited a factory. The factory makes toys for children.
→We_visited_a_factory_that/which_makes_toys_for_children.
3．I still remember the night. I came to the strange city at the night.
→I_still_remember_the_night_when_I_came_to_the_strange_city.
4.Mr Liu wants to talk to the students. The students' homework hasn't been handed in.
→Mr_Liu_wants_to_talk_to_the_students_whose_homework_hasn't_been_handed_in.
5．Yesterday Li Ming went to the village. His family lived in the village ten years ago.
→Yesterday_Li_Ming_went_to_the_village_where_his_family_lived_ten_years_ago.
6．Please tell me the reason. You were late for the train.
→Please_tell_me_the_reason_(why)_you_were_late_for_the_train.
7．The man is a doctor from Beijing. You saw the man yesterday.
→The_man_(whom/who/that)_you_saw_yesterday_is_a_doctor_from_Beijing.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．As far as I know, he is a man who_is_hard_to_get_along_with.
据我所知，他是一个很难相处的人。
2．This is the baby whom/that_my_grandma_takes_care_of.
这就是我奶奶照顾的那个婴儿。
3．I want to buy a pen with_which_I_will_write_a_letter.
我想买一支钢笔，用来写信。
4．The reason for_which/why_he_refused_the_invitation is not clear.
他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。
5．There are 50 students in our class, half_of_whom_come_from_the_countryside.
我们班有50名学生，其中一半来自农村。
Ⅲ.用限制性定语从句完成下面的语段
Mrs Wang is our English teacher, a young lady ①who_is_always_encouraging_us (她总是鼓励我们) to study hard. Besides, she often spares her money to help the students ②whose_families_are_very_poor (他们的家庭是贫穷的). I believe that is the reason ③why_she_is_deeply_loved_by_all (她为何深受大家喜爱). After graduating, she works in our school ④where_we_will_live (我们将在那里生活) for three years. In 2022，she had a lovely baby, which made her very happy. We will ⑤do_all_that_we_can (做我们能做的一切) and we will never forget ⑥the_days_when_we_are_together (我们在一起的日子)．
初识语法——在美文运用中体悟
Mary whose drawings were shown at the exhibition last month① is a model student who is often praised for her good work at school②.As soon as we got into the exhibition hall, our eyes were caught by a very large picture.The horse which was drawn in the picture③ was exactly like a real horse.The man who was riding on it④ looked like a living man.It was the best picture that I had ever seen⑤， and I should say Mary is the best young painter that I have ever heard of⑥.,①句为whose (作定语，修饰名词drawings)引导的限制性定语从句；
②句为who (先行词是a model student)引导的限制性定语从句；
③句为which (先行词是The horse)引导的限制性定语从句；
④句为who (先行词是The man)引导的限制性定语从句；
⑤句为that (先行词是the best picture)引导的限制性定语从句；
⑥句为that (先行词是the best young painter)引导的限制性定语从句。
慧学语法——运用“形式—意义—使用”三维动态语法观
根据定语从句与先行词的关系紧密程度不同，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句在意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省略，所修饰的先行词往往不明确，这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号。
一、关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
[先感知]
①He is the man who often helps me.
②If there was anyone whom she could turn to, it would be Mr Roberts.
③In front of her was a snowman whose head shattered into pieces on the snow.
④Miss Baugh fixed me with a stare that struck terror in my heart.
⑤I walked past a milking house which had apparently not been used in many years.
[会发现]
以上①②③句都是修饰人的限制性定语从句，其关系词分别是who，whom和whose，它们分别在定语从句中作主语、宾语和定语。④⑤句都是修饰物的限制性定语从句，其关系词分别是that和which，它们在定语从句中都作主语。
[明规则]
关系代词引导的限制性定语从句是指由连接代词who, whom, whose, that和which作关系词的限制性定语从句。它们的具体使用规则如下表：
关系代词 指代功能 句子成分
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 宾语
whose 人或物 定语
that 人或物 主语、宾语
which 物 主语、宾语
[对点练] (用适当的关系代词填空)
①I'm talking to my brother from Chicago whom/who I haven't seen in ages.
②Lao She is a powerful writer whose works have influenced quite a few generations.
③(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place that/which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life...
④(2022·浙江1月高考)Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics who/that are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
⑤There was also a small door on the side of the hen house that/which led to the nesting boxes.
二、关系副词引导的限制性定语从句
[先感知]
①One morning when Jenny came in late again, Mr Black, her class teacher, got very angry.
②They had driven their son several hours out of town to the university where he would soon be living and studying.
③The reason why I had looked up was for something far more serious and annoying.
[会发现]
以上①②③句分别是修饰时间、地点和原因的限制性定语从句，其关系词分别是when, where和why，它们在定语从句中充当的都是状语。先行词分别是表示时间的名词、表示地点名词和the reason。
[明规则]
关系副词引导的限制性定语从句是指由连接副词when, where和why作关系词的限制性定语从句。它们的具体使用规则如下表：
关系副词 指代功能 句子成分
when 时间 时间状语
where 地点 地点状语
why 原因 原因状语
[对点练] (用适当的关系副词填空)
①I couldn't tell her the real reason why I didn't ask for help.
②Saturday is my favorite day of the week for that is the day when I get to see my parents.
③This is an amazing program where you can share your ideas with students.
三、关系词的特殊用法
1．宜用that不用which的限制性定语从句
用法 例句
先行词为不定代词时，如all, everything, something, much, nothing, anything, little, none, no one等 I have said all (that) I want to say. Is there anything (that) I can do for you？
先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰，或本身就是最高级、序数词时 This is the best film that has been shown in the city. We'll never forget the first lesson (that) our English teacher gave us.
先行词被the only, the very, the last, just, all, every, no, little, few, any等修饰时 This is the very book (that) I want to buy.The only thing (that) I can do is to have a rest.There is little work (that) you can do.
先行词既指人又指物时 They talked about the man and the things that they saw.
当主句是以which或who开头的疑问句时 Which is the hotel that he stayed at last night？Who is the man that is reading over there？
[对点练] (根据汉语提示完成句子)
①The first place that_she_visited (她参观的) in China was the History Museum.
②It is the most expensive hotel that_he_has_ever_stayed/lived_in (他曾住过的)．
③The writer and his novel that_you_have_just_talked_about (你刚才谈到的) are really well known.
④“Did you go skating a lot last year？” I asked, blurting out the first thing that_came_to_my_mind (涌入我脑海的)．
⑤I can give this child all the advantages that you have mentioned here, plus money and everything that_money_can_buy (金钱能买到的)．
2．宜用which，who不宜用that的限制性定语从句
用法 例句
当关系代词前有介词时 This is the house in which he once lived.
一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which He bought an American magazine that could give him so much English knowledge and which could help him to kill time.
当先行词本身为that(指代)时 What about that which had appeared in recent activities？
先行词是指人的不定代词、人称代词、特殊词those或者there be句型中的先行词指人 Anyone who does that must be crazy. Those who have good manners will be highly respected.
[对点练] (根据汉语提示完成句子)
①He who_plays_with_fire (玩火者) is bound to get burned.
②Those who_want_to_go_to_the_party (想参加派对的) must be at the school gate by 5 pm.
③Anyone who_has_helped_to_save_the_old_man (帮助救那位老人的) is worth praising.
④The dog reappeared and kept barking in the direction from_which_it_came_back (从它回来的方向)．
3．关系词的省略
定语从句的关系词可以省略的原则是：先行词在定语从句中作表语、宾语(介词后的关系词除外)，先行词是time/place/reason/the way等且在定语从句中作状语。
①China is not the country (that) it was.
②He is the nicest teacher (that) the students consider him in their school.
③I don't know the exact time (when) the sports meeting will take place.
[对点练] (找出能省略关系词的限制性定语从句)
①He is no longer the boy that he used to be.
②That is the real reason why they left their hometown.
③The boy who/whom/that we saw yesterday was John's brother.
④The woman to whom my father spoke is my English teacher.
⑤I never forget the day when we met for the first time.
⑥He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
答案：①②③⑤句中的关系词可以省略。
4．关系代词作动词的间接宾语的情况
接双宾语的及物动词所在的定语从句中，如果关系代词作此类动词的间接宾语时，用to 或for。接 to 的动词有 bring, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write等。接 for 的动词有make, buy, call, choose, cook, do, fetch, find, get, keep, leave, save等。
①Who is the woman that he bought the flower for
②This is the book that she brought to the boy.
[对点练] (用定语从句合并句子)
①She wears a sweater.Her mother gave this sweater to her.
→She_wears_a_sweater_that_her_mother_gave_to_her.
②This is the story.He told the story to me.
→This_is_the_story_that_he_told_to_me.
5．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句的注意事项
有时定语从句中的介词可以提到关系代词前面，形成“介词＋关系代词”结构。
(1)先行词指人时，关系代词用whom，不可以用 who 或 that；先行词指物时，关系代词用 which，不能用that。但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，限制性定语从句中的关系代词还可以省去，尤其在口语中。
Do you know the girl to whom our teacher is talking
＝ Do you know the girl (that/who/whom) our teacher is talking to
你认识正和我们老师谈话的那个女孩吗？
The school in which my friend once studied is very famous.
＝The school (that/which) my friend once studied in is very famous.
我朋友曾经就读的那所学校很有名。
(2)有些固定的短语动词在定语从句中作谓语时，该短语动词中的介词一般不提至关系代词前，常见的此类短语动词有 look for，listen to, look after, take care of 等。如：
这就是我正在寻找的手表。
[误]This is the watch for which I am looking.
[正]This is the watch which/that I am looking for.
[对点练] (用关系词或介词填空)
①(2021·浙江1月高考)Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate.
②(2022·浙江6月高考写作)Those rooms are equipped with modern electronic facilities, all of which are linked to the Internet.
③In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
④There are many reasons for which people like traveling.
⑤The woman with whom you shook hands just now is head of our company.
活用语法——在针对训练中提能
Ⅰ.用定语从句合并句子
1．The scientist discovers a cure for cancer. The scientist is very great.
→The_scientist_who_discovers_a_cure_for_cancer_is_very_great.
2．We visited a factory. The factory makes toys for children.
→We_visited_a_factory_that/which_makes_toys_for_children.
3．I still remember the night. I came to the strange city at the night.
→I_still_remember_the_night_when_I_came_to_the_strange_city.
4.Mr Liu wants to talk to the students. The students' homework hasn't been handed in.
→Mr_Liu_wants_to_talk_to_the_students_whose_homework_hasn't_been_handed_in.
5．Yesterday Li Ming went to the village. His family lived in the village ten years ago.
→Yesterday_Li_Ming_went_to_the_village_where_his_family_lived_ten_years_ago.
6．Please tell me the reason. You were late for the train.
→Please_tell_me_the_reason_(why)_you_were_late_for_the_train.
7．The man is a doctor from Beijing. You saw the man yesterday.
→The_man_(whom/who/that)_you_saw_yesterday_is_a_doctor_from_Beijing.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．As far as I know, he is a man who_is_hard_to_get_along_with.
据我所知，他是一个很难相处的人。
2．This is the baby whom/that_my_grandma_takes_care_of.
这就是我奶奶照顾的那个婴儿。
3．I want to buy a pen with_which_I_will_write_a_letter.
我想买一支钢笔，用来写信。
4．The reason for_which/why_he_refused_the_invitation is not clear.
他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。
5．There are 50 students in our class, half_of_whom_come_from_the_countryside.
我们班有50名学生，其中一半来自农村。
Ⅲ.用限制性定语从句完成下面的语段
Mrs Wang is our English teacher, a young lady ①who_is_always_encouraging_us (她总是鼓励我们) to study hard. Besides, she often spares her money to help the students ②whose_families_are_very_poor (他们的家庭是贫穷的). I believe that is the reason ③why_she_is_deeply_loved_by_all (她为何深受大家喜爱). After graduating, she works in our school ④where_we_will_live (我们将在那里生活) for three years. In 2022，she had a lovely baby, which made her very happy. We will ⑤do_all_that_we_can (做我们能做的一切) and we will never forget ⑥the_days_when_we_are_together (我们在一起的日子)．