2024年中考英语人教版一轮复习专题讲义 学案 名词

语法专题突破
专题一　名词
根据广东近五年的考情分析，名词的题目设置主要在完形填空和短文填空题，从2021年中考开始，名词考点也纳入了语法选择题的考查当中。2023年语法选择未考查名词。
年份 语法选择 完形填空 短文填空
2023 — 42－time；43－baby； 44－idea 74－invention；75－habit
2022 33－名词所有格teacher’s 41－vegetables；43－family 71－不可数名词water(hot water热水)
2021 36－名词复数birds 44－advantages；45－space； 46－reply 73－名词复数letters
2020 — 46－look；48－change； 50－decision 70－money(固定搭配raise money)； 71－idea(固定搭配come up with an idea)
2019 — 47－decision；53－truth 75－名词复数animals； 79－life(固定搭配live a．..life)
考点一　名词的分类
名词是用来表示人、事物、地方、现象及其他抽象概念名称的词。名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。
类别 意义 例词
专有名词 表示具体的人名、地名、机构名、国名、月份、节日或某事物所特有的名称 Lucy露西，China中国，July七月，the Great Wall长城
普通 名词 可数 名词 个体名词 表示个体的人或事物的词 pen钢笔，son儿子，dog狗，apple苹果
集体名词 表示若干个人或事物总称的名词 family家庭，class班级，team队，police警察
不可数 名词
物质名词 表示无法分成个体的物质或材料的词 rice大米，water水，glass玻璃，wood木头
抽象名词 表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词 danger危险，health健康，love爱，happiness幸福
考点二　名词的数
名词的数一般是指名词的单数或复数、可数或不可数。一般情况下，可数名词有单复数之分，而不可数名词没有复数形式。
(一)可数名词及其单复数
可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。数量为一个的时候，名词用单数；表示大于一的数量时，名词需要用复数形式，如a stamp，some stamps。
1．可数名词变复数的规则变化
一般可数名词 加s tree→trees；card→cards
以s，x，ch，sh结尾的可数名词 加es box→boxes；bus→buses watch→watches
以辅音字母＋y结尾的可数名词 变y为i，再加es country→countries； story→stories
以f，fe结尾的可数名词 变f或fe为v，再加es knife→knives；wife→wives
以辅音字母＋o结尾的可数名词 表示有生命的，词尾加es hero→heroes；potato→potatoes
表示无生命的，词尾加s piano→pianos；photo→photos
2.可数名词变复数的不规则变化
情况 构成方法 例词
变内部元音字母或字母组合 变a为e man→men；woman→women 特例：human→humans
变oo为ee foot→feet；tooth→teeth；goose→geese 特例：boot→boots
其他 mouse→mice
词尾加-ren child→children
单复数形式相同 sheep，deer，fish(表示鱼的种类时，fish的复数形式为 fishes)
表示“某国人”的名词的单、复数形式 单复数同形 Chinese→Chinese；Japanese→Japanese
变man为men Englishman→Englishmen；Frenchman→Frenchmen
词尾加-s German→Germans；Roman→Romans American→Americans；Canadian→Canadians
[巧学妙记]　中日不变，英法变，其他-s加后面
复合名词(“名词＋名词”)的复数 名词修饰名词，作定语的名词始终用单数，后面的主体名词变复数 an apple tree apple trees
sports，clothes修饰名词，始终用复数，中心名词根据句意判断单复数 a sports club sports shoes
man和woman修饰名词，其本身的单复数形式要与被修饰词的单复数一致 a man teacher men teachers
3.可数名词的数量表达
构成方法 示例
具体的量 数词＋名词(单/复) one book一本书 two books两本书
数词＋量词＋of＋可数名词复数 three boxes of apples三箱苹果
不具体的量 表示量的限定词(some/many/a few等)＋可数名词复数 many cars 许多汽车 a few photos 一些照片
4.可数名词作主语
(1)主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：
My sister is going to a dinner party tonight.我姐姐今晚要参加一个晚宴。
Some flowers are red in the garden.花园里的一些花是红色的。
(2)集体名词作主语时，若强调整体，谓语动词用单数；若强调成员，谓语动词用复数。
My family is a large one.我的家庭是一个大家庭。
My family are all workers.我的家人都是工人。
(3)多以复数形式出现的名词：
特定　　　双的
chopsticks，shoes，glasses，trousers，shorts，pants，socks等表示复数含义的词作主语，谓语动词用复数。但用表示数量的短语pair(s) of修饰时，谓语动词的单复数要和量词pair的单复数保持一致。如：The shorts are hers.短裤是她的。
This pair of shorts is hers.这条短裤是她的。
The two pairs of shorts are hers，too.这两条短裤也是她的。
1．There are many women(woman) teachers in this primary school.
2．We Chinese should be proud of our history，our written language，our inventions(invention) and our achievements.
3．The film The Battle at Lake Changjin(《长津湖》) showed us many heroes(hero) in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea(抗美援朝战争)．
4．In the exam，the more careful you are，the fewer mistakes(mistake) you will make.
5．My glasses are(be) on my nose.A pair of glasses is(be) on the table.
6．“Look! The police are(be) coming here to keep order! Go away quickly，” one of them shouted.
(二)不可数名词
不可数名词分为抽象名词和物质名词，没有复数形式，也不能用不定冠词或数词直接修饰。
常见的不可数名词
液体类 tea茶，juice果汁，milk牛奶，coffee咖啡，water水，orange 橙汁，honey蜂蜜，blood血，soup汤，porridge粥，yogurt酸奶
肉类 meat肉，beef牛肉，pork猪肉，fish鱼肉，chicken鸡肉，mutton羊肉
颗粒类 salt盐，sugar糖，rice大米，corn玉米，sand沙子
材料类 glass玻璃，wood木头，cotton棉花，paper纸，gold金，plastic塑料，silk丝绸，metal金属
自然类 fire火，light光，ice冰，weather天气，sunshine阳光，air空气，wind风，snow雪
抽象类 fun乐趣，trouble麻烦，danger危险，love爱，help帮助，knowledge知识，kindness仁慈，beauty美，experience经验，progress进步，health健康，happiness幸福，courage勇气
其他 bread面包，food食物，news新闻，work工作，information信息，advice建议，time时间，music音乐， homework家庭作业，hair毛发，money钱，cheese奶酪，chocolate巧克力，traffic交通，medicine药
1.不可数名词的数量表达
数量 构成方法 示例
大概的量 表示量的限定词(some，much，a little，a lot of等)＋不可数名词 some water一些水，a lot of money许多钱
具体的量 数词/不定冠词(a/an)＋单位量词＋of＋不可数名词 a piece of paper一张纸， three kilos of rice 3千克大米
2.不可数名词作主语
①不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
There is some water in the cup.杯子里有些水。
②不可数名词前面有量词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于量词的单复数。如：
There are two glasses of water on the table.桌子上有两杯水。
3．既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词的词
单词 可数名词 不可数名词
work 作品 工作
time 次数，倍数 时间
paper 试卷 纸
room 房间 空间
glass 玻璃杯 玻璃
exercise 练习，体操 锻炼
fruit 水果(种类) 水果(总称)
chicken 小鸡 鸡肉
light 灯 光
fish 鱼(几条鱼复数fish，几种鱼复数fishes) 鱼肉
orange 橘子 橘子汁
注意　名词修饰词
修饰可数名词 基数词，不定冠词a/an，many，several，few，a few，a number of
修饰不可数名词 much，little，a little，a bit of
既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词 some，lots of，a lot of，enough，plenty of，most
1．(2023·甘肃白银)Put first and be careful while riding on the road!
A．interest B．money C．knowledge D．safety
答案　D
2．Some water dirty.There only two bottles of clean water left.
A．are；are B．is；is C．is；are D．are；is
答案　C
3．—Would you like some drinks，boys
—Yes， ，please.
A．some oranges B．two boxes of chocolate
C．some cakes D．two bottles of cola
答案　D
4．My son likes eating so I keep some on the farm.
A．chicken；chicken B．chickens；chicken
C．chicken；chickens D．chickens；chickens
答案　C
5．The three upstairs are too small to have enough for a double bed.
A．room；room B．room；rooms
C．rooms；room D．rooms；rooms
答案　C
考点三　名词所有格
名词所有格表示名词之间的所属关系(A的B)，主要有’s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种形式。
1．’s所有格
分类 示例
与人有关 ◆单数名词，在后面加’s； ◆复数名词分情况： (1)以s或es结尾加’； (2)不规则复数名词结尾加’s Mary’s book玛丽的书　 my mother’s bag我妈妈的包　 Teachers’ Day教师节　 Children’s Day儿童节
表示两个人共同拥有，用A and B’s Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间
表示每个人各自拥有，用A’s and B’s Tom’s and Mike’s rooms汤姆的房间和迈克的房间
表示某人的家或工作场所，一般直接用所有格，所有格后面的名词省略 the tailor’s裁缝铺　 the doctors’医生们的诊所　 my aunt’s我姑姑的家
与物有关 在表示时间、地点、价格、重量、距离的名词词尾加’s或’ yesterday’s newspaper昨天的报纸 ten minutes’ walk 10分钟的路程 two weeks’ vacation两周的假期
2.of所有格
分类 示例
用在无生命事物的名词前 the windows of the house房子的窗户 the name of the song歌的名字 the picture of the family家庭照片
用于带有较长的定语所修饰的有生命的名词前 the story of Dr.Norman Bethune白求恩的故事
注意　部分名词的所有格不用’s或of表示，而是用to：
the key to the door门上的钥匙
the answer to the question问题的答案
the way to the station去车站的路
3．双重所有格
双重所有格是指既包含’s所有格又包含of所有格的一种形式，既表示所属关系又表示数量，表示的是整体中的一个或部分。双重所有格有两种形式：
(1)of＋名词所有格：a friend of my sister’s 我姐姐的一个朋友
(2)of＋名词性物主代词： a dictionary of mine我的一部词典
[辨析]
a photo of Tom’s
汤姆的一张照片(照片是汤姆的，但照片上的人不一定是汤姆)
a photo of Tom
一张汤姆的照片(照片上的人是汤姆)
1．The boy over there is a friend of Jack’s(Jack)．
2．Tony and Peter’s(Tony and Peter) father is a pilot.He has been to many countries around the world.
3．The movie named A Little Red Flower shows parents’(parent) love for their children.
4．It is reported that the height(high) of Qomolangma is 8848.86 meters.
5．—Betty，you’d better follow the doctor’s(doctor) advice and do more exercise.
—I will.Thank you.
6．I spent one night’s(night) time making a video.
在近4年的语法选择中，名词共考查了2次，在选项中综合了可数名词的单复数及名词所有格。
1．(2023·广东)At primary school，she was her music favorite student.
A．teacher B．teachers C．teacher’s
答案　C
解析　根据后面 favorite student 判断此处需要用名词所有格作定语，故选C。
2．(2021·广东)People could enjoy the scenery(风景) and watch there.
A．bird B．birds C．bird’s D．birds’
答案　B
解析　空格作watch的宾语，用名词；bird是可数名词，且空格前没有冠词或表示1的数词，所以此处用复数形式。故选B。
[对点训练]
The folk art form，kuaiban，which has a long history，can be performed by a group or a single person.With one or two 1 of bamboo clappers(拍板)—a kind of traditional Chinese musical instrument—in their hands，the performers tell stories in the local dialect(方言)．These 2 are usually folk tales or about social life.
Recently，Liu Jiming and Wan Yifu made and shared three short videos by using kuaiban which were viewed about 4 million 3 .As a result，Liu and Wan have gained(赢得) more than 1 million followers on the Internet.They’ve created many new works to raise 4 awareness.Some of their works are about the danger of drunken driving and food safety.They also write stories to show respect to people who make contributions，such as traffic policemen.
1．A.pair B．pairs C．pairs’
答案　B
2．A.story B．stories C．stories’
答案　B
3．A.times B．times’ C．time
答案　A
4．A.people B．peoples C．people’s
答案　C
完形填空近五年都有2～3 个空考查名词，主要以结合语境进行词义辨析为主，两种考法：(1)上下文词汇复现；(2)上下文语境推断法。
1．(2023·广东)How can I make go faster？I can’t wait to see the baby.
A．air B．time C．light D．water
答案　B
解析　由下文“I can’t wait to see the baby.”可知，time符合语境。
2．(2022·广东)On the table she lays out some in season，such as carrots and tomatoes.
A．fruits B．flowers C．leaves D．vegetables
答案　D
解析　下文提到的 carrots 和 tomatoes 都属于蔬菜，故选D。
3．(2021·广东)For one，he wrote，“My sister says I act like an alien(外星人)．” Sam also said he had watched almost all the movies he could find.
A．war B．road C．space D．sports
答案　C
解析　alien(外星人)和space(太空)有逻辑联系，故选C。
4．(2020·广东)As years went by，Mr.Smith was bored of his look...In the next few weeks，Mr.Smith’s interest in his kept growing.He bought new eyes，new hands and new feet.
A．shape B．age C．life D．look
答案　D
解析　由上文的“史密斯先生厌倦了他的外表”以及下文“他买了新的眼睛、手和脚”，可知史密斯先生对他的“外表”的兴趣持续增长。空处为上文“look”的原词复现，故选 D。
[对点训练]
It was past 11：00 p．m.My best friend and I were in our tent on our summer camping trip.Suddenly I saw a shadow(阴影) pass along our 1 ，came closer，stopped and then moved away.We had to see what was going on.So we put our 2 on hurriedly and stepped out of the tent.
We looked around and saw nothing but just darkness all around.We decided to move towards the place where we meet for 3 each morning.
Down in the break area，we saw small lights appearing.Then suddenly from behind us，we felt something tap(拍) our shoulders.We both shouted loudly and ran towards the small 4 .We reached the breakfast place.Suddenly，the lights came on and we saw all our friends standing there，laughing and smiling.
“Happy Birthday！” shouted everyone.I looked at my 5 and saw that it was after midnight.It was now my birthday.
1．A.bed B．tent C．house D．yard
答案　B
2．A.caps B．gloves C．scarves D．shoes
答案　D
3．A.breakfast B．lunch C．dinner D．supper
答案　A
4．A.stars B．animals C．lights D．hills
答案　C
5．A.watch B．bag C．book D．clock
答案　A
名词在近5年的短文填空中每年考查1～2个空，主要集中考查可数名词单复数的运用、不可数名词、名词的固定搭配等。要判断空格处是否要填名词，首先要学会分析句子结构，注意名词在句中可作主语(句首)、宾语(及物动词或介词后)、表语(系动词后)、同位语(名词或代词后)、定语(名词前)等。
1．(2023·广东)
The of toothbrushes was not as famous as that of paper-making，but it was very useful in daily life.
答案　invention
解析　由语境可知，此处表示牙刷的发明，应用invent的名词形式，且谓语为was，故用名词单数。故填invention。
2．(2022·广东)At that time，people made tea in a simple way.They just put fresh tea leaves into hot .
答案　water
解析　由常识可知，泡茶时要把茶叶倒入热水中。water是不可数名词，故填water。
3．(2021·广东)Lao Pan’s new book includes his forty-seven to his family back in America.The letters show China’s development in different periods.
答案　letters
解析　根据下文the letters，说明上文提到letters，故填letters。
4．(2019·广东)In the village，there were many paintings of ，such as cats and birds.
答案　animals
解析　由下文such as cats and birds 可知是animal，根据many 可知用复数形式，故填animals。
5．(2019·广东)From them，Grandpa Huang learned to live a long and happy .
答案　life
解析　冠词a提示填单数；固定搭配：live a．..life，故填 life。
[对点训练]　
请从方框内选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空，使文章完整连贯。注意每空一词，每词仅用一次，有两词为多余项。
The 2022 Winter Olympic Games were held from 4th to 20th February,2022.The games took place in and around 1.China’s capital，Beijing.The games include snow sports，such as skiing(滑雪) and snowboarding，as well as ice 2.sports like ice hockey(冰球)．It is one of the world’s biggest winter sports events.
At the 2022 Winter Olympic Games，there were 109 gold medals in 3.total，up from 102 in Pyeongchang four years ago.Over 300 medals were awarded to athletes in the 2022 Winter Olympic Games.Norway broke the 4.record for most gold medals at a single Winter Olympic Games.China was one of the top nations in the medal count.