2024年中考英语人教版一轮复习基础梳理 学案 八年级下册 Units 3－4

Units 3－4
Unit 3
※要求掌握的单词及用法
1．n.垃圾；废弃物rubbish
倒垃圾take out the rubbish
2．v.折叠；对折fold
★叠衣服fold one’s clothes
3．v.扫；打扫sweep
→(过去式/过去分词)swept
4．n.地板floor
★在地板上on the floor
★在二楼on the second floor
★扫地sweep the floor
5．n.杂乱；不整洁mess
★弄得一团糟make a mess
★乱七八糟in a mess
6．v.扔；掷throw
→(过去式)threw→(过去分词)thrown
★扔掉throw away
7．adv.也不；pron.两者都不neither
★既不……也不…… neither...nor...
★我们俩都不neither of us
★也不neither＋be/助V/情态V＋主语
8．n.衬衫shirt
9．v.给；递；走过；通过pass
★经过pass by＝go past
★把某物递给某人①pass sb. sth.
②pass sth. to sb.
★去世pass away
10．v.借；借用borrow
★向某人借某物borrow sth. from sb.
11．v.借给；借出lend
→(过去式/过去分词)lent
★把某物借给某人①lend sb. sth.
②lend sth. to sb.
12．n.手指finger
13．v.厌恶；讨厌hate
14．conj.与……同时；当……的时候；
而；然而while
15．n.精神压力；心理负担stress
→(adj.)有压力的stressed
16．n.浪费；垃圾v.浪费；滥用waste
★浪费时间①waste time
②a waste of time
17．v.提供；供应provide
★给某人提供某物
①provide sb. with sth.
②provide sth. for sb.
18．adv.而且；加之anyway
19．v.依靠；信赖depend
依靠；信赖depend on
20．v.发展；壮大develop
→(n.)发展；开发development
→(adj.)发展中的developing
→(adj.)发达的developed
熟词生义：v.养成 习惯 ；获得 名声 School programs could develop students’ creativity. 北京中考 学校项目可以培养学生的创造力。
21．n.公正性；合理性fairness
22．conj.因为；既然 prep.，conj.& adv.从……以后；自……以来since
23．n.邻居neighbor＝neighbour
24．adj.有病；不舒服ill
→(n.)疾病illness
25．v.落下；掉下drop
→(过去式/过去分词)dropped
→(现在分词)dropping
★顺便访问drop by
熟词生义： ①v.扔The less litter we drop，the cleaner our hometown will be. 淮安中考 我们扔的垃圾越少，我们的家乡就会越干净。 ②v.下降 His grades started dropping because of some reasons. 北部湾经济区中考 由于某些原因，他的成绩开始下降。 ③v.寄 When the light turned green，we walked together slowly across the street，dropped the letters in the mailbox. 日照中考 当灯变绿时，我们一起慢慢地穿过街道，把信塞进邮箱里。 ④v.停止；终止；放弃 Aunt Em dropped her work and came to the door.She knew clearly the danger was near. 资阳中考 Em阿姨放下手中的活来到门口，她清楚地知道危险就在眼前。
26．adj.合理的；公平的fair
→(adj.)不合理的；不公正的 unfair
※要求理解的单词
chore n．杂务；乏味无聊的工作
snack n．点心；小吃；快餐
independence n．独立
independent adj.独立的；自主的
※要求掌握的短语
洗盘子do the dishes
频繁；反复all the time
一……就……as soon as
目的是；为了in order to
搭车get a ride
从事于；忙于work on
整天all day
吃惊地in surprise
介意做某事mind doing sth.
总是做某事be always doing sth.
生病fall ill
结果as a result
照顾；处理take care of
Unit 4
※要求掌握的单词及用法
1．v.允许；准许allow
★允许做某事allow doing sth.
★允许某人做某事allow sb. to do sth.
★被允许做某事be allowed to do sth.
2．adj.有毛病；错误的wrong
★哪儿不舒服？What’s wrong
★某物出毛病①Something is wrong with...
②There is something wrong with...
3．v.猜测；估计guess
4．n.协议；交易；v.处理deal
→(过去式/过去分词)dealt
★重要的事big deal
5．n.关系；联系；交往relation
6．n.交流；沟通communication
→(v.)交流；沟通communicate
★和某人交流communicate with sb.
★适当的交流proper communication
7．v.争吵；争论argue
→(n.)争吵argument
★与某人争吵argue with sb.
8．n.云；云朵cloud
→(adj.)多云的cloudy
9．adj.年级较长的elder
★哥哥elder brother
10．adv.代替；反而；却instead
★代替instead of
11．pron.任何；每一whatever
12．adj.焦虑的；担忧的nervous
13．v.主动提出；自愿给予offer
★主动做某事offer to do sth.
熟词生义：n.录取 Tani has also received offers from three famous schools in New York. 金华中考 Tani还收到了纽约三所著名学校的录取通知书。
14．adj.正确的；恰当的proper
15．adv.第二；其次secondly
16．v.解释；说明explain
★向某人解释某事explain sth. to sb.
17．adj.清楚易懂的；晴朗的clear
→(adv.)清晰地clearly
18．v.抄袭；模仿；复制；复印copy
19．v.归还；回来；返回return
★把某物还给某人①give sth. back to sb.
②return sth. to sb.
★回到某地return to sp.
20．adv.(常用于否定句和疑问句末)再也(不)；(不)再anymore
★不再not...anymore
21．n.成员；分子member
22．n.压力pressure
23．v.竞争；对抗compete
24．n.意见；想法；看法opinion
25．n.技艺；技巧skill
26．adj.典型的typical
27．n.(美式)橄榄球；足球football
28．adj.快的；迅速的；时间短暂的quick
→(adv.)快地quickly
29．v.持续；继续存在continue
30．v.比较compare
比较；对比compare...with...
31．adj.不理智的；疯狂的crazy
★对……疯狂；对……着迷be crazy about
32．v.鞭策；督促；推动push
33．n.发展；发育；成长development
34．v.造成；引起cause
35．adj.通常的；寻常的usual
★像往常一样as usual
36．adv.可能；大概；也许perhaps
※要求掌握的短语
生某人的气be angry with sb.
快速查看；浏览look through
成功地发展；解决work out
和睦相处；关系良好get on with
删除；删去cut out
依……看in one’s opinion
考点1　neither的用法
原文再现
·For one week，she did not do any housework and neither did I．(八下第19页3a)
·Neither of us did any housework for a week.(八下第19页3b)
考点归纳
结构 用法 例句
neither＋可数名词单数 表示(两者之中)既不是这一个，也不是另一个 Neither answer is right.两个答案都不对。
neither of＋可数名词复数或复数代词 (1)复数名词前面一般有“my，the，these”等限定词修饰 (2)谓语动词可用单数形式，也可用复数形式 Neither of them is a doctor/are doctors. 他们两个人都不是医生。
neither...nor... (1)反义短语为both...and... (2)neither...nor...连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近一致”原则 Neither he nor I have ever read this book.我和他都没读过这本书。
neither/nor＋助动词/be动词/情态动词＋主语 (1)此结构表示与前面所述的否定情况相同 (2)“so＋助动词/be动词/情态动词＋主语”表示与前面所述的肯定情况相同 He can’t swim，neither can I. 他不会游泳，我也不会。
考点即练
1．Neither Li Hua nor I am(be) good at writing.
2．(2023·广西桂林二模)
—Would you like tea or coffee
— .Some hot water is OK.
A．Either　　　　B．Neither　　　　C．None
答案　B
考点2　辨析borrow，lend与keep
原文再现
·Could I borrow that book？(八下第20页4a)
·Could you lend me some money？(八下第20页4a)
考点归纳
单词 意义 用法 例句
borrow 借入 非延续性动词，常用结构：borrow sth.(from sb.) Mary borrowed the book from John last week.玛丽上周从约翰那里借了这本书。
lend 借出 非延续性动词，常用结构：lend sb. sth.或lend sth. to sb. John lent his book to Mary last week.上周约翰把他的书借给了玛丽。
keep 借(多久) 延续性动词，常与“how long”或“for＋一段时间”连用 Mary can keep the book for two weeks.玛丽可以借这本书两个星期。
return 归还 非延续性动词，常用搭配：return sth. to sb.＝give sth. back to sb.把某物还给某人 I’ll return the book to you next Friday.我下周五把书还给你。
考点即练
用方框中所给词的正确形式填空
1．I can lend my dictionary to you，but you must return it to me next week.
2．(2023·天津红桥二模改编)
—May I borrow your pen？I can’t find mine.
—Sure，here you are.
3．—Lucy，can you return my dictionary？I need to use it in the Chinese class.
—Of course.Sorry，I have kept it for too many days.
4．In order to make 100,000 arrows(箭) in ten days，Zhuge Liang asked Lu Su to lend him 20 boats.Finally he borrowed the arrows from Cao Cao.
考点3　辨析too much，too many与much too
原文再现
·I have too much homework so I don’t have any free time to do things I like.(八下第25页1a)
考点归纳
短语 意义 用法
too much 太多 可用于修饰不可数名词，也可修饰动词
too many 太多 修饰可数名词复数
much too 太 用于修饰形容词或副词的原级，表示程度
*I have too much work to do today.
今天我有太多的工作要做。
*The doctor told him not to drink too much.
医生告诫他不要喝太多酒。
*There are too many people in the park.
公园里有太多的人。
*He’s much too fat for his age.
就他的年龄来说，他太胖了。
考点即练
选词填空
1．People use too many plastic bags and throw them away，which is harmful to our environment.
2．As well as making the earth warmer，eating too much red meat is known to increase the risk of a few illnesses，such as heart trouble.
3．After Lucy helped her mother with too much housework，she was much too tired.
考点4　辨析offer，give与provide
原文再现
·It is the parents’ job to provide a clean and comfortable environment at home for their children.(八下第22页2b)
·If your parents are having problems，you should offer to help.(八下第27页3a)
考点归纳
单词 意义 常见用法
offer 强调主动提供 offer to do sth.主动提出做某事 offer sb. sth.＝offer sth. to sb.给某人提供某物
give 强调自愿给予某物 give sb. sth.＝give sth. to sb.给某人某物
provide 强调通过储存或准备的方式，在需要时提供所需物品 provide sb. with sth.＝provide sth. for sb.给某人提供某物
考点即练
选词填空
1．He offered her a trip to Australia but she turned him down.
2．Since 2021，our school has provided all kinds of after-school services for students.
3．—Do you know March 21st is World Sleep Day Sleep is important to us.
—Yes.A good sleep gives us energy and makes us happy.