2024年中考英语人教版一轮复习专题突破 学案 题型四　短文填空

题型四　短文填空
“短文填空”的考查方式是给出一篇200词左右的短文，要求考生通读短文，掌握大意，然后补全短文，每空一词。其中所填单词主要以八大词类(名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词、冠词等)为主，要求考生能根据上下文语境判断是否需要进行词形变化，如名词复数，动词单数第三人称形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词(动名词)，形容词、副词比较级、最高级，代词变主格、宾格、所有格、名词性物主代词、反身代词等基本形式变化；同时要注意单词大小写。
往年的“短文填空”语篇设置10个空，不提供选项或提示词，每空限填一词。而2023年发生新变化，语篇设置10个空，提供12个提示词，要求考生选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空，每词仅用一次，有两词为多余项。难度有所下降。
年份 内容主题 考点分布 价值观目标
2023 牙刷的发明史和意义 名词(2)(不可数，可数)；动词(2)(一般过去时，系动词)；形容词(1)；代词(2)(人称代词宾格，连接代词)；介词(1)；数词(1)；连词(1)(从属) 引导考生认识中国古代一项非常有用的发明，培养考生的想象力和观察力，引导考生用积极的态度去认识世界，改造世界
2022 茶文化的发展和传播 名词(2)(可数，不可数)；动词(2)(现在完成时，不定式)；形容词(2)(原级，比较级)；代词(1)(人称代词宾格)；介词(1)；副词(2) 引导考生坚定文化自信，弘扬中华优秀传统文化，彰显中国文化魅力
2021 外国友人写书分享他对中国文化的热爱 名词(1)(可数)；动词(3)(一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时)；形容词(1)；代词(2)(人称代词宾格，连接代词)；介词(1)；连词(2)(从属，并列) 引导考生认识中国对世界的吸引力，增强文化自信、热爱中国文化，向世界讲好中国故事
(2023·广东)
请从方框内选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空，使文章完整连贯。注意每空一词，每词仅用一次，有两词为多余项。
There is a small thing we use every day.We usually put 66. in the bathroom.Without it，we might have tooth problems.Can you guess 67. it is Yes，it’s the toothbrush.But do you know anything about its history
According to some research，before toothbrushes appeared，the ancient Chinese people 68. their teeth with some small tree branches(树枝)．About 800 years ago，people made a kind of brushes with pig hair and bamboo.It might 69. the world’s earliest form of toothbrushes.As time went 70. ，the forms of toothbrushes changed.For example，people chose horse-tail hair instead of pig hair 71. pig hair was too hard.Imagine that you travel back to 72. of years ago and brush your teeth comfortably.It sounds fantastic，doesn’t it
Around the 15th century，the Chinese toothbrush found its way into Europe.It became 73. among local people soon.The 74. of toothbrushes was not as famous as that of paper-making，but it was very useful in daily life.Today we have a good 75. of brushing teeth.We should thank the ancient Chinese for it.
66．答案　it
解析　指代前文“a small thing”，作宾语，需用代词it。故填it。
67．答案　what
解析　根据“Can you guess...it is？”可知是询问能否猜出它是什么。what表“什么”。故填what。
68．答案　cleaned
解析　根据“before toothbrushes appeared，the ancient Chinese people...their teeth...”可知没有牙刷时，古人用树枝清洁牙齿。clean the teeth表示“清洁牙齿”；句子是一般过去时，动词需用过去式。故填cleaned。
69．答案　be
解析　此处是系表结构，情态动词might后跟动词原形。故填be。
70．答案　by
解析　go by表示“(时间)流逝”，为固定搭配。故填by。
71．答案　because
解析　前后句之间是因果关系，前果后因，用because表示“因为”。故填because。
72．答案　hundreds
解析　根据“About 800 years ago”可知此处用短语hundreds of，表示“数百年前”。故填hundreds。
73．答案　popular
解析　根据“It became...among local people soon.”可知空处需填入形容词作表语，popular“受欢迎的”符合语境。故填popular。
74．答案　invention
解析　根据句意可知，此处是指牙刷的发明，故用invent的名词形式invention。故填invention。
75．答案　habit
解析　have a good habit of表示“有一个……的好习惯”，为固定短语。故填habit。
类型一　12选10的短文填空
一、初读短文，审清题意
(一)审单词： 理解词意，观察并联想所给的12个单词
将单词的变形提到第一步就能避免思路的混乱，也会加深对单词的理解，有助于在做题过程中更方便、迅速、准确地选择单词。单词要考虑时态变化、词形变化(尤其注意动词的4变化：三单、过去式、过去分词、现在分词)、相关短语、特别考点等。
示例讲解(以2023广东中考为例)：
1．it→its→itself
2．either→either...or...→否定句句末“也”
3．be→4变化→可构成被动语态、进行时
4．because→because＋句子→because of
5．what→疑问词，“什么”→引导宾语从句
6．else→“其他的”，放在疑问词或不定代词后
7．by→各种用法→固定搭配
8．invent→动词4变化→invention→inventions
9．clean→动词4变化→形容词，“干净的”
10．popular→more popular→most popular→be popular with
11．habit→habits
12．hundred→数字＋hundred→hundreds of
(二)审短文，观察每个词的左邻右舍
通读全文，了解短文大意，通过上、下文的句子充分理解短文的内容和要旨。要重视首句，善于以首句的时态、语气为立足点，理清文脉，推测全文时态、主题及大意。注意发现固定搭配关系，凭借语感积极主动地猜测空格中所缺的信息，根据需要去备选词汇中寻找匹配的答案，做好第一步的预测。
二、复读短文，确定语义，判断词形
在选定单词后，不要轻率地填入。在填词过程中，需要“瞻前顾后”，既要符合本句的含义又要保证句式结构的正确。
1．词性判断
通过空格前后的单词来确定空格中应填入什么词性的单词，从而缩小选择范围。
要掌握词性判断法，首先就应该在平常的单词学习中注意留意单词的词性。其次是要知道词形转换。比如，rain，ice 等名词怎么转换成形容词；happy，ill 等形容词怎么转换成名词等等。
2．句意判断
通过词性判断缩小选择范围后，再结合意义在这个较小的范围中选择单词。词性判断缩小范围，句意判断确定唯一答案。
3．借助句子结构判断
通过对句子结构进行分析后，判断空格部分缺什么成分，然后再结合句意进行选择。学会分析句子成分、基本句型和短语结构很重要！
三、细读短文，上下参照，验证答案
在短文的空白处分别填上一个词后，将完成的短文再细读一遍，上下参照，连贯思考。可从上下文内容是否协调一致、逻辑是否通顺、语法结构是否正确无误等方面进行综合验证，凡有疑问必须重新推敲考虑。
类型二　盲填形式的短文填空
1．跳过空格，通读全文，把握大意
通篇跨空直读，忽略填空部分，通过短文原有词汇的辅助，对短文进行推测、想象和分析，通读结束后使短文形成一个符合逻辑、意思完整的篇章。
2．复读短文，结合语境，确定词义
在通读的基础上，以句子为单位，对需要填空的部分进行仔细推敲，考虑填词的方向：一方面，在词义上必须要和短文内容相符；另一方面，在形式上必须要符合语法规则和习惯用法。
3．周密分析，上下兼顾，确定词性
就所填入的单词，从其词性入手，考虑其词形变化。
4．依据搭配，遵循语法，确定答案
(一)
Long long ago，people always walked barefooted(光脚地)．
A king happened to 1.travel far into the countryside.He was greatly troubled because there were lots of broken 2.stones on the road and they hurt his feet seriously.When he returned to his palace，he told his men to 3.cover all the roads with cattle hide(牛皮)．He hoped walking would no longer be a(n) 4.painful thing.But even if all cattle in the country were killed，there wouldn’t be enough hide to get the work done.
They could do 5.nothing but shake their heads.At this time，a clever general in the palace made a 6.suggestion，“My king，why don’t you take an easy way You don’t need to kill so many cattle.You 7.only cover each of your feet with a piece of hide.” The king was surprised and pleased，and he 8.changed his mind at once and supported the plan.
This is why people use hide to make shoes.9.Though it seems strange，it encourages us to think.It is usually 10.easier to change oneself than to change the world.Try to put yourself in the position of the person you deal with.Then when you use another way of thinking，you will find it is not difficult for you to solve the problem.
(二)
How does the tea plant grow This term，some students got their answers in the school’s rooftop(屋顶) garden.Many schools have built small gardens on their teaching building’s rooftop.Some students planted tea plants there.While taking 1.care of tea plants，they also did experiments to learn more about tea.
How to make egg soup and sandwiches Some students learned to cook in an after-school cooking club.To parents’ 2.surprise，their kids could cook some simple dishes in a short time.
In the past，Chinese children were sometimes busier after school 3.because they had to take so many after-school classes.Now，students join all kinds of clubs.Why do students have free time to 4.take up their hobbies Because China has introduced the double reduction policy.It hopes to ease(减轻) students’ learning burden(负担) 5.by reducing homework and after-school classes.
Students’ lives 6.have changed a lot since the policy was carried out.On the one hand，their homework is clearly 7.less than before，and they aren’t encouraged to buy workbooks(练习册) any more.Teenagers have more chances to get knowledge from the real 8.life.This is a much better way than just hitting the books.On the other hand，students spend more time 9.joining after-school clubs.They get lots of life skills from these colorful clubs and have enough time to relax and think for 10.themselves.It’s believed that the double reduction policy makes a difference to students’ lives.
(三)
Two years ago，I got a job in a Chinese-Canadian company in Vancouver(温哥华)．One day my new boss said he would invite 1.me to lunch to celebrate my new job in a Chinese restaurant.“A Chinese restaurant Chopsticks Oh，no! Will I 2.make a lot of mistakes？” I thought.
That evening，I spent two whole hours trying to learn how to use chopsticks 3.but I didn’t succeed.I called my penfriend and asked her for 4.help.She patiently explained the proper way of holding them.“Louise，it’s not that 5.difficult，” she said.“That’s easy for you to say，” I replied.“You’ve been eating 6.with chopsticks all your life.It’s natural for you！”
The next day，when my boss took two co-workers and me to the restaurant，he 7.spoke to the waiter in Chinese.My heart was beating fast.However，instead of chopsticks，we all had 8.knives，forks and spoons.I didn’t understand at first，but then，it hit me.My boss knew that I would have 9.trouble with chopsticks.So he had arranged for us to be served with knives，forks and spoons.10.How kind he was!
(四)
When I was a kid，my dad took me to the Olympics and we saw the 400m final.A runner 1.called/named Arthur won it and that really shocked me.I remembered it so well.I even wrote an article about 2.it.
I was never good enough for the Olympics myself,3.but I tried running.I wanted to 4.keep fit，and liked the challenge.After 27，I began to play tennis.At 65，I started hurdling(跨栏) again.When I was 71，I won the 200m hurdling 5.as the oldest person.When I was 80，I broke the world record.I would keep doing it and I would never change 6.my mind.Now I’m 89，but I still do a couple of press-ups(俯卧撑) once 7.or twice a week.
To my pleasure，my family 8.exercise together in our nice garden every day，like running，dancing and jumping.We live a healthy 9.life because we have good living habits.My dream is to run the 100m at 100—only 10.another eleven years to go—and then to live to 120.
No matter what comes my way，I will keep it.
(五)
One day，five people were waiting for an interview in a room of a company.They couldn’t use the phone or the Internet inside the room,1.but they could do whatever they liked.
On the first day,2.all of the five people were excited.They were talking about their bright future loudly.Until five o’clock in the afternoon,3.there was no interview.
On the second day，they came again for the interview.But 4.to their surprise，there was still no news about the interview.Two of them got upset.
On the 5.third morning，they arrived earlier.Still no news came.By mid-day，most of them were angry.Some thought the company did not care for them.Some regretted coming here.Only one man was 6.different from others.He was happy all those days.He kept smiling while the others complained(抱怨)．At the end of that day，the 7.boss appeared.He said that their interview had ended and only the happy man was chosen.They asked the boss 8.why he decided to choose the man.The boss 9.answered/replied，“We want someone that can keep happy in whatever situations.Keeping happy is an ability.”
We can’t control everything，but at 10.least we can find something that makes us happy every day even if we’re in trouble.